Article(id=1237016045211406552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237016039171608726, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.09.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740931200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1746115200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-02, onlineDate=1772857207825, onlineDateStr=2026-03-07, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772857207825, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772857207825, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772857207825, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1237016039171608726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='2031', pageEnd='2286', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772857206385, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773049161445, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1237821157118890427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237016039171608726, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1237821157118890428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1237016039171608726, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2214, endPage=2226, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1237016045618254050, articleId=1237016045211406552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Simultaneous Determination of Multiple Antibiotics in Soil Based on Solid-phase Extraction-high Performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), columnId=1236286112713470633, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Post-harvest Treatment & Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

It is necessary to establish a sensitive, selective, efficient and accurate method for the simultaneous detection of multiple antibiotic residues in soil. In this study, the method of solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the determination of 20 antibiotics simultaneously in soil was established by optimizing the extraction conditions (extractant type, extraction method, shading and overnight) and the purification conditions (cartridge type). Under the optimized analysis conditions, the target antibiotics showed good linearity in the linear range of 0.10-100.00 μg/kg, with R2 ranging from 0.9951-0.9999. The recovery ratio ranged from 62%-116%, the relative standard deviation was 0.9%-16.8%, the limit of detection was 0.01-0.50 μg/kg, and the limit of quantification was 0.04-2.00 μg/kg. The method was applied for the detection of antibiotic residues in soil samples collected from greenhouse vegetable bases in Wuqing district, Tianjin, China. It showed that 4 classes of antibiotics were detected in the soil, and up to 16 of target antibiotics could be detected simultaneously. The total residual concentration of antibiotics in the soil varied from 2.52-142.00 μg/kg. The highest concentration of individual antibiotic was 105.00 μg/kg (oxytetracycline). The method established in the study is aim to provide reference for the formulation of the standard for the simultaneous detection of multiple antibiotic residues in soil and provide methodological basis for the prevention and control of emerging contaminants.

, correspAuthors=Yubing ZHA, Zhihua YUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zheng PAN, Qi LI, Baoli SUN, Lixia ZHAO, Ling LIN, Huifang MA, Yubing ZHA, Zhihua YUAN, Maoying DENG, Jianzhi YE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1237016048839479650, articleId=1237016045211406552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=基于固相萃取–高效液相色谱串联质谱的土壤中多种抗生素残留检测方法研究, columnId=1237016045714723050, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=采后处理与农业生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

由于抗生素残留种类多、浓度低,需要建立一种灵敏度高、选择性强、高效准确的同时检测土壤中多种抗生素残留的方法。本研究拟通过优化提取条件(浸提剂类型、提取方式、避光、隔夜处理)及净化条件(固相萃取小柱类型)建立一种固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS),同时测定土壤中20种抗生素。在优化后的条件下,目标抗生素在线性范围0.10~100.00 μg/kg内线性良好,R2在0.9951~0.9999之间;回收率范围在62%~116%之间,相对标准偏差为0.9%~16.8%;检出限范围为0.01~0.50 μg/kg,定量限为0.04~2.00 μg/kg。该方法已应用于天津市武清区设施菜地土壤中抗生素残留的检测,结果表明:4类抗生素在土壤中均有不同程度检出,最多可同时检出16种目标物,土壤中抗生素的总残留浓度为2.52~142.00 μg/kg,最高浓度为105.00 μg/kg(土霉素)。本研究建立的方法旨在为土壤中抗生素检测方法标准的制订提供参考,并为新污染物防控提供方法学基础。

, correspAuthors=查玉兵, 袁志华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 查玉兵(ZHA Yubing),E-mail:
袁志华(YUAN Zhihua),E-mail:
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潘政(1995—),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:新污染物监测。

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潘政(1995—),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:新污染物监测。

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潘政(1995—),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:新污染物监测。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Pollution characteristics and accumulation of antibiotics in typical protected vegetable soils, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1237023472006788069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=30, issue=6, pageStart=1762, pageEnd=1766, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=35, authorNames=李彦文, 莫测辉, 赵娜, 邰义萍, 包艳萍, 王纪阳, 李明阳, 梁伟明, journalName=环境科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李彦文, 莫测辉, 赵娜, 邰义萍, 包艳萍, 王纪阳, 李明阳, 梁伟明. 菜地土壤中磺胺类和四环素类抗生素污染特征研究[J]. 环境科学, 2009, 30(6): 1762-1766., articleTitle=菜地土壤中磺胺类和四环素类抗生素污染特征研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1237023473051169768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=30, issue=6, pageStart=1762, pageEnd=1766, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=36, authorNames=LI Y W, MO C H, ZHAO N, TAI Y P, BAO Y P, WANG J Y, LI M Y, LIANG W M, journalName=Environmental Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Y W, MO C H, ZHAO N, TAI Y P, BAO Y P, WANG J Y, LI M Y, LIANG W M. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Investigation of sulfonamides and tetracyclines antibiotics in soils from various vegetable fields, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1237023466415780658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, awardId=423QN292, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省自然科学基金项目(423QN292), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1237023466529026869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, awardId=2016YFD0800201, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0800201), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1237023453656707252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1237023453660901558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, companyId=1237023453656707252, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, 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figureFileBig=xwa055QTEJrYlT4le0Tocg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023462204699290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同浸提剂下土壤中20种抗生素的回收率, figureFileSmall=jH/GoZ4d6aGSx1I05yW/Wg==, figureFileBig=xwa055QTEJrYlT4le0Tocg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023462317945503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Recovery of 20 antibiotics in soil with vortex and ultrasound assisted extraction, figureFileSmall=Apkfr9kv4ok/vieCYz4ARw==, figureFileBig=G7eP+jgNTWKGQwXc2hHVdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023462422803109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=CN, label=图2, caption=涡旋、超声辅助提取下土壤中20种抗生素的回收率, figureFileSmall=Apkfr9kv4ok/vieCYz4ARw==, figureFileBig=G7eP+jgNTWKGQwXc2hHVdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023462502494892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Recovery of 20 antibiotics in soil treated with and without light, figureFileSmall=fK/q7xwR9p6qNitOMEYzgw==, figureFileBig=ReYylhsnRoZj2vi/+FgI4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023462603158198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=CN, label=图3, caption=避光、不避光处理下土壤样品中20种抗生素的回收率, figureFileSmall=fK/q7xwR9p6qNitOMEYzgw==, figureFileBig=ReYylhsnRoZj2vi/+FgI4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023462712210112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Recovery of 20 antibiotics in soil under overnight treatment and immediate use treatment, figureFileSmall=7GUeiT/XN2+9B2H1zX71xA==, figureFileBig=LgtVjnOjn1rkUL6w40jcRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023462808679117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=CN, label=图4, caption=隔夜处理、现取现用处理下土壤样品中20种抗生素的回收率, figureFileSmall=7GUeiT/XN2+9B2H1zX71xA==, figureFileBig=LgtVjnOjn1rkUL6w40jcRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023462909342418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Recovery of 20 antibiotics in soil treated with 5 different solid phase extraction columns, figureFileSmall=t6OghEwlp4uYtrhad44oXQ==, figureFileBig=JlnS44+o0oL+XwKy7RImvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023463010005720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=CN, label=图5, caption=5种不同固相萃取小柱处理下土壤样品中20种抗生素的回收率, figureFileSmall=t6OghEwlp4uYtrhad44oXQ==, figureFileBig=JlnS44+o0oL+XwKy7RImvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023463077114592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Residual concentrations of 20 antibiotics in actual soil samples, figureFileSmall=xeZQv/34C1trFOShinXKoQ==, figureFileBig=CkJj55Uw+UQDwjDGpoM6LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023463156806374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=CN, label=图6, caption=实际土壤样品中20种抗生素的残留浓度, figureFileSmall=xeZQv/34C1trFOShinXKoQ==, figureFileBig=CkJj55Uw+UQDwjDGpoM6LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1237023464641589995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Physicochemical properties of selected antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素
Antibiotic
英文名,简写
English name,abbreviation
CAS号
CAS No.
分子式
Molecular formula
吸附常数
Kd/(L·kg–1
辛醇–水分配系数Kow电离常数
Ionization constant pKa
强力霉素doxymycin,DOX564-25-0C22H24N2O8599.00 3.50
四环素tetracycline,TC60-54-8C22H24N2O8400.00~1620.00–1.19pKa,1=3.30;pKa,2=7.68;pKa,3=9.69
土霉素oxytetracycline,OTC79-57-2C22H24N2O90.30~1030.00–1.22pKa,1=3.27;pKa,2=7.32;pKa,3=9.11
金霉素chlorotetracycline,CTC57-62-5C22H23ClN2O81135.00~4315.002.073.30
恩诺沙星enrofloxacin,ENR93106-60-6C19H22FN3O3260.00~6310.001.10pKa,1=6.27;pKa,2=8.30
诺氟沙星norfloxacin,NOR70458-96-7C16H18FN3O32.69–0.176.34
培氟沙星pefloxacin,PEF70458-92-3C17H20FN3O3  0.16
环丙沙星ciprofloxacin,CIP85721-33-1C17H18FN3O3430.000.40pKa,1=5.90;pKa,2=8.89
氧氟沙星ofloxacin,OFL82419-36-1C18H20FN3O4310.000.35pKa,1=5.97;pKa,2=8.28
沙拉沙星sarafloxacin,SAR98105-99-8C20H17F2N3O34.27~4.72 pKa,1=6.00;pKa,2=8.60
洛美沙星lomefloxacin,LOM98079-51-7C17H19F2N3O34266.00 -0.25
磺胺嘧啶sulfadiazine,SDZ68-35-9C10H10N4O2S1.41–0.092.21
磺胺吡啶sulfapyridine,SPD144-83-2C11H11N3O2S 0.35pKa,1=2.30;pKa,2=8.48
磺胺甲基嘧啶sulfamerazine,SMR127-79-7C11H12N4O2S39.67 2.29
磺胺甲恶唑sulfamethoxazole,SMZ723-46-6C10H11N3O3S2.180.895.60
磺胺二甲嘧啶sulfadimidine,SDM57-68-1C12H14N4O2S0.60~3.100.89pKa,1=2.65;pKa,2=7.65
磺胺二甲氧嘧啶sulfadimethoxine,SMX122-11-2C12H14N4O4S1.15 5.94
红霉素erythromycin,ERY114-07-8C37H67NO135.71~18.383.068.80
罗红霉素roxithromycin,ROX80214-83-1C41H76N2O1539.602.759.27
泰乐菌素tylosin,TYL1401-69-0C46H77NO178.30~128.003.507.10
), ArticleFig(id=1237023464767419122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

目标抗生素的理化性质[16]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素
Antibiotic
英文名,简写
English name,abbreviation
CAS号
CAS No.
分子式
Molecular formula
吸附常数
Kd/(L·kg–1
辛醇–水分配系数Kow电离常数
Ionization constant pKa
强力霉素doxymycin,DOX564-25-0C22H24N2O8599.00 3.50
四环素tetracycline,TC60-54-8C22H24N2O8400.00~1620.00–1.19pKa,1=3.30;pKa,2=7.68;pKa,3=9.69
土霉素oxytetracycline,OTC79-57-2C22H24N2O90.30~1030.00–1.22pKa,1=3.27;pKa,2=7.32;pKa,3=9.11
金霉素chlorotetracycline,CTC57-62-5C22H23ClN2O81135.00~4315.002.073.30
恩诺沙星enrofloxacin,ENR93106-60-6C19H22FN3O3260.00~6310.001.10pKa,1=6.27;pKa,2=8.30
诺氟沙星norfloxacin,NOR70458-96-7C16H18FN3O32.69–0.176.34
培氟沙星pefloxacin,PEF70458-92-3C17H20FN3O3  0.16
环丙沙星ciprofloxacin,CIP85721-33-1C17H18FN3O3430.000.40pKa,1=5.90;pKa,2=8.89
氧氟沙星ofloxacin,OFL82419-36-1C18H20FN3O4310.000.35pKa,1=5.97;pKa,2=8.28
沙拉沙星sarafloxacin,SAR98105-99-8C20H17F2N3O34.27~4.72 pKa,1=6.00;pKa,2=8.60
洛美沙星lomefloxacin,LOM98079-51-7C17H19F2N3O34266.00 -0.25
磺胺嘧啶sulfadiazine,SDZ68-35-9C10H10N4O2S1.41–0.092.21
磺胺吡啶sulfapyridine,SPD144-83-2C11H11N3O2S 0.35pKa,1=2.30;pKa,2=8.48
磺胺甲基嘧啶sulfamerazine,SMR127-79-7C11H12N4O2S39.67 2.29
磺胺甲恶唑sulfamethoxazole,SMZ723-46-6C10H11N3O3S2.180.895.60
磺胺二甲嘧啶sulfadimidine,SDM57-68-1C12H14N4O2S0.60~3.100.89pKa,1=2.65;pKa,2=7.65
磺胺二甲氧嘧啶sulfadimethoxine,SMX122-11-2C12H14N4O4S1.15 5.94
红霉素erythromycin,ERY114-07-8C37H67NO135.71~18.383.068.80
罗红霉素roxithromycin,ROX80214-83-1C41H76N2O1539.602.759.27
泰乐菌素tylosin,TYL1401-69-0C46H77NO178.30~128.003.507.10
), ArticleFig(id=1237023465044243193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Gradient elution of targeted antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号No.步骤Procedure溶液Solution输出Output流速Flow velocity/(mL·min–1体积Volume/mL时间Time/min
1rinse sample path甲醇 10.052.8
2condition甲醇排废10.0101.6
3condition排废10.0101.6
4load sample 排废1.08084.3
5rinse sample tubes排废1.0510.9
6rinse排废1.01010.5
7air Push 排废3.0156.1
8dry    20.0
9rinse syringe甲醇 40.020.4
10elute甲醇收集0.7811.9
11air Push 收集3.0156.1
12end     
), ArticleFig(id=1237023465170072320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

目标抗生素自动萃取程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号No.步骤Procedure溶液Solution输出Output流速Flow velocity/(mL·min–1体积Volume/mL时间Time/min
1rinse sample path甲醇 10.052.8
2condition甲醇排废10.0101.6
3condition排废10.0101.6
4load sample 排废1.08084.3
5rinse sample tubes排废1.0510.9
6rinse排废1.01010.5
7air Push 排废3.0156.1
8dry    20.0
9rinse syringe甲醇 40.020.4
10elute甲醇收集0.7811.9
11air Push 收集3.0156.1
12end     
), ArticleFig(id=1237023465346233092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Gradient elution of targeted antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间
Time/min
流动相
#Mobile phase
时间
Time/min
流动相
Mobile phase
0~0.595% A4.0~7.55% A
0.690% A7.5~10.095% A
4.055% A  
), ArticleFig(id=1237023465472062220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

目标抗生素梯度洗脱程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间
Time/min
流动相
#Mobile phase
时间
Time/min
流动相
Mobile phase
0~0.595% A4.0~7.55% A
0.690% A7.5~10.095% A
4.055% A  
), ArticleFig(id=1237023465564336913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

MRM parameters for LC-MS/MS analysis of 20 detected antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别
Group
抗生素
Antibiotic
母离子(m/z)
Precursor ions(m/z)
子离子(m/z)
Daughter ion(m/z)
定量子离子(m/z)
Quantitative daughter ions(m/z)
驻留时间
Dwell time/min
去簇电压
Declustering potential/V
碰撞能
Collision energy/eV
TCsTC445.1410.2410.22.22480
  445.1427.1 2.21980
 OTC461.2426.2426.22.12580
  461.2443.2 2.11780
 CTC479.1462.0462.02.62480
  479.1444.0 2.62880
 DOX445.0428.1428.12.82480
  445.0154.1 2.83580
QNsNOR320.1276.1276.12.120114
  320.1233.1 2.13280
 ENR360.1316.1316.12.32880
  360.1245.1 2.33680
 SAR386.0368.1368.12.32880
  386.0342.1 2.33080
 PEF334.1290.2290.22.12780
  334.1316.1 2.12580
 OFL362.2318.1318.12.12680
  362.2261.1 2.13880
 CIP332.1288.1288.12.22580
  332.1245.1 2.23380
 LOM352.0265.0265.02.23380
  352.0308.1 2.22880
SAsSDZ251.1156.0156.01.92240
  251.192.0 1.93840
 SPD250.1156.1156.12.02340
  250.1108.0 2.03240
 SMR265.2156.1156.12.12582
  265.2172.1 2.12582
 SDM279.1186.1186.12.22360
  279.1156.0 2.22760
 SMX311.1156.1156.12.82265
  311.1218.0 2.83665
 SMZ254.1156.0156.02.921100
  254.1108.0 2.932100
MLsROX837.6679.5679.54.33050
  837.6158.1 4.33750
 TYL916.6174.0174.03.747150
  916.6772.5 3.743150
 ERY734.5576.4576.43.42630
  734.5158.0 3.43630
), ArticleFig(id=1237023465690166036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

目标抗生素的质谱参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别
Group
抗生素
Antibiotic
母离子(m/z)
Precursor ions(m/z)
子离子(m/z)
Daughter ion(m/z)
定量子离子(m/z)
Quantitative daughter ions(m/z)
驻留时间
Dwell time/min
去簇电压
Declustering potential/V
碰撞能
Collision energy/eV
TCsTC445.1410.2410.22.22480
  445.1427.1 2.21980
 OTC461.2426.2426.22.12580
  461.2443.2 2.11780
 CTC479.1462.0462.02.62480
  479.1444.0 2.62880
 DOX445.0428.1428.12.82480
  445.0154.1 2.83580
QNsNOR320.1276.1276.12.120114
  320.1233.1 2.13280
 ENR360.1316.1316.12.32880
  360.1245.1 2.33680
 SAR386.0368.1368.12.32880
  386.0342.1 2.33080
 PEF334.1290.2290.22.12780
  334.1316.1 2.12580
 OFL362.2318.1318.12.12680
  362.2261.1 2.13880
 CIP332.1288.1288.12.22580
  332.1245.1 2.23380
 LOM352.0265.0265.02.23380
  352.0308.1 2.22880
SAsSDZ251.1156.0156.01.92240
  251.192.0 1.93840
 SPD250.1156.1156.12.02340
  250.1108.0 2.03240
 SMR265.2156.1156.12.12582
  265.2172.1 2.12582
 SDM279.1186.1186.12.22360
  279.1156.0 2.22760
 SMX311.1156.1156.12.82265
  311.1218.0 2.83665
 SMZ254.1156.0156.02.921100
  254.1108.0 2.932100
MLsROX837.6679.5679.54.33050
  837.6158.1 4.33750
 TYL916.6174.0174.03.747150
  916.6772.5 3.743150
 ERY734.5576.4576.43.42630
  734.5158.0 3.43630
), ArticleFig(id=1237023465832772377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Recovery and limits of detection limits of 20 antibiotics spiked with 10 μg/kg and 100 μg/kg

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类别
Group
抗生素
Antibiotic
加标10 μg/kg
Spiking with 10 μg/kg
加标100 μg/kg
Spiking with 100 μg/kg
检出限
LOD/(μg·kg–1
回收率Recovery ratio/%相对标准偏差RSD/%回收率Recovery ratio/%相对标准偏差RSD/%
TCsDOX799.57812.20.50
 TC819.59214.80.15
 OTC11616.110813.00.50
 CTC966.5907.10.20
QNsENR840.98016.80.01
 NOR913.79013.90.20
 PEF654.4627.30.02
 CIP961.8915.40.10
 OFL693.5646.20.30
 SAR655.4625.20.01
 LOM642.36512.30.04
SAsSDZ702.86612.00.01
 SPD654.66314.50.02
 SMR901.38714.40.02
 SMZ722.2649.40.02
 SDM692.5628.90.05
 SMX721.6706.90.01
MLsERY867.58112.80.02
 ROX855.6786.40.01
 TYL814.38710.60.01
), ArticleFig(id=1237023465946018593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

20种抗生素在10、100 µg/kg添加浓度下的的回收率、检出限

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别
Group
抗生素
Antibiotic
加标10 μg/kg
Spiking with 10 μg/kg
加标100 μg/kg
Spiking with 100 μg/kg
检出限
LOD/(μg·kg–1
回收率Recovery ratio/%相对标准偏差RSD/%回收率Recovery ratio/%相对标准偏差RSD/%
TCsDOX799.57812.20.50
 TC819.59214.80.15
 OTC11616.110813.00.50
 CTC966.5907.10.20
QNsENR840.98016.80.01
 NOR913.79013.90.20
 PEF654.4627.30.02
 CIP961.8915.40.10
 OFL693.5646.20.30
 SAR655.4625.20.01
 LOM642.36512.30.04
SAsSDZ702.86612.00.01
 SPD654.66314.50.02
 SMR901.38714.40.02
 SMZ722.2649.40.02
 SDM692.5628.90.05
 SMX721.6706.90.01
MLsERY867.58112.80.02
 ROX855.6786.40.01
 TYL814.38710.60.01
), ArticleFig(id=1237023466059264804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Linear equation, linearity range and correlation coefficient of 20 antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素
Antibiotic
线性方程
Linear equation
线性范围
Linearity range/(μg·kg–1
决定系数
R2
DOXy=19 144.1x+65635.70.10~100.000.9967
TCy=4788.31x+13981.900.10~100.000.9980
OTCy=4166.73x–3255.430.10~100.000.9980
CTCy=7105.31x+11806.200.10~100.000.9952
ENRy=0.18x–0.140.10~100.000.9992
NORy=0.55x–0.200.10~100.000.9997
PEFy=0.37x–0.560.10~100.000.9976
CIPy=0.82x–1.020.10~100.000.9988
OFLy=0.72x–0.480.10~100.000.9996
SARy=0.038x–0.0260.10~100.000.9997
LOMy=0.045x–0.0970.10~100.000.9963
SDZy=0.19x–0.110.10~100.000.9952
SPDy=0.28x+0.470.10~100.000.9980
SMRy=0.083x–0.0010.10~100.000.9965
SMZy=0.250x+0.0120.10~100.000.9989
SDMy=0.31x+0.320.10~100.000.9978
SMXy=0.46x–0.330.10~100.000.9951
ERYy=1.92x–0.110.10~100.000.9997
ROXy=6.07x–1.590.10~100.000.9998
TYLy=0.29x–0.630.10~100.000.9999
), ArticleFig(id=1237023466164122409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1237016045211406552, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

20种抗生素的线性方程、线性范围和相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素
Antibiotic
线性方程
Linear equation
线性范围
Linearity range/(μg·kg–1
决定系数
R2
DOXy=19 144.1x+65635.70.10~100.000.9967
TCy=4788.31x+13981.900.10~100.000.9980
OTCy=4166.73x–3255.430.10~100.000.9980
CTCy=7105.31x+11806.200.10~100.000.9952
ENRy=0.18x–0.140.10~100.000.9992
NORy=0.55x–0.200.10~100.000.9997
PEFy=0.37x–0.560.10~100.000.9976
CIPy=0.82x–1.020.10~100.000.9988
OFLy=0.72x–0.480.10~100.000.9996
SARy=0.038x–0.0260.10~100.000.9997
LOMy=0.045x–0.0970.10~100.000.9963
SDZy=0.19x–0.110.10~100.000.9952
SPDy=0.28x+0.470.10~100.000.9980
SMRy=0.083x–0.0010.10~100.000.9965
SMZy=0.250x+0.0120.10~100.000.9989
SDMy=0.31x+0.320.10~100.000.9978
SMXy=0.46x–0.330.10~100.000.9951
ERYy=1.92x–0.110.10~100.000.9997
ROXy=6.07x–1.590.10~100.000.9998
TYLy=0.29x–0.630.10~100.000.9999
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基于固相萃取–高效液相色谱串联质谱的土壤中多种抗生素残留检测方法研究
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潘政 1, 4 , 李琪 1 , 孙宝利 3 , 赵丽霞 2 , 林玲 1 , 马会芳 1 , 查玉兵 1, * , 袁志华 2, * , 邓卯英 1 , 叶剑芝 1
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与农业生态 2025,46(9): 2214-2226
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热带作物学报 | 采后处理与农业生态 2025, 46(9): 2214-2226
基于固相萃取–高效液相色谱串联质谱的土壤中多种抗生素残留检测方法研究
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潘政1, 4, 李琪1, 孙宝利3, 赵丽霞2, 林玲1, 马会芳1, 查玉兵1, * , 袁志华2, * , 邓卯英1, 叶剑芝1
作者信息
  • 1.中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所/农业农村部农产品加工质量安全风险评估实验室(湛江),广东湛江 524001
  • 2.农业农村部环境保护科研监测所/农田有机污染生物消减创新团队/农业农村部产地环境污染防控重点实验室/天津市农业环境与农产品安全重点实验室,天津 300191
  • 3.中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所/农业农村部农业环境重点实验室,北京 100081
  • 4.中国热带农业科学院三亚研究院,海南三亚 572025
  • 潘政(1995—),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:新污染物监测。

通讯作者:

* 查玉兵(ZHA Yubing),E-mail:
袁志华(YUAN Zhihua),E-mail:
Simultaneous Determination of Multiple Antibiotics in Soil Based on Solid-phase Extraction-high Performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
Zheng PAN1, 4, Qi LI1, Baoli SUN3, Lixia ZHAO2, Ling LIN1, Huifang MA1, Yubing ZHA1, * , Zhihua YUAN2, * , Maoying DENG1, Jianzhi YE1
Affiliations
  • 1.Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Risk Assessment Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
  • 2.Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Innovative Team of Biological Reduction of Organic Pollution in Agricultural Soil / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin 300191, China
  • 3.Institute of Agricultural Environment and Sustainable Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
  • 4.Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.09.019
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由于抗生素残留种类多、浓度低,需要建立一种灵敏度高、选择性强、高效准确的同时检测土壤中多种抗生素残留的方法。本研究拟通过优化提取条件(浸提剂类型、提取方式、避光、隔夜处理)及净化条件(固相萃取小柱类型)建立一种固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS),同时测定土壤中20种抗生素。在优化后的条件下,目标抗生素在线性范围0.10~100.00 μg/kg内线性良好,R2在0.9951~0.9999之间;回收率范围在62%~116%之间,相对标准偏差为0.9%~16.8%;检出限范围为0.01~0.50 μg/kg,定量限为0.04~2.00 μg/kg。该方法已应用于天津市武清区设施菜地土壤中抗生素残留的检测,结果表明:4类抗生素在土壤中均有不同程度检出,最多可同时检出16种目标物,土壤中抗生素的总残留浓度为2.52~142.00 μg/kg,最高浓度为105.00 μg/kg(土霉素)。本研究建立的方法旨在为土壤中抗生素检测方法标准的制订提供参考,并为新污染物防控提供方法学基础。

抗生素  /  固相萃取  /  土壤  /  液相色谱-串联质谱  /  回收率

It is necessary to establish a sensitive, selective, efficient and accurate method for the simultaneous detection of multiple antibiotic residues in soil. In this study, the method of solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the determination of 20 antibiotics simultaneously in soil was established by optimizing the extraction conditions (extractant type, extraction method, shading and overnight) and the purification conditions (cartridge type). Under the optimized analysis conditions, the target antibiotics showed good linearity in the linear range of 0.10-100.00 μg/kg, with R2 ranging from 0.9951-0.9999. The recovery ratio ranged from 62%-116%, the relative standard deviation was 0.9%-16.8%, the limit of detection was 0.01-0.50 μg/kg, and the limit of quantification was 0.04-2.00 μg/kg. The method was applied for the detection of antibiotic residues in soil samples collected from greenhouse vegetable bases in Wuqing district, Tianjin, China. It showed that 4 classes of antibiotics were detected in the soil, and up to 16 of target antibiotics could be detected simultaneously. The total residual concentration of antibiotics in the soil varied from 2.52-142.00 μg/kg. The highest concentration of individual antibiotic was 105.00 μg/kg (oxytetracycline). The method established in the study is aim to provide reference for the formulation of the standard for the simultaneous detection of multiple antibiotic residues in soil and provide methodological basis for the prevention and control of emerging contaminants.

antibiotics  /  solid phase extraction (SPE)  /  soil  /  liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)  /  recovery ratio
潘政, 李琪, 孙宝利, 赵丽霞, 林玲, 马会芳, 查玉兵, 袁志华, 邓卯英, 叶剑芝. 基于固相萃取–高效液相色谱串联质谱的土壤中多种抗生素残留检测方法研究. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (9) : 2214 -2226 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.09.019
Zheng PAN, Qi LI, Baoli SUN, Lixia ZHAO, Ling LIN, Huifang MA, Yubing ZHA, Zhihua YUAN, Maoying DENG, Jianzhi YE. Simultaneous Determination of Multiple Antibiotics in Soil Based on Solid-phase Extraction-high Performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (9) : 2214 -2226 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.09.019
自《新污染物治理行动方案》发布以来,抗生素受到越来越多的关注,其在环境介质(尤其是土壤)中的防控已成为当前环境科学与工程领域的热点研究问题[1];并且抗生素已被纳入《重点管控新污染物清单(2023年版)》,同时联合国环境规划署也将其纳入六大新兴污染物名单中[2-3],在全球范围内部署开展污染调查战略。我国不仅是人口大国,同时也是抗生素生产、使用大国[4]。目前,已在不同环境介质(地下水、地表水、海水、土壤)中检出近70种抗生素[5],其中,土壤样品中检出44种抗生素,残留水平为μg/kg~mg/kg,主要包括4种四环素类抗生素(TCs)、16种喹诺酮类抗生素(QNs)、15种磺胺类抗生素(SAs)及9种大环内酯类抗生素(MLs);并且其检出率、残留浓度均高于发达国家[6]。前述研究均依托于抗生素残留检测技术展开,但不同研究选用的目标抗生素种类、提取方法、检测方法等均存在差异,致使试验结果不具备可比性,因此需要建立一种高效便捷、灵敏度高、选择性强的同时测定土壤中多种抗生素残留的方法。
检测技术的开发很大程度上依赖于分析仪器的发展。近年来,国内外抗生素检测技术不断更新迭代,从微生物学检测法发展到色谱法再发展至色谱串联质谱法,其中,高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)因其高效、准确和灵敏等特性,同时克服了微生物法费时、极易污染、假阳性等不足,又因气相色谱法选择性差、敏感性差等缺点,成为当前抗生素测定的主流方法[7]。目前,仅有少数国家、地区或国际组织制定了土壤中抗生素的检测分析方法标准,如美国环保署采用超声辅助提取-固相萃取(SPE)-LC-MS/MS(EPA method 1694)检测土壤中包括TCs、SAs、MLs等45种抗生素,并从多个方面进行方法学验证,结果表明EPA method 1694法的加标回收率为50%~214%,检出限为0.22~48.00 μg/kg[8]。然而,该法将目标抗生素分为4组,并且每组的液相色谱条件(流动相、流动相梯度、电喷雾离子化模式等)差异较大,实际检测分析样品(尤其大批量样品)时耗时长、效率低。我国开展关于土壤中抗生素检测方法的研究起步相对较晚,目前已发布的土壤中抗生素残留检测方法标准有3个,分别为NY/T 3787—2020、DB36/T 1841—2023、T/GDSES 3—2022,拟制订的方法标准有8个[9]。上述标准可检测17种抗生素,前处理方法多为缓冲液/有机溶剂提取,固相萃取富集、净化后利用LC-MS/MS进行测定,加标回收率为47%~118%,检出限为0.10~3.70 μg/kg,相对标准误差(RSD)为0.8%~6.7%。此外,孟明辉等[10]基于QuEChERS方法通过优化提取方法、净化吸附剂比,建立了土壤中20种抗生素同时测定的LC-MS/MS法,回收率为61.4%~118.9%,检出限为2.00~5.30 μg/kg,RSD<20.0%。孙宝利等[11]通过优化加速溶剂萃取参数和固相萃取净化条件,建立了土壤中4种TCs残留的LC-MS/MS法,回收率为60.1%~103.8%,检出限为2.2~3.2 μg/kg,RSD为2.6%~4.8%。胡钰等[7]通过优化固相萃取条件、提取条件及质谱条件建立了SPE-UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定土壤中30种抗生素,回收率为44.8%~164.0%,检出限为0.013~1.210 μg/kg,RSD为0.7%~14.8%。前人研究虽已针对提取条件、固相萃取条件、净化条件、液相色谱条件、质谱条件等进行优化,但仍有部分抗生素的回收率不甚理想。南琼等[12]综述了国内外常用的抗生素检测方法,并对检测限、回收率进行总结,指出需围绕改善抗生素前处理方法技术进行研究。鉴于此,针对土壤中抗生素残留检测方法标准相对缺乏,本研究拟通过优化提取条件(浸提剂类型、提取方式、避光处理、隔夜处理)及净化条件(固相萃取小柱类型),以建立一种固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱法(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS),同时检测土壤中多抗生素残留,旨在为土壤中抗生素检测方法标准的制订提供参考。
参考前人的研究结果[13-15],本研究选取的20种目标抗生素如表1所示,抗生素标准品均购自天津阿尔塔科技有限公司。除四环素类抗生素(TCs)的标准品为粉末外,7种喹诺酮类抗生素(QNs)、6种磺胺类抗生素(SAs)、3种大环内酯类抗生素(MLs)混合标准品均为浓度100 mg/L的溶液。其中4种TCs标准品包含强力霉素(DOX,纯度>98.7%)、四环素(TC,纯度>96.3%)、土霉素(OTC,纯度>93.8%)和金霉素(CTC,纯度>81.5%);7种QNs标准品包含ENR、NOR、PEF、CIP、OFL、SAR、LOM;6种SAs标准品包含SDZ、SPD、SM、SMZ、SDM、SMX;3种MLs标准品为ERY、ROX、TYL。
化学试剂:磷酸二氢钾、磷酸氢二钠、柠檬酸、乙二胺四乙酸二钠、草酸、氢氧化钠均为分析纯,购自麦克林生物化学有限公司;磷酸、盐酸均为分析纯,购自国药集团;甲酸为LC-MS级,购于赛默飞世尔科技有限公司;甲醇、乙腈、甲酸为HPLC级,购于美国Fisher公司。
磷酸盐缓冲液:准确称取27.20 g磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4)溶于水中,并加入1.30 mL H3PO4溶液,定容至1.00 L Mcllvaine缓冲溶液(pH=6.80± 0.05):将1.00 L 0.40 mol/L磷酸氢二钠溶液与294.00 mL 0.20 mol/L柠檬酸溶液混合均匀,pH约为6.80。Na2EDTA-Mcllvaine-甲醇提取液的配制:0.10 mol/L乙二胺四乙酸二钠溶液、Mcllvaine缓冲溶液与甲醇按1∶1∶2(V/V)比例混匀,用氢氧化钠或盐酸溶液调节pH=7.20±0.05。
主要试验仪器和耗材:SCIEX Exion LC高效液相色谱,SCIEX QTRAP 4500串联四级杆质谱(美国,SCIEX AB公司);Kinetex F5 100 Å色谱柱100 mm×2.1 mm×2.6 μm(飞诺美公司);多管涡旋混合仪(杭州奥盛公司);高速冷冻离心机(美国BECKMAN COULTER公司);旋转蒸发仪(上海亚荣公司);SHZ-D循环水式多用真空泵(河南予华公司);Fotector Plus全自动固相萃取仪(厦门睿科公司);N-EVAP氮吹仪(美国Organomation公司);超声波清洗器(德国Elma公司);涡旋振荡器(美国Thermo公司);0.22 μm滤膜[颇尔(中国)有限公司];HLB固相萃取小柱(500 mg,6 mL)购于Waters公司及上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司,PEP、PEP-2、PEP-Plus固相萃取小柱(500 mg,6 mL)均购自天津博纳艾杰尔科技有限公司。
TCs母液配制:准确称取4种标准品各0.5000 g,溶于甲醇并定容至50.00 mL,分别配制成浓度为10 000 mg/L四环素、金霉素、土霉素、强力霉素的工作母液,于4 ℃冰箱中避光保存。用甲醇配置上述4种抗生素的混合标准工作溶液,浓度为1000 mg/L,4 ℃避光保存。
用甲醇将以上标准储备液稀释配制成10 mg/L的20种抗生素的混合标准溶液,以空白土壤的基质溶液为溶剂,将10 mg/L抗生素的混合标准溶液逐级稀释成0.1、1.0、5.0、10.0、20.0、50.0、100.0 μg/L的系列混合标准溶液。
供试土壤样品采自天津市西青区设施菜地临近的露天大田土壤,为典型潮土。pH为7.73,有机质含量为36.0 g/kg,碱解氮含量为73.6 mg/kg,速效磷含量为28.7 mg/kg,速效钾含量为148.0 mg/kg。土壤样品用预先清洗过的不锈钢钻采集。在每个点采集5个样品(0~20 cm),组成1份混合样品。所有土壤样品均在低温条件下尽快运至实验室。冷冻干燥、混匀、研磨、过60目(0.25 mm)筛,称取约200 g土样避光保存,用于抗生素分析测定。
(1)浸提剂类型:无机-有机复合浸提剂因其高效、适应多种抗生素、减少干扰等,成为提取土壤中抗生素残留的理想选择。本研究选取磷酸盐缓冲溶液-Na2EDTA-乙腈、Na2EDTA-乙腈、Mcllvaine-Na2EDTA-乙腈作为研究对象,探究不同类型浸提剂对土壤中20种抗生素同时测定的影响。
(2)提取方式:①涡旋可通过破坏土壤颗粒结构,释放被吸附的抗生素;超声产生的高温高压微环境可破坏土壤颗粒和有机质,释放抗生素;因此,涡旋、超声辅助提取均可应用于土壤样品中抗生素的前处理,尤其适用于难提取的抗生素。本研究探究涡旋提取、超声辅助提取对土壤样品中抗生素回收率的影响。②抗生素在土壤中除可被微生物降解外,也会发生光解、水解等,如:TCs(TC、DOX)、QNs(CIP、OFL)、SAs(SDZ)、MLs(ROX)等在光照下易发生光解;MLs(ROX)在酸性环境中也易水解,因此在提取时应特别注意以防土壤中抗生素光解或水解。本研究设置对照(不避光)、避光处理探究光照对土壤样品中抗生素回收率的影响。其中,避光提取时,试验所用离心管、梨形瓶等器材在提取全程使用铝箔纸包裹进行避光。③抗生素大多为两性物质,土壤含带有负电性的有机质及具有多孔隙的粘土矿物质,对抗生素具有较强吸附作用,而难被提取,延长土壤与浸提剂的反应时间即隔夜处理可能会提高土壤中抗生素的回收率。本研究通过设置隔夜提取、现取现用2个处理组探究延长土壤与浸提剂的反应时间对目标抗生素回收率的影响。隔夜提取时,提前向土壤样品中加入浸提剂,静置过夜(12 h左右)次日提取;现取现用时,次日向土壤样品中加入浸提剂,其他处理与隔夜提取一致,并且同时进行后续提取步骤。
(3)固相萃取小柱:5种固相萃取小柱分别为Waters HLB、CNW HLB、PEP、PEP-2、PEP-Plus。
准确称取5.00 g过60目筛的土壤样品于50.00 mL离心管中,依次加入0.40 g Na2EDTA、10.00 mL磷酸盐缓冲液和10.00 mL乙腈溶解,2500 r/min涡旋5 min,8000 r/min离心5 min,将上清液全部转入鸡心瓶中。分别再加入5.00 mL磷酸盐缓冲液、乙腈重复提取1次,合并上清液。40 ℃旋蒸至低于15.00 mL以完全去除乙腈,旋蒸液过0.45 μm尼龙滤膜,再用超纯水稀释至80.00 mL,用甲酸调节其pH至4.00±0.10,开始过PEP-2固相萃取小柱,采用全自动固相萃取仪过固相萃取小柱,全自动固相萃取程序如表2所示。过柱前,预先用6.00 mL甲醇、6.00 mL超纯水(用甲酸调节其pH至4.00)活化PEP-2固相萃取小柱;过柱后,用6.00 mL甲醇洗脱PEP-2固相萃取小柱。室温下将洗脱液氮吹至近干,1.00 mL甲醇-水溶液(1∶1,V/V)复溶,3000 r/min涡旋30 s,过0.22 μm尼龙滤膜,4 ℃保存,待LC-MS/MS上机。
色谱条件:Kinetex F5 100 Å色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm×2.6 μm),用于色谱分离,柱温为40 ℃;进样体积为5 μL;流速为0.40 mL/min。二元梯度泵,流动相A为0.1%甲酸–水溶液,流动相B为乙腈,采用梯度洗脱程序(表3)。
质谱条件:离子源为电喷雾电离(ESI+);气帘气流速(CUR)为30 psi;碰撞气流速(CAD)为median;喷雾电压(IS)为5500 V;雾化温度(TEM)为550 ℃;雾化气(GS1)为55 psi;辅助气(GS2)为55 psi。检测方式为MRM。各物质的检测参数见表4
采用外标法定量。以浓度为0.1、1.0、5.0、10.0、20.0、50.0、100.0 μg/kg的7个标准溶液建立浓度–响应面积的标准曲线,决定系数(R2)均大于0.99。
所有统计分析均使用Microsoft Excel 2013和SPSS 23.0软件进行。使用Origin 9.0软件绘制箱形图、柱状图。
不同类型浸提剂对土壤中20种目标抗生素回收率的影响如图1所示。采用磷酸盐缓冲溶液-Na2EDTA-乙腈提取时,目标抗生素的回收率为63.6%~102.0%,满足《合格评定化学分析方法确认和验证指南》(GB/T 27417—2017)的相关要求。利用Na2EDTA-乙腈提取时,目标抗生素的回收率为54.0%~91.2%;Mcllvaine-Na2EDTA-乙腈作为浸提剂时,目标抗生素的回收率为55.6%~83.7%。就抗生素类型而言,3种不同浸提剂提取土壤中MLs的回收率均高于其他3类抗生素;3种不同浸提剂提取土壤中NOR、SDM、SMX的回收率均偏低。由此可知,磷酸盐缓冲溶液-Na2EDTA-乙腈提取土壤中20种抗生素的回收率高于其他浸提剂,推荐将其作为土壤中多种抗生素同时测定的浸提剂。
涡旋、超声辅助提取对土壤样品中抗生素回收率的影响如图2所示。结果表明:涡旋提取土壤中目标抗生素的回收率为61.6%~104.0%;超声提取土壤中目标抗生素的回收率为63.0%~97.5%(图2)。进一步研究发现,涡旋提取土壤中20种目标抗生素的回收率优于超声辅助提取,推荐土壤样品中抗生素的前处理时优先采用涡旋提取。同时,本研究也探究了涡旋时间、超声辅助提取时间对土壤中目标抗生素回收率的影响。由图2可知,涡旋5 min时土壤中目标抗生素的回收率高于涡旋20 min,超声5 min时土壤中目标抗生素的回收率也高于超声20 min;可能原因是涡旋或超声时间过长使抗生素在土壤中降解增加、吸附增强,并且可能从土壤中释放更多干扰物质,影响后续的提取和检测。因此,在涡旋或超声辅助提取土壤中抗生素时应选取合适的提取时间,建议以5 min为宜,避免提取时间过长损坏目标抗生素引起回收率降低[17]。此外,前人研究表明超声对目标抗生素的提取几乎无影响,为提高处理效率,不采用超声辅助提取[10],这与本文的研究结果一致。简言之,土壤样品中抗生素的前处理时优先采用涡旋提取,提取时间为5 min。
图3可知,避光处理土壤中目标抗生素的回收率范围为58.1%~104.0%;而不避光处理土壤中目标抗生素的回收率范围为60.0%~106.0%。进一步研究发现,避光处理组抗生素的回收率与不避光处理无明显差异,表明避光对目标抗生素的提取几乎无影响。这可能与光照时长、光照强度、光照波长等有关。因此,为节本增效,本研究在提取土壤中的抗生素时采用不避光处理。此外,无论是否避光处理,土壤中SAs及MLs中的ROX、TYL的回收率均处于较低水平,这可能与SAs的不稳定性及其易受光照、氧化、水解、pH和金属离子等影响有关,而土壤中QNs、TC、OTC及ERY的回收率相对较高。
本研究通过设置隔夜提取、现取现用2个处理组探究延长土壤与浸提剂的反应时间对目标抗生素回收率的影响,结果如图4所示。由此可知,隔夜提取处理土壤中目标抗生素的回收率范围为53.5%~88.8%;而现取现用土壤中目标抗生素的回收率范围为62.6%~104.0%(图4)。进一步研究发现,现取现用处理组土壤中目标抗生素(尤其是TCs、QNs)的回收率高于隔夜提取处理。可能原因是隔夜提取时间过长使土壤中有机质和颗粒物等释放,使基质效应增强,进而致使抗生素回收率降低。因此,在提取土壤中抗生素时浸提剂宜现配现用,同时采取现取现用的方式加入到土壤中,尽量避免过夜处理。
综合上述分析可知,同时测定土壤中多种抗生素的前处理条件为:以磷酸盐缓冲溶液-Na2EDTA-乙腈作为浸提剂,2500 r/min涡旋5 min,8000 r/min离心5 min;浸提剂现配现用,以现取现用的方式加入到土壤中,试验全程不避光、不过夜,提取步骤重复一次,得到上清液;上清液待浓缩、净化后进一步上LC-MS/MS测试。
为了进一步降低基质效应,提取完成后将含有目标抗生素的上清液加入到固相萃取小柱中,利用全自动固相萃取仪进行下一步净化。选取文献及市售的5种固相萃取小柱作为研究对象[7,11,18-19],通过向土壤基质加标100 μg/kg的20种目标抗生素标准样品,比较5种固相萃取柱的净化效率和回收率,结果见图5。其中,5种固相萃取柱的回收率分别为:51.4%~103.0%(Waters HLB)、51.8%~97.3%(CNW HLB)、53.1%~103.0%(PEP)、61.4%~96.8%(PEP-2)、55.6%~94.5%(PEP-Plus)。就抗生素的总体回收率而言,5种固相萃取柱的净化效率差异不明显。就TCs的回收率而言,仅CNW HLB、PEP-2固相萃取柱的回收率满足回收率须在60.0%~120.0%范围内的要求;就QNs的回收率而言,Waters HLB、PEP固相萃取柱的回收率与其他3种固相萃取柱相比偏低;就SAs的回收率而言,PEP-Plus固相萃取柱的净化效率最低,其回收率低于其他4种固相萃取柱;就MLs的回收率而言,仅PEP-2固相萃取柱的回收率满足回收率相关的要求。综合分析可知,PEP-2固相萃取柱对20种目标抗生素标的净化效果均较好,具有较大潜力成为土壤中抗生素提取时的净化材料。此外,就5种固相萃取柱的价格而言,Waters HLB(2978元/30支)>CNW HLB(1250元/30支)>PEP(1134元/30支)>PEP-2(970元/30支)>PEP-Plus(955元/30支),值得注意的是,Waters HLB固相萃取柱的单价约为PEP-2的3倍,而Waters HLB固相萃取柱是当前大多数关于抗生素提取的净化材料。就20种目标抗生素的回收率而言,同时综合考虑净化效率、价格、货期等因素,本研究推荐将PEP-2作为土壤中抗生素提取时的最佳净化材料。就QNs、SAs的回收率而言,Waters HLB、CNW HLB、PEP、PEP-2及PEP-Plus均可用作土壤中抗生素提取时的净化材料,可根据自身需求灵活选择。
本研究通过线性范围、回收率、精密度和检出限对土壤中抗生素的提取方法进行验证,并与国内外广泛采用的抗生素测定方法进行对比。
在空白土壤样品中分别添加2个浓度水平(10.0、100.0 μg/kg)的20种抗生素的混合标准溶液,进行加标回收试验,每个浓度水平设置平行,其回收率和标准偏差如表5所示。结果表明,2个添加水平的回收率范围在62%~116%之间,相对标准偏差为0.9%~16.8%。前人研究结果表明土壤中抗生素的回收率范围为19.4%~164.0%,RSD范围为0.7%~16.3%[7,10-11,17-23];现行3个标准方法(NY/T 3787—2020、DB36/T 1841—2023、T/GDSES 3—2022)的加标回收率为47%~118%,RSD为0.8%~6.7%;EPA method 1694法的加标回收率为50%~214%[8]。由此可知,本研究的回收率介于前人研究结果间、与现有标准方法接近,准确度与前人研究结果相一致,且略低于现有标准方法。
检出限(以3倍的信噪比计)为0.01~0.50 μg/kg(表5)。前人研究结果表明土壤中抗生素的检出限为0.0002~16.5000 μg/kg[7,10-11,17-23];现行3个标准方法(NY/T 3787—2020、DB36/T 1841—2023、T/GDSES 3—2022)的检出限为0.10~3.70 μg/kg;EPA method 1694法的检出限为0.22~48.00 μg/kg[8]。由此可知,本研究的检出限介于前人研究结果间,低于现有标准方法,表明本方法的灵敏度较高。根据前处理方法,获得空白土样的基质溶液。由空白基质配制的7个浓度水平(0.1、1.0、5.0、10.0、20.0、50.0、100.0 μg/kg)的标准工作曲线,根据分析,得出20种目标抗生素的线性方程和相关系数及线性范围(表6)。目标抗生素在线性范围呈良好的线性,决定系数(R2)在0.9951~0.9999之间(表6)。
在天津市武清区设施菜地采集土壤样品10个,菜地种植年限为7~20 a,种植作物主要为菠菜、西芹、甜瓜等。每个样品约2 kg,自然风干后过60目筛,提取并进行测试。4类抗生素在土壤中均有不同程度检出,最多可同时检出16种目标物,其中SPD、SMR、SDT、ERY的检出浓度低于检出限。土壤中抗生素的总残留浓度范围为2.52~142.00 μg/kg(图6),其中TCs:2.37~114.00 μg/kg;QNs:0.70~28.00 μg/kg;SAs:0.01~0.16 μg/kg;MLs:nd~0.64 μg/kg。此外,TCs检出率及平均检出浓度最高,在所有样品均被检出,最高检出为OTC,浓度高达105.00 μg/kg;QNs在所有样品也均被检出,最高检出浓度为12.50 μg/kg(ENR);SAs的平均检出率为30.0%,其中SDM的检出率为100.0%,且检出浓度最高(0.16 μg/kg);MLs的平均检出率为36.7%,最高检出浓度为0.64 μg/kg(ROX)。土壤中抗生素的平均浓度为:21.60(TCs)>6.85(QNs)>0.10(MLs)>0.09(SAs),由此可知,土壤中残留的抗生素类型主要为TCs及QNs。
在本研究中,磷酸盐缓冲溶液-Na2EDTA-乙腈提取土壤中20种抗生素的回收率高于其他浸提剂,推荐将其作为土壤中多种抗生素同时测定的浸提剂。胡钰等[7]采用乙腈-Na2EDTA-Mcllvaine缓冲液作为同时测定土壤中抗生素的浸提剂;孙宝利等[11]研究表明EDTA-McIlvaine-甲醇对土壤中抗生素的提取效果最佳。刘潇雅等[17]通过正交试验优化土壤中抗生素的提取条件得出相似的结论,即乙腈-磷酸盐缓冲液为最佳提取液,这也与前人的研究结果一致[17-19]。可能原因是乙腈的极性较强;Na2EDTA作为重金属螯合剂可以钝化土壤中的重金属进而释放被吸附的抗生素,同时磷酸盐溶液作为离子抑制剂可以有效消除色谱峰图拖尾的现象,进一步提高优化效率[17]
涡旋提取土壤中20种目标抗生素的回收率优于超声辅助提取,推荐土壤样品中抗生素的前处理时优先采用涡旋提取。同时,无论采取涡旋还是超声提取,土壤中目标抗生素的回收率随提取时间延迟而降低,即处理5 min时目标抗生素的回收率高于处理20 min。涡旋或超声时间过长强化了抗生素在土壤中的吸附、降解,并释放更多干扰物质,进而降低提取效率,致使目标抗生素的回收率降低。前人得出相似的研究结论,即超声几乎不会影响目标抗生素的回收率,为提高处理效率,不采用超声辅助提取[10]。因此,土壤样品中抗生素采用涡旋5 min提取。
目标抗生素的回收率在避光与不避光处理中无明显差异;并且隔夜提取处理组土壤中目标抗生素(尤其是TCs、QNs)的回收率低于现取现用。隔夜提取可能通过释放土壤中有机质和颗粒物增强基质效应,降低抗生素提取效率。在提取土壤中抗生素时,浸提剂不宜加入到土壤中过夜,应现取现用加入到土壤中。此外,杨晓蕾等[20]探究了Oasis HLB小柱和HyperSep PEP小柱对土壤中抗生素的萃取效果,表明HLB小柱的回收率高于PEP小柱。郭欣妍等[19]研究表明HLB固相萃取柱串联SAX强阴离子交换柱可有效降低土壤的基质效应,土壤样品的基质效应由55%~180%变为75%~160%。孙宝利等[11]探究了Oasis-HLB、Oasis-HLB与MAX串联、Oasis-MAX固相萃取柱对土壤中抗生素提取的净化效率和回收率,表明串联柱的回收率低于单柱并且MAX柱的净化效果优于HLB柱,并最终选取Oasis-MAX固相萃取柱用于净化富集。就20种目标抗生素的回收率而言,同时综合考虑净化效率、价格、货期等因素,本研究推荐将PEP-2作为土壤中抗生素提取时的最佳净化材料。
综上所述,土壤中多种抗生素同时测定的前处理条件为:磷酸盐缓冲溶液-Na2EDTA-乙腈为浸提剂,现配现用,以现取现用的方式加入到土壤中,试验全程不避光。涡旋(2500 r/min)5 min,离心(8000 r/min)5 min;重复提取步骤一次,合并上清液;经SPE浓缩过PEP-2柱后待上LC-MS/MS测试。本研究的回收率、准确度均处于可接受范围;与前人研究结果、现有标准方法均具有可比性。
(1)通过对提取条件、净化条件的优化,并进行方法验证,建立了基于SPE法同时检测土壤中20种抗生素残留的LC-MS/MS的方法;(2)目标抗生素在线性范围0.10~100.00 μg/kg内线性良好,R2在0.9951~0.9999之间;回收率范围为62%~116%,相对标准偏差为0.9%~16.8%;检出限范围为0.01~0.50 μg/kg;(3)SPE-LC-MS/MS法已被应用于土壤中多种抗生素残留的检测,可为新污染物防控提供方法学基础。
  • 海南省自然科学基金项目(423QN292)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0800201)
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2025年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.09.019
  • 接收时间:2025-03-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-07
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-03
  • 录用日期:2025-05-02
基金
海南省自然科学基金项目(423QN292)
国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0800201)
作者信息
    1.中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所/农业农村部农产品加工质量安全风险评估实验室(湛江),广东湛江 524001
    2.农业农村部环境保护科研监测所/农田有机污染生物消减创新团队/农业农村部产地环境污染防控重点实验室/天津市农业环境与农产品安全重点实验室,天津 300191
    3.中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所/农业农村部农业环境重点实验室,北京 100081
    4.中国热带农业科学院三亚研究院,海南三亚 572025

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* 查玉兵(ZHA Yubing),E-mail:
袁志华(YUAN Zhihua),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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