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Article(id=1276618398452805700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276618341674520821, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743609600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1759939200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-09, onlineDate=1782299144613, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782299144613, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782299144613, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782299144613, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276618341674520821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='12', pageStart='2817', pageEnd='3084', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782299131077, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782299208862, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276618668385637092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276618341674520821, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276618668385637093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276618341674520821, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2898, endPage=2909, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276618398754795590, articleId=1276618398452805700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Resource Investigation and Model Construction of Wild Tea Trees in Hainan Island, columnId=1276618375086342172, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Germplasm Resources, Genetic & Breeding, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hainan Island possesses unique ecological conditions that nurture abundant wild tea resources. This study systematically investigated the distribution patterns and growth models of wild tea trees in Hainan through literature review and field surveys. Curvilinear regression analysis was employed to establish growth relationships among tree height (H), crown width (P), diameter at breast height (DBH, D), and basal diameter (d). Wild tea populations are distributed in Wuzhishan City, Baoting County, Qiongzhong County, Baisha County, Ledong County, and Lingshui County, spanning longitudes 108.85°E–109.91°E, latitudes 18.21°N–19.19°N, and elevations 357.0–1410.6 m. The population primarily occur in secondary forests and cultivated tea gardens, with significant canopy density fluctuations. The wild tea tree resources in the study area were mainly distributed in sheets, and 6915 wild tea trees were preliminarily investigated in 6 cities and counties, and the area with the largest number of wild tea trees was Wuzhishan, with a total of 4461 trees, accounting for 64.51% of the total. Wild tea tree diameter structure showed a normal distribution characteristic with grade II seedlings accounting for the main body (40.68%), followed by grade I seedlings (25.29%), and only 2.22% of the V–VI. large-diameter wild tea trees remaining, showing an obvious juvenile structure. Maximum crown width (11.5 m) and tree height (26.0 m) were recorded in Wuzhishan City, alongside the highest coefficients of variation for crown width (56.53%) and height (53.87%), with a crown-to-height ratio of 0.62. Optimal cubic regression models for growth relationships were: H=0.614+0.014C-0.258C2+2.13C3 (R2=0.488, h<700 m); H=1.949-0.001D+0.020D2+0.248D3 (R2=0.340, 700 m≤h<1300 m); D=-0.726+0.001d-0.024d2+1.026d3‌ (R2=0.887, h≥1300 m). The research would provide critical data for ecological monitoring in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, tea germplasm conservation, and green certification of tea industries. It also would advance carbon sink management under China’s carbon neutrality goals and highlights the urgency for scientific conservation and sustainable utilization of wild tea resources to enhance biodiversity and regional socioecological resilience.

, authors=null, authorsList=Mingzhu FU, Shangjia DU, Shengbo FU, Rong FU, Tingcong WU, Xia GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xia GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276618405071417429, articleId=1276618398452805700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=海南岛野生茶树资源调查及生长模型构建, columnId=1236256430219645304, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=种质资源与遗传育种, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海南岛作为中国唯一的热带岛屿省份，拥有得天独厚的自然生态条件，孕育了丰富的野生茶树资源。本研究以海南岛野生茶树为研究对象，通过文献查阅和实地调查相结合的方法，系统研究海南岛野生茶树资源的分布范围，并采用曲线回归分析法，构建树高、冠幅、胸径和地径之间的生长模型。结果表明：（1）海南岛五指山、保亭、琼中、白沙、乐东和陵水等市（县）野生茶树资源分布的经度范围为108.85°E~109.91°E，纬度范围为18.21°N~19.19°N，海拔范围为357.0~1410.6 m，主要分布于次生林和人工茶园中，郁闭度波动较大；（2）研究区域内野生茶树资源以片状分布为主，初步调查到野生茶树共6915株，其中，五指山的野生茶树数量最多，共4461株，占总量的64.51%。野生茶树径级结构呈现正态分布，Ⅱ级幼树占主体（40.68%），Ⅰ级幼苗次之（25.29%），Ⅴ~Ⅵ级大径级野生茶树仅有2.22%，显示出明显的幼龄化结构。（3）五指山冠幅最大值（11.5 m）和树高最大值（26.0 m）均高于其他调查地，其冠幅变异系数（56.53%）和树高变异系数（53.87%）也高于其他调查地，冠幅/树高比值为0.62；（4）海南岛野生茶树树高-冠幅、树高-胸径和胸径-地径最优回归曲线为三次函数曲线，表达式分别为：H=0.614+0.014C-0.258C2+2.13C3（R2=0.488，h<700 m）、H=1.949-0.001D+0.020D2+0.248D3（R2=0.340，700 m≤h<1300 m）、D=-0.726+0.001d-0.024d2+1.026d3（R2=0.887，h≥1300 m）。通过研究海南岛野生茶树资源分布特点，探讨野生茶树生长模型曲线回归方程拟合，为海南省国家公园生态监测、茶树种质资源库建设及茶叶产业绿色认证提供服务，助力“碳中和”目标下的热带森林碳汇管理与生态产品价值实现。同时，海南野生茶树在生物多样性保护、茶树种质创新及地方经济发展中具有重要意义，亟须科学保护与可持续利用。

, authors=

* 同等贡献作者

符明珠（1998—），女，本科生，研究方向：森林生态学

杜尚嘉（1991—），男，本科生，研究方向：植物资源保护利用及病虫害监测。

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* 郭霞（GUO Xia），E-mail：。
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符明珠（1998—），女，本科生，研究方向：森林生态学

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符明珠（1998—），女，本科生，研究方向：森林生态学

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杜尚嘉（1991—），男，本科生，研究方向：植物资源保护利用及病虫害监测。

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杜尚嘉（1991—），男，本科生，研究方向：植物资源保护利用及病虫害监测。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Growth pattern and selection of optimal model of Pinus tabulaeformis individual tree, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618428580491480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=47, issue=2, pageStart=49, pageEnd=52, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=68, authorNames=淑芳, 白玉娥, journalName=内蒙古林业科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=淑芳, 白玉娥. 林木不同时期生长发育状况研究进展[J]. 内蒙古林业科技, 2021, 47(2): 49-52., articleTitle=林木不同时期生长发育状况研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276618428697931993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=47, issue=2, pageStart=49, pageEnd=52, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=69, authorNames=SHU F, BAI Y E, journalName=Journal of Inner Mongolia Forestry Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHU F, BAI Y E. Research progress on growth and development of forest trees in different periods[J]. Journal of Inner Mongolia Forestry Science and Technology, 2021, 47(2): 49-52. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research progress on growth and development of forest trees in different periods, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276618419709538450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, awardId=KYYSLK2023-021, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省省属科研院所技术创新项目(KYYSLK2023-021), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276618419768258707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, awardId=WBHN-2023-015, language=CN, fundingSource=五指山市野生茶树资源普查与监测项目(WBHN-2023-015), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276618406136770648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276618406145159257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, companyId=1276618406136770648, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hainan Academy of Forestry (Hainan Academy of Mangrove) / Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Forestry Resources Monitoring and Application, Haikou, Hainan 571100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276618406157742170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, companyId=1276618406136770648, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=海南省林业科学研究院（海南省红树林研究院）/海南省热带林业资源监测与应用重点实验室，海南海口　571100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276618416677056642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Radar plot of DBH size-class distribution in wild tea tree at different sampling locations, figureFileSmall=TBuG8e96XjawKidkJqTKAQ==, figureFileBig=aMdrj55WoYm4/CDV1qHHow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618418304446595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同调查位置野生茶树径级结构, figureFileSmall=TBuG8e96XjawKidkJqTKAQ==, figureFileBig=aMdrj55WoYm4/CDV1qHHow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618418514161796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Crown width parameters of wild tea tree resources, figureFileSmall=z8LTHrjUlQnkIYWLBUEw3w==, figureFileBig=Rkeig7dRd8sg6aSVweFb4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618418694516869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, language=CN, label=图2, caption=野生茶树冠幅分布, figureFileSmall=z8LTHrjUlQnkIYWLBUEw3w==, figureFileBig=Rkeig7dRd8sg6aSVweFb4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618418782597254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Tree height parameters of wild tea tree resources, figureFileSmall=9cD2TKO2cKiR821JvLCO6w==, figureFileBig=LKzGwAETOUm7VbPffbdqNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618418849706119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, language=CN, label=图3, caption=野生茶树树高分布, figureFileSmall=9cD2TKO2cKiR821JvLCO6w==, figureFileBig=LKzGwAETOUm7VbPffbdqNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618418912620680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Geographic distribution of wild tea trees

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查位置Survey location经度Latitude/（° E）纬度Longitude/（° N）海拔范围Elevation range/m郁闭度Canopy closure/%生长环境Habitat
五指山109.368 607~109.674 70818.654 702~19.003 750357.0~1093.70.10~0.85次生林、茶园内、村路旁、人工林下
保亭109.606 198~109.614 55118.666 056~18.679 659644.0~853.90.50次生林
琼中109.520 046~109.768 34818.811 568~19.194 765397.3~1410.60~0.90次生林、村路旁、人工林下
白沙109.304 072~109.424 18018.207 956~19.048 917458.0~800.00.05~0.80次生林
乐东108.850 858~109.262 94718.741 459~18.896 267817.6~848.10~0.65次生林、茶园内
陵水109.879 831~109.906 88618.723 343~18.750 974949.0~1088.00.50~0.93次生林
), ArticleFig(id=1276618418979729545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

野生茶树资源地理分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查位置Survey location经度Latitude/（° E）纬度Longitude/（° N）海拔范围Elevation range/m郁闭度Canopy closure/%生长环境Habitat
五指山109.368 607~109.674 70818.654 702~19.003 750357.0~1093.70.10~0.85次生林、茶园内、村路旁、人工林下
保亭109.606 198~109.614 55118.666 056~18.679 659644.0~853.90.50次生林
琼中109.520 046~109.768 34818.811 568~19.194 765397.3~1410.60~0.90次生林、村路旁、人工林下
白沙109.304 072~109.424 18018.207 956~19.048 917458.0~800.00.05~0.80次生林
乐东108.850 858~109.262 94718.741 459~18.896 267817.6~848.10~0.65次生林、茶园内
陵水109.879 831~109.906 88618.723 343~18.750 974949.0~1088.00.50~0.93次生林
), ArticleFig(id=1276618419063615626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Statistics on number of wild tea trees

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查位置Survey location最大值Maximumvalue老树Veteran tree大树Large tree中树Pole tree幼树Sapling幼苗Seedling总计Total
Ⅵ级Ⅴ级Ⅳ级Ⅲ级Ⅱ级Ⅰ级
数量Quantity/株占比Proportion/%数量Quantity/株占比Proportion/%数量Quantity/株占比Proportion/%数量Quantity/株占比Proportion/%数量Quantity/株占比Proportion/%数量Quantity/株占比Proportion/%数量Quantity/株占比Proportion/%
五指山35.42567.578472.4134171.64119769.43214376.1867138.36446164.51
保亭30.01027.032521.557515.7631718.3939213.9470040.02151921.97
琼中26.625.4132.59102.1060.35240.8570.40520.75
白沙18.700.0021.724810.081659.572027.1832218.4173910.69
乐东16.300.0021.7220.42251.4540.14150.86480.69
陵水7.600.0000.0000.00140.81481.71341.94961.39
合计370.541161.684766.88172424.93281340.68174925.296915
), ArticleFig(id=1276618419139113099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

野生茶树数量统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查位置Survey location最大值Maximumvalue老树Veteran tree大树Large tree中树Pole tree幼树Sapling幼苗Seedling总计Total
Ⅵ级Ⅴ级Ⅳ级Ⅲ级Ⅱ级Ⅰ级
数量Quantity/株占比Proportion/%数量Quantity/株占比Proportion/%数量Quantity/株占比Proportion/%数量Quantity/株占比Proportion/%数量Quantity/株占比Proportion/%数量Quantity/株占比Proportion/%数量Quantity/株占比Proportion/%
五指山35.42567.578472.4134171.64119769.43214376.1867138.36446164.51
保亭30.01027.032521.557515.7631718.3939213.9470040.02151921.97
琼中26.625.4132.59102.1060.35240.8570.40520.75
白沙18.700.0021.724810.081659.572027.1832218.4173910.69
乐东16.300.0021.7220.42251.4540.14150.86480.69
陵水7.600.0000.0000.00140.81481.71341.94961.39
合计370.541161.684766.88172424.93281340.68174925.296915
), ArticleFig(id=1276618419235582092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Statistical parameters of diameter at breast height and ground diameter in wild tea trees

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查位置Survey location变量Variable最大值Maximumvalue/cm最小值Minimum value/cm平均值Averagevalue/cm标准偏差Standard deviation变异系数Coefficientof variation/%偏度Skewness峰度Kurtosis
五指山D35.45.08.04.657.230.873.29
d39.55.210.26.866.690.861.84
保亭D26.65.012.96.651.030.660.05
d39.28.118.38.143.991.351.96
琼中D30.05.010.14.544.431.483.31
d35.07.214.25.941.341.091.21
白沙D18.25.07.42.736.962.095.20
d22.36.513.68.159.66-0.560.45
乐东D16.35.112.64.535.73-1.602.43
d33.26.220.211.456.25-0.03-2.08
陵水D7.65.05.11.428.250.11-0.99
d8.45.85.81.830.240.351.56
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野生茶树胸径、地径参数统计分析

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调查位置Survey location变量Variable最大值Maximumvalue/cm最小值Minimum value/cm平均值Averagevalue/cm标准偏差Standard deviation变异系数Coefficientof variation/%偏度Skewness峰度Kurtosis
五指山D35.45.08.04.657.230.873.29
d39.55.210.26.866.690.861.84
保亭D26.65.012.96.651.030.660.05
d39.28.118.38.143.991.351.96
琼中D30.05.010.14.544.431.483.31
d35.07.214.25.941.341.091.21
白沙D18.25.07.42.736.962.095.20
d22.36.513.68.159.66-0.560.45
乐东D16.35.112.64.535.73-1.602.43
d33.26.220.211.456.25-0.03-2.08
陵水D7.65.05.11.428.250.11-0.99
d8.45.85.81.830.240.351.56
), ArticleFig(id=1276618419378188430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Statistical analysis of crown width and tree height parameters in wild tea trees

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调查位置Survey location变量Variable最大值Maximumvalue/m最小值Minimum value/cm平均值Averagevalue/m变异系数Coefficientof variation/%偏度Skewness峰度Kurtosis冠幅/树高Crown width/height ratio
五指山C11.50.23.056.531.151.860.62
H26.00.55.153.871.644.94
保亭C7.01.54.437.270.24-0.890.60
H11.03.57.429.74-0.43-0.68
琼中C9.01.03.550.430.48-0.320.51
H14.02.57.133.630.050.36
白沙C7.01.32.351.721.975.290.32
H14.62.57.331.340.691.49
乐东C6.03.53.749.08-0.06-0.780.82
H6.55.14.626.480.960.46
陵水C3.02.41.639.650.80-0.170.43
H6.22.83.721.851.593.41
), ArticleFig(id=1276618419474657423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

野生茶树冠幅、树高参数统计

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调查位置Survey location变量Variable最大值Maximumvalue/m最小值Minimum value/cm平均值Averagevalue/m变异系数Coefficientof variation/%偏度Skewness峰度Kurtosis冠幅/树高Crown width/height ratio
五指山C11.50.23.056.531.151.860.62
H26.00.55.153.871.644.94
保亭C7.01.54.437.270.24-0.890.60
H11.03.57.429.74-0.43-0.68
琼中C9.01.03.550.430.48-0.320.51
H14.02.57.133.630.050.36
白沙C7.01.32.351.721.975.290.32
H14.62.57.331.340.691.49
乐东C6.03.53.749.08-0.06-0.780.82
H6.55.14.626.480.960.46
陵水C3.02.41.639.650.80-0.170.43
H6.22.83.721.851.593.41
), ArticleFig(id=1276618419550154896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Translation of curve fitting equations for morphological indicators of wild tea trees at different altitudes

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海拔Altitude/m形态学指标Morphological indicators回归方程Regression equationR2F
h<700H-CH=0.614+0.014C-0.258C2+2.13C30.488358.466
H-DH=-3.202+0.002D-0.101D2+1.749D30.25182.248
D-dIn D=2.705-6.534*（1/d）0.412509.768
700≤h<1300H-CH=2.824-0.004C+0.086C2+0.789C30.434257.235
H-DH=1.949-0.001D+0.020D2+0.248D30.340103.226
D-dD=1.001+0.003d2+0.691d30.664358.024
h≥1300H-CH=6.574-0.023C+0.316C2-0.796C30.2568.454
H-DH=0.853+0.001D-0.054D2+1.100D30.52224.285
D-dD=-0.726+0.001d-0.024d2+1.026d30.887168.035
), ArticleFig(id=1276618419613069457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618398452805700, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同海拔野生茶树形态学指标曲线拟合方程

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海拔Altitude/m形态学指标Morphological indicators回归方程Regression equationR2F
h<700H-CH=0.614+0.014C-0.258C2+2.13C30.488358.466
H-DH=-3.202+0.002D-0.101D2+1.749D30.25182.248
D-dIn D=2.705-6.534*（1/d）0.412509.768
700≤h<1300H-CH=2.824-0.004C+0.086C2+0.789C30.434257.235
H-DH=1.949-0.001D+0.020D2+0.248D30.340103.226
D-dD=1.001+0.003d2+0.691d30.664358.024
h≥1300H-CH=6.574-0.023C+0.316C2-0.796C30.2568.454
H-DH=0.853+0.001D-0.054D2+1.100D30.52224.285
D-dD=-0.726+0.001d-0.024d2+1.026d30.887168.035
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海南岛野生茶树资源调查及生长模型构建
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符明珠 , 杜尚嘉 , 符生波 , 符溶 , 吴挺聪 , 郭霞 **
热带作物学报 | 种质资源与遗传育种 2025,46(12): 2898-2909
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热带作物学报 |种质资源与遗传育种 2025 , 46 (12) : 2898 -2909
海南岛野生茶树资源调查及生长模型构建
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符明珠（1998—），女，本科生，研究方向：森林生态学

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符明珠（1998—），女，本科生，研究方向：森林生态学

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杜尚嘉（1991—），男，本科生，研究方向：植物资源保护利用及病虫害监测。

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杜尚嘉（1991—），男，本科生，研究方向：植物资源保护利用及病虫害监测。

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符明珠, 杜尚嘉, 符生波, 符溶, 吴挺聪, 郭霞**
作者信息
  • 海南省林业科学研究院（海南省红树林研究院）/海南省热带林业资源监测与应用重点实验室，海南海口　571100
通讯作者:
* 郭霞（GUO Xia），E-mail：。
Resource Investigation and Model Construction of Wild Tea Trees in Hainan Island
Mingzhu FU, Shangjia DU, Shengbo FU, Rong FU, Tingcong WU, Xia GUO**
Affiliations
  • Hainan Academy of Forestry (Hainan Academy of Mangrove) / Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Forestry Resources Monitoring and Application, Haikou, Hainan 571100, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.008
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海南岛作为中国唯一的热带岛屿省份，拥有得天独厚的自然生态条件，孕育了丰富的野生茶树资源。本研究以海南岛野生茶树为研究对象，通过文献查阅和实地调查相结合的方法，系统研究海南岛野生茶树资源的分布范围，并采用曲线回归分析法，构建树高、冠幅、胸径和地径之间的生长模型。结果表明：（1）海南岛五指山、保亭、琼中、白沙、乐东和陵水等市（县）野生茶树资源分布的经度范围为108.85°E~109.91°E，纬度范围为18.21°N~19.19°N，海拔范围为357.0~1410.6 m，主要分布于次生林和人工茶园中，郁闭度波动较大；（2）研究区域内野生茶树资源以片状分布为主，初步调查到野生茶树共6915株，其中，五指山的野生茶树数量最多，共4461株，占总量的64.51%。野生茶树径级结构呈现正态分布，Ⅱ级幼树占主体（40.68%），Ⅰ级幼苗次之（25.29%），Ⅴ~Ⅵ级大径级野生茶树仅有2.22%，显示出明显的幼龄化结构。（3）五指山冠幅最大值（11.5 m）和树高最大值（26.0 m）均高于其他调查地，其冠幅变异系数（56.53%）和树高变异系数（53.87%）也高于其他调查地，冠幅/树高比值为0.62；（4）海南岛野生茶树树高-冠幅、树高-胸径和胸径-地径最优回归曲线为三次函数曲线，表达式分别为：H=0.614+0.014C-0.258C2+2.13C3（R2=0.488，h<700 m）、H=1.949-0.001D+0.020D2+0.248D3（R2=0.340，700 m≤h<1300 m）、D=-0.726+0.001d-0.024d2+1.026d3（R2=0.887，h≥1300 m）。通过研究海南岛野生茶树资源分布特点，探讨野生茶树生长模型曲线回归方程拟合，为海南省国家公园生态监测、茶树种质资源库建设及茶叶产业绿色认证提供服务，助力“碳中和”目标下的热带森林碳汇管理与生态产品价值实现。同时，海南野生茶树在生物多样性保护、茶树种质创新及地方经济发展中具有重要意义，亟须科学保护与可持续利用。

野生茶树  /  资源调查  /  曲线回归分析  /  模型构建

Hainan Island possesses unique ecological conditions that nurture abundant wild tea resources. This study systematically investigated the distribution patterns and growth models of wild tea trees in Hainan through literature review and field surveys. Curvilinear regression analysis was employed to establish growth relationships among tree height (H), crown width (P), diameter at breast height (DBH, D), and basal diameter (d). Wild tea populations are distributed in Wuzhishan City, Baoting County, Qiongzhong County, Baisha County, Ledong County, and Lingshui County, spanning longitudes 108.85°E–109.91°E, latitudes 18.21°N–19.19°N, and elevations 357.0–1410.6 m. The population primarily occur in secondary forests and cultivated tea gardens, with significant canopy density fluctuations. The wild tea tree resources in the study area were mainly distributed in sheets, and 6915 wild tea trees were preliminarily investigated in 6 cities and counties, and the area with the largest number of wild tea trees was Wuzhishan, with a total of 4461 trees, accounting for 64.51% of the total. Wild tea tree diameter structure showed a normal distribution characteristic with grade II seedlings accounting for the main body (40.68%), followed by grade I seedlings (25.29%), and only 2.22% of the V–VI. large-diameter wild tea trees remaining, showing an obvious juvenile structure. Maximum crown width (11.5 m) and tree height (26.0 m) were recorded in Wuzhishan City, alongside the highest coefficients of variation for crown width (56.53%) and height (53.87%), with a crown-to-height ratio of 0.62. Optimal cubic regression models for growth relationships were: H=0.614+0.014C-0.258C2+2.13C3 (R2=0.488, h<700 m); H=1.949-0.001D+0.020D2+0.248D3 (R2=0.340, 700 m≤h<1300 m); D=-0.726+0.001d-0.024d2+1.026d3‌ (R2=0.887, h≥1300 m). The research would provide critical data for ecological monitoring in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, tea germplasm conservation, and green certification of tea industries. It also would advance carbon sink management under China’s carbon neutrality goals and highlights the urgency for scientific conservation and sustainable utilization of wild tea resources to enhance biodiversity and regional socioecological resilience.

wild tea tree  /  resource inventory  /  curvilinear regression analysis  /  model construction
符明珠, 杜尚嘉, 符生波, 符溶, 吴挺聪, 郭霞. 海南岛野生茶树资源调查及生长模型构建. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (12) : 2898 -2909 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.008
Mingzhu FU, Shangjia DU, Shengbo FU, Rong FU, Tingcong WU, Xia GUO. Resource Investigation and Model Construction of Wild Tea Trees in Hainan Island[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (12) : 2898 -2909 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.008
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我国是茶树起源的中心，野生茶树在云南、湖南、重庆、广东、福建、贵州、海南等7个省（市）均有分布，其中海南岛野生茶树沿五指山、黎母山和雅加大岭三大山脉走向分布[1-2]。野生茶树属山茶科（Theaceae）山茶属（Camellia），2014年海南省有研究团队开展野生茶树资源调查，并初步鉴定为普洱茶（Camellia. sinensis var. assamica），分布呈现零散特征，树型为乔木或小乔木，主要以幼树、中树为主，径级结构稳定，大树和老树稀缺，叶片革质化明显，具备典型热带植物适应性及独特的抗逆生理机制。野生茶树资源分布受海拔、年均温及土壤pH等显著影响，种群密度与林冠郁闭度呈正相关[3-5]。我国茶树种质资源的表型与分子标记研究进展[6]指出，海南大叶种、云南古茶树等特异资源在儿茶素及香气成分上表现突出，为优质品种选育提供关键材料。针对海南茶树原始材料的研究[7]证实其遗传多样性指数显著高于内地栽培品种，且耐高温特性突出。因此，茶树种质资源对于茶树的育种、遗传研究以及实际生产至关重要，是推动茶产业持续发展和创新的核心潜力[8]。
海南茶产业链相对薄弱，品牌认知度相对较低，为提升竞争力，海南省人民政府在《海南省大叶茶全产业链发展三年行动方案（2023—2025年）》中明确提出，要积极保护野生茶树资源，开展野生茶树资源普查，打造“茶旅融合”及“跨境电商+地理标志”模式[9]。除病虫害侵袭以及环境变化影响外，海南岛野生茶树存在长期且不间断的修枝、茶青采集等人为活动干扰。同时有研究表明，现存野生茶树种群存活曲线接近Deevey-I型，随径级递增其自然更新能力受限于高死亡率及生境破碎化[5]，因此，亟须对海南岛野生茶树资源进行调查，明确其分布状况和分布特点。研究野生茶树形态学特征，包括野生茶树树高、冠幅、胸径和地径等关键指标[10-12]，探究它们的相互联系，并建立回归模型，旨在掌握海南岛野生茶树形态特征及生长规律，为海南岛野生茶树资源的保护利用提供基础数据。
1　材料与方法
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1.1　材料
研究区域位于海南中西部地区，地处北纬18°~19°，属于热带雨林气候，涵盖五指山、琼中、保亭等地区，主要包括五指山和鹦哥岭等山脉，是海南热带雨林国家公园核心区，拥有丰富的生物多样性，是众多珍稀濒危物种的栖息地。该区域特有的物种包括海南长臂猿、海南坡鹿、海南苏铁等。这些物种的存在对维持生态系统健康和稳定至关重要。此外，该区域还拥有丰富的野生茶树资源，具有典型的茶树生长地域优势，是野生型茶树起源中心与核心分布地带。
1.2　方法
1.2.1　调查方法
（1）文献调查。主要参考茶相关的古诗词、历史记载和文献资料等进行调查。
（2）实地调查。通过资料核查、询问当地相关人员和实地考察，海南岛野生茶树主要分布在五指山、琼中、乐东等中西部地区，但琼北、琼东及琼南地区几乎无分布[5]，因此将五指山、保亭、琼中、白沙、乐东和陵水作为本次野生茶树资源实地调查的区域。采用单株调查法，对调查区域内野生茶树（胸径≥5 cm）进行编号挂牌，记录坐标点、数量、胸径、生长环境、海拔和郁闭度。
1.2.2　指标测定
（1）海拔和坐标点：使用A8 PRO坚固型北斗智能终端进行测定海拔和坐标点；（2）胸径（D）测定：胸径即离地面1.3 m处的茶树直径[5]，对胸径≥5 cm的野生茶树进行挂牌、测量胸径，统计胸径<5 cm的野生茶树数量；（3）地径（d）测定：参考古茶树林业行业标准（LY/T 3311—2022）[13]中地径测定标准，结合实际调查情况，野生茶树测定地径为根颈部位距离地面20 cm处的带皮直径；（4）郁闭度测定：郁闭度是用于量化森林覆盖密度的核心指标，其定义为乔木树冠垂直投影面积与林地总面积的比值，通常以十分法（0~1.0）或百分比形式表示，本次调查采用目测法[14]测定郁闭度。
1.2.3　数据分析方法
（1）数据统计方法。采用Excel 2021和SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析，其中偏度值、标准偏差和峰度值的计算公式如下：
①偏度值：；
②标准偏差；
③峰度值：
（2）冠幅、树高指标的划分标准。冠幅（C）：使用皮尺（规格为30.0 m）分别测量东西冠幅和南北冠幅，取其平均值作为测定的冠幅。冠幅指标划分标准：C<1.5；1.5≤C<3.0；3.0≤C<4.5；C≥ 4.5[15]。树高（H）：使用测高仪进行测量，树高指标划分标准：H<5.0；5.0≤H<10.0；10.0≤H<15.0；H≥15.0[15]。
（3）径级结构的划分标准。结合野生茶树生物学特性和生长情况划分径级[16-17]，各径级划分为：Ⅰ级为幼苗（DBH<1.0 cm；Ⅱ级为幼树（1 cm≤DBH<5 cm）；Ⅲ级（5 cm≤DBH<10 cm）和Ⅳ级（10 cm≤DBH<15 cm）为中树；Ⅴ级为大树（15 cm≤DBH<20 cm）；Ⅵ级为老树（DBH≥20 cm）。
（4）曲线回归模型拟合。采用y=a+bx（线性模型，linear model）、y=axb（幂曲线模型，power curve model）、y=a+b/x（逆曲线模型，inverse curve model）、y=a+bx+cx2（二次曲线模型，quadratic curve model）、y=abx（复合曲线模型，composite curve model）、y=ea+bx（增长曲线模型，growth curve model）、y=ea+b/x（S形曲线模型，S-shaped curve model）、y=aebx（指数曲线模型，exponential curve model）和y=a+blnx（对数曲线模型，logarithmic curve model）等9种模型进行曲线回归分析[18-20]。
2　结果与分析
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2.1　野生茶树调查文献分析
2.1.1　早期发现与初步调查
海南岛野生茶树的记录最早可追溯至20世纪50年代。1957年，中国科学院华南植物研究所的学者在五指山、鹦哥岭等原始森林中首次发现野生茶树群落，并初步鉴定为山茶属（Camellia）植物。20世纪60年代，杨小波[4]在《海南植物志》中正式记载了海南野生茶树的分布，将其归为普洱茶（Camellia. sinensis var. assamica）。
2.1.2　系统调查与分类研究
20世纪80年代，中国农业科学院茶叶研究所联合海南地方农业部门开展了系统性调查，确认野生茶树在海南中南部山区（如霸王岭、尖峰岭）广泛分布，并发现多个新种及变种[21]。1992年，张宏达教授在《中国植物志》中修订了海南茶树的分类，强调其独特的形态特征和遗传多样性[22]。
2.1.3　保护与可持续利用
21世纪以来，随着生态保护意识增强，海南省林业局联合科研机构对野生茶树资源进行动态监测，并在霸王岭国家级自然保护区设立核心保护区域[23]。2017年，李苑菱等[5]对海南岛野生茶树空间分布及种群动态研究，野生茶树主要分布在海南岛中西部山区。2018年，苏凡[24]以psbA-trnH叶绿体编码基因序列成功鉴定五指山市野生茶和普洱茶、白毛茶之间的亲缘关系，再结合叶、花、果实等外形特征，发现五指山市野生茶与普洱茶最接近，但应为普洱茶的一个变型，命名为海南五指山水满茶（Camellia sinensis var. shuiman F. Su and X. B. Yang），简称水满茶。2020年后，海南省政府推动“茶旅融合”项目，将野生茶树资源与生态旅游相结合，促进科学保护和可持续利用[23]。
2.2　野生茶树资源分布情况
2.2.1　野生茶树分布范围
通过实地调查五指山、保亭、琼中、白沙、乐东和陵水6个市（县），并记录野生茶树地理坐标、海拔、生长环境等相关信息，统计分析结果见表1。野生茶树经度覆盖范围为108.850 858°E~109.906 886°E，纬度覆盖范围为18.207 956°N~19.194 765°N，海拔跨度为357.0~1410.6 m，整体呈现由西南向东北递增的阶梯状地形特征。其中，琼中海拔变幅最大，幅度为1013.3 m，与五指山主峰垂直梯度（1867 m）形成生态过渡带；乐东则集中分布于949.0~1088.0 m高海拔区，反映热带山地云雾林的典型分布阈值。
五指山位于海南岛中部核心区，以中山地貌为主，属热带雨林气候，海拔高，纬度低，森林密布，光、热、水资源丰富，气候宜人，年平均气温为22.4 ℃，夏季平均气温为25 ℃，冬季平均气温为17 ℃；年降雨量为1800~2000 mm；相对湿度为84%；年平均日照为2000 h，为海南岛中部生态屏障的核心区域，野生茶树分布的郁闭度范围为0.10%~0.85%，主要分布于次生林、茶园内、村路旁、人工林下（橡胶人工林、马占相思人工林、槟榔人工林）。
保亭位于海南省南部，地处北纬18°，属热带季风气候区，长夏无冬，平均气温为25 ℃，年降雨量为2153 mm，森林覆盖率高达84.87%，野生茶树分布的郁闭度为0.50%，主要分布于次生林。
琼中位于海南岛中部偏南，属山地湿润气候，年降雨量为2440 mm，平均气温为23 ℃，湿度为86%，热带雨林覆盖率为78%，野生茶树分布的郁闭度范围为0~0.90%，主要分布于次生林、村路旁、人工林下（马占相思人工林）。
白沙位于海南岛中部西北，属热带季风性气候，具有热带山区气候特征，平均气温为23.5 ℃，年降雨量为1800 mm，极端低温为3.6 ℃，湿度为78%，野生茶树分布的郁闭度范围为0.05%~0.80%，主要分布于次生林中。
乐东位于海南岛西南部，属热带半干旱气候，平均气温为25.8 ℃，年降雨量仅为1000 mm，野生茶树分布的郁闭度范围为0~0.65%，主要分布于次生林和茶园内。
陵水位于海南岛东南部，沿海平原与内陆丘陵结合，属热带海洋性季风气候，平均气温为25.2 ℃，年降雨量为1500 mm，冬季温暖干燥，野生茶树分布的郁闭度范围为0.50~0.93，主要分布于次生林中。由于生长环境的差异，导致郁闭度变幅随之浮动，浮动范围最大为琼中，幅度为0.90。
2.2.2　野生茶树径级结构
野生茶树的径级结构是评估其种群动态、生态功能及资源可持续性的重要指标[25]。对目前调查数据分析，不同调查地点野生茶树资源的径级结构划分为6个等级，其中，Ⅵ级为老树，Ⅴ级为大树，Ⅳ级和Ⅲ级为中树、Ⅱ级为幼树，Ⅰ级为幼苗，其径级结构分布见图1。结合野生茶树数量统计（表2）进行数据分析，结果显示：野生茶树数量较多的区域为五指山，总数达到4461株，占总量的64.51%，且胸径最大的野生茶树（35.4 cm）出现在五指山。五指山野生茶树的径级I级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级、Ⅵ级的个体数分别为671、2143、1197、341、84、25株。野生茶树径级结构呈现典型的正态分布分布特征，其中Ⅱ级个体数占优势地位（占比为48.04%），Ⅲ级个体数次之（26.83%），Ⅰ级和Ⅳ级个体数占比呈现倍数（分别约为18.70%和15.20%），而Ⅴ级和Ⅵ级大径阶个体数仅占1.88%和0.56%，表明五指山野生茶树资源具有连续性和稳定性。
琼中野生茶树个体数量为1519株，占21.97%。野生茶树的径级I级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级、Ⅵ级的个体数分别为700、392、317、75、25、10株。野生茶树呈现“倒J型”径级结构特征，Ⅰ级幼苗个体数占优势（46.08%），Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级个体数占比相对均衡（分别为25.81%、20.87%），Ⅳ级个体数占比4.94%，而Ⅴ级和Ⅵ级个体数仅占1.65%和0.66%，表明琼中野生茶树径级结构以幼树为主，可能处于资源扩展的阶段。
保亭野生茶树资源总量较少，仅为52株，占0.75%。野生茶树的径级I级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级、Ⅵ级的个体数分别为7、24、6、10、3、2株。野生茶树径级结构分布呈“非对称单峰型”，Ⅱ级个体数占据显著优势（46.15%），Ⅳ级次之（19.23%），Ⅰ级与Ⅲ级比例相近（分别占13.46%和11.54%），而Ⅴ级和Ⅵ级个体数仅占5.77%和3.85%，表明种群处于活跃更新阶段。
白沙野生茶树资源总量为739株，占10.69%。野生茶树的径级I级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级、Ⅵ级的个体数分别为322、202、165、48、2、0株。野生茶树呈现典型的“倒J型”径级结构，Ⅰ级幼苗占绝对优势（43.57%），Ⅱ级幼树次之（27.33%），Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级个体数占比分别为22.33%和6.50%），Ⅴ级个体极度稀少（0.27%），未发现Ⅵ级野生茶树，表明该地区野生茶树径级结构具有发展潜力。
乐东野生茶树资源总量较少，仅为48株，占0.69%。野生茶树的径级I级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级、Ⅵ级的个体数分别为15、4、25、2、2、0株。野生茶树径级呈现正态分布的径级结构特征：Ⅲ级个体占优势（占比52.08%），Ⅰ级次之（31.25%），Ⅱ级较少（8.33%），Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级个体极度稀少（各4.17%），Ⅵ级个体未发现。表明乐东大径级野生茶树较为稀缺。
陵水野生茶树资源总量为96株，占1.39%。野生茶树的径级I级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级、Ⅵ级的个体数分别为34、48、14、0、0、0株。野生茶树呈现典型的“幼龄优势型”径级结构，Ⅱ级、Ⅰ级、Ⅲ级个体数量呈递减趋势。Ⅱ级个体占主导地位（50%），Ⅰ级幼苗次之（35.42%），Ⅲ级个体相对较少（14.58%），未发现Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级和Ⅵ级野生茶树。表明陵水野生茶树可能处于资源培育和初期阶段。
总体上，6个市县初步调查到野生茶树6915株，野生茶树的径级I级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级、Ⅵ级的个体数分别为1749、2813、1724、476、116、37株。该野生茶树具有正态分布的径级结构特征，Ⅱ级幼树占据主体（40.68%），Ⅰ级幼苗次之（25.29%），Ⅲ~Ⅳ级中径级野生茶树合计占比31.81%，Ⅴ~Ⅵ级大径级野生茶树个体仅存2.22%，显示出明显的幼龄化趋势。
基于不同调查地点野生茶树胸径和地径统计分析发现，各调查位置的野生茶树生长特征存在差异（表3）。五指山野生茶树胸径极值达35.4 cm，最小值为5.0 cm，地径极值达39.5 cm，最小值为5.2 cm，其地径变异系数（66.69%）与胸径峰度（3.29）显著偏高，表明该区域野生茶树地径生长异质性突出，径级分布呈现尖峰右偏特征，可能与局部优势木竞争或微生境差异相关。保亭与琼中野生茶树胸径均值分别为12.9 cm和10.1 cm，地径均值18.3 cm和14.2 cm。结合琼中野生茶树胸径标准差（4.5）与中等变异系数（44.43%），反映琼中野生茶树径阶分布相对集中。白沙野生茶树胸径偏度达2.09，指示小径级个体占优，林分更新进程活跃；而乐东野生茶树胸径负偏态（-1.6）揭示大径级林木占比提升，或与择伐干扰后次生林演替阶段相关。陵水野生茶树胸径均值最低（5.1 cm），且地径峰度为-0.99，呈现平顶型分布，揭示该区域可能处于幼龄林阶段或受持续性环境胁迫影响。上述量化指标为精准制定区域差异化保护措施、优化野生茶树空间结构及评估森林生产力提供关键参数支撑。
2.2.3　野生茶树树高、冠幅指标分析
在种质资源调查中，树高和冠幅作为林木表型特征的核心指标，其协同测定不仅为揭示种群遗传多样性提供形态学依据，更能通过量化种质材料的生长势与空间适应策略，二者结合可全面评估资源潜力、生态服务价值，并指导精准经营，实现林业的可持续发展[25-27]。本研究基于海南岛五指山、保亭、琼中、白沙、乐东、陵水等中西部山区6个市（县）的野生茶树冠幅分布数据（图2，图3）分析发现，五指山野生茶树冠幅呈多级梯度分布，C<1.5占比为10.57%；1.5≤C<3.0占比为37.77%；3.0≤C<4.5占比为31.61%；C≥4.5占比为20.05%，其中1.5~4.5 m冠幅个体占主导，占比为69.38%。保亭与琼中的野生茶树冠幅呈现显著的大冠幅优势，C≥4.5 m占比分别为42.86%和44.22%。白沙与乐东野生茶树冠幅结构呈现极端分异，其中白沙C≥4.5 m占比达66.67%；陵水野生茶树冠则以小中型冠幅为主，C<1.5m和3.0≤C<4.5占比分别为占52.00%和44.00%。
五指山野生茶树中，树高<5 m的茶树占比为51.33%，树高在5.0~10.0 m之间的茶树占比为46.59%，树高在10.0~15.0 m之间的茶树占比为1.66%，而树高≥15.0 m的茶树占比仅为0.42%。保亭调查结果显示，树高<5 m的茶树占比为19.05%，树高在5.0~10.0 m之间的茶树占比为76.19%，树高在10.0~15.0 m之间的茶树占比为4.76%。琼中野生茶树中，树高<5 m的茶树占比为15.07%，树高在5.0~10.0 m之间的茶树占比为73.37%，树高在10.0~15.0 m之间的茶树占比为11.56%。白沙野生茶树中，树高<5 m的茶树占比为33.33%，树高在5.0~10.0 m之间的茶树占比为66.67%。乐东所有野生茶树的高度均小于5 m；陵水野生茶树中，树高<5 m的茶树占比92.00%，树高在5.0~10.0 m之间的茶树占比为8.00%。
野生茶树冠幅、树高分析结果（表4）显示，五指山的最大冠幅值最高（11.5 m），同时最小冠幅值最小（0.2 m），而陵水最低（3.0 m）；平均冠幅值方面，保亭最高（4.4 m），陵水最低（1.6 m），这表明不同地点的冠幅生长存在差异；五指山的变异系数最高（56.53%），说明该地点冠幅数据离散程度较大；保亭的变异系数最低（37.27%），数据较为集中；白沙的偏度值最高（1.97），数据分布较为偏斜；乐东的偏度值接近0（-0.06），数据接近对称分布；峰度方面，白沙峰度值最高（5.29），表示该地点冠幅数据具有尖峰分布特性，而五指山峰度值（1.86）较低，峰态较为平缓。五指山树高最大值（26.0 m）和平均值（5.1 m）均为最高，而陵水树高最大值（6.2 m）和平均值（3.7 m）最低，这表明不同地点的树木生长状况存在显著差异。五指山变异系数最高（53.87%），表明该地点树高数据分布较为离散。而陵水变异系数最低（21.85%），表明该地点树高数据分布较为集中。五指山和陵水偏度值分别为1.64和1.59，表明这两个地点的树高数据分布均偏离对称分布，呈现出正偏态。而保亭偏度值（-0.43）略低于0，表明其树高数据分布接近对称；陵水峰度值最高（3.41），琼中的峰度值最低（0.36）。不同调查地点的冠幅树高比存在明显差异。乐东的冠幅/树高比为0.82，显著高于其他地点，这表明该调查区域的树木冠幅相对较大，可能与其生长环境和树种特性有关。白沙的冠幅/树高比为0.32，是这些地点中最低的，说明该调查区域的树木冠幅相对较小。五指山和保亭的冠幅/树高比分别为0.62和0.60，处于中等水平。琼中的冠幅树高比为0.51。
2.3　野生茶树形态学指标曲线回归分析
将海南岛中部地区按照海拔不同，划分3个不同类型植被垂直带：热带低地雨林（h<700 m）、热带山地雨林（700 m≤h<1300 m）、山顶苔藓矮林（h≥1300 m）[28]。统计不同海拔野生茶树树高、冠幅、胸径和地径的数据，通过绘制散点图，采用9种曲线模型建立的函数模型：①树高为因变量，分别以冠幅、胸径和地径为自变量的函数模型；②胸径为因变量，地径为自变量的函数模型。在不同海拔下，野生茶树形态学之间的相关性有所不同。结果如表5所示，当h<700 m时，野生茶树胸径与地径以“S”函数模型拟合最优，表达式为InD=2.705-6.534*(1/d)，R2=0.412。当700 m≤h<1300 m时，野生茶树树高与冠幅、树高与胸径、胸径与地径之间以三次函数模型拟合最优，表达式分别为H=2.824-0.004C+0.086C2+0.789C3，R2=0.434；H=1.949-0.001D+0.020D2+0.248D3，R2=0.340；D=1.001+0.003d2+0.691d3，R2=0.664。当h≥1300m时，野生茶树树高与冠幅、树高与胸径、胸径与地径之间以三次函数模型拟合最优，表达式分别为H=6.574-0.023C+0.316C2-0.796C3，R2=0.256；H=0.853+0.001D-0.054D2+1.100D3，R2=0.522；D=-0.726+0.001d-0.024d2+1.026d3，R2=0.887。
3　讨论
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3.1　野生茶树资源调查
《中国古茶树资源状况白皮书（2024）》显示，全国古茶树资源丰富，超5624万株（含树龄不足百年的野生茶树）[29]，1990—2003年期间，我国陆续建成了拥有10万多个数据值的中国茶树种质资源数据库系统，为野生茶树遗传多样性保护、种质创新和持续利用提供了重要依据，也为茶树种质资源共享平台的建设奠定了基础[30]。本次调查以文献分析为基础，实地调查海南岛中西部地区五指山、保亭、琼中等6个市（县）野生茶树资源，结果表明，五指山野生茶树数量较多，冠幅最大值和树高最大值较其他调查地点高。五指山作为海南岛野生茶树资源的核心分布区，年降水量和湿度较大，云雾遮蔽的散射光环境，契合茶树喜湿耐荫特性，与郭远安[3]对海南岛野生茶树的调查结果一致。李苑菱[5, 31]等对海南岛野生茶树空间分布、种群动态及种群生态学研究中指出，海南岛野生茶树资源主要分布在海拔900~1200 m；刘伟等[32]在郴州野生茶树种质资源调查报告中表明，野生茶树主要集中在海拔300~1400 m山地之间，与本次调查到海南岛野生茶树资源在海拔300~1400 m均有分布的结果吻合。五指山地区茶树冠幅呈多级梯度分布，反映次生林-茶园交错带的干扰梯度驱动茶树种群的分化选择。保亭与琼中则呈现显著的大冠幅优势，白沙与乐东冠幅结构呈现极端分异，陵水则以小中型冠幅为主，不同地区野生茶树冠幅分异受自然与人为因素共同驱动，其中人为砍伐与生境破碎化可能引发冠幅极端分异，同时野生茶树分布区域存在种内竞争、更新模式差异进一步强化空间分异格局。海南岛各茶树高度分异反映生境与干扰梯度，五指山、乐东和陵水以低矮茶树为主，可能与次生林演替阶段或适度人为干扰相关，保亭和琼中茶树呈现乔木化，白沙为中低冠层结构，表现出不同冠层格局反映生态恢复潜力与干扰阈值差异。海南岛野生茶树树高-冠幅结构呈现显著空间异质性，五指山树高极值与变异系数最高，反映生境异质性强。乐东冠幅-树高比高，表征开阔冠层优势，可能与低干扰或光竞争策略相关。陵水树高均值最低且分布集中，可能是指示强环境限制。研究海南岛野生茶树树高与冠幅的参数差异，揭示环境压力梯度与干扰历史，为野生茶资源保护与恢复提供量化依据。
3.2　野生茶树形态学指标曲线回归分析
为了解茶树生长规律，通过构建树高-冠幅、树高-胸径、胸径-地径函数模型，为今后实施科学合理的栽培管理提供依据[33]。本研究揭示了海南岛不同海拔下野生茶树形态指标相关性的显著分异，其规律与垂直带生境异质性和茶树生态适应策略密切相关，对茶树形态学指标进行曲线回归分析，提供不同生长指标间的数学模型，有助于预测和分析茶树生长趋势。本次研究结果表明，在热带低地雨林带（h<700 m），树高-冠幅、树高-胸径最优的拟合方程为三次曲线模型（R2=0.488、0.251），与李武峥等[11]、邱炳发等[34]和袁艳超等[35]对林木生长模型拟合结果存在差异，造成此结果的原因可能是由于地域和树种存在差异，同时反映出充足的水热条件，促使野生茶树通过快速高生长抢占林冠层空间，但不同林分空间分布格局存在差异，对环境资源竞争的能力受限，导致侧枝扩展受限，冠幅增长呈现非线性波动；而胸径-地径最优的拟合方程为“S”型函数关系（R2=0.412），则表明野生茶树优先将光合产物分配至地上茎干生长，基部增粗滞后于胸径发育。在热带山地雨林带（700 m≤h<1300 m），各形态指标普遍呈现更高确定性的三次函数关系尤其是胸径-地径的最优拟合R2为0.664，造成此结果可能是源于海拔上升带来的环境筛选效应，温度和云雾条件适宜条件下，野生茶树采取均衡生长策略，通过协调垂直生长、横向扩展和茎干增粗来应对光强波动和低温胁迫。特别是胸径与地径的高度协同，暗示茶树在季节性寒潮影响下强化了基部木质部的沉积，以提升抗冻能力。山顶苔藓矮林带（h≥1300m）的形态相关性表现出极端环境下的趋同适应特征，胸径-地径的三次模型R2高达0.887，在高海拔条件下，野生茶树的树型若为灌木型，通过测定野生茶树的地径进行胸径的推算，可进一步推算野生茶树树龄；此外，在外力作用下，反映了野生茶树通过基部优先增粗来增强机械稳定性，其生长物质分配显著向地下部倾斜[36]；而树高-胸径模型的较高解释度（R2=0.522）则反映了矮化成型的生存策略，同时维持主干增粗以提升茶树自身的抗逆性。这些形态协同机制体现了野生茶树对高山环境的适应，在胸径难以测定的条件下，可通过测定野生茶树地径后进行曲线拟合推算胸径，为野生茶树树龄的估算提供数据来源，对开展野生茶树资源保护具有重要意义。
基金
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  • 海南省省属科研院所技术创新项目(KYYSLK2023-021)
  • 五指山市野生茶树资源普查与监测项目(WBHN-2023-015)
文献
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2025年第46卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.008
  • 接收时间：2025-04-03
  • 首发时间：2026-06-24
  • 出版时间：2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-04-03
  • 录用日期：2025-10-09
基金
海南省省属科研院所技术创新项目(KYYSLK2023-021)
五指山市野生茶树资源普查与监测项目(WBHN-2023-015)
作者信息
    海南省林业科学研究院（海南省红树林研究院）/海南省热带林业资源监测与应用重点实验室，海南海口　571100

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* 郭霞（GUO Xia），E-mail：。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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