Article(id=1276618465565873112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276618341674520821, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753027200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1756915200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-04, onlineDate=1782299160615, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782299160615, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782299160615, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782299160615, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276618341674520821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='12', pageStart='2817', pageEnd='3084', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782299131077, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782299208862, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276618668385637092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276618341674520821, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276618668385637093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276618341674520821, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2910, endPage=2921, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276618465825919962, articleId=1276618465565873112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Differences in Understory Light Conditions and the Causes across Rubber Tree Plantations with Diverse Clones, columnId=1236256434120348225, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Intercropping within rubber plantations presents an effective strategy to counteract the financial challenges posed by sustained low prices of natural rubber and widespread cultivation losses. The success of the intercropping systems is critically dependent on understory light availability, which serves as a key driving factor. A thorough analysis of the variations in understory light conditions among different rubber clones and the underlying causes is essential for providing a theoretical basis for optimal clone selection and system design. This study investigated rubber plantations featuring various clones, tree ages, and planting patterns. The understory light intensity were measured and compared. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle LiDAR point clouds were used to extract key tree architecture parameters to determine the architectural drivers of light variability. Findings revealed significant differences in understory light intensity attributable to clone type, tree age, and planting pattern. Notably, the Reken 628 clone consistently provided significantly higher understory light levels across all ages and row orientations compared to other clones like CATAS 72059, and CATAS 73397. UAV-derived data confirmed that Reken 628 plantations exhibited larger inter-row gaps and significantly lower canopy closure. Architectural analysis further elucidated that Reken 628 was characterized by a taller stature, higher branching, a smaller crown length ratio, and a more compact, sparser crown structure with fewer, smaller-angled primary branches. This clone also displayed pronounced natural self-pruning, which collectively contributes to its low canopy closure. Conversely, CATAS 73397 features a wider crown, a higher crown length ratio, more numerous and wider-angled branches, and severe crown overlap, resulting in high canopy closure. In conclusion, considering its favorable tree architecture and the resultant superior light conditions, Reken 628 is identified as an excellent clone for intercropping systems. This research holds significant practical value for advancing the adoption and sustainable development of intercropping in rubber plantations.

, authors=null, authorsList=Xiangjun WANG, Xiao HUANG, Yuanyuan ZHANG, Weiguo LI, Xiaofei ZHANG, Xinsheng GAO, Hongliang ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongliang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276618469013591018, articleId=1276618465565873112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=不同品系胶园林下光照条件差异及其成因, columnId=1236256434313286224, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=作物栽培与生理生化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

胶园林下间作是应对天然橡胶价格持续低迷、植胶普遍长期亏损的有效途径。其中,林下光照条件是决定胶园林下间作模式的关键驱动因素。因此,解析不同品系胶园林下光照差异及其成因,能够为胶园林下间作的品种选择和模式优化提供理论支持。本研究以不同品系、不同树龄及不同种植模式的胶园作为研究对象,测定并对比其林下光照强度的差异。同时,利用无人机激光雷达点云技术提取橡胶树的株型参数,依据株型差异剖析不同品系胶园林下光照条件差异的成因。研究结果显示,不同品系、不同树龄及不同种植模式的胶园,其林下光照强度存在显著差异。总体而言,不同树龄、不同行向的热垦628胶园,林下光照强度均显著高于热研72059、热研73397等其他品系。通过无人机冠层图像和点云数据发现,热垦628胶园行间空隙较大,郁闭度明显低于其他品系。株型结构分析进一步表明,热垦628树体高大,分枝位置较高,树冠比例较小,树冠结构更为紧凑疏朗,一级分枝数量少且分枝角度小,树冠圆满度高,存在明显的自下而上自然疏枝现象,这使得其胶园郁闭度较低;而热研73397冠幅较大,冠长率高,分枝数量多且分枝角度大,树冠交叠现象严重,导致其胶园郁闭度较高。综合考虑株型结构和林下光照条件,热垦628是适用于胶园林下间作模式的优良品种。本研究对于推动胶园林下间作模式的推广及实现其可持续发展具有重要的应用价值。

, authors=

王祥军(1984—),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:橡胶树表型精准鉴定及遗传改良。

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* 张红亮(ZHANG Hongliang),E-mail:
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3.国家橡胶树育种中心,海南儋州 571737, bio={"content":"

王祥军(1984—),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:橡胶树表型精准鉴定及遗传改良。

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王祥军(1984—),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:橡胶树表型精准鉴定及遗传改良。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Effect of light deficiency on productivity of intercrops in rubber-crop agroforestry system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618486684192871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=55, issue=5, pageStart=142, pageEnd=151, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=42, authorNames=林元震, journalName=林业科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=林元震. 林木基因型与环境互作的研究方法及其应用[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(5): 142-151., articleTitle=林木基因型与环境互作的研究方法及其应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618486751301736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=55, issue=5, pageStart=142, pageEnd=151, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=43, authorNames=LIN Y Z, journalName=Scientia Silvae Sinicae, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIN Y Z. Research methodologies for genotype by environment interactions in forest trees and their applications[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2019, 55(5): 142-151. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research methodologies for genotype by environment interactions in forest trees and their applications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618486818410601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=49, issue=7, pageStart=1735, pageEnd=1746, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=44, authorNames=许娜, 徐铨, 徐正进, 陈温福, journalName=作物学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=许娜, 徐铨, 徐正进, 陈温福. 水稻株型生理生态与遗传基础研究进展[J]. 作物学报, 2023, 49(7): 1735-1746., articleTitle=水稻株型生理生态与遗传基础研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618486881325162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=49, issue=7, pageStart=1735, pageEnd=1746, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=45, authorNames=XU N, XU Q, XU Z J, CHEN W F, journalName=Acta Agronomica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU N, XU Q, XU Z J, CHEN W F. Research progress on physiological ecology and genetic basis of rice plant architecture[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(7): 1735-1746. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research progress on physiological ecology and genetic basis of rice plant architecture, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618486940045419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=13, issue=12, pageStart=2139, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=46, authorNames=JIANG K, CHEN L, WANG X J, AN F, ZHAGN H Q, YUN T, journalName=Forests, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIANG K, CHEN L, WANG X J, AN F, ZHAGN H Q, YUN T. Simulation on different patterns of mobile laser scanning with extended application on solar beam illumination for forest plot[J]. Forests, 2022, 13(12): 2139., articleTitle=Simulation on different patterns of mobile laser scanning with extended application on solar beam illumination for forest plot, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618486998765676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=47, authorNames=XUE X B, JIN S C, AN F, ZHANG H Q, FAN J C, EICHHORN M R, JIN C Y, CHEN B Q, JIANG L, YUN T, journalName=Plant Phenomics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XUE X B, JIN S C, AN F, ZHANG H Q, FAN J C, EICHHORN M R, JIN C Y, CHEN B Q, JIANG L, YUN T. Shortwave radiation calculation for forest plots using airborne LiDAR data and computer graphics[J]. Plant Phenomics, 2022: 9856739., articleTitle=Shortwave radiation calculation for forest plots using airborne LiDAR data and computer graphics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618487086846061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=215, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=48, authorNames=QIU H Q, ZHANG H Q, LEI K X, ZHANG H C, HU X T, journalName=Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIU H Q, ZHANG H Q, LEI K X, ZHANG H C, HU X T. Forest digital twin: a new tool for forest management practices based on spatio-temporal data, 3D simulation Engine, and intelligent interactive environment[J]. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2023, 215: 108416., articleTitle=Forest digital twin: a new tool for forest management practices based on spatio-temporal data, 3D simulation Engine, and intelligent interactive environment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618487153954926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=361, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=49, authorNames=YUN T, EICHHORN M P, JIN S C, YUAN X Y, FANG W J, LU X, WANG X J, ZHANG H Q, journalName=Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YUN T, EICHHORN M P, JIN S C, YUAN X Y, FANG W J, LU X, WANG X J, ZHANG H Q. A framework for phenotyping rubber trees under intense wind stress using laser scanning and digital twin technology[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2025, 361: 110319., articleTitle=A framework for phenotyping rubber trees under intense wind stress using laser scanning and digital twin technology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618487229452399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=36, issue=8, pageStart=1155, pageEnd=1170, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=50, authorNames=徐翔, 吴小龙, 陈子凌, 陈然, 徐延宁, 王璐, journalName=计算机辅助设计与图形学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐翔, 吴小龙, 陈子凌, 陈然, 徐延宁, 王璐. 大规模三维场景光线追踪渲染方法综述[J]. 计算机辅助设计与图形学学报, 2024, 36(8): 1155-1170., articleTitle=大规模三维场景光线追踪渲染方法综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618487334310000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=36, issue=8, pageStart=1155, pageEnd=1170, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=51, authorNames=XU X, WU X L, CHEN Z L, CHEN R, XU Y N, WANG L, journalName=Journal of Computer-Aided Design & Computer Graphics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU X, WU X L, CHEN Z L, CHEN R, XU Y N, WANG L. A survey of ray tracing rendering of large-scale scenes[J]. Journal of Computer-Aided Design & Computer Graphics, 2024, 36(8): 1155-1170. 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不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=clHpGZSw+Ws6aRsrrWFN8g==, figureFileBig=6tDwi5b1tCn8KF/d73v69A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618479017005101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Understory light intensity in rubber tree plantations of different ages for various rubber tree genotypes, figureFileSmall=c3fetoM7GAAmkgtCsjmTQA==, figureFileBig=MAheSKSbgB7Oz6vbE1jzow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618479180582958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, language=CN, label=图3, caption=橡胶树品系不同树龄胶园林下光照强度

不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=c3fetoM7GAAmkgtCsjmTQA==, figureFileBig=MAheSKSbgB7Oz6vbE1jzow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618479235108911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Comparison of understory light conditions in rubber plantations of different age rubber tree varieties, figureFileSmall=uz/ssrf0BywHuc113kFAIg==, figureFileBig=V1ru0Yv2A+woZsa56qjC/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618479302217776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同树龄橡胶树品系胶园林下光照条件比较

不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=uz/ssrf0BywHuc113kFAIg==, figureFileBig=V1ru0Yv2A+woZsa56qjC/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618479377715249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Analysis of differences in plant architecture among different genotypes of rubber trees, figureFileSmall=uCCQJLAfzkDMmrZfx7KeNA==, figureFileBig=uqi7eQRBmmpl56kTo3YW7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618479457407026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同品系橡胶树株型的差异分析

不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=uCCQJLAfzkDMmrZfx7KeNA==, figureFileBig=uqi7eQRBmmpl56kTo3YW7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618479516127283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Analysis of plant architecture differences in rubber trees of different ages, figureFileSmall=KLOPU3UZ41U488Ng87U1Rw==, figureFileBig=Ts5Nfb4kXmD14n82yCUGbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618481177071668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同树龄橡胶树株型的差异分析

不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=KLOPU3UZ41U488Ng87U1Rw==, figureFileBig=Ts5Nfb4kXmD14n82yCUGbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618481286123573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Top view (A), inter-plant view (B), and inter-row view (C) point clouds of Reken 628 and Reyan 73397 rubber plantations at different ages (planting spacing of 3 m × 7 m), figureFileSmall=AnLY98EHFZzJiacqJihMBg==, figureFileBig=4u6suPsCozAUsCC3rAkUpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618481395175478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同树龄热垦628和热研73397胶园的点云俯视图(A)、株间视图(B)和行间视图(C)(株行距3 m×7 m), figureFileSmall=AnLY98EHFZzJiacqJihMBg==, figureFileBig=4u6suPsCozAUsCC3rAkUpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618481487450167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Summary of rubber clones used for understory light condition comparison

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域Region地点Location品系Clone定植年份Planting time树龄Tree age/a株距×行距Plant spacing×row spacing/m行向Row orientation
白沙县龙江农场热垦628201653×7东西
热垦628201563×7南北
热研72059201563×7南北
热研8792008132.5×7东西
打安镇热垦628201743×7南北
热研106201743×7南北
东方市广坝农场热研879201383×7南北
热研73397201383×7南北
PR107201383×7南北
热垦525201383×7南北
热垦523201383×7南北
热研106201383×7南北
RRIM600201383×7南北
热垦628201383×7东西
琼中县阳江农场热研733972010113×7东西
热垦628201473×7东西
热垦6282010113×7东西
文昌2172010113×7东西
PR1072010113×7东西
RRIM6002010113×7东西
热垦525201473×8东西
热研72059201473×8东西
热研72059201473×8南北
万宁市新中农场热研72059201383×7南北
热研73397201383×7东西
热垦628201383×7东西
大丰95201383×7东西
PR107201383×7东西
RRIM600201383×7东西
儋州市西联农场热研720592005163×7南北
热垦6282003183×7东西
PR1072003183×7东西
), ArticleFig(id=1276618481579724856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

林下光照差异研究试验橡胶树品系概况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域Region地点Location品系Clone定植年份Planting time树龄Tree age/a株距×行距Plant spacing×row spacing/m行向Row orientation
白沙县龙江农场热垦628201653×7东西
热垦628201563×7南北
热研72059201563×7南北
热研8792008132.5×7东西
打安镇热垦628201743×7南北
热研106201743×7南北
东方市广坝农场热研879201383×7南北
热研73397201383×7南北
PR107201383×7南北
热垦525201383×7南北
热垦523201383×7南北
热研106201383×7南北
RRIM600201383×7南北
热垦628201383×7东西
琼中县阳江农场热研733972010113×7东西
热垦628201473×7东西
热垦6282010113×7东西
文昌2172010113×7东西
PR1072010113×7东西
RRIM6002010113×7东西
热垦525201473×8东西
热研72059201473×8东西
热研72059201473×8南北
万宁市新中农场热研72059201383×7南北
热研73397201383×7东西
热垦628201383×7东西
大丰95201383×7东西
PR107201383×7东西
RRIM600201383×7东西
儋州市西联农场热研720592005163×7南北
热垦6282003183×7东西
PR1072003183×7东西
), ArticleFig(id=1276618481655222329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Summary of rubber clones used for plant architechture comparison

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地点Location品系Clone定植年份Planting time树龄Tree age/a株距×行距Plant spacing×row spacing/m行向Row orientation
金富队PR1072003183×7东西
热研8792003183×7东西
热研720592003183×7东西
热垦5232003183×7东西
热垦5252003183×7东西
热研733972003183×7东西
红旗队热研73397201363×7东西
热垦628201363×7东西
四队热研733972009113×7东西
热垦6282009113×7东西
红城队热研733972000203×7东西
热垦6282000203×7东西
), ArticleFig(id=1276618481739108410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618465565873112, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

株型比较研究试验橡胶树品系概况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地点Location品系Clone定植年份Planting time树龄Tree age/a株距×行距Plant spacing×row spacing/m行向Row orientation
金富队PR1072003183×7东西
热研8792003183×7东西
热研720592003183×7东西
热垦5232003183×7东西
热垦5252003183×7东西
热研733972003183×7东西
红旗队热研73397201363×7东西
热垦628201363×7东西
四队热研733972009113×7东西
热垦6282009113×7东西
红城队热研733972000203×7东西
热垦6282000203×7东西
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不同品系胶园林下光照条件差异及其成因
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王祥军 1, 3 , 黄肖 1, 3 , 张源源 1, 2 , 李维国 1, 3 , 张晓飞 1, 3 , 高新生 1, 3 , 张红亮 2, *
热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2025,46(12): 2910-2921
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热带作物学报 |作物栽培与生理生化 2025 , 46 (12) : 2910 -2921
不同品系胶园林下光照条件差异及其成因
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王祥军(1984—),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:橡胶树表型精准鉴定及遗传改良。

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王祥军1, 3, 黄肖1, 3, 张源源1, 2, 李维国1, 3, 张晓飞1, 3, 高新生1, 3, 张红亮2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南海口 571101
  • 2.海南省农业对外交流合作中心,海南海口 571199
  • 3.国家橡胶树育种中心,海南儋州 571737
通讯作者:
* 张红亮(ZHANG Hongliang),E-mail:
Differences in Understory Light Conditions and the Causes across Rubber Tree Plantations with Diverse Clones
Xiangjun WANG1, 3, Xiao HUANG1, 3, Yuanyuan ZHANG1, 2, Weiguo LI1, 3, Xiaofei ZHANG1, 3, Xinsheng GAO1, 3, Hongliang ZHANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 2.Hainan Agricultural Foreign Exchange and Cooperation Center, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
  • 3.State Center for Rubber Breeding, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.009
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胶园林下间作是应对天然橡胶价格持续低迷、植胶普遍长期亏损的有效途径。其中,林下光照条件是决定胶园林下间作模式的关键驱动因素。因此,解析不同品系胶园林下光照差异及其成因,能够为胶园林下间作的品种选择和模式优化提供理论支持。本研究以不同品系、不同树龄及不同种植模式的胶园作为研究对象,测定并对比其林下光照强度的差异。同时,利用无人机激光雷达点云技术提取橡胶树的株型参数,依据株型差异剖析不同品系胶园林下光照条件差异的成因。研究结果显示,不同品系、不同树龄及不同种植模式的胶园,其林下光照强度存在显著差异。总体而言,不同树龄、不同行向的热垦628胶园,林下光照强度均显著高于热研72059、热研73397等其他品系。通过无人机冠层图像和点云数据发现,热垦628胶园行间空隙较大,郁闭度明显低于其他品系。株型结构分析进一步表明,热垦628树体高大,分枝位置较高,树冠比例较小,树冠结构更为紧凑疏朗,一级分枝数量少且分枝角度小,树冠圆满度高,存在明显的自下而上自然疏枝现象,这使得其胶园郁闭度较低;而热研73397冠幅较大,冠长率高,分枝数量多且分枝角度大,树冠交叠现象严重,导致其胶园郁闭度较高。综合考虑株型结构和林下光照条件,热垦628是适用于胶园林下间作模式的优良品种。本研究对于推动胶园林下间作模式的推广及实现其可持续发展具有重要的应用价值。

橡胶树  /  林下间作  /  光照条件  /  株型  /  热垦628

Intercropping within rubber plantations presents an effective strategy to counteract the financial challenges posed by sustained low prices of natural rubber and widespread cultivation losses. The success of the intercropping systems is critically dependent on understory light availability, which serves as a key driving factor. A thorough analysis of the variations in understory light conditions among different rubber clones and the underlying causes is essential for providing a theoretical basis for optimal clone selection and system design. This study investigated rubber plantations featuring various clones, tree ages, and planting patterns. The understory light intensity were measured and compared. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle LiDAR point clouds were used to extract key tree architecture parameters to determine the architectural drivers of light variability. Findings revealed significant differences in understory light intensity attributable to clone type, tree age, and planting pattern. Notably, the Reken 628 clone consistently provided significantly higher understory light levels across all ages and row orientations compared to other clones like CATAS 72059, and CATAS 73397. UAV-derived data confirmed that Reken 628 plantations exhibited larger inter-row gaps and significantly lower canopy closure. Architectural analysis further elucidated that Reken 628 was characterized by a taller stature, higher branching, a smaller crown length ratio, and a more compact, sparser crown structure with fewer, smaller-angled primary branches. This clone also displayed pronounced natural self-pruning, which collectively contributes to its low canopy closure. Conversely, CATAS 73397 features a wider crown, a higher crown length ratio, more numerous and wider-angled branches, and severe crown overlap, resulting in high canopy closure. In conclusion, considering its favorable tree architecture and the resultant superior light conditions, Reken 628 is identified as an excellent clone for intercropping systems. This research holds significant practical value for advancing the adoption and sustainable development of intercropping in rubber plantations.

rubber tree  /  understory intercropping  /  light conditions  /  plant architecture  /  Reken 628
王祥军, 黄肖, 张源源, 李维国, 张晓飞, 高新生, 张红亮. 不同品系胶园林下光照条件差异及其成因. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (12) : 2910 -2921 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.009
Xiangjun WANG, Xiao HUANG, Yuanyuan ZHANG, Weiguo LI, Xiaofei ZHANG, Xinsheng GAO, Hongliang ZHANG. Differences in Understory Light Conditions and the Causes across Rubber Tree Plantations with Diverse Clones[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (12) : 2910 -2921 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.009
天然橡胶在交通、医疗、电力、航空、航天、航海等众多工业领域均发挥着不可替代的作用,是关乎国家安全与发展的战略物资,因此,确保其稳定供应至关重要[1-4]。然而,自2012年起,天然橡胶价格持续低迷,广大胶农长期处于亏损边缘,弃割弃管现象极为普遍,这使得天然橡胶产业的可持续发展面临严峻考验[5-6]。面对这一困境,提升橡胶种植的经济效益已成为当务之急。为保障天然橡胶产业的稳定与健康发展,不仅要密切关注市场波动和资源约束情况,还需根据源头种植端的需求,深入研究橡胶树品种特性及其配套的栽培管理模式[7]
长期以来,我国橡胶树选育工作主要以干胶产量作为主要选育指标,对株型性状的选育重视不足。这导致目前我国橡胶树主栽品种普遍存在树冠偏大、胶园郁闭度高的问题,不利于全周期间作的开展[8]。另外,我国从国外引种选育的PR107、热垦628等品系,株型较为紧凑,树形接近单干型,分枝高度较高、分枝数量较少,冠幅较小,胶园郁闭度较低,具备应用于全周期间作模式的潜力。光照作为影响橡胶树生长和产胶量的关键环境因子之一,其在胶园内的分布和利用效率直接影响着橡胶树及间作作物的生长发育和产量形成[9-10]。但目前,尚未针对不同品系胶园林下光照条件的差异及其成因开展系统性的分析研究。因此,面对胶园间作的种植需求,难以科学地选择适宜品系并制定配套的栽培管理措施。
株型是影响胶园林下光照条件的关键因素。然而,由于橡胶树是高大乔木,其树高、冠幅、分枝角度等株型参数难以准确测定,这在一定程度上限制了对不同品系胶园林下光照条件差异成因的分析。机载激光雷达能够穿透植被覆盖区,通过激光脉冲在树枝、树叶间的多次散射效应,获取树冠、树枝、地面等高程数据。该技术可有效克服植被影响,精确探测真实的地形地面和植被信息[11-12]。应用机载激光雷达技术,能够对橡胶树的株型结构进行精准反演[13-16]。因此,本研究在充分比较不同品系、不同树龄胶园林下光照条件差异的基础上,利用无人机激光雷达技术,高效获取2个不同株型品系、不同树龄胶园的三维点云数据。借助这些点云数据,精准测定树高、枝下高、冠幅、一级分枝角度、一级分枝数量等株型结构参数,深入分析不同品系胶园林下光照条件差异的成因。研究结果将为不同株型橡胶树品系的推广应用、林下间作种植模式下适宜品种的选择及配套栽培管理措施的制定提供有效的理论支撑。
本研究以位于海南省白沙县(龙江农场、打安镇)、东方市(广坝农场)、琼中县(阳江农场)、万宁市(新中农场)、儋州市(西联农场)等海南省西南部、中部、东部和西部主要植胶区的不同树龄(4~6 a、7~8 a、10~15 a、15 a以上)的11个橡胶树品系(PR107、RRIM600、大丰95、热垦523、热垦525、热垦628、热研106、热研72059、热研73397、热研879、文昌217)作为试验材料,开展胶园林下光照差异研究(表1)。以位于海南省儋州市中国热带农业科学院试验场金富队、红旗队、四队和红城队的6个栽培品系(PR107、热研879、热垦523、热垦525、热研72059、热研73397,树龄均为18 a)及2个不同株型的橡胶树品系(热垦628,窄冠疏透株型;热研73397,多分枝株型)的3种不同树龄(6、11、20 a)林段作为试验材料,开展株型比较试验研究(表2)。
采用深圳市华盛昌科技实业股份有限公司生产的DT-1308照度计测定胶园林下光照强度。测定样点水平方向距橡胶树树头1.5 m,垂直方向距地面0.5 m,沿行向间隔15 m设置样点。每个品种选取代表样地,测定3个行间区域,每个区域设置3对平行测定样点(共9个样点),总计27个测定样点。光照强度测定时,在无遮挡空地设置对照样点,与测定样点同步采集实时光照强度。橡胶树林下光照强度以相对光照强度(relative light intensity,RLT,即林下光照强度与空地光照强度的比值)表示。
采用深圳市大疆创新科技有限公司生产的大疆Mavic Mini 2无人机采集胶园冠层全景RGB图像。该无人机垂直悬停精度为0.1 m(视觉定位),水平悬停精度为0.3 m(视觉定位),其影像传感器为CMOS 1/2.3英寸,有效像素为1200万,镜头视角为83°,等效焦距为24 mm,光圈为f/2.8,焦点范围为1 m至无穷远,照片拍摄ISO范围为100~3200(自动),快门速度为4~1/8 000 s。图像采集作业时,无人机相对飞行高度设为300 m,拍摄模式为定点悬停拍摄,相机设为自动曝光。
利用成都奥伦达科技有限公司生产的Miracle 3无人机系统搭载CBI-120P激光雷达测量系统采集胶园三维点云数据。该系统配备PandarXT激光雷达传感器,发射波长为905 nm,发射频率为10 Hz/s,扫描视场角为0~360°,扫描速率为64万点/秒,测距精度为2 cm,有效探测距离为0.3~120 m。作业地点位于海南省儋州市,飞行高度为70 m,飞行速度为10 m/s,航线间距为6 m。借助三维点云处理软件Alundar Platform 4.0(成都奥伦达科技有限公司,成都)和开源软件CloudCompare提取树高、枝下高、冠幅、一级分枝角度、一级分枝数量等株型结构参数。
郁闭度是指森林中乔木树冠遮蔽地面的程度,是反映林分密度的重要指标[17-18]。橡胶树是高大乔木,利用无人机航拍胶园冠层全景图像,可直观比较不同树龄、不同种植模式及不同品系胶园的郁闭度差异。由图1可知,相同树龄和种植模式条件下,不同品系胶园郁闭度存在明显差异。树龄5 a的热垦628和热研72059胶园行间均有明显空隙,但热垦628行间空隙更大,郁闭度更小。常规种植模式(株行距3 m×7 m)下,树龄8 a的热垦628(林相完整)和PR107(存在缺株)胶园郁闭度明显低于热垦525、热垦523、RRIM600、热研879、热研107、热研73397等品系。树龄11 a的热垦628胶园行间空隙明显,PR107可分辨出明显的行向,文昌217和RRIM600行向模糊,而热研73397胶园株行间完全封闭,无法区分株行向。
林下光照条件会影响林下植物的光合作用,进而影响其生长发育。由图2可知,无论东西行向还是南北行向,热垦628胶园的林下光照强度均显著高于热研72059等其他品种;在东西行向条件下,热研72059胶园的林下光照强度也显著高于其他品种。由图3可知,随着树龄增长(树龄<20 a),热垦628、热研106、热研73397等品系胶园的林下光照强度总体呈下降趋势。由图4可知,不考虑胶园行向影响时,树龄4~6 a、7~8 a、10~15 a的热垦628林下光照强度均显著高于PR107、热研72059、热研73397、RRIM600等其他品种;但树龄>15 a胶园中,PR107与热垦628林下光照强度差异不显著。
总体而言,随着树龄增长(<20 a),同一品种林段的林下光照条件呈明显下降趋势(图3)。但开割10 a后,热垦628林段的林下光照强度以相对光照强度(relative light intensity,RLT,即林下光照强度与空地光照强度的比值,RLT=4.0%)表示,仍显著高于刚刚达到开割年限的热垦525(RLT=3.1%)、热研73397(RLT=2.4%)、热研72059(RLT=2.3%)、热研106(RLT=1.9%)、RRIM600(RLT=1.8%)等品系。
树高和枝下高是反映树木垂直结构的重要参数[19]。由图5可知,热垦525、热垦523和PR107的树高显著高于其他品系,热研72059、热研73397和热研879树高差异不显著。不同品系橡胶树的枝下高差异较大,胶木兼优品系(热垦523、热垦525、热垦628)的枝下高显著高于其他品系,其中热垦523枝下高最大,其次为热垦628和热垦525,热研72059和热研879枝下高最小。
冠幅、冠长及其衍生指标是衡量树冠大小与形态的重要指标,也是决定株型的重要指标。冠幅是指树冠南北和东西方向宽度的平均值。树龄20 a的热垦628冠幅显著大于树龄18 a的其他品系。在树龄相同条件下,热研72059的冠幅显著小于热研73397和热垦525,但与热研879、热垦523和PR107差异不显著。冠长指树冠的纵向长度,即树高与枝下高的差值。冠长率是冠长与树高之比,是衡量树冠比例大小的重要指标。热垦523冠长率显著小于其他品系;热垦628冠长率显著大于热垦523,但显著小于热研73397、PR107、热研879和热研72059等品系;热研72059冠长率显著大于其他品系。树冠圆满度是冠幅与冠长之比,用于表示树冠的圆满程度,其数值越大,树冠越圆,反之越狭长。热垦628的树冠较其他品系更圆满,而热研72059的树冠最为狭长。
树干的一级分枝是从主干上长出的第一轮分枝,是构成乔木树形骨架的重要部分,其分布均匀性和数量对树木整体结构有重要影响。不同品系橡胶树的一级分枝数量差异较大,其中热垦523一级分枝数量显著大于其他品系,热垦628一级分枝数量显著小于其他品系。6个品系橡胶树的一级分枝角度差异较小,其中热研72059一级分枝角度与热研73397和热研879差异不显著,但显著小于热垦523、PR107和热垦525。
图6可知,相同树龄条件下,热垦628的树高始终显著高于热研73397。随着树龄(<20 a)增加,热垦628和热研73397树高持续增长,但是热研73397前期(6~11 a)树高增长幅度显著高于后期(11~20 a)。热垦628的枝下高显著高于热研73397。不同树龄枝下高的差异可能由立地环境差异导致,不同环境下,热研73397枝下高的差异(变异系数7.40%)小于热垦628(变异系数10.47%),说明热研73397分枝前的纵向生长受环境条件影响较热垦628小。
随着树龄增加,热垦628的冠幅持续增长,树龄20 a的热垦628和热研73397冠幅显著大于树龄11 a和6 a。不同树龄热垦628和热研73397的冠长率差异不显著,但热垦628的冠长率显著小于热研73397。不同树龄热研73397的树冠圆满度差异(变异系数19.14%)明显大于热垦628(变异系数9.25%)。二者树冠圆满度随树龄增长的变化趋势不同,幼龄热研73397(树龄<6 a)树冠圆满度较成龄时高,而树龄20 a的热垦628的树冠圆满度则较低龄时期(树龄11 a和6 a)低。
幼龄(树龄6 a)热垦628与热研73397一级分枝数量差异不显著,但树龄11 a和20 a的热垦628一级分枝数量均显著少于热研73397。另外,树龄20 a的热垦628和热研73397的一级分枝数量均明显小于树龄11 a和6 a,说明2个品系在生长过程中均存在自然疏枝现象。实际观察发现,随着树龄增加,热垦628相较热研73397,存在更明显的自下而上自然疏枝行为。幼龄(树龄6 a)热垦628和热研73397一级分枝角度差异不显著,但树龄11 a和20 a的热垦628一级分枝角度均显著小于热研73397。不同树龄热研73397的一级分枝角度差异不显著(变异系数1.80%),但是随树龄增加,热垦628一级分枝角度存在减小趋势,树龄20 a热垦628的一级分枝角度显著小于树龄6 a和11 a。考虑到热垦628明显的自然疏枝习性,说明热垦628树冠上部一级分枝角度小于下部。
郁闭度指森林中树冠在阳光直射下在地面的总投影面积(冠幅)与此林地(林分)总面积的比。激光雷达(light detection and ranging,LiDAR)技术对植被空间结构和地形探测能力较强,广泛应用于林业研究。利用激光雷达测量系统获取数据并处理后评估郁闭度,可计算树木对生存空间的利用情况、林木对光照资源的吸收效率及整个森林的生长发育状态。
从2.2.1的分析结果可知,与热研72059、热研73397、热研879等品系相比,热垦628植株高大,分枝位置高,冠长率小,树冠圆满度高,一级分枝数量少,一级分枝角度小,说明热垦628树体更加高大,树冠比例更小,树冠结构更加紧凑疏朗,相同种植模式下其胶园郁闭情况应应小于热研73397、热研72059、热研879等品系。为了验证此推断,利用无人机激光雷达分别获取不同树龄热垦628和热研73397胶园的点云数据,借助三维立体点云,从不同视角观察与比较二者的郁闭形态。
图7胶园点云俯视图可知,同一种植模式下,热垦628胶园郁闭度明显小于热研73397。2个品系幼龄胶园(树龄6 a)郁闭度均明显小于成龄胶园(树龄11 a和树龄20 a)。从俯视图还可看出,由于样地胶园多次受风害、寒害影响,树龄20 a的热研628和热研73397胶园林相完整度受到一定破坏,但其株间和行间郁闭程度仍明显高于低树龄胶园。
从株间视图可知,受株距限制,橡胶树株间树冠扩展可能受到抑制,幼龄胶园(>6 a)和成龄胶园单株的树冠在株间均存在严重交叉生长现象。由于热研73397树龄6 a和20 a的冠幅和一级分枝数量大于热垦628,其株间树冠交叉现象更严重。从行间视图可知,树龄<20 a的热垦628胶园行间均存在明显的空隙。虽然树龄<20 a的热研73397胶园行间也存在空隙,但明显小于热垦628,而树龄20 a的热研73397胶园行间空隙不明显。总体上,不同视角的点云均显示热垦628胶园的郁闭程度明显小于热研73397。
在遗传因素及生长环境的共同作用下,胶园林下光照主要受品系特性、种植模式、地理位置和季节变化[20]等因素共同影响。不同品系和树龄的橡胶树在株型结构上存在显著差异,这种结构差异进一步影响林冠的郁闭度及林下光照强度。此外,不同种植模式也会对橡胶树的株型结构和林下光照条件产生影响。袁淑娜等[21]提出,间作模式下的橡胶树与单作模式下的橡胶树在郁闭度和林下光照强度方面存在显著差异。在间作模式下,橡胶树之间的空间分布和冠层结构会影响林下光照的分布,从而影响光照强度,间作区域的平均光照强度显著低于裸地对照,约为51.3%~59.0%[22]。本研究结果表明,不同品系、不同树龄、不同种植模式橡胶树胶园的林下光照条件存在差异,但不同品系、不同树龄、不同种植模式下,热垦628胶园的郁闭度均显著小于热研72059、热研73397、热研879、RRIM600、热垦525等品系,且其林下光照强度显著高于热研72059、热研879、大丰95、PR107、热研73397、RRIM600等品系。
作物或林木株型是基因型与环境互作的结果[23-24],因此,剖析株型差异有助于揭示不同品系胶园林下光照条件差异的成因。本研究利用无人机机载激光雷达采集了热垦628、PR107、热研879、热垦523、热垦525、热研72059、热研73397等品系的三维点云数据,进而提取并计算了树高、枝下高、冠幅、冠长率、树冠圆满度、一级分枝数量、一级分枝角度等株型参数,以比较不同品系橡胶树的株型差异。研究结果表明,胶木兼优品系(热垦523、热垦525、热垦628)的树高和枝下高显著高于其他品系(热研73397、热研72059、热研879、PR107)。热研72059的树冠较大且狭长,一级分枝数量较多;而热垦628的树冠较小且形态圆满,一级分枝数量较少。尽管树龄20 a的热垦628与热研73397在冠幅方面差异不显著,但在冠长率、一级分枝数量和一级分枝角度上,热垦628均显著小于热研73397,这表明热垦628的树冠更为紧凑和疏朗。这可能是热垦628在相同种植模式下,林下光照条件优于热研72059、热研73397等其他品系的关键因素。从株型及林下光照条件综合来看,热垦628较其他品种更适合应用于林下间作模式。
森林(包括橡胶林)具有复杂的三维冠层结构,太阳光线穿过森林冠层后的辐射模式极为复杂,因此对林下光照进行模拟与预测难度较大。JIANG等[25]利用激光雷达点云生成的树体模型,结合实地测量数据构建数字森林小班,模拟了森林群体结构形态对树冠透光率的影响。XUE等[26]利用激光雷达点云和计算机图形学对森林冠层进行建模,将森林冠层表面分解为三角形元素,根据太阳高度角和方位角发射定向入射太阳光束,运用光线追踪算法模拟森林冠层内反射和透射光束的传播,并计算了森林样地的辐射通量。本研究同样证明了激光雷达技术在胶园林下间作研究中的应用前景。利用三维点云不仅能够解析不同遗传背景及立地条件下的橡胶树株型,还能够精准描绘胶园的三维结构形态。后续研究可借助森林数字孪生技术[27-28],对不同株型橡胶树品系及间作作物进行联合群体建模,利用光线追踪算法[29]对不同品系、不同间作模式胶园的林下光照进行模拟与预测,为间作胶园橡胶树品种的选择与栽培管理提供依据。同时,还可以研究太阳辐射在橡胶树与间作作物间的分配与竞争利用,为间作作物的选择及间作模式配置提供理论依据。
本研究针对天然橡胶市场价格低迷背景下,通过林下间作提升植胶经济效益的需求,对比分析橡胶树不同品系、树龄和种植模式胶园的林下光照条件差异,并从株型角度探讨导致这些差异的原因。研究结果表明,热垦628胶园的郁闭度显著低于其他品系,同时其林下光照强度明显高于其他品系。株型分析表明,胶木兼优品系如热垦523、热垦525和热垦628的树高和枝下高普遍高于其他品系。在3 m×7 m的种植模式下,热垦628的树冠结构更为紧凑和疏朗,这可能是其各树龄阶段林下光照条件均优于其他品系的主要原因。综合考虑株型结构及林下光照条件,热垦628是适合应用于胶园林下间作的优良品种。
  • 中央财政林业科技推广示范资金项目(琼[2024]TG05号; 琼[2022]TG05号)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630032022007)
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2025年第46卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.009
  • 接收时间:2025-07-21
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-21
  • 录用日期:2025-09-04
基金
中央财政林业科技推广示范资金项目(琼[2024]TG05号; 琼[2022]TG05号)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630032022007)
作者信息
    1.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南海口 571101
    2.海南省农业对外交流合作中心,海南海口 571199
    3.国家橡胶树育种中心,海南儋州 571737

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* 张红亮(ZHANG Hongliang),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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