Article(id=1276618429448712410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276618341674520821, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754496000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1755705600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-21, onlineDate=1782299152004, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782299152004, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782299152004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782299152004, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276618341674520821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='12', pageStart='2817', pageEnd='3084', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782299131077, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782299208862, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276618668385637092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276618341674520821, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276618668385637093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276618341674520821, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2959, endPage=2972, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276618430048497884, articleId=1276618429448712410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Magnesium Enhanced Fruit Storability of Wax Gourd [Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.] by Regulating Pectin Metabolism, columnId=1236256434120348225, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

0, 60 and 120 kg/hm2 MgO treatments (denoted by Mg0, Mg60, and Mg120, respectively) on a long-term wax gourd (Tiezhu No.2) magnesium (Mg) fertilizer gradient positioning experiment was conducted in 2022 and 2023 to investigate the physiological mechanism of Mg to improve the storage resistance of wax gourd fruits by regulating pectin metabolism by measuring indicators such as fruit hardness, weight loss rate, Mg content and morphology, pectin content and morphology, and pectin metabolic enzyme activity during fruit storage. Results showed that wax gourd yield increased by 8.5% to 16.9% after Mg fertilization, with the Mg60 treatment showing the greatest increase. Compared with the Mg0 treatment, the flesh hardness of the Mg60 treatment increased by an average of 12.9%, 11.7%, and 18.9% in the two years of 0, 30, and 60 d storage, while the Mg120 treatment showed a significant difference from the Mg0 only after 30 days of storage in 2022. Suitable Mg fertilization delayed the rise of the fruit storage weight loss rate. The fruit storage weight loss rate of Mg60 after 60 d was 34.4% and 35.1% lower than that of Mg0 and Mg120 treatment. Magnesium fertilization significantly increased fruit Mg content. Alcohol-soluble (MgEth), water-soluble (MgWat), and salt-soluble Mg (MgNaCl) were the main forms of Mg in the fruit. The content gradually increased with the prolongation of storage time. During fruit storage, the total pectin content gradually decreaseg. However, appropriate Mg fertilization (Mg60) delayed the decline in water-soluble (WSP), ion-bound (CSP), and covalently bound pectin (SSP) content, thereby maintaining the total pectin content. Suitable Mg fertilization (Mg60) inhibited the activity of polygalacturonase (PG) and β-galactosidase (β-Gal), thereby slowing down the degradation process of pectin. Concurrently, it increased pectin methylesterase (PME) activity and the content of free Mg2+ (MgEth and MgWat), enabling negatively charged pectin acid to bind with Mg2+, thereby increasing CSP and SSP. This slowed the rate of hardness decline and weight loss caused by pectin degradation during fruit storage. Comprehensively, suitable Mg (60 kg/hm2) fertilization can improve the storage resistance of wax gourd by regulating pectin metabolism, which is conducive to optimizing the Mg of wax gourd, improving the storage quality, and promoting the sustainable development of the industry.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jing LI, Jinlong LI, Jingjing CHANG, Yixuan LIAN, Zhen LI, Lei CHEN, Yanshu HAO, Baige ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Baige ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276618433773039850, articleId=1276618429448712410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=镁营养通过调节果胶代谢提高冬瓜果实耐贮性, columnId=1236256434313286224, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=作物栽培与生理生化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以黑皮冬瓜铁柱二号为研究对象,于2022、2023年分别从长期镁肥梯度定位试验平台中选取MgO施用量为0、60、120 kg/hm2的处理(分别记为Mg0、Mg60、Mg120),测定果实贮藏过程中的硬度、失重率、镁含量及形态、果胶含量及形态、果胶代谢酶活性等指标,探究镁营养通过调节果胶代谢提高冬瓜果实耐贮性的生理机制。研究结果表明,镁肥施用后,冬瓜产量提高8.5%~16.9%,其中Mg60处理增产幅度最大。与Mg0处理相比,Mg60处理在贮藏0、30、60 d后,果肉硬度2年平均提高12.9%、11.7%和18.9%;而Mg120与Mg0处理仅在2022年贮藏30 d时果肉硬度存在显著差异。适宜的镁肥施用能够延缓果实贮藏过程中失重率的上升,Mg60处理果实在贮藏60 d后,失重率较Mg0、Mg120处理2年平均降低34.4%、35.1%。施用镁肥后,果实中的镁含量显著提高,醇溶性镁(MgEth)、水溶性镁(MgWat)和盐溶性镁(MgNaCl)是果实中主要的镁形态,且其含量随着贮藏时间的延长而逐渐上升。在果实贮藏期间,总果胶含量逐渐降低,但适宜的镁肥供应(Mg60)能够延缓水溶性果胶(water-soluble pectin,WSP)、离子结合型果胶(chelate-soluble pectin,CSP)和共价结合型果胶(sodium carbonate-soluble pectin,SSP)含量的下降,从而维持总果胶含量。此外,适宜的镁肥(Mg60)施用能够抑制多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)的活性,减缓果胶的降解进程;同时提高果胶甲酯酶(PME)的活性和游离态Mg2+(MgEth和MgWat)的含量,使带负电荷的果胶酸与Mg2+结合,进而增加CSP和SSP的含量,从而减缓果实贮藏过程中因果胶降解导致的硬度下降和失重率上升的速度。综上所述,当镁肥用量为60 kg/hm2时,通过调节果胶代谢可以提高冬瓜的耐贮性,这一发现有利于优化冬瓜的养分管理,提升其贮藏品质,并推动冬瓜产业的可持续发展。

, authors=

李静(1992—),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:蔬菜养分管理与营养生理。

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* 张白鸽(ZHANG Baige),E-mail:
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李静(1992—),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:蔬菜养分管理与营养生理。

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李静(1992—),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:蔬菜养分管理与营养生理。

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Scientia Horticulturae, 2019, 256: 108607., articleTitle=Cloning and expression analysis of polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase genes during softening in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618459505095016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=44, issue=8, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=43, authorNames=PRABHUDEV H, SNEHARANI A H, journalName=Journal of Food Biochemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PRABHUDEV H, SNEHARANI A H. Extraction and characterization of pectin methylesterase from muskmelon biowaste for pectin remodeling[J]. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2020, 44(8): e13237., articleTitle=Extraction and characterization of pectin methylesterase from muskmelon biowaste for pectin remodeling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618459572203881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=218, issue=null, pageStart=509, pageEnd=517, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=44, authorNames=XIE F, YUAN S Z, PAN H X, WANG R, CAO J K, JIANG W B, journalName=Food Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIE F, YUAN S Z, PAN H X, WANG R, CAO J K, JIANG W B. Effect of yeast mannan treatments on ripening progress and modification of cell wall polysaccharides in tomato fruit[J]. Food Chemistry, 2017, 218: 509-517., articleTitle=Effect of yeast mannan treatments on ripening progress and modification of cell wall polysaccharides in tomato fruit, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618459635118442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=166, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=45, authorNames=REN Y Y, SUN P P, WANG X X, ZHU Z Y, journalName=Postharvest Biology and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=REN Y Y, SUN P P, WANG X X, ZHU Z Y. Degradation of cell wall polysaccharides and change of related enzyme activities with fruit softening in Annona squamosa during storage[J]. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2020, 166: 111203., articleTitle=Degradation of cell wall polysaccharides and change of related enzyme activities with fruit softening in Annona squamosa during storage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618459698033003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=240, issue=null, pageStart=57, pageEnd=64, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=46, authorNames=RANJBAR S, RAHEMI M, RAMEZANIAN A, journalName=Scientia Horticulturae, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RANJBAR S, RAHEMI M, RAMEZANIAN A. Comparison of nano-calcium and calcium chloride spray on postharvest quality and cell wall enzymes activity in apple cv. Red Delicious[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2018, 240: 57-64., articleTitle=Comparison of nano-calcium and calcium chloride spray on postharvest quality and cell wall enzymes activity in apple cv. Red Delicious, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276618454291575098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, awardId=2023A1515030283, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省自然科学基金-青年提升项目(2023A1515030283), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276618454358683963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, awardId=2022ZDJS021, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省农业科学院科技创新战略(农业科研主力军建设)专项(2022ZDJS021), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276618454434181436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, awardId=2024CXTD08, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省现代蔬菜产业技术体系项目(2024CXTD08), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276618434267967724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276618434280550637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, companyId=1276618434267967724, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetable, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276618434293133550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, companyId=1276618434267967724, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.广东省农业科学院蔬菜研究所/广东省蔬菜新技术研究重点实验室,广东广州 510640)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276618434385408239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276618434402185456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, companyId=1276618434385408239, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Shenzhen K+S Trading Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276618434410574065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, companyId=1276618434385408239, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.德钾盐(深圳)农业科技有限公司,广东深圳 518000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276618450604781864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Changes in rainfall and temperature during 2022 and 2023 wax gourd growing seasons, figureFileSmall=5EmRo1u6qVR0z/Fxp9tqOg==, figureFileBig=zH+DXFTRCNCPNenQw4CAtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618450986463529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2022、2023年冬瓜种植季降雨量和气温变化, figureFileSmall=5EmRo1u6qVR0z/Fxp9tqOg==, figureFileBig=zH+DXFTRCNCPNenQw4CAtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618451229733162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Effect of Mg application on yield and weight loss of wax gourd during storage, figureFileSmall=SiHU3PqHUZCmsSpct8NwYw==, figureFileBig=0fkDQ3TpGELHPS6LMjH2xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618451426865451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, language=CN, label=图2, caption=施镁对冬瓜产量及贮藏期果实失重率的影响

不同小字母表示相同年份下施镁处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。****分别表示在P<0.001和P<0.05水平上差异显著,ns表示差异不显著。

, figureFileSmall=SiHU3PqHUZCmsSpct8NwYw==, figureFileBig=0fkDQ3TpGELHPS6LMjH2xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618451510751532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Effect of Mg application on percentage of Mg content in different forms during storage of wax gourd fruits, figureFileSmall=NpuxHJO8uVV+yzfcF9ocSQ==, figureFileBig=Ag5edGUDkUn0jNpKQ0hJ3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618451573666093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, language=CN, label=图3, caption=施镁对冬瓜贮藏期间果实不同形态镁含量占比的影响

不同形态镁占比数据为2022、2023年均值,中心圆圈内数字为2022、2023年总镁含量均值。

, figureFileSmall=NpuxHJO8uVV+yzfcF9ocSQ==, figureFileBig=Ag5edGUDkUn0jNpKQ0hJ3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618451649163566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Effect of Mg application on content of different forms of pectin in wax gourd fruits during storage, figureFileSmall=ZmCn3rEEhy0HTZ7yKjWvDg==, figureFileBig=o3/nPBL6xMxs+fDkD9erTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618451842101551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, language=CN, label=图4, caption=施镁对冬瓜贮藏期果实不同形态果胶含量的影响

不同小写字母表示相同贮藏时间下施镁处理间差异显著(P<0.05);不同大写字母表示相同镁处理下不同贮藏时间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=ZmCn3rEEhy0HTZ7yKjWvDg==, figureFileBig=o3/nPBL6xMxs+fDkD9erTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618451921793328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Effect of Mg application on activity of pectin metabolizing enzymes during storage of wax gourd fruits, figureFileSmall=Lf1Nk2NnpEiZl7BAJayPBQ==, figureFileBig=j8iXquRoUKeayZ/eUY0G9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618451980513585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, language=CN, label=图5, caption=施镁对冬瓜果实贮藏期果胶代谢酶活性的影响

不同小写字母表示相同贮藏时间下施镁处理间显著差异(P<0.05);不同大写字母表示相同镁处理下不同贮藏时间显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Lf1Nk2NnpEiZl7BAJayPBQ==, figureFileBig=j8iXquRoUKeayZ/eUY0G9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618452051816754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Analysis of driving factors for magnesium application to improve the hardness of winter melon fruits, figureFileSmall=mbOT9J9niP//YAdpNlHa7w==, figureFileBig=CXb1N25o74dJyiRPNXrJtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618452114731315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, language=CN, label=图6, caption=施镁提高冬瓜果实硬度的驱动因子分析

***表示差异极显著(P<0.001),**、*表示差异显著(P<0.01、P<0.05),ns表示差异不显著。

, figureFileSmall=mbOT9J9niP//YAdpNlHa7w==, figureFileBig=CXb1N25o74dJyiRPNXrJtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618452186034484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Proportion of different nutrients applied at each fertility stage during wax gourd cultivation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
养分Nutrients基肥Base fertilizer追肥Fertilization
苗期Seedling stage花期Flowering stage初果期Early fruiting stage膨果期Expansion stage
N3020151520
P2O5100
K2O3020151520
MgO5050
), ArticleFig(id=1276618452253143349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

冬瓜种植过程中各生育期不同养分施用比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
养分Nutrients基肥Base fertilizer追肥Fertilization
苗期Seedling stage花期Flowering stage初果期Early fruiting stage膨果期Expansion stage
N3020151520
P2O5100
K2O3020151520
MgO5050
), ArticleFig(id=1276618452332835126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Effect of Mg application on hardness of wax gourd fruit flesh

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份Year处理Treatment果肉硬度Hardness of fruit flesh(N)
0 d30 d60 d
2022Mg01.56±0.05b1.51±0.03b1.30±0.14b
Mg601.78±0.03a1.71±0.05a1.60±0.04a
Mg1201.50±0.00b1.36±0.05c1.29±0.03b
2023Mg01.99±0.08b1.96±0.20a1.82±0.00b
Mg602.24±0.08a2.16±0.03a2.08±0.01a
Mg1201.99±0.15b1.94±0.16a2.00±0.22ab
ANOVAF
Mg20.7***11.0**10.4**
Y156.6***87.0***118.9***
Mg×Y0.2ns0.7ns2.2ns
), ArticleFig(id=1276618452412526903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

施镁对冬瓜果肉硬度的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份Year处理Treatment果肉硬度Hardness of fruit flesh(N)
0 d30 d60 d
2022Mg01.56±0.05b1.51±0.03b1.30±0.14b
Mg601.78±0.03a1.71±0.05a1.60±0.04a
Mg1201.50±0.00b1.36±0.05c1.29±0.03b
2023Mg01.99±0.08b1.96±0.20a1.82±0.00b
Mg602.24±0.08a2.16±0.03a2.08±0.01a
Mg1201.99±0.15b1.94±0.16a2.00±0.22ab
ANOVAF
Mg20.7***11.0**10.4**
Y156.6***87.0***118.9***
Mg×Y0.2ns0.7ns2.2ns
), ArticleFig(id=1276618452479635768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Effect of Mg fertilization on the Mg content of different forms of wax gourd fruits during storage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份Year处理TreatmentMg含量Mg content/(mg·kg-1
0 d
MgEthMgNaClMgWatMgHACMgHCl
2022Mg048.5±1.3c3.82±0.06c0.84±0.02c0.25±0.00b0.11±0.01b
Mg6053.4±0.2a6.56±0.04a2.27±0.02a0.29±0.01a0.31±0.02a
Mg12050.2±0.4b5.95±0.26b1.57±0.22b0.29±0.00a0.11±0.01b
2023Mg046.1±0.3b13.69±0.40b8.05±0.01b0.34±0.00c0.01±0.01b
Mg6077.4±0.6a17.06±0.72a12.53±0.14a0.45±0.00b0.03±0.00a
Mg12077.2±1.5a14.28±0.22b12.05±0.44a0.54±0.03a0.03±0.00a
ANOVAF
Mg774.4***107.1***331.5***93.3***253.4***
Y1532.6***3125.1***8821.7***518.2***1288.1***
Mg×Y508.7***14.2**113.1***34.8***214.1***
年份Year处理TreatmentMg含量Mg content/(mg·kg-1
30 d
MgEthMgNaClMgWatMgHACMgHCl
2022Mg049.4±0.9c5.56±0.19c2.81±0.04b0.34±0.03b0.09±0.02b
Mg6073.6±0.0a9.93±0.13a7.88±0.05a0.43±0.01a0.15±0.01a
Mg12061.5±1.6b6.10±0.19b2.86±0.03b0.41±0.03a0.13±0.00a
2023Mg043.7±0.5b8.48±0.11c6.81±0.13c1.36±0.01a0.20±0.00a
Mg6056.6±1.2a27.01±0.94a22.57±0.09a0.19±0.00c0.05±0.01b
Mg12056.7±1.1a16.66±0.10b8.33±0.05b0.59±0.01b0.06±0.00b
ANOVAF
Mg492.2***1212.2***40729***1328.5***42.6***
Y346.4***2823.4***58861***1331.6***10.2**
Mg×Y63.9***455.1***10129***1809.6***156.4***
年份Year处理TreatmentMg含量Mg content/(mg·kg-1
60 d
MgEthMgNaClMgWatMgHACMgHCl
2022Mg055.8±0.6b5.41±0.13c2.50±0.05b0.33±0.02a0.06±0.02b
Mg6088.7±2.9a7.56±0.11a7.04±0.09a0.35±0.01a0.18±0.04a
Mg12059.4±1.0b6.40±0.05b2.58±0.04b0.32±0.02a0.09±0.00b
2023Mg062.7±0.1c6.55±0.16b10.60±0.08c0.23±0.00a0.04±0.01a
Mg6092.9±1.0a7.27±0.64b27.22±0.41a0.12±0.00c0.02±0.01b
Mg12071.0±0.2b10.24±0.10a18.02±0.23b0.14±0.00b0.04±0.00a
ANOVAF
Mg939.6***107.3***4328.9***18.8***10.0**
Y142.9***140.0***23972***660.1***66.1***
Mg×Y11.6**83.9***1391.0***35.0***20.8***
), ArticleFig(id=1276618454161551673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618429448712410, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

施镁对冬瓜贮藏期果实不同形态镁含量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份Year处理TreatmentMg含量Mg content/(mg·kg-1
0 d
MgEthMgNaClMgWatMgHACMgHCl
2022Mg048.5±1.3c3.82±0.06c0.84±0.02c0.25±0.00b0.11±0.01b
Mg6053.4±0.2a6.56±0.04a2.27±0.02a0.29±0.01a0.31±0.02a
Mg12050.2±0.4b5.95±0.26b1.57±0.22b0.29±0.00a0.11±0.01b
2023Mg046.1±0.3b13.69±0.40b8.05±0.01b0.34±0.00c0.01±0.01b
Mg6077.4±0.6a17.06±0.72a12.53±0.14a0.45±0.00b0.03±0.00a
Mg12077.2±1.5a14.28±0.22b12.05±0.44a0.54±0.03a0.03±0.00a
ANOVAF
Mg774.4***107.1***331.5***93.3***253.4***
Y1532.6***3125.1***8821.7***518.2***1288.1***
Mg×Y508.7***14.2**113.1***34.8***214.1***
年份Year处理TreatmentMg含量Mg content/(mg·kg-1
30 d
MgEthMgNaClMgWatMgHACMgHCl
2022Mg049.4±0.9c5.56±0.19c2.81±0.04b0.34±0.03b0.09±0.02b
Mg6073.6±0.0a9.93±0.13a7.88±0.05a0.43±0.01a0.15±0.01a
Mg12061.5±1.6b6.10±0.19b2.86±0.03b0.41±0.03a0.13±0.00a
2023Mg043.7±0.5b8.48±0.11c6.81±0.13c1.36±0.01a0.20±0.00a
Mg6056.6±1.2a27.01±0.94a22.57±0.09a0.19±0.00c0.05±0.01b
Mg12056.7±1.1a16.66±0.10b8.33±0.05b0.59±0.01b0.06±0.00b
ANOVAF
Mg492.2***1212.2***40729***1328.5***42.6***
Y346.4***2823.4***58861***1331.6***10.2**
Mg×Y63.9***455.1***10129***1809.6***156.4***
年份Year处理TreatmentMg含量Mg content/(mg·kg-1
60 d
MgEthMgNaClMgWatMgHACMgHCl
2022Mg055.8±0.6b5.41±0.13c2.50±0.05b0.33±0.02a0.06±0.02b
Mg6088.7±2.9a7.56±0.11a7.04±0.09a0.35±0.01a0.18±0.04a
Mg12059.4±1.0b6.40±0.05b2.58±0.04b0.32±0.02a0.09±0.00b
2023Mg062.7±0.1c6.55±0.16b10.60±0.08c0.23±0.00a0.04±0.01a
Mg6092.9±1.0a7.27±0.64b27.22±0.41a0.12±0.00c0.02±0.01b
Mg12071.0±0.2b10.24±0.10a18.02±0.23b0.14±0.00b0.04±0.00a
ANOVAF
Mg939.6***107.3***4328.9***18.8***10.0**
Y142.9***140.0***23972***660.1***66.1***
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镁营养通过调节果胶代谢提高冬瓜果实耐贮性
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李静 1 , 李金隆 1 , 常静静 1 , 连奕璇 1 , 栗振 1 , 陈雷 1 , 郝艳淑 2 , 张白鸽 1, *
热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2025,46(12): 2959-2972
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热带作物学报 |作物栽培与生理生化 2025 , 46 (12) : 2959 -2972
镁营养通过调节果胶代谢提高冬瓜果实耐贮性
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李静1, 李金隆1, 常静静1, 连奕璇1, 栗振1, 陈雷1, 郝艳淑2, 张白鸽1, *
作者信息
  • 1.广东省农业科学院蔬菜研究所/广东省蔬菜新技术研究重点实验室,广东广州 510640
  • 2.德钾盐(深圳)农业科技有限公司,广东深圳 518000
通讯作者:
* 张白鸽(ZHANG Baige),E-mail:
Magnesium Enhanced Fruit Storability of Wax Gourd [Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.] by Regulating Pectin Metabolism
Jing LI1, Jinlong LI1, Jingjing CHANG1, Yixuan LIAN1, Zhen LI1, Lei CHEN1, Yanshu HAO2, Baige ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetable, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
  • 2.Shenzhen K+S Trading Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.014
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本研究以黑皮冬瓜铁柱二号为研究对象,于2022、2023年分别从长期镁肥梯度定位试验平台中选取MgO施用量为0、60、120 kg/hm2的处理(分别记为Mg0、Mg60、Mg120),测定果实贮藏过程中的硬度、失重率、镁含量及形态、果胶含量及形态、果胶代谢酶活性等指标,探究镁营养通过调节果胶代谢提高冬瓜果实耐贮性的生理机制。研究结果表明,镁肥施用后,冬瓜产量提高8.5%~16.9%,其中Mg60处理增产幅度最大。与Mg0处理相比,Mg60处理在贮藏0、30、60 d后,果肉硬度2年平均提高12.9%、11.7%和18.9%;而Mg120与Mg0处理仅在2022年贮藏30 d时果肉硬度存在显著差异。适宜的镁肥施用能够延缓果实贮藏过程中失重率的上升,Mg60处理果实在贮藏60 d后,失重率较Mg0、Mg120处理2年平均降低34.4%、35.1%。施用镁肥后,果实中的镁含量显著提高,醇溶性镁(MgEth)、水溶性镁(MgWat)和盐溶性镁(MgNaCl)是果实中主要的镁形态,且其含量随着贮藏时间的延长而逐渐上升。在果实贮藏期间,总果胶含量逐渐降低,但适宜的镁肥供应(Mg60)能够延缓水溶性果胶(water-soluble pectin,WSP)、离子结合型果胶(chelate-soluble pectin,CSP)和共价结合型果胶(sodium carbonate-soluble pectin,SSP)含量的下降,从而维持总果胶含量。此外,适宜的镁肥(Mg60)施用能够抑制多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)的活性,减缓果胶的降解进程;同时提高果胶甲酯酶(PME)的活性和游离态Mg2+(MgEth和MgWat)的含量,使带负电荷的果胶酸与Mg2+结合,进而增加CSP和SSP的含量,从而减缓果实贮藏过程中因果胶降解导致的硬度下降和失重率上升的速度。综上所述,当镁肥用量为60 kg/hm2时,通过调节果胶代谢可以提高冬瓜的耐贮性,这一发现有利于优化冬瓜的养分管理,提升其贮藏品质,并推动冬瓜产业的可持续发展。

冬瓜  /  镁营养  /  果胶代谢  /  酶活性  /  贮藏性  /  镁形态

0, 60 and 120 kg/hm2 MgO treatments (denoted by Mg0, Mg60, and Mg120, respectively) on a long-term wax gourd (Tiezhu No.2) magnesium (Mg) fertilizer gradient positioning experiment was conducted in 2022 and 2023 to investigate the physiological mechanism of Mg to improve the storage resistance of wax gourd fruits by regulating pectin metabolism by measuring indicators such as fruit hardness, weight loss rate, Mg content and morphology, pectin content and morphology, and pectin metabolic enzyme activity during fruit storage. Results showed that wax gourd yield increased by 8.5% to 16.9% after Mg fertilization, with the Mg60 treatment showing the greatest increase. Compared with the Mg0 treatment, the flesh hardness of the Mg60 treatment increased by an average of 12.9%, 11.7%, and 18.9% in the two years of 0, 30, and 60 d storage, while the Mg120 treatment showed a significant difference from the Mg0 only after 30 days of storage in 2022. Suitable Mg fertilization delayed the rise of the fruit storage weight loss rate. The fruit storage weight loss rate of Mg60 after 60 d was 34.4% and 35.1% lower than that of Mg0 and Mg120 treatment. Magnesium fertilization significantly increased fruit Mg content. Alcohol-soluble (MgEth), water-soluble (MgWat), and salt-soluble Mg (MgNaCl) were the main forms of Mg in the fruit. The content gradually increased with the prolongation of storage time. During fruit storage, the total pectin content gradually decreaseg. However, appropriate Mg fertilization (Mg60) delayed the decline in water-soluble (WSP), ion-bound (CSP), and covalently bound pectin (SSP) content, thereby maintaining the total pectin content. Suitable Mg fertilization (Mg60) inhibited the activity of polygalacturonase (PG) and β-galactosidase (β-Gal), thereby slowing down the degradation process of pectin. Concurrently, it increased pectin methylesterase (PME) activity and the content of free Mg2+ (MgEth and MgWat), enabling negatively charged pectin acid to bind with Mg2+, thereby increasing CSP and SSP. This slowed the rate of hardness decline and weight loss caused by pectin degradation during fruit storage. Comprehensively, suitable Mg (60 kg/hm2) fertilization can improve the storage resistance of wax gourd by regulating pectin metabolism, which is conducive to optimizing the Mg of wax gourd, improving the storage quality, and promoting the sustainable development of the industry.

wax gourd  /  magnesium nutrition  /  pectin metabolism  /  enzyme activity  /  storability  /  magnesium forms
李静, 李金隆, 常静静, 连奕璇, 栗振, 陈雷, 郝艳淑, 张白鸽. 镁营养通过调节果胶代谢提高冬瓜果实耐贮性. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (12) : 2959 -2972 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.014
Jing LI, Jinlong LI, Jingjing CHANG, Yixuan LIAN, Zhen LI, Lei CHEN, Yanshu HAO, Baige ZHANG. Magnesium Enhanced Fruit Storability of Wax Gourd [Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.] by Regulating Pectin Metabolism[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (12) : 2959 -2972 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.014
贮藏品质是果蔬在贮藏过程中保持外观、口感、营养和风味成分的特征属性,其中硬度是评价果类蔬菜贮藏性的重要指标之一[1-2]。果蔬采后,其生命活动仍在持续进行,这一过程伴随着大量复杂的生理生化反应。随着贮藏时间的延长,果蔬的内在营养物质及外观品质均会发生变化,且内在物质的变化通常会在果蔬的外观和质地上有所体现,主要表现为外观颜色改变、皱缩和软化等[1-2]。果实质地是决定采后贮藏寿命的关键内在因素,其中果实软化是质地变化中最为常见的现象,主要由细胞壁成分和结构变化所引起[3]。贮藏过程中,细胞壁的变化主要受贮藏温度、环境气体(如乙烯)和呼吸作用等因素的影响。研究表明,温度主要通过影响果胶酶和纤维素酶活性,进而影响果实细胞壁的降解速率[4]。乙烯能够提高果胶降解酶的活性,促进果胶分子水解,致使细胞间连接松弛,从而导致果实软化;相反,采用乙烯抑制剂可抑制杏中多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、果胶甲酯酶(PME)和β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)的活性、降低相关基因的表达,从而延缓果胶降解,维持细胞壁胞间层(主要由果胶构成)的厚度[5]。在柿子中的研究表明,抑制果实呼吸速率后,PG和PME的活性降低,离子结合型果胶(CSP)和共价结合型果胶(SSP)的降解速率及果实硬度的下降速率均明显变缓[6]。此外,采收前的品种选择、采收时期、外源物质处理和施肥措施等均是影响果蔬贮藏品质的重要因素[7-8]。在冬瓜上的研究表明,适宜施镁可以显著提高华南冬瓜的产量和果实硬度[9-10],从而延长果实贮藏期,但目前关于镁肥施用调节冬瓜贮藏品质的研究较少。因此,开展镁肥施用调控冬瓜贮藏品质的生理机理研究,对于提升冬瓜耐贮性具有重要的理论和实践意义。
镁(Mg)是提高作物产量、改善产品品质的必需营养元素之一,WANG等[11]通过全球尺度荟萃分析发现,施镁后作物产量平均增加了8.5%,营养品质(包括碳水化合物、蛋白质、维生素C和可溶性固形物等)提高了10.6%[12]。然而,镁在作物生产中的重要性被严重低估,甚至被称为农业生产中“被遗忘的元素”[13]。目前,由于土壤镁的不断耗竭,镁营养缺乏正成为集约化农业生产系统中重要的限制因素,可能成为“木桶效应”中的新短板[14]。植物中的镁根据其形态和功能可分为无机态镁(水溶性镁)、有机态镁(醇溶性镁)、果胶酸或蛋白结合态镁(盐溶性镁)、磷酸镁(乙酸溶性镁)和草酸镁(盐酸溶性镁)5种形态。其中,无机态镁和有机态镁在细胞中移动性较好,参与各种生理生化反应;果胶酸镁作为果胶结构的一部分,在维持细胞壁稳定中发挥重要作用;磷酸镁和草酸镁存在于液泡中,用于维持细胞镁稳态[15]。前人研究发现,缺镁会降低有机态镁和无机态镁的比例,而增加低流动性镁(果胶酸或蛋白结合态镁、磷酸镁和草酸镁)的占比[15-16]。果蔬耐贮性与细胞壁中果胶代谢密切相关,当细胞壁中Mg2+浓度较低时,果胶链将进入降解途径。研究发现,Mg2+能与去甲酯化果胶分子的羧基之间形成桥梁,引发果胶分子之间的连接变化,增加马铃薯块茎细胞间组织强度,从而提高其硬度[17]。此外,当细胞壁含有较高浓度的Mg2+时,去甲酯化的同型半乳糖醛酸主链与阳离子交联成“蛋盒”结构形成凝胶,使细胞壁结构更加稳固[18-19]。因此,通过优化果蔬镁肥管理,挖掘镁营养调节果蔬贮藏性的作用机制,对于最大化发挥镁营养的增产、提质作用具有重要作用和价值。
冬瓜[Benincasa hispida(Thunb.)Cogn.]是葫芦科冬瓜属作物,具有产量高、耐贮存的特点,是我国重要的渡淡、北运和出口蔬菜。华南地区是我国黑皮冬瓜的主产区,然而该地区土壤pH偏低、雨热同期,镁营养极易淋洗损失。此外,一年多季的高强度轮作从土壤中带走了大量的镁,加之农业生产中忽视镁肥施用,最终导致土壤镁营养水平整体较低,土壤镁缺乏正成为阻碍华南蔬菜产量及品质提升的新限制因子[9, 14, 20]。果胶是影响果实采后贮藏品质的关键因素。前人研究发现,在果实发育阶段施用镁肥可显著提高果实硬度,延长贮藏期[18, 21]。团队前期研究发现,适宜施镁可以提高采收时冬瓜果实硬度和原果胶浓度,而过高的镁肥施用则起相反作用[10, 22],表明增施镁肥可能通过调节果胶代谢,进而对冬瓜果实的贮藏品质产生影响。然而,目前尚缺乏对冬瓜果实贮藏期间果胶变化规律的认识,同时对镁调节贮藏过程中果胶代谢和硬度变化规律影响冬瓜果实贮藏性的作用也不清楚。因此,本研究旨在明确冬瓜果实贮藏过程中硬度变化和果胶代谢规律,同时阐明镁对果实贮藏品质的调控作用,为优化冬瓜镁肥管理提供科学依据和实践指导。
试验在镁肥梯度定位试验平台上开展,定位试验始于2017年,试验地点位于广东省蔬菜新技术研究重点实验基地(23.16°N、113.37°E)。在2022、2023年3—7月冬瓜生长季,开展镁营养通过调节果胶代谢提高冬瓜果实耐贮性的研究。试验点属亚热带季风气候,2022、2023年春季冬瓜种植季的平均气温分别为25.8 ℃和26.0 ℃,降雨量分别为1398.1 mm和958.9 mm(图1)。试验点供试土壤为黄壤,0~20 cm耕作层土壤pH为6.30,碱解氮含量为243.7 mg/kg,速效磷含量为30.0 mg/kg、速效钾含量为221.2 mg/kg,交换性钙含量为1150.8 mg/kg,交换性镁含量为72.5 mg/kg,根据第二次全国土壤普查制定的养分分级标准,试验点土壤属于缺镁(有效镁含量为50~100 mg/kg)土壤。
选取镁肥定位试验中的3个镁肥用量处理,分别为:0、60、120 kg/hm2 MgO,用Mg0、Mg60、Mg120表示。为保证冬瓜生长不受其他养分限制,在冬瓜整个生长期内,施用氮肥(N)350 kg/hm2,磷肥(P2O5)180 kg/hm2,钾肥(K2O)375 kg/hm2,不同时期的施肥比例见表1。试验小区采用随机区组排列,每个处理设置3个重复,每个小区的长度和宽度分别为20 m和2.5 m,面积为50 m2。供试肥料包括尿素(含N 46%)、过磷酸钙(含P2O5 12%)、硫酸钾(含K2O 52%)和一水硫酸镁(含MgO 16%),由德钾盐(深圳)农业科技有限公司提供。
试验采用育苗移栽的方式进行种植,供试冬瓜品种为铁柱二号。将冬瓜种子在去离子水中浸泡8 h后,用湿纸包裹,放入塑料袋中,在32 ℃的恒温黑暗环境中发芽。发芽后,将种子移入72孔穴盘中进行基质育苗。待冬瓜幼苗长出3~4片真叶时,选取长势一致的幼苗定植于大田,种植密度为6750株/hm2。试验过程中,所有田间管理均采用当地栽培管理方法。
(1)土壤样品的采集与分析。基础土壤样品在冬瓜基肥施用前采集,以整个试验田块作为采样单元,在试验田块内以“S”形均匀布设15个采样点,采集0~20 cm耕作层土壤,带回实验室风干、磨细,分别过20目和100目筛,用于理化分析。按照常规方法测定土壤基本理化性质[23]:按水土比2.5∶1.0混合后,用pH计测定土壤pH;采用碱解扩散法测定土壤碱解氮;采用0.5 mol/L NaHCO3浸提-钼锑抗比色法测定速效磷;采用1 mol/L NH4OAc浸提,并用ICP-OES测定土壤速效钾、交换性钙和镁。
(2)冬瓜产量、果实贮藏期失重率及硬度的测定。冬瓜成熟时,以整个试验小区为取样单元,测定不同处理下冬瓜果实的单果质量,再根据种植密度计算收获时的冬瓜产量。挑选形态完整且无明显伤口的果实,在常温下贮藏并做标记,于贮藏第60天测定贮藏后冬瓜的单果质量,通过与对应标记刚采摘时单果质量的差值,计算冬瓜果实贮藏期间的失重率。在贮藏后的第0、30、60天,采用FHM-5果实硬度计测定不同处理相同部位果实果肉的硬度。同时,在0、30、60 d采集硬度测定部位相同处的果肉样品,迅速在液氮中冷冻,然后保存于-80 ℃超低温冰箱中,用于测定不同形态镁含量、果胶含量及果胶代谢酶活性。
(3)不同形态镁含量的测定。参考XU等[15]的方法并略作修改,测定果肉不同形态镁含量。具体操作如下:称取7 g保存于-80 ℃超低温冰箱中、不同贮藏时间的新鲜果实样品,液氮磨碎后,用80%乙醇溶液转移至50 mL离心管中,依次使用80%的乙醇、去离子水、1 mol/L NaCl溶液、2%的醋酸和0.6 mol/L HCl溶液进行分级提取,分别得到醇溶性镁(MgEth)、水溶性镁(MgWat)、盐溶性镁(MgNaCl)、乙酸溶性镁(MgHAC)和盐酸溶性镁(MgHCl)。将不同形态镁的提取液稀释后,用原子吸收分光光度计(ZA3300,日立,日本)测定果肉中各形态镁的含量。
(4)不同形态果胶含量的测定。称取10 g保存于-80 ℃超低温冰箱中、不同贮藏时间的新鲜果实样品,经液氮磨碎后,用80%乙醇溶液转移至50 mL离心管中,依次用80%(V/V)乙醇、90%(V/V)二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和丙酮去除样品中的色素、淀粉、蛋白质等物质,得到纯净的细胞壁物质(CWM)。称取0.1 g CWM于50 mL离心管中,依次用去离子水、50 mmol/L四乙酸环己烷-1, 2-二胺(CDTA)溶液和50 mmol/L Na2CO3溶液(含有2 mmol/L CDTA),分别得到水溶性果胶(water-soluble pectin,WSP)、离子结合型果胶(chelate-soluble pectin,CSP)和共价结合型果胶(sodium carbonate-soluble pectin,SSP)溶液。采用硫酸-咔唑比色法测定不同提取液中不同形态果胶含量。具体操作如下:吸取1 mL不同形态果胶提取液和6 mL浓硫酸(98%,W/W)混合均匀,100 ℃水浴中加热10 min,冰水冷却至室温后,加入0.05 mL 0.15%咔唑-乙醇溶液,混匀后在30 ℃下水浴30 min,于530 nm处测定吸光值。用等体积的无水乙醇溶液替代咔唑-乙醇溶液进行反应,作为空白对照,以半乳糖醛酸为标准品绘制标准曲线。
(5)果胶代谢酶活性的测定。①果胶甲酯酶(pectin methylesterase,PME,EC3.1.11)活性:称取0.7 g保存于-80 ℃超低温冰箱中、不同贮藏时间的新鲜果实样品,经液氮磨碎后,用1.3 mL 4 ℃预冷提取液(100 mmol/L NaCl,5% PVP,2% β-巯基乙醇,pH 5.2)转移至2 mL离心管中,混匀后在4 ℃、12 000×g条件下离心15 min,得到上清粗酶提取液。按照酶液、乙二酸钠和果胶溶液体积比为3∶5∶10的比例混合反应液[即1.2 mL粗酶提取液,2 mL 0.2 mol/L乙二酸钠(37 ℃),4 mL 1%果胶溶液]。将上述反应液加入10 mL离心管中,并向其中加入25 μL酚酞溶液,用0.1 mol/L NaOH调节溶液pH至7.8。将离心管置于37 ℃水浴中培养60 min,每隔20 min用0.05 mol/L NaOH调节pH为7.8,记录滴定所消耗NaOH的体积,用于计算PME活性。
②多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase,PG,EC3.2.1.15)活性:称取0.5 g保存于-80 ℃超低温冰箱中、不同贮藏时间的新鲜果实样品,液氮磨碎后,用1 mL预冷0.2 mol/L HAc-NaAc缓冲液(pH 5.0)转移至2 mL离心管中,混匀后在4 ℃、12 000×g条件下离心10 min,得到上清粗酶提取液。取0.2 mL 1%果胶(W/V)和0.4 mL 0.2 mol/L HAc-NaAc缓冲液(pH 5.0)于2 mL离心管中,在50 ℃水浴中加热10 min,加入0.2 mL粗酶提取液,摇匀后在50 ℃水浴中加热30 min,随后加入0.8 mL DNS溶液,摇匀后在50 ℃水浴中加热5 min,冰水浴冷却至室温后,在4 ℃、12 000×g条件下离心5 min,于540 nm处测定吸光值。
③果胶裂解酶(pectate lyase,PL,EC4.2.2.10)活性:称取0.5 g保存于-80 ℃超低温冰箱中、不同贮藏时间的新鲜果实样品,液氮磨碎后,用1 mL提取液(50 mmol/L Tris–HCl buffer,0.6 mmol/L CaCl2,0.5 mmol/L Triton X-100,5 mmol/L EDTA-Na2,pH 8.5)转移至2 mL离心管中,混匀后在4 ℃、12 000×g条件下离心15 min,得到上清粗酶提取液。取0.2 mL粗酶提取液,加入0.8 mL反应液(50 mmol/L Tris–HCl buffer,0.6 mmol/L CaCl2,2.4 g/L多聚半乳糖醛酸PGA,pH 8.5),在37 ℃水浴中加热3 h,加入0.075 mL 9% ZnSO4·7H2O(W/V)和0.075 mL 0.5 mol/L NaOH终止反应,于232 nm处测定吸光值。
β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Galactosidase,β-Gal,EC3.2.1.23)活性:称取0.5 g保存于-80 ℃超低温冰箱中、不同贮藏时间的新鲜果实样品,经液氮磨碎后,用1 mL 4 ℃预冷0.2 mol/L HAc-NaAc缓冲液(pH 4.0,包含5 mmol/L β-巯基乙醇和4% PVP)转移至2 mL离心管中,混匀后在4 ℃、12 000×g条件下离心10 min,得到上清粗酶提取液。取0.2 mL粗酶提取液和0.2 mL对硝基苯-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(PNPG)于2 mL离心管中,在37 ℃下反应30 min,加入0.2 mL 0.5 mol/L Na2CO3终止反应,于415 nm处测定吸光值。
采用Microsoft Excel 2013软件对试验数据进行计算处理,采用SPSS 18.0软件进行数据统计分析,采用最小显著性差异法(least significant difference,LSD)检验不同处理在P<0.05水平上的差异显著性,采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)评估不同处理测定指标之间的显著差异。用R 4.5.0中scale()和relweights()函数评估冬瓜贮藏过程生理指标对果肉硬度的影响,采用“corrplot”包进行相关性分析,采用Origin 2021(OriginLab,Northampton,MA,USA)软件绘制图表。
适宜施镁可显著提高冬瓜产量,降低果实贮藏期的失重率,且2022、2023年表现出相同的变化趋势(图2)。与Mg0处理相比,Mg60处理2022、2023年冬瓜产量分别提高15.1%、16.9%,Mg120处理分别提高8.5%、10.7%;而过高的镁肥施用量有降低冬瓜产量的趋势,与Mg60处理相比,Mg120处理在2022、2023年冬瓜产量分别降低5.7%、5.3%。过低(Mg0)或过高(Mg120)的镁肥投入均会显著增加冬瓜贮藏过程果实的失重率,与Mg0处理相比,Mg60处理在2022、2023年冬瓜贮藏过程果实失重率显著降低40.3%、28.6%,而Mg120与Mg0处理差异不显著;相反,Mg120处理冬瓜贮藏过程果实失重率较Mg60处理在2022、2023年分别显著提高70.9%、40.2%。
尽管不同年份间果肉硬度存在一定差异,但适宜镁肥施用均可显著提高冬瓜果肉硬度(表2)。与Mg0处理相比,Mg60处理在2022年贮藏0、30、60 d时,果肉硬度分别提高14.1%、13.2%、23.1%;在2023年分别提高12.6%、10.2%、14.3%。而Mg120与Mg0处理仅在2022年贮藏30 d时果肉硬度存在显著差异。相反,过量施用镁肥会降低贮藏期间果肉硬度,其中Mg120处理在2022年贮藏0、30、60 d时,果肉硬度分别较Mg60处理分别降低15.7%、20.5%、19.4%;在2023年分别降低11.2%、10.2%、3.8%。随着果实贮藏时间的延长,果肉硬度逐渐降低。贮藏60 d后,Mg0处理在2022、2023年的果肉硬度较0 d时分别降低16.7%、8.5%;Mg60处理分别降低10.1%、7.1%;Mg120处理在2022年降低14.2%,在2023年无明显差异。
图3表3可知,与Mg0处理相比,Mg60处理在贮藏0、30、60 d时,果肉中MgEth含量2年分别平均提高39.0%、39.1%和53.5%,Mg120处理2年分别平均提高35.4%、27.0%和9.8%。Mg60处理在贮藏0、30和60 d时,果肉中盐酸溶性镁(MgNaCl)含量较Mg0处理2年分别平均提高48.3%、148.6%和25.4%;Mg120处理中MgNaCl含量较Mg0处理2年平均分别提高30.2%、53.0%和37.4%。与Mg0处理相比,Mg60处理在贮藏0、30、60 d时,果肉中水溶性镁(MgWat)含量2年平均分别提高112.6%、206.1%和169.3%;Mg120处理2年平均分别提高67.8%、12.1%和36.7%;而Mg120处理在贮藏0、30、60 d时,果肉中MgEth含量较Mg60处理2年分别平均降低17.4%、63.4%和48.5%。与Mg0处理相比,Mg60和Mg120处理在贮藏0 d时,果肉中乙酸溶性镁(MgHAC)含量2年平均分别提高25.0%和37.9%;贮藏30 d后,Mg60和Mg120处理在2022年的MgHAC含量较Mg0处理分别提高26.1%和21.6%,而在2023年分别显著降低85.9%和56.8%;2023年贮藏30 d后,Mg60和Mg120处理的MgHAC含量分别显著降低46.9%和37.9%。随着贮藏期时间的延长,贮藏60 d时,Mg0、Mg60和Mg120处理果肉中MgEth含量2年平均较0 d时分别提高25.6%、43.1%和5.2%,MgWat含量2年平均分别提高114.2%、163.6%和57.3%。
进一步分析冬瓜果实贮藏期不同形态镁含量占比发现,镁肥用量和贮藏时间均对果肉不同形态镁含量占比产生影响(图3)。在果实贮藏0、30、60 d后,Mg60处理的总镁含量较Mg0处理2年平均分别提高39.9%、67.0%和60.4%,Mg120处理平均分别提高33.2%、29.0%和16.6%。适宜的镁肥施用量(Mg60)整体降低了MgEth占比,提高了MgWat占比,而MgNaCl在贮藏30 d时明显提高、60 d时明显降低。
镁肥施用显著影响冬瓜果实贮藏期不同形态果胶的含量(图4)。与Mg0处理相比,Mg60处理在贮藏0、30、60 d时,果肉总果胶(TP)含量分别提高56.3%、83.5%、133.5%,Mg120处理分别增加8.1%、41.1%、45.4%;而Mg120处理在贮藏0、30、60 d时,果肉中TP含量较Mg60处理分别降低30.9%、23.1%、37.7%。随着贮藏时间的延长,不同处理果肉中TP含量整体呈下降趋势。贮藏60 d后,Mg0、Mg60、Mg120处理果肉中TP含量较0 d时分别降低48.3%、22.8%、30.5%。Mg60处理在贮藏0、30、60 d时,果肉中WSP含量较Mg0处理分别提高17.0%、115.0%、193.7%;Mg120处理在贮藏30、60 d时,果肉中WSP含量较Mg0处理分别提高122.9%、43.6%,在0 d时降低16.4%。Mg0、Mg60、Mg120处理在贮藏60 d后,果肉中共价结合型果胶(SSP)含量较0 d时分别降低8.6%、36.1%、28.0%。适宜的镁肥施用量(Mg60)显著提高贮藏期间果肉中SSP含量,而过量施用镁肥(Mg120)在贮藏30 d时降低果肉中SSP含量。同时,与Mg60处理相比,Mg120处理在贮藏0、30、60 d时,果肉中SSP含量分别降低19.8%、77.5%、9.7%。适宜的镁肥用量可以显著提高冬瓜贮藏期间离子结合型果胶(CSP)含量,而过量施用镁肥反而降低CSP含量。与Mg60处理相比,Mg120处理在贮藏0、30、60 d时,果肉中CSP含量分别降低67.0%、41.4%、37.8%。
为进一步解析冬瓜果实贮藏期果胶浓度变化的原因,测定并分析了果胶代谢酶活性,包括果胶修饰酶和果胶降解酶。结果表明,镁肥施用及贮藏时间均会影响果胶代谢酶活性(图5)。与Mg0处理相比,Mg60处理在贮藏0、30、60 d时,果肉中果胶甲酯酶(PME)活性分别提高54.3%、29.2%和15.4%;Mg120处理在0、30 d分别提高39.2%和21.4%,在60 d时降低6.6%。而Mg120处理在贮藏0、30、60 d时,果肉中PME活性较Mg60处理分别降低9.8%、6.0%和19.1%。随着贮藏时间的延长,不同处理果肉中PME活性整体呈上升趋势。贮藏60 d后,Mg0、Mg60、Mg120处理果肉中PME活性较第0天分别提高49.7%、12.0%和0.5%。不同处理多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性随贮藏时间的延长整体呈先降低后升高的变化趋势。贮藏30 d后,Mg0、Mg60、Mg120处理果肉中PG活性较第0天分别降低14.3%、25.0%、27.2%。适宜的镁肥施用量在贮藏0、60 d时提高PG活性,而过量施用镁肥反而降低PG活性。与Mg60处理相比,Mg120处理果肉中PG活性在贮藏0、30、60 d时分别降低11.0%、13.9%、11.7%。与之不同的是,镁肥施用量和贮藏时间对果肉中果胶裂解酶(PL)活性影响不大。相反,施镁后显著降低了β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性。与Mg0处理相比,Mg60处理在贮藏0、30、60 d时,果肉中β-Gal活性分别降低25.9%、21.5%、42.6%;Mg120处理在0和30 d时分别降低10.4%、6.3%和16.6%。而Mg120处理在贮藏0、30、60 d时,果肉中β-Gal活性较Mg60处理分别提高20.9%、19.4%和45.2%。在贮藏60 d后,Mg0、Mg60、Mg120处理果肉中β-Gal活性较第0天分别降低6.8%、27.8%和13.2%。
相关性分析结果表明,在冬瓜果实贮藏期间,果肉硬度与醇溶性镁(MgEth)、盐酸溶性镁(MgNaCl)、水溶性镁(MgWat)、总果胶(TP)、水溶性果胶(WSP)、共价结合型果胶(SSP)、离子结合型果胶(CSP)含量和果胶甲酯酶(PME)活性呈显著正相关,而与乙酸溶性镁(MgHAC)、盐酸溶性镁(MgHCl)含量和β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性呈显著负相关(图6A)。随着MgEth、MgNaCl、MgWat和PME活性的提高,TP含量显著增加;而随着MgHAC、MgHCl含量和β-Gal活性的增加,TP含量显著降低。PME活性显著受MgEth和MgWat含量的正向调控,而受MgHAC和MgHCl含量的显著负面影响;β-Gal活性则相反。随机森林变量重要性模型分析结果表明,TP、CSP和SSP含量的增加对冬瓜贮藏期间果肉硬度的提升具有显著贡献(图6B)。
我国现阶段土壤交换性镁含量平均为160.5 mg/kg,其中严重缺乏(<60 mg/kg)和缺乏(60~120 mg/kg)水平分别占比45.3%和18.3%,加之镁在农业生产中的作用常常被忽视,缺镁正成为严重制约作物产量及品质进一步提升的关键因素[13, 20, 24]。WANG等[11]通过全球尺度荟萃分析发现,施用镁肥后蔬菜平均增产8.9%。在本研究中,施镁后冬瓜产量提高了8.5%~16.9%,高于WANG等[11]的研究结果,但与ZHANG等[9]的研究结果一致。这一现象一方面与试验在多年定位试验平台上开展有关,经过多年土壤耗竭,不施镁处理土壤有效镁含量不断降低;另一方面,试验点位于华南典型酸性土壤区域,且雨热同期,加剧了土壤镁的淋洗损失。施镁提高作物产量,一方面是镁在叶绿素生物合成、光合碳同化、碳水化合物转运及蛋白质合成等生理过程中发挥着重要作用[13];另一方面,作物缺镁会抑制蔗糖在韧皮部的负载,限制“库”器官生长,导致同化物在“源-库”器官之间的分配失衡,反馈抑制碳同化[13, 25]。然而,在烟草上的研究发现,过量施镁会使烟草生物量呈下降趋势[26]。本研究也观察到,在施镁量为120 kg/hm2时,冬瓜产量出现降低趋势。这可能与过量施镁引起植物对钙、钾和锌等阳离子吸收产生拮抗作用有关[25],进而导致过量施镁产生减产效应。因此,在实际生产中应根据作物需求适当增施镁肥,以充分发挥镁肥的增产效果。
硬度是反映果实质地的重要指标,也是决定果实采后运输特性和贮藏寿命的关键因素。在果实贮藏阶段,质地软化的最直观的表现就是硬度下降。前人研究表明,果实失重率上升及硬度下降与细胞壁结构遭到破坏有直接关系,且细胞壁结构破坏往往是由果胶降解和结构变化所引起的[27-28]。由此推测,果实硬度与果胶含量、形态及代谢密切相关。本研究观察到,在冬瓜果实贮藏期间,硬度逐渐下降,失重率逐渐升高,果胶发生降解,果胶含量逐渐降低,这与前人观察到的结果一致[27-28]。同时,本研究还发现,适宜镁肥施用(Mg60)可以提高果实初始硬度,并延缓贮藏过程中果肉硬度的下降,最终使果实失重率明显降低。这一结果与QUDDUS等[29]在番茄上发现适宜镁肥处理可以提高果实硬度的结果一致。此外,在猕猴桃上的研究结果表明,镁含量与果实硬度显著正相关,采用含镁薄膜可以延缓番茄硬度下降速率,降低失重率[30]。以上结果均表明,镁可以提高果实硬度,延长贮藏期。这一方面与镁营养提高碳同化速率、促进碳水化合物向果实转运,为细胞壁组分(如果胶、纤维素)的合成提供充足底物有关[13, 25];另一方面,镁通过促进果胶酸钙的形成,增强细胞壁中胶层的稳定性[31]
施镁是改善作物镁营养状况的有效措施。本研究中,适宜镁肥施用可以显著提高冬瓜果实镁含量,但过高施镁(Mg120)时,果实镁含量提升效果不显著,这与前人观察到的结果一致[10, 22]。本研究发现,冬瓜贮藏过程中果实总镁含量随贮藏时间的延长逐渐提高,这与前人在杏贮藏过程中观察到的钙和钾等营养元素含量逐渐增加的结果一致[32]。这一现象一方面与冬瓜果实贮藏过程中水分逐渐流失、失重率逐渐增加,导致元素逐渐浓缩有关;另一方面,为保证下一代种子的正常萌发及幼苗质量,冬瓜种子中储存了大量的镁,是果实中镁含量较高的部位[9],这可能造成果实贮藏过程中胎座种子中的镁发生再分配和向外移动,致使果肉镁含量在贮藏过程中逐渐升高。在冬瓜中,过高镁肥施用并不会进一步提高果肉镁含量,这与JIN等[33]在桑树叶片中观察到的结果一致。过量施镁不仅会干扰植物对其他矿质养分的吸收和转运,还会导致细胞内Mg2+水平的改变,进而影响植物细胞代谢过程,破坏细胞壁稳定性和细胞膜透性,最终反馈抑制植物对镁的吸收和转运[34]。此外,在本研究中,MgEth、MgWat和MgNaCl是果实中镁的主要存在形态,且表现为MgEth>MgNaCl>MgWat;而MgHAC和MgHCl在果实中含量和比例均较低,随贮藏时间变化也较小,这与柑橘幼苗中观察到的镁形态结果一致[15]。在植物中,镁主要以游离态、结构态和难溶态的形式存在,大部分以游离Mg2+的形式存在于细胞质和细胞器中,这些游离态镁与细胞内多种生化过程(如酶的活化、蛋白质合成、遗传物质的复制和转录等)密切相关[15, 25]。本研究观察到,贮藏过程中MgEth、MgNaCl和MgWat含量与果肉硬度和总果胶含量呈显著正相关,这也从侧面说明果肉中的活性镁在参与细胞壁果胶合成、提升果实硬度方面发挥了重要作用[18-19]
果胶形态和含量会随着果蔬贮藏时间的延长而发生变化,MI等[35]在辣椒上的研究表明,在辣椒贮藏过程中,果实硬度逐渐降低且CSP和SSP含量逐渐下降。在杏中也发现,贮藏过程中WSP含量逐渐升高,而果实CSP和SSP含量逐渐降低且与硬度呈显著正相关[32],这与本研究结果一致。这表明冬瓜贮藏过程中果胶形态和含量的变化可能是造成果实软化的主要原因。同时,本研究还发现适宜镁肥施用可以显著提高果肉CSP和SSP含量。这一方面与镁的营养功能密切相关[13, 20, 25];另一方面,镁有助于果胶分子间形成稳定的交联,这种交联作用有利于维护或提高细胞壁的强度[36]。因此,在实际生产中应重视镁肥施用,通过合理镁肥施用增加CSP和SSP含量,提高细胞壁的稳定性,从而增加果实硬度并延长其贮藏时间。
果胶代谢相关酶活性变化对果胶形态和降解有重要影响。PME是催化果胶链发生去甲酯化修饰的关键酶。冬瓜贮藏过程中,PME活性逐渐升高,这与HOU等[37]在杏贮藏过程中发现的结果一致,但与LIU等[32]在杏贮藏过程中PME活性先增加后降低再上升的变化趋势存在差异,这可能与PME活性受到植物种类、部位、贮藏时期等因素的影响有关。前人研究表明,果实内Ca2+和Mg2+水平与PME活性密切相关,随钙镁离子含量的增加,PME活性逐渐提高[38]。在本研究中也观察到,适宜镁肥(Mg60)施用可以显著提高PME活性,且MgEth和MgWat含量与PME活性呈显著正相关。随着冬瓜贮藏时间的延长,PG活性逐渐升高,这与番茄和荔枝中观察到的结果一致[39-40]β-Gal活性在果胶降解过程中发挥关键作用,是果实成熟和贮藏过程中组织软化的重要原因,但其活性受贮藏环境、作物种类或品种的影响。本研究观察到,β-Gal活性呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,与苹果贮藏过程中观察到的结果相近[41]。此外,本研究观察到镁肥施用后整体降低了β-Gal活性,MgEth和MgWat含量与PME活性呈显著负相关。而PL活性在冬瓜贮藏过程中变化不大,且镁肥施用对其活性影响较小,由此推测PL不是导致冬瓜贮藏阶段果实软化的主要果胶降解酶。综合果胶含量结果,适宜镁处理可抑制贮藏期间的果胶降解进程,有利于维持果实硬度,而镁过量则有可能加速果胶降解进程。
冬瓜贮藏过程中,在果胶酶(PME、PG和β-Gal)的作用下,果胶发生形态转化和降解,导致WSP含量升高,而总果胶、CSP和SSP含量降低,进而破坏细胞壁结构,导致果实水分流失和硬度下降。镁肥施用后通过影响细胞内镁形态变化,调控果胶降解过程,进而影响冬瓜贮藏性。缺镁和镁过量均不利于维持果实硬度,会导致果胶降解酶活性提高,加速果胶降解。相反,适宜镁肥施用可以提高果实中MgEth、MgWat和MgNaCl含量,抑制果胶降解酶活性,延缓果胶降解进程,从而提高冬瓜果实贮藏性。
  • 广东省自然科学基金-青年提升项目(2023A1515030283)
  • 广东省农业科学院科技创新战略(农业科研主力军建设)专项(2022ZDJS021)
  • 广东省现代蔬菜产业技术体系项目(2024CXTD08)
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2025年第46卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.014
  • 接收时间:2025-08-07
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-07
  • 录用日期:2025-08-21
基金
广东省自然科学基金-青年提升项目(2023A1515030283)
广东省农业科学院科技创新战略(农业科研主力军建设)专项(2022ZDJS021)
广东省现代蔬菜产业技术体系项目(2024CXTD08)
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    1.广东省农业科学院蔬菜研究所/广东省蔬菜新技术研究重点实验室,广东广州 510640
    2.德钾盐(深圳)农业科技有限公司,广东深圳 518000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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