Article(id=1237016046767502216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237016039171608726, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.09.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733155200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1747324800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-16, onlineDate=1772857208196, onlineDateStr=2026-03-07, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772857208196, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772857208196, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772857208196, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1237016039171608726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='2031', pageEnd='2286', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772857206385, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773049161445, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1237821157118890427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237016039171608726, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1237821157118890428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237016039171608726, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2135, endPage=2145, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1237016048441029556, articleId=1237016046767502216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Growth and Development Process of Hainan Camellia oleifera Fruit and Changes in Antioxidant Active Components Within the Kernels, columnId=1236256434120348225, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The fruits of Qiongdong No. 9 Camellia oleifera at five developmental stages were taken as the experimental materials to ascertain the basic characteristics of the growth and development in Hainan and the changes in the content of antioxidant active substances. The morphological characteristics were observed, the crude fat and six main active ingredient contents of the seeds at different developmental stages were measured, and four antioxidant activity indicators of the seeds at different developmental stages were detected. The results demonstrated that the growth changes of each part of the fruit generally followed a logistic curve, presenting a slow increase in the initial stage, a rapid growth in the middle stage, and eventual stabilization. During the whole growth period, changes in crude fat content continued to accumulate, with S3-S5 being the period of rapid oil accumulation; the changing trends of the contents of flavonoids, total polysaccharides, vitamin E, ABTS radical scavenging ability and total antioxidant activity (FRAP) in seed kernels were consistent, experiencing a process of rapid decrease-significant increase-slow decrease. The content of carotenoids and the ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals showed a significant increasing trend at all stages. The content of total phenols, total saponins, and total antioxidant activity (DPPH) showed a gradually decreasing trend. Through Pearson correlation analysis, the content of six active ingredients was significantly correlated with four antioxidant capacity indicators to varying degrees, and each ingredient had a different degree of response to different antioxidant capacities. S1–S3 were the rapid swelling stages of the fruit, accompanied by significant fluctuations in the content of active ingredients. S3–S4 were the key stages of substance transformation, and S4–S5 were the steady-state accumulation stages of contents; In the early stages of fruit development (S1–S3), water-soluble antioxidant components such as phenols, saponins, and polysaccharides dominated, while in the middle and late stages (S3–S5), they shifted towards lipid soluble components (carotenoids) and lipids. This competitive process was an important reason for the decrease in the content of the main active components. This research revealed the growth and development characteristics of C. oleifera fruits in tropical areas, which would have theoretical reference value for formulating corresponding cultivation and management measures for quality breeding purposes.

, correspAuthors=Jian WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fuyu YE, Wen LIU, Yang ZHOU, Daojun ZHENG, Jian WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1237016052727607471, articleId=1237016046767502216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=海南油茶果实生长发育过程及其种仁中抗氧化活性成分变化, columnId=1236256434313286224, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=作物栽培与生理生化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了摸清海南油茶果实生长发育及其抗氧化活性物质含量变化基本特性,选取琼东9号油茶5个发育时期的果实为试验材料,观察其形态特征,测定其不同发育时期(S1~S5)种仁的粗脂肪及6种主要活性成分含量,检测不同发育时期油茶种仁的4个抗氧化活性指标。结果表明:果实各部分生长变化总体符合logistic曲线,呈现初期缓慢升高,中期快速增长,并逐渐趋于稳定;在整个生长期,粗脂肪含量持续积累,S3~S5是其油脂迅速积累时期;种仁类黄酮、总多糖、维生素E含量、ABTS自由基清除能力和总抗氧化能力(FRAP法)变化趋势一致,呈现快速降低-显著升高-缓慢降低的过程,直至趋于平稳;类胡萝卜素含量与羟自由基清除能力各时期均呈现极显著递增趋势,总酚、总皂苷含量与总抗氧化能力(DPPH法)呈逐渐降低的变化趋势;通过Pearson相关性分析,6个活性成分含量与4个抗氧化能力指标具有不同程度的显著相关性,每种成分对不同抗氧化能力具有不同的响应程度;S1~S3是油茶果实快速膨大阶段,伴随活性成分含量波动变化显著,S3~S4是物质转化关键阶段,S4~S5是内含物稳态积累阶段;果实发育早期(S1~S3)以酚类、皂苷、多糖等水溶性抗氧化成分为主,中后期(S3~S5)转向脂溶性成分(类胡萝卜素)和脂质主导,这一竞争过程是导致主要活性成分含量下降的重要原因。本研究揭示了热区油茶果实的生长发育特性,对油茶品质育种及生产管理中有针对性地制定栽培管理措施具有理论参考价值。

, correspAuthors=王健, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王健(WANG Jian),E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=fFYSrlOjFI0DsNv54KyAMQ==, magXml=6ZyheSaOfGFV5ELP6g4ijQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=wwf+igNUuzcR240ufnsLqg==, pdfFileSize=4555403, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=NXZL+OSMcXZfwF25imfBZw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=00lJ1zA2aZNVSGFlB+4vNg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

叶富余(1998—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物生理代谢。

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叶富余(1998—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物生理代谢。

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叶富余(1998—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物生理代谢。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Metabolomics-based germplasm evaluation and high-temperature stress studies of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua in Wuyi Mountains, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1237023461072228758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, awardId=HAAS2023PT0213, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省热带特种经济植物种质资源创新利用重点实验室开放课题(HAAS2023PT0213), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1237023453161771032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1237023453165965337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, companyId=1237023453161771032, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Innovative Utilization of Special Economic Plant Germplasm Resources in Hainan Province/School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization), Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1237023453174353946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, companyId=1237023453161771032, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=海南省热带特种经济植物种质资源创新利用重点实验室/海南大学热带农林学院(农业农村学院、乡村振兴学院),海南海口 570228)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1237023457028919549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Camellia oleifera fruit at different development stages, figureFileSmall=F8eLFg0Y3Wgr4E2nqmFAxQ==, figureFileBig=SyzVcjZ3F6/ju1LY2QZC2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023457125388547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同发育时期的油茶果实, figureFileSmall=F8eLFg0Y3Wgr4E2nqmFAxQ==, figureFileBig=SyzVcjZ3F6/ju1LY2QZC2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023457221857548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Fresh weight changes of C. oleifera at different developmental stages

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=FuyQWwNbGLmBCGY1kK2u1A==, figureFileBig=uXcJhK5iRb4Q35V8wZBSJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023457322520849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=CN, label=图2, caption=油茶不同发育时期鲜质量变化

不同小写字母表示异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=FuyQWwNbGLmBCGY1kK2u1A==, figureFileBig=uXcJhK5iRb4Q35V8wZBSJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023457414795547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Dry weight changes of C. oleifera at different developmental stages

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=rt3YLgeEZslf86u8vpL0GA==, figureFileBig=TNiy7gXGmphSjoU4nz5BtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023457486098718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=CN, label=图3, caption=油茶不同发育时期干质量变化

不同小写字母表示异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=rt3YLgeEZslf86u8vpL0GA==, figureFileBig=TNiy7gXGmphSjoU4nz5BtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023457574179109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Changes in water content of C. oleifera fruit

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=LzAXVsPUGFEhEm2YPrBJMQ==, figureFileBig=4qK9t3PvA4/rCZ/6KcCCPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023457658065195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=CN, label=图4, caption=油茶果实含水率变化

不同小写字母表示异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=LzAXVsPUGFEhEm2YPrBJMQ==, figureFileBig=4qK9t3PvA4/rCZ/6KcCCPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023457737756975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Changes in quantitative traits of C. oleifera fruits at different developmental stages

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=kaw7bID7wDWcZPkO+ijovQ==, figureFileBig=fAeFGj8BA7M7ZhJ6/X3p+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023457855197489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同发育时期的油茶果实数量性状变化

不同小写字母表示异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=kaw7bID7wDWcZPkO+ijovQ==, figureFileBig=fAeFGj8BA7M7ZhJ6/X3p+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023457939083577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Differences in crude fat content of C. oleifera kernel at different stages

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=S3SQHUW2zR3jA/EZgS11Iw==, figureFileBig=vT8Pz8PZ4CVbO+ZFv7i7yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023458035552576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同发育时期油茶种仁粗脂肪含量变化

不同小写字母表示异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=S3SQHUW2zR3jA/EZgS11Iw==, figureFileBig=vT8Pz8PZ4CVbO+ZFv7i7yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023458127827269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Differences in flavonoids contents of C. oleifera at different stages

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=rttKt8F9lXHnzzF8+4V86g==, figureFileBig=/GCc6w1iB/nwBA4vTM/Cpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023458228490571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=CN, label=图7, caption=油茶不同时期类黄酮含量变化

不同小写字母表示异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=rttKt8F9lXHnzzF8+4V86g==, figureFileBig=/GCc6w1iB/nwBA4vTM/Cpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023458303988046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Differences of polysaccharides contents of C. oleifera at different stages

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=hV7I03+9VEtCv5/gRZ7vtQ==, figureFileBig=p3Fw4d8gZisnKf2M7P+m4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023458371096915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=CN, label=图8, caption=油茶不同时期总多糖含量差异

不同小写字母表示异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=hV7I03+9VEtCv5/gRZ7vtQ==, figureFileBig=p3Fw4d8gZisnKf2M7P+m4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023458421428570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Differences of total saponin (A) and total phenol (B) contents of C. oleifera at different stages

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=U7fjCZ704z2scvfD2PsLEg==, figureFileBig=61alsoDVnLBAT6rlVSZmTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023458501120350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=CN, label=图9, caption=油茶不同时期总皂苷(A)和总酚含量(B)变化

不同小写字母表示异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=U7fjCZ704z2scvfD2PsLEg==, figureFileBig=61alsoDVnLBAT6rlVSZmTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023458585006432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Differences of carotenoid contents in C. oleifera at different stages

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=fUamEzvxymD42TahbERlCQ==, figureFileBig=kqp3W2n1M9SkidwG6qAdHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023458694058341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同时期油茶种仁类胡萝卜素含量变化

不同小写字母表示异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=fUamEzvxymD42TahbERlCQ==, figureFileBig=kqp3W2n1M9SkidwG6qAdHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023460283699565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Differences of vitamin E contents in C. oleifera at different stages

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=FXQzo2oQzSHYOdINm6XLeg==, figureFileBig=tqGir9jRRa0dvCRhIfnOFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023460409528689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同时期油茶种仁维生素E含量变化

不同小写字母表示异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=FXQzo2oQzSHYOdINm6XLeg==, figureFileBig=tqGir9jRRa0dvCRhIfnOFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023460514386297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Changes in antioxidant capacity of C. oleifera at different stages

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=EG7s8CvpYqV516tum/3u5A==, figureFileBig=FOhKNQkinTvsOQmNYUXwpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023460623438207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同时期油茶抗氧化能力变化

不同小写字母表示异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=EG7s8CvpYqV516tum/3u5A==, figureFileBig=FOhKNQkinTvsOQmNYUXwpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023460732490116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Correlation analysis between active ingredient content and total antioxidant activity of C. oleifera kernels at different stages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标
Index
ABTS自由基清除能力
ABTS free radical scavenging ability
羟自由基清除能力
Hydroxyl radical scavenging ability
总抗氧化能力(FRAP法)
Total antioxidant capacity(FRAP)
总抗氧化能力(DPPH法)
Total antioxidant capacity(DPPH)
类黄酮0.934**–0.521*0.454–0.081
总酚0.083–0.830**–0.765**0.973**
总皂苷0.274–0.667**–0.719**0.886**
类胡萝卜素0.0060.579*0.866**–0.952**
维生素E0.771*0.0570.547*–0.461*
总多糖0.2790.611*0.645**–0.804**
), ArticleFig(id=1237023460841542029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016046767502216, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同时期的油茶种仁活性成分含量与总抗氧化能力的相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标
Index
ABTS自由基清除能力
ABTS free radical scavenging ability
羟自由基清除能力
Hydroxyl radical scavenging ability
总抗氧化能力(FRAP法)
Total antioxidant capacity(FRAP)
总抗氧化能力(DPPH法)
Total antioxidant capacity(DPPH)
类黄酮0.934**–0.521*0.454–0.081
总酚0.083–0.830**–0.765**0.973**
总皂苷0.274–0.667**–0.719**0.886**
类胡萝卜素0.0060.579*0.866**–0.952**
维生素E0.771*0.0570.547*–0.461*
总多糖0.2790.611*0.645**–0.804**
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海南油茶果实生长发育过程及其种仁中抗氧化活性成分变化
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叶富余 , 刘雯 , 周扬 , 郑道君 , 王健 *
热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2025,46(9): 2135-2145
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热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2025, 46(9): 2135-2145
海南油茶果实生长发育过程及其种仁中抗氧化活性成分变化
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叶富余, 刘雯, 周扬, 郑道君, 王健*
作者信息
  • 海南省热带特种经济植物种质资源创新利用重点实验室/海南大学热带农林学院(农业农村学院、乡村振兴学院),海南海口 570228
  • 叶富余(1998—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物生理代谢。

通讯作者:

* 王健(WANG Jian),E-mail:
Growth and Development Process of Hainan Camellia oleifera Fruit and Changes in Antioxidant Active Components Within the Kernels
Fuyu YE, Wen LIU, Yang ZHOU, Daojun ZHENG, Jian WANG*
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Innovative Utilization of Special Economic Plant Germplasm Resources in Hainan Province/School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization), Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.09.011
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为了摸清海南油茶果实生长发育及其抗氧化活性物质含量变化基本特性,选取琼东9号油茶5个发育时期的果实为试验材料,观察其形态特征,测定其不同发育时期(S1~S5)种仁的粗脂肪及6种主要活性成分含量,检测不同发育时期油茶种仁的4个抗氧化活性指标。结果表明:果实各部分生长变化总体符合logistic曲线,呈现初期缓慢升高,中期快速增长,并逐渐趋于稳定;在整个生长期,粗脂肪含量持续积累,S3~S5是其油脂迅速积累时期;种仁类黄酮、总多糖、维生素E含量、ABTS自由基清除能力和总抗氧化能力(FRAP法)变化趋势一致,呈现快速降低-显著升高-缓慢降低的过程,直至趋于平稳;类胡萝卜素含量与羟自由基清除能力各时期均呈现极显著递增趋势,总酚、总皂苷含量与总抗氧化能力(DPPH法)呈逐渐降低的变化趋势;通过Pearson相关性分析,6个活性成分含量与4个抗氧化能力指标具有不同程度的显著相关性,每种成分对不同抗氧化能力具有不同的响应程度;S1~S3是油茶果实快速膨大阶段,伴随活性成分含量波动变化显著,S3~S4是物质转化关键阶段,S4~S5是内含物稳态积累阶段;果实发育早期(S1~S3)以酚类、皂苷、多糖等水溶性抗氧化成分为主,中后期(S3~S5)转向脂溶性成分(类胡萝卜素)和脂质主导,这一竞争过程是导致主要活性成分含量下降的重要原因。本研究揭示了热区油茶果实的生长发育特性,对油茶品质育种及生产管理中有针对性地制定栽培管理措施具有理论参考价值。

琼东9号油茶  /  果实生长发育  /  抗氧化活性成分

The fruits of Qiongdong No. 9 Camellia oleifera at five developmental stages were taken as the experimental materials to ascertain the basic characteristics of the growth and development in Hainan and the changes in the content of antioxidant active substances. The morphological characteristics were observed, the crude fat and six main active ingredient contents of the seeds at different developmental stages were measured, and four antioxidant activity indicators of the seeds at different developmental stages were detected. The results demonstrated that the growth changes of each part of the fruit generally followed a logistic curve, presenting a slow increase in the initial stage, a rapid growth in the middle stage, and eventual stabilization. During the whole growth period, changes in crude fat content continued to accumulate, with S3-S5 being the period of rapid oil accumulation; the changing trends of the contents of flavonoids, total polysaccharides, vitamin E, ABTS radical scavenging ability and total antioxidant activity (FRAP) in seed kernels were consistent, experiencing a process of rapid decrease-significant increase-slow decrease. The content of carotenoids and the ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals showed a significant increasing trend at all stages. The content of total phenols, total saponins, and total antioxidant activity (DPPH) showed a gradually decreasing trend. Through Pearson correlation analysis, the content of six active ingredients was significantly correlated with four antioxidant capacity indicators to varying degrees, and each ingredient had a different degree of response to different antioxidant capacities. S1–S3 were the rapid swelling stages of the fruit, accompanied by significant fluctuations in the content of active ingredients. S3–S4 were the key stages of substance transformation, and S4–S5 were the steady-state accumulation stages of contents; In the early stages of fruit development (S1–S3), water-soluble antioxidant components such as phenols, saponins, and polysaccharides dominated, while in the middle and late stages (S3–S5), they shifted towards lipid soluble components (carotenoids) and lipids. This competitive process was an important reason for the decrease in the content of the main active components. This research revealed the growth and development characteristics of C. oleifera fruits in tropical areas, which would have theoretical reference value for formulating corresponding cultivation and management measures for quality breeding purposes.

Qiongdong No. 9 Camellia oleifera  /  growth and development of fruit  /  antioxidant active ingredients
叶富余, 刘雯, 周扬, 郑道君, 王健. 海南油茶果实生长发育过程及其种仁中抗氧化活性成分变化. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (9) : 2135 -2145 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.09.011
Fuyu YE, Wen LIU, Yang ZHOU, Daojun ZHENG, Jian WANG. Growth and Development Process of Hainan Camellia oleifera Fruit and Changes in Antioxidant Active Components Within the Kernels[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (9) : 2135 -2145 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.09.011
油茶(Camellia oleifera)是山茶属(Camellia)中油脂丰富且兼具栽培价值的多年生木本油料树种的总称[1]。油茶在中国有两千多年的栽培历史,主要分布在海南、湖南、福建、江西、广东、广西、云南等南方亚热带和热带地区[2]。油茶茶籽油营养丰富,不饱和脂肪酸含量超过90%[3],其种仁富含茶多酚、皂苷等多种抗氧化活性成分[4],是我国特有的优质木本油料植物。茶籽油气味香醇浓厚、易于消化吸收,可用茶油拌饭增添香气提高食欲,长期食用有益于人体心血管系统,也具有改善消化系统、内分泌系统等多种功效[5]。外敷可以消肿去淤、止痛、清热解毒等[6],是海南人家中常备良药。
油茶的生物活性广泛,具有抗氧化、预防心血管疾病等多种功效[7],其活性功能主要取决于所含有的次生代谢产物[8],如茶皂素、类黄酮、多酚、维生素E及类胡萝卜素等,它们受种植环境的影响较大。因此,提高单果功能性成分含量,直接影响茶油的品质。其中,维生素E可以阻止脂肪的过度氧化、保护细胞等[9];类黄酮在抗炎、抗氧化及抑制血管舒张等方面表现突出[10];酚类物质具有改善茶油品质、增加茶油耐储性的功能[11];类胡萝卜素[12]可以提高身体的免疫力、减少癌症发生的几率。
油茶种子中各种抗氧化活性物质的含量变化与其果实生长发育、干物质积累,以及品质形成密切相关,而这些过程变化又受到相关基因的调控[13]。目前关于油茶代谢物的动态变化研究多集中在油茶油脂形成或脂肪酸含量变化[14],以及不同油茶品种成熟期的油脂与主要营养物质(可溶性淀粉、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质)之间的转化关系[8]等方面。如梁文静等[15]发现油茶中的可溶性糖随着时间推移逐步转化为脂肪,因而其可溶性糖含量呈递减趋势;陈隆升等[16]通过研究油茶果实生长期各器官的大量元素和微量元素含量的分配规律,为油茶施肥提供参考;SONG等[17-18]发现茉莉酸甲酯参与调控油茶细胞增殖过程,使种子变大,并构建了黄酮类化合物生物合成的分子调控网络。针对油茶种仁活性成分变化规律及其与果实生长发育关系的研究逐步成为热点。郑德勇等[19]采用色谱法描绘出了4个油茶品种茶籽成熟过程的维生素E和角鲨烯成分的变化趋势;晏巢等[20]研究了油茶果实中木质素积累规律,阐明了果实发育与果壳木质化的关系;也有报道指出了不同时期的油茶叶片中茶皂素和黄酮等抗氧化活性成分的积累规律[21]
海南岛油茶种质资源独特,气候环境条件优越,所产茶油品质优良,但因历史原因相关研究却起步较晚。目前,有关海南油茶果实全周期生长发育的动态研究较少,缺少海南油茶果实生长发育关键时间节点,及其与之密切相关的种仁中抗氧化活性成分的动态变化的详实数据。本研究以海南省首批审定的,种植规模较大的琼东9号油茶(C. oleifera,Qiongdong No.9)品种为试验材料,分别采集不同时期的果实,分析其不同发育时期果实形成和主要抗氧化活性成分的变化特性,旨在揭示海南热区油茶果实生长发育规律,从而为油茶品质性状育种、制定合理高产栽培管理措施提供理论依据。
试验材料为琼东9号油茶,采自海口东山金茂苗圃,位于海口市东山镇,该苗圃土壤肥力强,土壤类型为砖红壤,全年高温,降水量充足。分别于2023年5月5日(S1)、6月17日(S2)、7月31日(S3)、9月17日(S4)、10月22日(S5)采摘油茶鲜果,置于冰盒中带回实验室,测定各指标含量。此品种油茶果实外观颜色由开始坐果时的青绿色变为幼果青绿相间再逐渐转变为黄色(图1)。
浓硫酸、高氯酸、丙酮、无水乙醇、冰醋酸均为分析纯;LHT-1-G植物类黄酮测试盒、植物总皂苷、植物总酚(Tp)、ZDT-1-Y总多糖含量测试盒,以及FRAP-1-G总抗氧化能力(FRAP法)、总抗氧化能力(DPPH法)与ABTS-1-D总抗氧化能力(ABTS法)测试盒、羟自由基清除能力测定试剂盒等指标含量测定试剂盒购于苏州科铭生物技术有限公司;BC4335植物类胡萝卜素含量检测试剂盒、BC1425维生素E(VE)含量检测试剂盒购于北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
PTX-FA210电子天平、YC101-38S电热鼓风干燥箱、研钵、HH-1数显恒温水浴锅、SCI-VS可调式混匀仪、YM-008超声波清洗机M-008超声波清洗机、3-16R台式高速冷冻离心机、DLJ-100D酶标分析仪,MZB-30ZS制冰机(美菱)、YL-100BU实验室超纯水机。
使用电子天平测量油茶果及果皮、种皮、种仁的鲜质量,于105 ℃电热鼓风干燥箱中烘干,再用电子天平分别称量果皮、种皮、种仁的干质量,并计算果皮、种子含水率。采用微量法测定活性成分含量指标与抗氧化活性能力,具体步骤参照各公司试剂盒中说明书。其中,以茶种仁样品为材料测定类黄酮、总皂苷、总酚、总多糖、维生素E、类胡萝卜素、总抗氧化能力(ABTS法、FRAP法和DPPH法)和羟自由基清除能力。
每组试验重复3次并取平均值。使用Excel软件整理试验数据,使用IBM SPSS Statistics 27软件对活性成分含量及总抗氧化能力数据进行相关性分析和单因素方差分析(ANOVA),并用Origin 2021软件制图。
图2可知,果实鲜质量变化呈现先升高,再下降,后趋于平稳的变化特征。S1~S3时期,果实鲜质量不断增加,各个时期显著提高;在S3时期鲜质量出现峰值,随后一直到果实成熟趋于稳定,差异不显著。
图3可知,果壳干质量在整个生长期呈现先增后减的变化趋势,于S3时期出现峰值,为5.91 g,随后缓慢降低。种子和种仁干质量在整个果实生长期呈逐渐升高的趋势,于采收末期(S5)达到峰值,其中种子干质量在S2~S4时期增长最为迅速,种仁干质量在S1~S3时期缓慢增长,此后快速增长,并在S4阶段超过种皮干质量。
图4可知,果实与种子含水率经历缓升-快降-缓降的过程,各个时期含水率差异显著,S2~S5时期,含水率降低,其中S3~S4时期种仁含水率下降最为迅速,果实和种仁的含水率在S2时期最多,分别为78.77%、85.63%。果皮含水率经历缓升-缓降的过程,果皮含水率在S2时期最大,为77.11%。
油茶果实的外观数量性状变化如图5所示,油茶的果实纵径、横径、果皮厚度的变化趋势基本一致,均是先增加至最大值再逐步趋向稳定的“S”型生长曲线。S1~S3时期,果实纵横径迅速变大,5—8月是其体积迅速扩大的时期,于S3时期达到最大值,分别为34.83 mm(纵径)、43.04 mm(横径),随后趋于稳定。果皮厚度变化幅度较小,果皮前期(S1)较薄,厚度最小值出现在S1,为3.66 mm,最高值出现在7月底(S3),为4.14 mm。
种仁粗脂肪含量变化趋势如图6所示,粗脂肪含量持续积累,整体变化范围为2.94%~ 46.12%,S1~S2期间粗脂肪含量从2.94%缓慢增至5.85%,增幅仅2.91%。粗脂肪含量于S2~S3阶段有最高积累速率,含量骤增至17.70%,增幅达11.85%(P<0.05)。S3~S5有最大积累量,含量从17.70%跃升至46.12%,其中S3~S4阶段粗脂肪积累量明显高于S4~S5阶段。
图7可知,在整个生长周期,种仁中的类黄酮含量在S1时期最高,为35.69 mg/g,S2时期最低,为5.33 mg/g。S1~S2期间,种仁类黄酮含量显著下降;S2~S3期间,含量显著上升,随后缓慢下降直至采收成熟。
图8可知,种仁总多糖含量变化呈先降低后升高再缓慢降低的趋势,具体含量从S2时期(2.33 mg/g)开始逐渐升高,在S3时期到达最高峰,为14.97 mg/g,随后逐渐下降,S4、S5时期的总多糖含量分别为11.91、11.12 mg/g,差异不显著。
图9A所示,不同生长时间油茶种仁总皂苷平均含量持续减少,前期下降较为平稳,S3~S5时期下降较迅速,S1期最高(10.01 mg/g),在S5时期达含量最低值(6.81 mg/g)。随着油茶种仁的生长发育,总酚含量变化呈现递减趋势,S1、S2时期的总酚含量分别为113.18、101.31 mg/g,变化不显著,S2~S3急剧下降,降幅达68.06%,在S5时期,含量最低,为17.92 mg/g(图9B)。
图10所示,种仁中类胡萝卜素含量在果实发育过程中呈显著递增趋势(P<0.05)。其含量由初始发育阶段(S1)的0.059 mg/g逐步积累至成熟阶段(S5)的0.385 mg/g,增幅达544.07%。S2~S3阶段:类胡萝卜素含量由0.059 mg/g增至0.19 mg/g,为整个发育周期中积累速率最快的阶段,此阶段正值种仁快速膨大期。而S4~S5期间增幅趋缓,含量由0.30 mg/g升至0.385 mg/g。
图11可知,维生素E含量变化呈现急降-急升-缓降的生长趋势,与总多糖含量变化趋势相似,S2~S3期间变化幅度最大,S3时期含量达到最大值,为17.983 μg/g,随后逐渐降低,S5时期较S4时期含量有所降低,但变化不显著。
(1)随着果实的生长发育,ABTS法测得的总抗氧化能力变化整体呈现下降的趋势,自由基清除率依次为S1>S3>S4>S5>S2图12A)。在S1时期有最高ABTS自由基清除效果,达到92.6%,在S1~S3期间先降低后增高;S3~S4期间显著下降,S4之后趋于稳定,S5时期自由基清除能力仍可达71.89%(P>0.05)。(2)羟自由基(•OH)清除能力呈现持续升高的现象,上升幅度较大(26.17%~77.19%),S2~S5这4个时期的种仁羟自由基清除能力分别是S1的2.38、2.73、2.75、2.95倍(图12A)。(3)FRAP法测得的总抗氧化能力变化呈现急降-急升-缓降的S型曲线变化趋势,S2~S3期间变化幅度最大,S4时期总抗氧化能力达到最大值,为3.61 μmol/g,随后逐渐降低,S4~S5时期,总抗氧化能力波动较其他时期最小(图12B)。(4)随着果实发育,油茶种仁总抗氧化能力(DPPH法)的变化趋势与羟自由基清除能力情况相反,呈现持续降低的过程,S1(8.48 μmol/g)~S2(8.37 μmol/g)期间,有小幅度下降但变化不显著,随后各个时期之间显著性下降,坐果初期S1时期的种仁油茶种仁总抗氧化能力(DPPH法)是果实成熟期的3.56倍(图12A)。
通过对各种抗氧化活性成分与4个总抗氧化能力指标之间的相关性分析(表1)发现,在整个油茶果实生长发育过程中,ABTS自由基清除能力与类黄酮、维生素E含量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.934(P<0.01)和0.771(P<0.05)。羟自由基清除能力与总多糖、类胡萝卜素均呈显著正相关,其中与总酚、总皂苷含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数为–0.830和–0.667(P<0.01)。总抗氧化能力(FRAP法)与除总酚(–0.765)、总皂苷(–0.719)外的4项含量指标均呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.645(P<0.01)、0.454、0.547(P<0.05)、0.866(P<0.01)。总抗氧化能力(DPPH法)与总酚(0.973)、总皂苷(0.886)含量指标呈极显著正相关,与其他含量指标具有不同程度的负相关,相关系数介于–0.952~–0.081之间。
油茶生长发育过程中,果实各个部位的质量、含水量等指标变化基本符合S型生长曲线[22],表现为初期较慢,中期快速增长,后期再次变慢并趋于稳定的变化特征。晏巢等[20]认为油茶果实发育经历前期变化缓慢,中期发育快速,后期趋于稳定的类似“S”型曲线的3个阶段,这与本研究结果基本一致。琼东9号油茶品种从开始坐果至7月底,果实和种子鲜质量迅速增加,此阶段主要依靠水分快速积累,与郭钰柬等[23]认为5—8月是越南油茶种子的持续吸水时期说法一致,证明这一阶段是油茶果实快速膨大期,所以在此时期水供给要充足。果实纵径、横径及果皮厚度同样呈“S”型增长,表明果实形态建成集中于果实膨大期(S1~S3),成熟期形态趋于稳定。结合果实质量变化趋势,成熟期阶段(S3~S5),尤其是S4以后,种仁中水分含量开始减少,某些代谢物逐渐转化为种仁的内含物,同时种子中的干物质迅速积累,因此,这一阶段是有机物形成的关键时期。
本研究中,油茶生长发育过程中活性成分和种仁抗氧化能力动态变化可分为3类:持续升高(如类胡萝卜素含量、羟自由基清除能力)、持续降低[总酚、总皂苷、总抗氧化能力(DPPH法)]、降低-升高-再降至稳定[类黄酮、总多糖、维生素E、ABTS自由基清除能力和总抗氧化能力(FRAP法)]。
类胡萝卜素含量随发育进程逐步增加,与种仁干物质和油脂积累进程保持高度正相关,且属于脂溶性成分[24],故其累积动态与油茶油脂积累规律呈现同步性。酚类化合物是油茶的重要抗氧化活性成分,不饱和脂肪酸、茶多酚在油茶籽中活性成分含量最高[25],而且茶油的苦涩味多与此类物质有关。本研究中,随着果实趋于成熟,种仁总酚与总皂苷含量持续下降,S2~S3阶段总酚急剧降低(降幅68.06%)。刘海等[26]取不同开裂程度的油茶果实为研究对象,测得的总酚含量呈现下降趋势,与本研究结果相印证。此外,前人测定橄榄中的酚类物质也同样随着果实成熟度增加而降低[27],可见,酚类物质的这种变化特征在木本油料作物中存在一定的普遍性。曲子越等[28]研究茶油在加速氧化过程中发现总游离酚和总结合酚含量均呈现下降趋势。油茶总皂苷主要是三萜皂苷,在油茶皂苷与油脂积累的形成关系研究中发现,随着果实发育期的推进,二者呈显著负相关[29]。同样在另一项研究中,浙江油茶种仁在9月中旬至10月下旬这一阶段,种仁茶皂素持续下降。类黄酮含量在整个发育周期整体呈现下降趋势,S1为含量峰值期,S1~S3阶段经历“V”型波动,S3~S5阶段种仁类黄酮含量逐渐降低。向晓峰等[30]测得开花授粉后230~396 d(6—11月)的湖南油茶籽的黄酮含量呈先升后降的趋势,这与本研究S2~S3阶段(6月中旬至7月底)的短暂回升现象相呼应。YE等[31]以海南琼海油茶种仁(8—11月)为研究对象,同样观察到类黄酮含量的持续下降趋势。该结果与本研究S3~S5阶段(7月底至10月下旬)类黄酮含量持续下降规律高度吻合。目前针对油茶果实总多糖动态积累规律尚不明晰,但是糖类(可溶性糖、淀粉等)与可溶性蛋白向脂肪的定向转化机制已被阐明:随着油茶果实发育,糖和蛋白通过代谢途径可转变为脂肪[8,32],其中淀粉和可溶性糖呈现单峰积累模式,且峰值出现时间与脂肪开始迅速积累的时间点接近。维生素E又名生育酚,郑德勇等[19]认为维生素E含量的急升可视为茶籽已完全成熟的标志之一,油茶维生素E急升时期发生在生长中期,随后降低并趋于稳定。而凌宏有等[9]选取9—11月间8个时期茶籽测得维生素E含量的变化趋势是先增加至峰值后开始降低。
当前大多数抗氧化能力研究多集中于其籽粕和茶籽油,本研究明晰了海南油茶种仁抗氧化能力的动态变化规律。油茶种仁的抗氧化能力是由其含有的多种活性成分共同贡献的,而且同一活性物质对不同抗氧化检测方法的响应存在显著差异[33]。类黄酮、总多糖、总酚、维生素E含量、抗氧化能力指标均在S1~S3这一阶段剧烈变化。由于此阶段种仁硬化不完全,部分处于液体胚乳状态,水分充足则生命活动旺盛,可能是造成上述物质含量以及抗氧化能力变化较剧烈的原因[19],这符合植物的一般生理特性,即植物在生长期间,活性成分变化表现出一定的波动规律[21]。在S3~S5成熟阶段,类胡萝卜素含量和羟自由基清除能力在果实发育中后期呈现升高趋势,而其他成分均呈下降趋势,并趋于稳定,这与马力等[32]的研究结论基本一致,即8—10月份是油茶油脂积累的主要时期,维生素E和角鲨烯等活性成分含量也在采收前会有所降低。通过Pearson关联性分析发现总多糖、类黄酮、总酚、总皂苷、类胡萝卜、维生素E均是油茶种仁中重要的抗氧化活性成分,它们的含量变化均与抗氧化能力存在不同程度的显著或极显著相关关系,表明每种成分对不同抗氧化能力具有不同响应程度。
增加光照有利于类黄酮和类胡萝卜素的合成[10,34-35],故栽植前和坐果期前,应当计算株行距预留好空间和做好树体修剪工作,避免树体之间遮挡。在S1~S2时期,种子中抗氧化活性成分含量和总抗氧化能力降低,含水量较高,此时是种子的需水关键期,应及时灌溉,为后续活性成分积累打下基础。此时可对树体喷施内源激素(如茉莉酸甲酯、ABA等)促进光合产物向库的积累,利于种子膨大[17]。S2~S3时期,是种子养分需求的关键期,建议此时期有机肥结合无机肥混合施用。如施用适量N、K肥[36]能够促进油茶植株内总黄酮、总多酚、总多糖的合成,以及施微量元素硒肥可以提高油茶茶籽油的抗氧化能力[37-38],进而提升品质。S3~S5时期,活性成分持续维持变化,有部分出现下降趋势,然后趋于稳定,变化幅度较小。该阶段需确保水肥充足的同时,切实做好保花保果、病虫害防治等管理工作。轻度干旱有利于多糖的合成[39],此时应该适度控水。
本研究将油茶果实发育过程划分为3个典型阶段:S1~S3是油茶果实快速膨大阶段,伴随活性成分(总酚、皂苷)浓度波动变化显著;S3~S4是物质转化关键阶段,S4~S5是内含物稳态积累阶段。进一步分析发现,种仁抗氧化体系呈现显著的阶段性特征:早期(S1~S3)以酚类、皂苷、多糖等水溶性抗氧化成分为主,中后期(S3~S5)转向脂溶性成分(类胡萝卜素)和脂质主导,这一竞争过程是导致主要活性成分的含量下降的重要原因。通过整合多种活性成分含量动态与4个抗氧化能力评价体系,本研究解析了油茶种仁抗氧化能力的演变规律。本研究结论对油茶品质育种及生产管理中有针对性地制定相应栽培管理措施具有理论参考价值。
  • 海南省热带特种经济植物种质资源创新利用重点实验室开放课题(HAAS2023PT0213)
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2025年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.09.011
  • 接收时间:2024-12-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-07
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-03
  • 录用日期:2025-05-16
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海南省热带特种经济植物种质资源创新利用重点实验室开放课题(HAAS2023PT0213)
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    海南省热带特种经济植物种质资源创新利用重点实验室/海南大学热带农林学院(农业农村学院、乡村振兴学院),海南海口 570228

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* 王健(WANG Jian),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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