Article(id=1237016047241458575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237016039171608726, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.09.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745337600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1749312000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-08, onlineDate=1772857208309, onlineDateStr=2026-03-07, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772857208309, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772857208309, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772857208309, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1237016039171608726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='2031', pageEnd='2286', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772857206385, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773049161445, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1237821157118890427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237016039171608726, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1237821157118890428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237016039171608726, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2190, endPage=2203, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1237016048873042896, articleId=1237016047241458575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Impact of Compound Drought-hot Events on the Gross Primary Productivity of Rubber Plantations, columnId=1236286112713470633, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Post-harvest Treatment & Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rubber plantations represent one of the most widespread planted forest ecosystems in tropical regions, playing a significant role in regional carbon cycles. Global climate change has led to increasingly frequent Compound Drought-hot Events (CDHEs), posing severe challenges to rubber plantation ecosystem functions. This study focuses on rubber plantations in Hainan Island, China. Utilizing standardized soil moisture and land surface temperature indices, we constructed a Compound Drought-Hot Index (CDHI) based on Copula functions to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of CDHEs from 2001 to 2020, validated against historical typical drought and hot events in Hainan. Using Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) as an evaluation metric, Copula-based conditional probabilities were applied to quantitatively assess GPP loss risks under different drought-hot scenarios and evaluate compound effects. Key findings include: (1) The developed CDHI accurately identified severe CDHEs during 2001—2020, with 2005 and 2020 being the most extreme years. (2) Across all intensity levels (mild, moderate, severe), CDHEs caused significantly higher probabilities of GPP loss in rubber plantations compared to isolated drought or hot events (P<0.001), confirming the synergistic amplification effect of compound events. (3) GPP loss risks exhibited distinct spatial heterogeneity influenced by regional topography-climate interactions, with northwestern rubber plantation areas showing consistently higher vulnerability across all scenarios. (4) CDHE impacts demonstrated marked seasonal differences, being substantially greater during the dry season (particularly April—May) than the rainy season, coinciding with critical phenological stages of rubber trees and forming sensitive windows of environmental stress. This study reveals the spatiotemporal differentiation of CDHE impacts on rubber plantation GPP, providing scientific foundations for regional climate-resilient management strategies and sustainable rubber plantation practices. It also offers methodological references for studying extreme climate responses in other tropical planted forest ecosystems.

, correspAuthors=Zhongyi SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qinggele BAO, Zhixiang WU, Wenjie LIU, Ziqin WANG, Lan WU, Zhongyi SUN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1237016053197369559, articleId=1237016047241458575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=复合干热事件对橡胶林总初级生产力的影响研究, columnId=1237016045714723050, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=采后处理与农业生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

橡胶林是热带地区分布最广泛的人工林生态系统之一,在区域碳循环中发挥重要作用。全球气候变化导致复合干热事件(compound drought-hot events,CDHEs)愈发频繁,对橡胶林生态系统功能构成严峻挑战。本研究以海南岛橡胶林为研究对象,基于标准化土壤湿度与地表温度指数,采用Copula函数构建复合干热指数(compound drought-hot index,CDHI),分析2001—2020年CDHEs的时空动态特征,并以海南岛历史典型干旱和高温热浪事件验证其适用性。以总初级生产力(gross primary productivity,GPP)为评价指标,利用Copula条件概率定量评估不同干热情景下GPP的损失风险,评估复合效应。研究结果表明:(1)2001—2020年间,所构建的CDHI能够准确识别研究期间的严重CDHEs,其中2005与2020年最为严重;(2)在所有强度级别(轻度、中度和重度)下,CDHEs导致的橡胶林GPP损失概率显著高于单一干旱或高温热浪事件(P<0.001),确证了复合事件的协同放大效应;(3)受区域地形-气候相互作用影响,GPP损失风险呈现明显的空间异质性,西北部橡胶林区域在各类事件情景下均表现出更高的GPP损失概率;(4)CDHEs的影响具有显著季节性差异,旱季明显高于雨季,特别是4—5月因与橡胶树关键物候期重叠而形成环境胁迫的敏感窗口期。本研究揭示CDHEs影响橡胶林GPP的时空分异特征,为区域气候适应性管理策略制定和橡胶林可持续经营提供科学依据,同时为热带地区其他人工林生态系统应对极端气候事件的研究提供方法学参考。

, correspAuthors=孙仲益, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 孙仲益(SUN Zhongyi),E-mail:
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包青格乐(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:自然灾害风险评价与管理。

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包青格乐(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:自然灾害风险评价与管理。

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包青格乐(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:自然灾害风险评价与管理。

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3.Key Laboratory of Agro-forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
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3.海南省农林环境过程与生态调控重点实验室,海南海口 570228
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2.Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan 571101, China
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2.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南儋州 571101
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articleId=1237016047241458575, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Mean CDHI Time Series (A) and Changes in Mean Area Proportion of CDHEs (B) for Rubber Plantations on Hainan Island

Red shaded areas indicate historically recorded typical drought events; Blue shaded areas represent historically recorded typical hot events.

, figureFileSmall=xfMa97IyzKkqGmGMeXzGPw==, figureFileBig=JVdJGxkJpD7BeM9o8eW6PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023466109596456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016047241458575, language=CN, label=图2, caption=海南岛橡胶林平均CDHI时间序列(A)与CDHEs平均面积占比(B)变化

红色阴影区域表示历史记录的典型干旱事件;蓝色阴影区域表示历史记录的典型高温热浪事件。

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*** indicates extremely significant difference (P<0.001).

, figureFileSmall=vEr5VtkLlfDWYyLTWnB0Hg==, figureFileBig=jdyRu9AZUSO7ycpOcGdGPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023466529026871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016047241458575, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同事件情景下的橡胶林GPP损失概率

***表示差异极显著(P<0.001)。

, figureFileSmall=vEr5VtkLlfDWYyLTWnB0Hg==, figureFileBig=jdyRu9AZUSO7ycpOcGdGPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023466646467385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016047241458575, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Spatial distribution characteristics of the probability of GPP loss in rubber plantations under different event scenarios, figureFileSmall=5C8WtdBGgKzosty2O4+7Dw==, figureFileBig=fr9hjkkJqjO0rUo1MfO3Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023466742936379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016047241458575, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同事件情景下橡胶林GPP损失概率的空间分布, figureFileSmall=5C8WtdBGgKzosty2O4+7Dw==, figureFileBig=fr9hjkkJqjO0rUo1MfO3Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023467057509184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016047241458575, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Seasonal variation in the probability of GPP loss in rubber plantations, figureFileSmall=uclRwJIzYLx2FpekXqwgxw==, figureFileBig=th3X9b3pkONhqwpjPAJawg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023467183338310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016047241458575, language=CN, label=图6, caption=橡胶林GPP损失概率的季节性变化, figureFileSmall=uclRwJIzYLx2FpekXqwgxw==, figureFileBig=th3X9b3pkONhqwpjPAJawg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023467313361739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016047241458575, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Interactive factor detection results

* indicates statistical significance of the q-value at P<0.05.

, figureFileSmall=435G643NbSbrDxIkIoSxow==, figureFileBig=SOxCRIb6fsOdgLP0JUfgmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023467439190864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016047241458575, language=CN, label=图7, caption=交互因子探测结果

*表示q值在P <0.05水平上具有统计显著性。

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Evaluation of goodness of fit between SSMI and SLTI

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Copula函数d
Gaussian0.281 229 5
Frank0.343 09
T0.333 681 2
Clayton0.210 279 9
Gumbel0.210 279 4
), ArticleFig(id=1237023467636323161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016047241458575, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SSMI与SLTI的拟合优度评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Copula函数d
Gaussian0.281 229 5
Frank0.343 09
T0.333 681 2
Clayton0.210 279 9
Gumbel0.210 279 4
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复合干热事件对橡胶林总初级生产力的影响研究
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包青格乐 1 , 吴志祥 2 , 刘文杰 1, 3, 4 , 王自芹 1 , 乌兰 1, 2, 3 , 孙仲益 1, 3, 4, *
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与农业生态 2025,46(9): 2190-2203
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热带作物学报 | 采后处理与农业生态 2025, 46(9): 2190-2203
复合干热事件对橡胶林总初级生产力的影响研究
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包青格乐1, 吴志祥2, 刘文杰1, 3, 4, 王自芹1, 乌兰1, 2, 3, 孙仲益1, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学生态学院,海南海口 570228
  • 2.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南儋州 571101
  • 3.海南省农林环境过程与生态调控重点实验室,海南海口 570228
  • 4.三亚热区碳源汇海南省野外科学观测研究站,海南三亚 572000
  • 包青格乐(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:自然灾害风险评价与管理。

通讯作者:

* 孙仲益(SUN Zhongyi),E-mail:
Impact of Compound Drought-hot Events on the Gross Primary Productivity of Rubber Plantations
Qinggele BAO1, Zhixiang WU2, Wenjie LIU1, 3, 4, Ziqin WANG1, Lan WU1, 2, 3, Zhongyi SUN1, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 2.Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Agro-forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 4.Sanya Tropical Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Sanya, Hainan 572000, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.09.017
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橡胶林是热带地区分布最广泛的人工林生态系统之一,在区域碳循环中发挥重要作用。全球气候变化导致复合干热事件(compound drought-hot events,CDHEs)愈发频繁,对橡胶林生态系统功能构成严峻挑战。本研究以海南岛橡胶林为研究对象,基于标准化土壤湿度与地表温度指数,采用Copula函数构建复合干热指数(compound drought-hot index,CDHI),分析2001—2020年CDHEs的时空动态特征,并以海南岛历史典型干旱和高温热浪事件验证其适用性。以总初级生产力(gross primary productivity,GPP)为评价指标,利用Copula条件概率定量评估不同干热情景下GPP的损失风险,评估复合效应。研究结果表明:(1)2001—2020年间,所构建的CDHI能够准确识别研究期间的严重CDHEs,其中2005与2020年最为严重;(2)在所有强度级别(轻度、中度和重度)下,CDHEs导致的橡胶林GPP损失概率显著高于单一干旱或高温热浪事件(P<0.001),确证了复合事件的协同放大效应;(3)受区域地形-气候相互作用影响,GPP损失风险呈现明显的空间异质性,西北部橡胶林区域在各类事件情景下均表现出更高的GPP损失概率;(4)CDHEs的影响具有显著季节性差异,旱季明显高于雨季,特别是4—5月因与橡胶树关键物候期重叠而形成环境胁迫的敏感窗口期。本研究揭示CDHEs影响橡胶林GPP的时空分异特征,为区域气候适应性管理策略制定和橡胶林可持续经营提供科学依据,同时为热带地区其他人工林生态系统应对极端气候事件的研究提供方法学参考。

复合事件  /  复合干热指数(CDHI)  /  Copula条件概率  /  海南岛

Rubber plantations represent one of the most widespread planted forest ecosystems in tropical regions, playing a significant role in regional carbon cycles. Global climate change has led to increasingly frequent Compound Drought-hot Events (CDHEs), posing severe challenges to rubber plantation ecosystem functions. This study focuses on rubber plantations in Hainan Island, China. Utilizing standardized soil moisture and land surface temperature indices, we constructed a Compound Drought-Hot Index (CDHI) based on Copula functions to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of CDHEs from 2001 to 2020, validated against historical typical drought and hot events in Hainan. Using Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) as an evaluation metric, Copula-based conditional probabilities were applied to quantitatively assess GPP loss risks under different drought-hot scenarios and evaluate compound effects. Key findings include: (1) The developed CDHI accurately identified severe CDHEs during 2001—2020, with 2005 and 2020 being the most extreme years. (2) Across all intensity levels (mild, moderate, severe), CDHEs caused significantly higher probabilities of GPP loss in rubber plantations compared to isolated drought or hot events (P<0.001), confirming the synergistic amplification effect of compound events. (3) GPP loss risks exhibited distinct spatial heterogeneity influenced by regional topography-climate interactions, with northwestern rubber plantation areas showing consistently higher vulnerability across all scenarios. (4) CDHE impacts demonstrated marked seasonal differences, being substantially greater during the dry season (particularly April—May) than the rainy season, coinciding with critical phenological stages of rubber trees and forming sensitive windows of environmental stress. This study reveals the spatiotemporal differentiation of CDHE impacts on rubber plantation GPP, providing scientific foundations for regional climate-resilient management strategies and sustainable rubber plantation practices. It also offers methodological references for studying extreme climate responses in other tropical planted forest ecosystems.

compound events  /  compound drought-hot index (CDHI)  /  copula-based conditional probability  /  Hainan Island
包青格乐, 吴志祥, 刘文杰, 王自芹, 乌兰, 孙仲益. 复合干热事件对橡胶林总初级生产力的影响研究. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (9) : 2190 -2203 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.09.017
Qinggele BAO, Zhixiang WU, Wenjie LIU, Ziqin WANG, Lan WU, Zhongyi SUN. Impact of Compound Drought-hot Events on the Gross Primary Productivity of Rubber Plantations[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (9) : 2190 -2203 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.09.017
全球变暖背景下,复合干热事件(compound drought-hot events,CDHEs)加剧[1]正威胁陆地碳汇功能[2-4]。相比单一极端事件,CDHEs产生的水热协同放大效应对植被生理过程干扰更深远[5-6]。人工林虽是提升碳汇的重要载体[7-9],但极端气候事件可能显著削弱其固碳潜力[10-11]。橡胶林作为热带地区最广布人工林(覆盖770万hm2[12],在区域碳循环中占关键地位[13-15],然而其特殊生理特性使其对CDHEs尤为敏感[16-17]。CDHEs通过水热双重胁迫抑制碳同化并破坏碳平衡[18-20],总初级生产力(gross primary productivity,GPP)作为量化碳汇的直接指标[21-22],其波动不仅影响短期碳同化,还可能通过改变生态系统结构功能影响全球碳平衡[23-24]。因此,解析橡胶林GPP对CDHEs的响应及其条件概率评估,是陆地碳循环研究前沿,也是保障热带人工林碳汇功能的核心命题。
针对CDHEs这一复杂的生态威胁,研究方法与评估体系经历了从定性到定量、从简单叠加到概率耦合的演进过程。IPCC在SREX报告中对复合事件的定义为[25]:(1)同时或接连发生的2个或更多极端事件;(2)放大事件影响力的潜在条件和极端事件的组合;或(3)多个单独事件自身并非极端,但当它们结合后却能产生极端影响。基于此定义框架,CDHEs被明确为一种依赖于高温热浪和干旱2种不同类型事件的协同现象,其最终形成的影响远超单一要素的简单叠加。在CDHEs的识别与量化方面,研究方法经历了3个发展阶段:早期研究主要采用阈值法[26-30],通过设定关键气象参数的临界值来识别CDHEs,如日最高气温>35 ℃且日总降水量<1 mm[31]、Palmer干旱指数(PDSI)与高温日数(HDs)组合[32-33],以及标准化降水指数(SPI)与日最高气温超过历史第90百分位阈值的耦合[34]。随后,研究者发展了标准化干热指数(SDHI)[35],如通过分析降水减去潜在蒸发量(P-PET)和温度(T)的百分位分布函数构建SDHI[36]。然而,阈值法往往难以准确刻画水热交互作用的连续变化特性[37],而SDHI则因忽略变量间的相依结构而导致胁迫强度分级过于粗糙[38]。这些方法学局限促进了基于Copula联合概率法的新一代评估体系的发展。Copula函数凭借其能够灵活处理多变量间依赖结构的优势,特别是在捕捉非线性关系和尾部依赖现象方面的卓越表现[39],为CDHEs的精准识别提供了理论完备的工具。在具体应用中,高斯Copula因其理论完备性成为首选[40];而针对特定尾部依赖特征,非对称Copula族则提供了更精准的刻画能力,如Clayton族适于描述下尾部依赖(如低温-少雨),Gumbel族适于上尾部依赖(如高温热浪-干旱),T-Copula则能兼顾双尾依赖特性[30]
在评估CDHEs对生态系统影响方面,研究指标体系经历了从结构特征到功能过程的转变。早期研究主要应用植被指数(如归一化植被指数NDVI、增强型植被指数EVI等)监测生态系统响应[541]。尽管植被指数在大尺度监测中具有操作便利性,但其主要反映植被的理化性质和冠层结构而非直接表征生态系统的功能过程[42],难以准确量化CDHEs的生态影响机制。相比之下,总初级生产力(GPP)作为物质和能量循环的核心量度[43],在理论和实践2个层面均展现出显著优势:理论上,GPP直接量化碳同化过程,能准确反映生态系统对环境胁迫的即时生理响应和中长期恢复能力[44-45];实践上,GPP波动对极端事件的响应更为敏感,能够提供极端事件对碳循环即时影响的可靠信号,为预测长期生态系统功能变化奠定基础[46]。但传统的相关性分析[47]难以捕捉极端事件与GPP间的尾部依赖关系[48]——即使整体相关性不显著,虽然极端情况下可能存在强关联[49-50]。为克服这一局限,基于Copula条件概率的GPP损失概率模型应运而生[51],为精准量化不同类型极端事件组合下的生态系统响应提供方法基础。
天然橡胶作为四大工业原料之一,其主产树种巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)是热带地区的经济支柱[52],同时因其高光合效率在碳汇能力上甚至优于热带雨林[53-55]。海南岛作为我国橡胶主产区(橡胶种植面积48.02万hm2,占全国种植面积的46%)[56],兼具战略资源与生态屏障功能。然而,橡胶林生态系统呈现多维脆弱性:结构层面,纯林化与同龄化导致生态冗余丧失,微气候调节能力弱化[16];水文层面,浅层根系分布(66%~91%集中于0~30 cm土层[57])与高蒸散发形成“强需求-低储量”水分矛盾[17];生理层面,乳管系统对水热条件高敏感性放大了CDHEs的胁迫效应[58];物候层面,关键生长期与CDHEs高频期重叠,限制了后期补偿恢复能力[59]。在机制层面(图1),橡胶树对CDHEs的响应呈现出复杂的级联效应,高温热浪促进叶片蒸腾,导致气孔关闭,限制CO2吸收,降低光合作用速率。同时,高温热浪也降低光合酶效率,进一步减少GPP。干旱条件下,根系吸水受限,影响养分吸收和转运,且水分作为光合作用原料之一,其不足也限制GPP;特殊的产胶生理特性,橡胶树对水分胁迫敏感;复合因子的系统效应,高温热浪加速水分蒸发,增加干旱程度。干旱导致生态系统整体比热降低,加剧高温热浪天气的严重程度和持续时间。
海南岛作为橡胶树生长北界的生态边际区,具有3个独特优势:(1)光合与抗逆生理平衡阈值接近物种极限,对环境胁迫响应更为敏感;(2)受厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)事件显著影响,CDHEs发生频率高[60];(3)地形多样形成局地气候梯度,为研究空间异质性提供天然实验场。基于这些特点,本研究以海南岛橡胶林为对象,基于标准化土壤湿度指数(standardized soil moisture index,SSMI)和标准化地表温度指数(standardized land surface temperature index,SLTI),采用Copula函数构建复合干热指数(compound droughthot index,CDHI),分析2001—2020年间海南岛橡胶林CDHEs的动态变化特征,并结合Copula条件概率方法,量化不同情景(高温热浪、干旱和复合干热情景)下橡胶林GPP损失的概率,评估其对GPP的影响。研究结果为热带人工林应对CDHEs的适应性管理与风险防控提供科学依据与理论支持。
海南岛(18°10′~20°10′N,108°37′~111°03′E)位于中国南海西北部,属热带季风性气候。年最高气温可达41.1 ℃,年平均蒸散量为1020 mm,年降水量为1600 mm。降水分布呈明显季节性差异,雨季降水可占全年的80%以上[61],旱季仅占10%~30%[62]。地形以五指山和黎母山为中心向四周逐渐降低,形成梯状结构。橡胶林总面积达7269.88 km2,占全岛总面积约20%,主要分布在岛西北部、北部和中东部地区[63]
本研究的橡胶林分布数据集来源于包青格乐等[64]基于Landsat TM/OLI影像,结合第三次全国国土调查报告数据与野外调查数据,采用随机森林分类模型获得的2000—2020年5期海南岛橡胶林分布变化数据集。该数据集空间分辨率为30 m,总体精度为96.93%,生产者精度为89.10%,用户精度为94.72%,已被广泛用于海南岛橡胶林的相关研究[65-67]。本研究对5期的数据进行叠加分析,提取2000—2020年间保持为橡胶林的区域,并为匹配气象数据的空间分辨率,构建1 km分辨率网格,筛选出橡胶林面积占比超过90%的1910个网格作为研究样本。
地表温度(land surface temperature,LST)数据采用MOD11A1 V6数据集。该数据集是由Terra星搭载的中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)获取的地表温度/发射率(LST/E)产品,时间分辨率为1 d,空间分辨率为1 km。本研究在GEE中选取2001年1月1日至2020年12月31日的LST数据,按月平均得到逐月数据。
土壤湿度(soil moisture,SM)数据采用欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)第五代再分析数据集(ERA5)。该数据集提供1950年至今的全球土壤湿度月数据,空间分辨率为0.1°,含4个深度层(0~7 cm、7~28 cm、28~100 cm、100~289 cm),单位为m3/m3。本研究通过加权平均计算0~289 cm整层土壤水分[68],并用双线性插值将分辨率提升至1 km。
GPP数据来源MODIS的MOD17A2H产品。该产品空间分辨率为500 m,通过Terra和Aqua卫星数据结合光能利用率模型来计算8 d累积值[69]。本研究对2001—2020年数据进行月度合成,将跨月影像按日期比例分配到相应月份并累加,最后用均值重采样获得1 km分辨率的逐月GPP数据。
本研究所使用的海南岛气温(Ta)和相对湿度(RH)数据均来自国家地球系统科学中心(http://www.geodata.cn/),空间分辨率为1 km的逐月数据[70]。该数据是基于全国各气象站所测数据结合地形数据所制成,本研究使用2001—2020年逐月Ta与RH数据,根据泰斯经验公式[71]对海南岛研究时期逐月饱和水汽压差(VPD)进行计算。地形数据来源于地理空间数据云(https://www.gscloud.cn/),空间分辨率为1 km,利用ArcGIS 10.8提取坡度(Slope)与坡向(Aspect)。土壤有机碳(SOC)与土壤质地(Texture)数据来源与来源于联合国粮农组织(FAO)和维也纳国际应用系统研究所(IIASA)所构建的世界土壤数据库(HWSD)。中国境内数据源为第二次全国土地调查南京土壤所所提供的1∶100万土壤数据。橡胶林物候数据基于梁月华等[65]利用phenofit包提取的物候信息获得。
本研究构建了复合干热指数(CDHI),用于量化干旱和高温热浪事件的联合风险。该指数基于SSMI和SLTI,通过Copula函数捕捉二者之间的相依结构。为避免对原始数据分布做出参数化假设,首先采用非参数化的Gringorton经验频率公式[72]来估计边缘分布,并据此计算SSMI和SLTI。随后,对比5种常用的Copula函数(gaussian copula,clayton copula,gumbel copula,frank copula,t-copula),分别构建CDHI,并使用平方欧几里得距离评估每个Copula函数的拟合优度[73]。假设SSMI和SLTI分别为2个连续变量,CDHEs可以描述为变量SSMI小于或等于阈值(ssmi),变量SLTI大于或等于阈值(slti),则CDHEs的联合概率(Pj)可表示为:
式中,uv是变量SSMI和SLTI小于或等于阈值ssmi和slti时的累积概率,C为Copula函数。随后,将Gringorten经验频率分布拟合到联合概率Pj。为了便于量化CDHEs的强度并与单一极端事件指数与强度的划分标准保持一致性,利用通过标准正态分布的逆函数将Pj转化为CDHI。
式中,Φ‒1为标准正态分布的逆函数,G为Gringorton经验频率公式。根据标准化指数的通用分级标准[74],CDHI的轻度、中度、重度和极端干旱阈值分别为(‒1,‒0.5]、(‒1.5,‒1.0]、(‒2.0,‒1.5]、(‒∞,‒2.0]。
为选择构建CDHI时的最优Copula函数,本研究使用了平方欧几里得距离评估每个Copula函数的拟合优度。具体计算公式为:
式中,d为Copula函数的拟合优度,Cempuv)表示通过经验Copula计算的样本值的累计概率,Ckuv)表示通过理论Copula计算的样本值的累计概率。
鉴于GPP具有长期趋势和季节性特征,本研究中采用季节-趋势分解(seasonal-trend decomposition using LOESS,STL)对月尺度GPP时间序列进行分解,将其拆分为趋势项(气候变化和林龄增长等因素导致的缓慢变化)、季节项(橡胶林年内物候周期性变化)和残差项(反映短期气象条件(如干旱和高温热浪等)引起的异常波动)3个组成部分。对残差项进行标准化处理,得到GPP标准化异常(standardized anomaly of GPP,SAGPP),其中正异常和负异常分别表示样本GPP的增加和减少,SAGPP值越小,表明GPP低于平均水平的程度越大[51]
为了定量评估CDHEs对橡胶林GPP的影响,构建CDHI与橡胶林GPP损失之间的条件概率模型,分析在给定CDHI条件下GPP损失概率分布,即橡胶林生态系统SAGPP小于等于sagpp(损失阈值)的可能性。首先,采用Gringorten经验频率公式分别估计CDHI和SAGPP的边缘分布,然后构建CDHI与SAGPP之间的条件概率模型,并通过平方欧几里得距离评估Copula函数的拟合优度。以轻度复合干热情景CDHI∈(-1.0,-0.5]为例:
式中,F为变量的边缘分布,C为Copula函数。为全面评估不同强度复合干热事件的影响,建立了分级情景体系,包括中度CDHI∈(‒1.5,‒1.0]和重度CDHI∈(‒2.0,‒1.5]复合干热情景,并同步分析轻、中、重三级单一干旱(SSMI)和高温热浪(SLTI)情景。通过对比同级别的复合与单一事件,系统量化复合效应。
地理探测器模型(geographic detector model,GDM)是一种基于空间异质性原理,用于探测因变量与自变量之间空间相关性的统计分析方法[75]。本研究采用GDM方法,定量分析海南岛气象因子(土壤水分、气温、VPD等)、土壤因子(质地、有机碳含量等)、植被因子(物候期)和地形因子(坡度、坡向)对橡胶林在复合干热事件下GPP损失概率的驱动效应。
式中,q为对GPP损失概率的解释力,取值范围为0~1,值越大说明解释力越强;h(1、2、L、L)为变量分类。NhN分别为h层和整个区域的数量,s2分别为h层和该区域Y值的方差。交互作用探测可用于识别不同影响因子之间的交互效应,即评估各因子协同作用时对因变量解释力的增强或减弱,以及判断2个影响因素是否相互独立。
表1为SSMI和SLTI的二维Copula函数拟合优度评价结果。以平方欧几里得距离值最小则拟合程度最优为判断标准,可见拟合SSMI和SLTI最优的联合分布函数为Gumbel Copula函数(值为0.210 279 4),因此选择该函数来构建CDHI。
图2A为2001—2020年间海南岛橡胶林平均CDHI的时间序列。研究期间内,CDHEs发生频率较高,尤其在2003—2010年、2015—2016年、2020年间出现多次严重且持续性的CDHEs。其中,2005年与2020年的CDHEs强度最大,CDHI值最低分别达到(‒2.26±0.39)和(‒1.78±0.53),表明发生了极端和重度CDHEs。图中的阴影区域对应《中国气象灾害年鉴》记录的海南岛历史典型干旱和高温热浪事件,涵盖2003—2011年、2015 —2017年、2019—2020年,与本研究识别结果高度吻合,证实CDHI在海南岛橡胶林区域的适用性。图2B为2001—2020年发生CDHEs的平均面积占比。研究期间内,2003—2008年、2010年、2015年、2019—2020年的CDHEs的平均面积占比较高。其中,2020年的CDHEs平均面积占比最高,为75.81%,其次为2005—2007年,依次为64.33%、62.48%、54.68%。
图3为2020年1—10月海南岛橡胶林CDHEs的空间分布特征。在此期间,各月均出现不同程度的CDHEs,其中2月CDHEs覆盖面积最小,仅占61.62%,以轻度为主(57.38%),4月和10月次之。除上述3个月外,其余月份CDHEs覆盖面积均超过98%,5—7月与9月尤为严重。5月CDHEs覆盖面积达100%,重度占比最高(47.02%);6月覆盖面积99%,以极端(41.36%)和重度(36.23%)为主;7月覆盖面积99.42%,重度(56.91%)与中度(31.36%)为主;9月则覆盖面积达99.58%,重度和极端分别占45.18%与27.96%。空间分布上,极端和重度CDHEs主要集中在海南岛的西北部和北部地区,这与该区域降水较少的气候特征相一致。
图4为轻度、中度和重度复合干热、干旱和高温热浪情景下海南岛橡胶林GPP损失概率对比。Mann-Whitney U检验并结合Bonferroni校正结果显示,在任何强度级别(轻度、中度和重度)下,CDHEs导致的GPP损失概率均极显著高于单独的干旱或高温热浪事件(P<0.001),表明复合极端事件对生态系统的影响存在显著的协同放大效应。复合效应明显放大了GPP损失概率,轻度、中度和重度CDHEs下的平均GPP损失概率逐渐增加,分别为(54±1.73)%、(56±2.47)%和(57±3.02)%,比单一干旱事件平均高0.92%、1.21%和1.46%,比单一高温热浪事件高7.9%、11.9%和15%。在3种情景中,高温热浪事件导致的GPP损失概率最低,仅有少数橡胶林栅格的GPP损失概率随强度增加而明显提高,约9%的区域表现出对高温热浪强度增加的低敏感性。
图5为海南岛橡胶林在轻度、中度和重度情景下GPP损失概率的空间分布。研究结果表明,不同类型的极端气候事件对橡胶林生产力产生显著影响:复合干热情景下,海南岛橡胶林的GPP损失概率随事件强度加剧而明显增加,这种增加趋势在海南岛西北部尤为显著。CDHEs表现出对橡胶林GPP的强烈抑制作用,特别是在事件强度升级时。干旱情景下,橡胶林GPP损失概率同样随事件强度加剧而上升,空间分布模式与复合干热情景相似,主要影响区域也集中在海南岛西北部。事件强度与损失风险呈明显正相关。高温热浪情景下的影响模式则表现出明显差异。虽然部分地区(海南岛西北部)的GPP损失概率也随高温热浪强度增加而上升,但约91%的橡胶林区域呈相反趋势,即随着高温热浪强度的增加,GPP损失概率反而降低,显示出与复合干热和单一干旱情景截然不同的响应模式。
图6为海南岛橡胶林在轻度、中度、重度复合干热、干旱和高温热浪情景下,GPP损失概率均值的月度时间序列变化。分析显示,在全年各月中,除1、4月外,复合干热情景下的GPP损失概率始终高于单一干旱和高温热浪情景,进一步证实了复合极端事件的协同放大效应。对于复合干热情景而言,除11、12月外,GPP损失概率随事件强度增加而上升。对于干旱情景,除6、7月和10—12月外,GPP损失概率呈现出随事件强度增加而上升的趋势。而在高温热浪情景下,仅4、5月的GPP损失概率随事件强度增加而上升,其他月份则呈相反趋势。从季节性分布来看,所有情景下的GPP损失概率均在旱季期间达到较高水平,反映了水分可获得性对橡胶林生产力的关键调控作用。具体到月份,复合干热和干旱情景下的GPP损失概率从1月开始上升,4月达到峰值,此后逐渐下降,6—11月保持较低水平,12月再次缓慢上升。而高温热浪事件下的GPP损失概率从1月开始上升,5月达到峰值,随后逐渐下降,8月后略有回升,之后又开始下降。复合干热情景下的最高和最低GPP损失概率分别出现在4月和11月,分别为(72.29±9.99)%和(45.25± 10.33)%,干旱情景下的最高和最低值分别出现在4月和11月,分别为(78.44±11.66)%和(42.77± 12.24)%,而高温热浪情景下则分别出现在5月和12月,分别为(56.47±13.48)%和(32.81±5.80)%。
本研究采用地理探测器模型对海南岛橡胶林GPP损失概率的单因子解释能力进行定量分析。q值用于衡量各驱动因子对GPP损失概率空间分异的解释程度。图7对角线显示,不同因子对GPP损失概率的解释力差异显著,各因子解释力依次为VPD(0.135)>SOS(0.113)>SM(0.075)>SOC(0.063)>Slope(0.051)>Aspect(0.036)>Ta(0.02)>Texture(0.002)。其中,VPD、SOS、SM和Aspect的q值均达到统计显著性水平(P<0.05),表明VPD、SOS、SM及Aspect是影响GPP损失空间格局的主要驱动因子。此外,任意2个因子交互后的解释力均大于单因子的解释力。尤其是VPD与Ta、VPD与SOS、SOS与Ta等,说明气象-物候协同效应显著增强了对GPP损失空间分异的解释力。
CDHI是一种能够准确识别橡胶林CDHEs的有效指数:本研究基于海南岛橡胶林的SSMI和SLTI,采用5种常用Copula函数构建CDHI,并量化不同干热事件情景下GPP的损失概率,展现了良好的适用性和准确性。CDHI成功捕捉了2001—2020年间海南岛橡胶林区域发生的主要复合干热事件,特别是2003—2010年、2015—2016年及2020年的高强度、持续性事件。以2020年为例,CDHI识别的复合干热事件与《中国气象灾害年鉴》[76]记录高度吻合,不仅在时间上准确反映5—9月的持续性高温热浪与5—7月的严重干旱形成的“高温热浪-干旱加剧”耦合效应,也在空间上精确定位儋州、白沙、澄迈、临高等受影响最严重的橡胶主产区。这种时空一致性凸显CDHI作为复合干热事件评估工具的可靠性,为后续分析干热复合效应对橡胶林GPP影响提供方法基础。
空间上,海南岛橡胶林GPP损失概率存在显著空间异质性,西北部区域在不同事件情景下始终呈现更高的GPP损失概率。定量分析表明,VPD(表征焚风效应)、SM(土壤持水能力)、SOS(物候期)和Aspect(坡向)是驱动GPP损失空间格局的主要因素。中部五指山山脉作为核心地形屏障,通过动力抬升作用重塑水热分布。东南季风暖湿气流在迎风坡经历地形抬升引发绝热冷却,形成丰沛地形降水;而背风坡因焚风效应产生绝热增温,形成显著干热化的雨影区,导致同纬度区域东西部水热条件呈现反向梯度。此外,西南方向输送的暖湿气流经中南半岛长山山脉次级地形抬升后,其残余水汽抵达海南岛时已呈现干热化特征[77]。VPD作为表征焚风效应的核心指标,其高解释力反映了西南暖湿气流与地形屏障(五指山背风坡)共同作用下,西北部大气干旱和热胁迫的协同增强。SOS的影响则凸显了物候敏感期与复合干热事件的时空重叠对GPP的调节作用,VPD与SOS的交互作用(q=0.208)进一步表明二者耦合时GPP损失风险大幅提升。土壤持水能力(SM,q=0.075)的空间差异揭示其对干旱胁迫的缓冲效应。SM与VPD的交互作用(q=0.193)证实,土壤持水能力的差异会在焚风主导区域加剧GPP损失空间分异。坡向(Aspect)虽单独作用有限(q=0.036),但与VPD的交互作用(q=0.188)反映出地形方位通过影响降水与焚风强度,间接调控GPP风险。多因子交互作用显示,气象-物候-土壤的协同机制主导了GPP损失的空间格局。VPD与Ta的协同放大干热胁迫(q=0.229),SM与SOS则揭示高持水能力可缓冲物候期提前的负效应。最终,在西北部,焚风效应增强、土壤持水能力减弱与展叶期的时空重叠共同驱动该区成为GPP损失高风险区域。
橡胶林GPP损失概率的季节性变化及其成因:GPP损失概率呈现明显的季节性变化模式,这与海南岛季风气候的降水和温度特征高度一致。1—5月(旱季)的GPP损失概率显著高于6—12月(雨季)。旱季降水稀少,1—2月为落叶盛期,橡胶树光合作用最弱;3—5月为新叶抽发阶段,幼叶尚未完成角质层发育和光合系统成熟,对高温热浪和干旱的敏感性显著高于成熟叶片,导致光合系统易受抑制,GPP损失风险显著上升。其中4—5月作为旱雨季过渡期,水热条件不稳定叠加新叶扩展关键期,进一步加剧生理胁迫[5278]。除4、5月外,其余月份高温热浪下的GPP损失概率均随着事件强度的增加而呈下降趋势。这一现象可归因于多重机制的综合作用。海南岛作为橡胶林种植的北界区域,本研究采用的相对标准化温度指标识别的高温热浪事件,对橡胶树而言可能尚未达到生理胁迫阈值,甚至在某些情况下还未达到其光合作用的最适温度范围[79-81]。这解释了为何单一高温热浪事件对橡胶林GPP的影响相对有限。水分有效性同样可能缓冲了纯高温热浪的胁迫作用,即在充足水分条件下,橡胶树能通过提升蒸腾冷却效应维持叶温稳定,并利用光合酶活性的温度响应特性,使GPP得到维持甚至提升[82]。特别是在6—10月的雨季期间,充足的降水补充了土壤水分,有效抵消了高温热浪带来的潜在负面影响。11—12月雨季刚结束,但季节转换的缓冲效应依旧使土壤中仍保有前期积累的水分储备,足以支持植物的短期生长,缓解了高温热浪带来的胁迫。然而,当高温热浪与干旱同时发生时,二者间的协同作用显著放大了对橡胶林GPP的负面影响。这种协同效应主要体现在高温热浪与干旱对碳-水平衡的系统性破坏:高温热浪通过提升大气饱和水汽压差(VPD)增强水分胁迫、加速气孔振荡频率,并可能引发木质部栓塞的链式反应,最终导致橡胶树生理调节能力的系统性崩溃。这解释了为何复合干热事件下的GPP损失概率显著高于单一事件情景。在干旱情景下,GPP损失概率在6—7月(雨季初)和10—12月(雨季末)呈随事件强度增加而下降的趋势。这一现象主要归因于雨季期间土壤水分充沛,能够有效缓解干旱对橡胶林光合作用的抑制;而雨季末阶段,尽管降水减少,但土壤中仍储存有部分水分,加之11—12月气温相对较低,高温热浪胁迫减弱,进一步减轻了干旱对GPP的负面影响。这也同时导致11月复合干热情景下的GPP损失概率随事件强度增加而减少。
本研究采用的高温热浪和干旱指数均为标准化指标(相对指标),而非针对橡胶树生理生态阈值的绝对指标,可能导致气象学意义上的极端事件与实际生态胁迫不完全对应。在数据方面,GPP损失概率估算受再分析数据(ERA5-Land)与MODIS GPP产品的固有偏差所引入。因此,未来可通过多源遥感数据融合和通量塔观测校正,提升CDHEs识别和GPP估算的精度与时空分辨率。因此,未来发展基于物种生态幅的CDHEs定量评估方法,并通过多源遥感数据融合与通量塔观测校正,进一步提升CDHEs识别和GPP估算的精度与时空分辨率。同时,结合实地灾情记录和多源观测数据,对CDHI的灾害预警性能进行系统评估,并探索其在极端气候事件预测和适应性管理中的拓展应用。
  • 海南省“南海新星”科技创新人才平台项目(NHXXRCXM202303)
  • 国家自然科学基金地区项目(32160320)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(32371637)
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2025年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.09.017
  • 接收时间:2025-04-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-07
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-23
  • 录用日期:2025-06-08
基金
海南省“南海新星”科技创新人才平台项目(NHXXRCXM202303)
国家自然科学基金地区项目(32160320)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(32371637)
作者信息
    1.海南大学生态学院,海南海口 570228
    2.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南儋州 571101
    3.海南省农林环境过程与生态调控重点实验室,海南海口 570228
    4.三亚热区碳源汇海南省野外科学观测研究站,海南三亚 572000

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* 孙仲益(SUN Zhongyi),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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