Article(id=1276618402819084874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276618341674520821, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757606400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1760457600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-15, onlineDate=1782299145654, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782299145654, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782299145654, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782299145654, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276618341674520821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='12', pageStart='2817', pageEnd='3084', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782299131077, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782299208862, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276618668385637092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276618341674520821, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276618668385637093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276618341674520821, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2817, endPage=2830, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276618403251098188, articleId=1276618402819084874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis of Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathways During Axillary Bud-to-flower Bud Conversion in Guifei Mangoes3, columnId=1236256430337085821, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Omics & Biotechnology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Flower bud differentiation marks a critical transition period in plants from vegetative to reproductive growth. During this process, flavonoids, a key class of secondary metabolites in plants, do not directly influence flower bud differentiation. Instead, they play a vital role in the morphogenesis and developmental regulation of flower buds, serving as an indispensable material foundation for the normal formation and development of floral organs. They regulate the internal environmental homeostasis required for mango axillary bud differentiation, creating suitable conditions for the transformation of axillary buds into flower buds. Through pathways such as adjusting hormone balance, mediating signal transduction, and maintaining stable cellular metabolism, they indirectly promote the transformation of mango axillary buds into flower buds with corresponding morphological and physiological characteristics. Building upon the research group’s prior findings, this study demonstrated that removing terminal flowers during mango axillary bud conversion could delay flowering. Flower bud differentiation marks a critical transition period in plants from vegetative to reproductive growth. During this process, flavonoid, a key class of secondary metabolites in plants, do not directly influence flower bud differentiation. Instead, they play a vital role in the morphogenesis and developmental regulation of flower buds, serving as an indispensable material foundation for the normal formation and development of floral organs. They regulate the internal environmental homeostasis required for mango axillary bud differentiation, creating suitable conditions for the transformation of axillary buds into flower buds. Through pathways such as adjusting hormone balance, mediating signal transduction, and maintaining stable cellular metabolism, they indirectly promote the transformation of mango axillary buds into flower buds with corresponding morphological and physiological characteristics. Building upon the research group’s prior findings, this study demonstrated that removing terminal flowers during mango axillary bud conversion could delay flowering. This technique effectively mitigates damage from late spring frosts and other cold weather events, offering a crucial technical approach for securing mango yields. To delve into the underlying regulatory mechanisms, axillary buds from the “Guifei” mango cultivar at the Gan Zhuang Town mango base in Yuanjiang county, Yuxi city, Yunnan province (23.4210°N, 102.57189°E) were used as the research material. Axillary buds were collected after apical inflorescence removal and subjected to integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis. This study examined gene expression and metabolic changes related to flavonoid biosynthesis following terminal inflorescence removal, revealing the association between flavonoid biosynthetic pathways and floral bud differentiation to effectively mitigate spring frost damage in mangoes. Results indicated that post-removal, gene expression changes in flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, including CHS1, CHI, F3'H, F3'5'H1, and F3H, affected the production of naringenin chalcone, naringenin, dihydroquercetin, cyanidin, pelargonidin,(+)-gallocatechin,2ʹ,3,4,4ʹ,6ʹ-pentahydroxychalcone, and pinobanksin. This indicates that the CHS1, CHI, F3H, F3'H, and F3'5'H1 genes accelerate the conversion of mango axillary buds into floral buds by regulating flavonoid biosynthesis, thereby promoting the formation of mango floral organs and providing new insights into the association between flavonoid biosynthesis and floral bud differentiation.

, authors=null, authorsList=Liuchun ZHAO, Mingjuan XIAO, Huajin ZHANG, Yunfei MA, Shaohe WANG, Lei PENG, Ling ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lei PENG, Ling ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276618409479639648, articleId=1276618402819084874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=转录组与代谢组联合分析贵妃芒果在腋芽转花芽中类黄酮生物合成途径, columnId=1236256430517440904, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=组学与生物技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

花芽分化是植物从营养生长向生殖生长转变的一个关键时期。在这一过程中,类黄酮作为植物体内一类关键的次生代谢产物,并非直接影响花芽分化,而是在花芽形态建成与发育调控中发挥重要作用,是花器官正常形成与发育不可或缺的物质基础。其调控芒果腋芽分化所需的内部环境稳态,为腋芽向花芽的转变创造适宜条件,通过调节激素平衡、介导信号传导及维持细胞代谢稳定等途径,间接推动芒果腋芽完成向花芽形态与生理特征的转变。本研究基于课题组前期发现,在芒果腋芽转化为花芽的进程中,通过芒果顶部摘花处理能够推迟芒果开花时间,从而有效避免倒春寒等低温天气的危害,为芒果产量保障提供重要技术方向。为深入探究其调控机制,以云南省玉溪市元江县干庄镇芒果基地(23.4210°N,102.57189°E)的贵妃芒果腋芽为研究材料,经顶花序摘除后采集腋芽,进行转录组与代谢组联合分析,探究摘除顶花花序后与黄酮类物质生物合成相关的基因表达及物质代谢变化,揭示黄酮类物质生物合成途径与花芽分化的关联性,以有效规避芒果倒春寒的损害。结果表明:摘花处理后,黄酮类生物合成途径中CHS1、CHI、F3'H、F3'5'H1F3H等基因表达变化对柚皮苷查尔酮、柚皮苷、二氢槲皮素、矢车菊素、天竺葵色素、(+)-没食子儿茶素、2',3,4,4',6'-五羟基查尔酮及松属素等黄酮类化合物的合成与代谢产生影响。推测CHS1、CHI、F3H、F3'HF3'5'H1基因通过调控黄酮类化合物生物合成,加速芒果腋芽向花芽的转化,促使芒果花器官的形成,为后续研究黄酮类化合物生物合成与花芽分化之间的关联提供新线索。

, authors=

赵留春(ZHAO Liuchun),女,硕士,研究方向:果树生理。

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* 彭磊(PENG Lei),E-mail:
周玲(ZHOU Ling),E-mail:
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赵留春(ZHAO Liuchun),女,硕士,研究方向:果树生理。

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赵留春(ZHAO Liuchun),女,硕士,研究方向:果树生理。

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figureFileBig=58vLTlSopZS9YIkanYn/4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276618420686820009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618402819084874, language=CN, label=图7, caption=类黄酮生物合成途径转录组和代谢组联合分析

有颜色标注为差异代谢物,其中红色表示上调,绿色表示下调。

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不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

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Primers for qPCR

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基因名称Gene nameID正向引物(5′-3′)Forward primer(5′-3′)反向引物(5′-3′)Reverse primer(5′-3′)
CHS1LOC123222546CATCTGCGTGAAGTGGGTCTTTCAGTCCGAGTTTGGCCTC
CHS2LOC123221035GCAACTCCTCCGAACTGTGTGCTTAGGGACCTCAACCACC
F3H1LOC123199757ATGGCTCCTGCAACTCTCACACCCCATTCTTCACACGCTT
F3H2LOC123194609ACCACTCTCACAGCTCTTGCTCACCCCTTCTGCCATCAAC
CHILOC123227022CGCTGAATCCAAAGCCATCGCCACCTTTCCAGATTCGCCT
DFRLOC123228680TCTTTCATGTCGCCACTCCCGGCCAGGGTCTTCGATACAA
ActinATCGCTGAGCACCTTCCAACACCAATCCTGACCTCTGACACTTCT
), ArticleFig(id=1276618421148193455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618402819084874, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

qPCR引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称Gene nameID正向引物(5′-3′)Forward primer(5′-3′)反向引物(5′-3′)Reverse primer(5′-3′)
CHS1LOC123222546CATCTGCGTGAAGTGGGTCTTTCAGTCCGAGTTTGGCCTC
CHS2LOC123221035GCAACTCCTCCGAACTGTGTGCTTAGGGACCTCAACCACC
F3H1LOC123199757ATGGCTCCTGCAACTCTCACACCCCATTCTTCACACGCTT
F3H2LOC123194609ACCACTCTCACAGCTCTTGCTCACCCCTTCTGCCATCAAC
CHILOC123227022CGCTGAATCCAAAGCCATCGCCACCTTTCCAGATTCGCCT
DFRLOC123228680TCTTTCATGTCGCCACTCCCGGCCAGGGTCTTCGATACAA
ActinATCGCTGAGCACCTTCCAACACCAATCCTGACCTCTGACACTTCT
), ArticleFig(id=1276618422830109360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618402819084874, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Differential metabolite expression in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway of axillary bud to flower bud conversion in various stages of sprouting fruit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代谢物MetaboliteID组别Group相对含量Relative content表达ExpressionVIPPP value
处理TCK
双氢杨梅素M301T510CK1 vs T111613794.582948246.68Up-regulation1.3970157810.002164502
CK2 vs T252113815.765199428.71.6002343780.015151515
CK3 vs T318508936.212682794.911.9304851290.002164502
柚皮苷查尔酮M271T633CK1 vs T111039843.834806669.55Up-regulation2.3682136720.002164502
CK2 vs T210152324.276552306.671.5694129690.025974026
绿原酸M355T359CK1 vs T164414279.2136266773.43Up-regulation1.722976928169710.008658009
二氢槲皮素M303T471158461163.8895080357.641.977459192234680.004329004
柚皮苷M271T61681094625.0229337719.942.305211864890030.002164502
(S)-松属素M257T712CK2 vs T29213887.7912010744.86Down-regulation1.728565971053810.015151515
圣草酚查耳酮M289T34723090063.0938886932.941.841658057563740.002164502
(2S)-甘草素M255T656CK3 vs T34151054.412767695.39Up-regulation1.199562999642990.008658009
矢车菊素M288T6304435836.413108790.911.140589622009460.041125541
天竺葵色素M271T54812951183.837411449.941.319114634875840.041125541
橙皮素M301T6098489613.16849280.831.902768751216020.002164502
(+)-没食子儿茶素M287T44511399168.484092056.551.461185982873930.015151515
木犀草素M286T628CK3 vs T34703924.757609236.12Down-regulation1.192869635169470.008658009
), ArticleFig(id=1276618422922384049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276618402819084874, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同时期芒果腋芽转化花芽类黄酮生物合成途径中的差异代谢物表达

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代谢物MetaboliteID组别Group相对含量Relative content表达ExpressionVIPPP value
处理TCK
双氢杨梅素M301T510CK1 vs T111613794.582948246.68Up-regulation1.3970157810.002164502
CK2 vs T252113815.765199428.71.6002343780.015151515
CK3 vs T318508936.212682794.911.9304851290.002164502
柚皮苷查尔酮M271T633CK1 vs T111039843.834806669.55Up-regulation2.3682136720.002164502
CK2 vs T210152324.276552306.671.5694129690.025974026
绿原酸M355T359CK1 vs T164414279.2136266773.43Up-regulation1.722976928169710.008658009
二氢槲皮素M303T471158461163.8895080357.641.977459192234680.004329004
柚皮苷M271T61681094625.0229337719.942.305211864890030.002164502
(S)-松属素M257T712CK2 vs T29213887.7912010744.86Down-regulation1.728565971053810.015151515
圣草酚查耳酮M289T34723090063.0938886932.941.841658057563740.002164502
(2S)-甘草素M255T656CK3 vs T34151054.412767695.39Up-regulation1.199562999642990.008658009
矢车菊素M288T6304435836.413108790.911.140589622009460.041125541
天竺葵色素M271T54812951183.837411449.941.319114634875840.041125541
橙皮素M301T6098489613.16849280.831.902768751216020.002164502
(+)-没食子儿茶素M287T44511399168.484092056.551.461185982873930.015151515
木犀草素M286T628CK3 vs T34703924.757609236.12Down-regulation1.192869635169470.008658009
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转录组与代谢组联合分析贵妃芒果在腋芽转花芽中类黄酮生物合成途径
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赵留春 1 , 肖明娟 1 , 张华金 2 , 马云飞 3 , 王少河 3 , 彭磊 1, * , 周玲 1, *
热带作物学报 | 组学与生物技术 2025,46(12): 2817-2830
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热带作物学报 |组学与生物技术 2025 , 46 (12) : 2817 -2830
转录组与代谢组联合分析贵妃芒果在腋芽转花芽中类黄酮生物合成途径
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赵留春1, 肖明娟1, 张华金2, 马云飞3, 王少河3, 彭磊1, * , 周玲1, *
作者信息
  • 1.云南农业大学园林园艺学院,云南昆明 650201
  • 2.华坪县芒果产业发展中心,云南华坪 674100
  • 3.元江县种植业发展服务中心,云南元江 653300
通讯作者:
* 彭磊(PENG Lei),E-mail:
周玲(ZHOU Ling),E-mail:
Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis of Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathways During Axillary Bud-to-flower Bud Conversion in Guifei Mangoes3
Liuchun ZHAO1, Mingjuan XIAO1, Huajin ZHANG2, Yunfei MA3, Shaohe WANG3, Lei PENG1, * , Ling ZHOU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
  • 2.Huaping County Mango industry Development Center, Huaping, Yunnan 674100, China
  • 3.Yuanjiang County Crop Production Development Service Center, Yuanjiang, Yunnan 653300, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.001
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花芽分化是植物从营养生长向生殖生长转变的一个关键时期。在这一过程中,类黄酮作为植物体内一类关键的次生代谢产物,并非直接影响花芽分化,而是在花芽形态建成与发育调控中发挥重要作用,是花器官正常形成与发育不可或缺的物质基础。其调控芒果腋芽分化所需的内部环境稳态,为腋芽向花芽的转变创造适宜条件,通过调节激素平衡、介导信号传导及维持细胞代谢稳定等途径,间接推动芒果腋芽完成向花芽形态与生理特征的转变。本研究基于课题组前期发现,在芒果腋芽转化为花芽的进程中,通过芒果顶部摘花处理能够推迟芒果开花时间,从而有效避免倒春寒等低温天气的危害,为芒果产量保障提供重要技术方向。为深入探究其调控机制,以云南省玉溪市元江县干庄镇芒果基地(23.4210°N,102.57189°E)的贵妃芒果腋芽为研究材料,经顶花序摘除后采集腋芽,进行转录组与代谢组联合分析,探究摘除顶花花序后与黄酮类物质生物合成相关的基因表达及物质代谢变化,揭示黄酮类物质生物合成途径与花芽分化的关联性,以有效规避芒果倒春寒的损害。结果表明:摘花处理后,黄酮类生物合成途径中CHS1、CHI、F3'H、F3'5'H1F3H等基因表达变化对柚皮苷查尔酮、柚皮苷、二氢槲皮素、矢车菊素、天竺葵色素、(+)-没食子儿茶素、2',3,4,4',6'-五羟基查尔酮及松属素等黄酮类化合物的合成与代谢产生影响。推测CHS1、CHI、F3H、F3'HF3'5'H1基因通过调控黄酮类化合物生物合成,加速芒果腋芽向花芽的转化,促使芒果花器官的形成,为后续研究黄酮类化合物生物合成与花芽分化之间的关联提供新线索。

贵妃芒果  /  摘花  /  类黄酮生物合成  /  转录组学  /  代谢组学  /  花芽分化

Flower bud differentiation marks a critical transition period in plants from vegetative to reproductive growth. During this process, flavonoids, a key class of secondary metabolites in plants, do not directly influence flower bud differentiation. Instead, they play a vital role in the morphogenesis and developmental regulation of flower buds, serving as an indispensable material foundation for the normal formation and development of floral organs. They regulate the internal environmental homeostasis required for mango axillary bud differentiation, creating suitable conditions for the transformation of axillary buds into flower buds. Through pathways such as adjusting hormone balance, mediating signal transduction, and maintaining stable cellular metabolism, they indirectly promote the transformation of mango axillary buds into flower buds with corresponding morphological and physiological characteristics. Building upon the research group’s prior findings, this study demonstrated that removing terminal flowers during mango axillary bud conversion could delay flowering. Flower bud differentiation marks a critical transition period in plants from vegetative to reproductive growth. During this process, flavonoid, a key class of secondary metabolites in plants, do not directly influence flower bud differentiation. Instead, they play a vital role in the morphogenesis and developmental regulation of flower buds, serving as an indispensable material foundation for the normal formation and development of floral organs. They regulate the internal environmental homeostasis required for mango axillary bud differentiation, creating suitable conditions for the transformation of axillary buds into flower buds. Through pathways such as adjusting hormone balance, mediating signal transduction, and maintaining stable cellular metabolism, they indirectly promote the transformation of mango axillary buds into flower buds with corresponding morphological and physiological characteristics. Building upon the research group’s prior findings, this study demonstrated that removing terminal flowers during mango axillary bud conversion could delay flowering. This technique effectively mitigates damage from late spring frosts and other cold weather events, offering a crucial technical approach for securing mango yields. To delve into the underlying regulatory mechanisms, axillary buds from the “Guifei” mango cultivar at the Gan Zhuang Town mango base in Yuanjiang county, Yuxi city, Yunnan province (23.4210°N, 102.57189°E) were used as the research material. Axillary buds were collected after apical inflorescence removal and subjected to integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis. This study examined gene expression and metabolic changes related to flavonoid biosynthesis following terminal inflorescence removal, revealing the association between flavonoid biosynthetic pathways and floral bud differentiation to effectively mitigate spring frost damage in mangoes. Results indicated that post-removal, gene expression changes in flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, including CHS1, CHI, F3'H, F3'5'H1, and F3H, affected the production of naringenin chalcone, naringenin, dihydroquercetin, cyanidin, pelargonidin,(+)-gallocatechin,2ʹ,3,4,4ʹ,6ʹ-pentahydroxychalcone, and pinobanksin. This indicates that the CHS1, CHI, F3H, F3'H, and F3'5'H1 genes accelerate the conversion of mango axillary buds into floral buds by regulating flavonoid biosynthesis, thereby promoting the formation of mango floral organs and providing new insights into the association between flavonoid biosynthesis and floral bud differentiation.

Noble Princess mango  /  flower plucking  /  flavonoid biosynthesis  /  transcriptomics  /  metabolomics  /  flower bud differentiation
赵留春, 肖明娟, 张华金, 马云飞, 王少河, 彭磊, 周玲. 转录组与代谢组联合分析贵妃芒果在腋芽转花芽中类黄酮生物合成途径. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (12) : 2817 -2830 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.001
Liuchun ZHAO, Mingjuan XIAO, Huajin ZHANG, Yunfei MA, Shaohe WANG, Lei PENG, Ling ZHOU. Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis of Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathways During Axillary Bud-to-flower Bud Conversion in Guifei Mangoes3[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (12) : 2817 -2830 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.001
芒果(Mangifera indica L.)是漆树科(Anacardiaceae)芒果属(Mangifera)的多汁核果,主要生长在海拔200~1350 m的山坡、河谷或旷野的林中,是世界上种植面积仅次于香蕉和菠萝的热带水果。芒果主要在印度、孟加拉、中南半岛和马来西亚等国外地区种植;国内主要分布在云南、广西、广东、福建等地[1]。芒果作为热带水果容易受阴雨低温等气候因素的影响,对花期进行调控是减少芒果受环境因素影响,从而提高果实质量和品质的关键手段[2]。果树栽培研究的关键切入点为花芽分化的时间,花芽分化作为芒果从营养生长向生殖生长转变的关键过程,对芒果的产量和品质起着决定性作用。花芽分化的质量和数量直接关系到芒果花的数量和花序质量。黄酮类化合物作为一类在植物界广泛分布的天然次生代谢产物,结构多样,具备多种生物活性[3]。多项研究表明,黄酮有较好的体外抗氧化能力,是一种很强的抗氧化剂[4-6]。此外,类黄酮物质还具有抗菌、抗炎、清除自由基等多种功效,是一种重要的次生代谢产物[7-8]。类黄酮化合物广泛存在于各种植物中[9],能对植物果实的内在品质产生作用,进而影响植物的价值[10-11]
花芽分化是植物从营养生长阶段(叶芽的生理和组织状态)向生殖生长阶段(花芽的生理和组织状态)过渡的关键生理阶段。在这一过程中,类黄酮作为一类重要的次生代谢产物,在花芽形态建成和发育调控中发挥关键作用,是花器官正常形成与发育不可或缺的物质基础[12]。在花芽分化启动初期,类黄酮合成途径中的关键酶基因查尔酮合成酶基因(CHS)的表达量在芒果花芽分化诱导期呈上调,从而影响芒果顶端分生组织的生理生化过程[13]。在泡核桃雌花芽分化进程中,类黄酮生物合成途径相关基因及代谢物质显著富集。其中,类黄酮生物合成途径的结构基因CHS、DFR、FLSF3'5'H发挥着关键调控作用,代谢物也更偏向黄酮类化合物分支[14]。花青素是一种广泛分布于各类植物组织器官的水溶性天然色素。在花芽分化阶段,花青素的积累会影响花器官的颜色形成,这一过程与类黄酮代谢途径密切相关[15]。在实际应用方面,花青素的显色变化为生产实践提供了极大便利,农户可通过直接观察花芽的显色情况(如芒果花芽从淡绿转为粉红、紫红的过程),直观判断花芽的成熟度,利于植株的栽培管理及生产。此外,类黄酮化合物还在植物花芽分化的抗逆过程中发挥重要作用。果树在叶芽转化为花芽之前,生长点内生理生化状态不稳定,植物代谢易受影响,而类黄酮化合物的积累能针对性缓解这些不利影响。当植物遭受干旱胁迫时,类黄酮化合物的积累能够有效防止植物因缺水而出现不利于植株正常发育的情况,对植物起到重要的保护作用[16]
类黄酮化合物的生物合成受到多种内外因素调控,如基因表达、激素信号、环境因素等[17-18]。相关研究表明,外界环境、激素以及MYB、bHLH、WD40等转录因子对类黄酮化合物合成有重要影响[19]。本课题组前期研究发现,在芒果腋芽转化为花芽的进程中,通过芒果顶部摘花处理能够推迟芒果开花时间,有效避免倒春寒等低温天气的危害[20-21]。本研究通过摘花的栽培方式,削弱贵妃芒果的顶端优势,调节其营养生长和生殖生长的关系,达到延迟开花的效果。运用转录组和代谢组学的分析方法,对经摘花处理的芒果花芽展开深入探究,旨在揭示类黄酮生物合成通路在花芽分化过程中所发挥的作用,为后续阐释类黄酮生物合成对花芽分化的影响机制奠定坚实基础。
以云南省玉溪市元江县甘庄镇芒果基地(23.4210°N,102.57189°E)的贵妃芒果腋芽为试验材料。选用的贵妃芒果树的长势及树体营养结构基本一致。
根据本团队前期研究结果(腋芽转花芽生理分化时间约为15 d)确定摘花处理时间为前期、中期、后期3个时期。本试验共设置2组,选取对照组和处理组芒果树各3株。对照组的3株芒果树花穗不做任何处理,处理组3株芒果树于2022年2月17日进行摘花处理,操作时从基部彻底摘除芒果枝顶端花穗,避免损伤顶部其他侧芽,并记录摘花后的花芽长势情况(图1)。2组均按照每间隔5 d采样1次,即2022年2月22日开始进行第一次采样(前期,T1);2022年2月27日进行第二次采样(中期,T2);2022年3月4日进行第三次采样(后期,T3)。采样时从树体前后、左右、上中下、向阳和遮荫多个方位随机选取25个枝头,除去花穗和叶片,放入密封袋,用液氮泡沫盒保存后带回实验室,置于–80 ℃冰箱保存。
对3个时期的处理组腋芽(T1、T2、T3、)与对照组腋芽(CK1、CK2、CK3)样本进行RNA提取,各样本均重复3次。提取后,检测RNA的浓度、纯度及质量。文库构建完成后,通过PCR扩增富集文库片段,选择大小为450 bp的文库。运用Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer分析仪检测文库总浓度与有效浓度。采用第二代测序技术(NGS),基于Illumina HiSeq测序平台对检测合格的RNA样品进行双末端(PE)测序。
精确称取200 mg样本,加入0.6 mL甲醇溶液(含4 μg/mL 2-氯苯丙氨酸),涡旋振荡30 s。向样本中添加100 mg玻璃珠,放入组织研磨器中,以60 Hz研磨90 s,随后室温超声15 min。将样本于4 ℃、12 000 r/min条件下离心10 min,取上清液经0.22 μm滤膜过滤,滤液转移至检测瓶进行LC-MS检测。采用ACQUITY UPLC® HSS T3 1.8 μm(2.1×150 mm)色谱柱,以0.25 mL/min流速、40 ℃的柱温进样2 μL,进行梯度洗脱。使用质谱检测器(Thermo Fisher Scientific,USA),配备电喷雾离子源(ESI),分别以正负离子电离模式采集数据。
使用公共数据和自建标准物质库进行物质的鉴定,得到代谢物定量结果。物质利用R语言ropls包进行多元统计分析,包括主成分分析(PCA)、偏最小二乘法判别分析(PLS-DA)、正交-偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)。以P<0.05且VIP>1为标准,经单变量统计分析筛选、鉴定差异代谢物。将筛选出的差异代谢物映射至KEGG网络数据库比对,选取匹配度最高的代谢物,开展代谢通路注释与分析。
取芒果腋芽组织提取总RNA,经反转录合成cDNA后,选取6个参与类黄酮生物合成通路的基因,以Actin为内参基因,开展qRT-PCR检测,引物序列信息详见表1
参照吴颂如等[22]的方法测定:脱落酸(ABA)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA)含量。
所有试验重复3次。使用Excel软件对原始数据进行统计整理,利用origin 2024软件制图。
2022年2月17日在元江县甘庄镇芒果基地摘除处于生长初期的芒果花穗,观察摘除芒果花穗以后的腋芽长势情况(图2)。2月17日摘花以后,不同时间花芽生长呈现出不同长势:2月22日,摘花后的腋芽部位有新的生长迹象,绿色芽点开始萌发;3月4日,芽点进一步发育,花芽基部膨大;3月14日,新的花芽开始形成,冒出芽体;4月4日,花芽生长旺盛,花穗逐渐发育;5月23日,果实生长,且呈现一枝多果的状态。
3个时期的芒果腋芽转录组分析结果(图3)显示,前期对照组(CK1)与处理组(T1)共有3634个差异表达基因,其中2215个上调基因,1419个下调基因;中期对照组(CK2)与处理组(T2)共有5159个差异表达基因,其中3013个上调基因,2146个下调基因;后期对照组(CK3)与处理组(T3)共有6063个差异表达基因,其中3316个上调基因,2747个下调基因。
为进一步分析以上差异表达基因(DEGs)的类型,分别对3个时期的芒果腋芽进行GO富集分析。GO富集分析结果(图4)显示,DEGs主要注释到三类GO功能[生物过程(BP)、细胞组分(CC)、分子功能(MF)]的20个亚类,不同时期关键富集亚类存在差异。CK1 vs T1的GO富集分析结果显示,CC中共10个亚类155个DEGs,其中细胞骨架(cytoskeleton)的基因数量最多,为271条,其次是超分子复合物,基因数量为216条;BP中共6个亚类317个DEGs,基因数量共1238条,其中细胞周期(cell cycle)基因数量最多,为420条,其次为细胞周期过程(cell cycle process),基因数量为295条;MF中共4个亚类155个DEGs,其中细胞骨架蛋白结合(cytoskeletal protein binding)的基因数量最多,为196条,其次是微管蛋白结合,基因数量为113条。CK2 vs T2的GO富集分析结果显示,CC中共9个亚类541个DEGs,染色质(chromosome)的基因数量最多,为278条,其次是细胞骨架(cytoskeleton),基因数量为271条;BP中共8个亚类560个DEGs,其中细胞周期(cell cycle)的基因数量最多,为420条,其次为细胞周期过程(cell cycle process),基因数量为295条;MF中共3个亚类1437个DEGs,其中DNA结合(DNA binding)的基因数量最多,为1198条,运动活性(motor activity)和微管马达活动(microtubule motor activity)的基因数量分别为65条和48条。CK3 vs T3的GO富集分析结果显示:CC中共8个亚类453个DEGs,其中染色质(chromosome)的基因数量最多,为278条,其次是微管细胞骨架,基因数量为186条;BP中共9个亚类577个DEGs,其中细胞周期(cell cycle)的基因数量最多,为420条,其次为细胞周期过程(cell cycle process),基因数量为295条;MF中共3个亚类76个DEGs,其中运动活性(motor activity)的基因数量最多,为65条,微管马达活动和DNA复制起点结合的基因数量分别为48条和17条。
分别对3个芒果腋芽对比组进行差异表达基因筛选,获得79个类黄酮生物合成途径的酶基因。进一步筛选后获得75个差异基因,其中查尔酮合酶1(Chalcone Synthase1,CHS1)、黄酮醇合酶(Flavonol Synthase,FLS)、类黄酮3ʹ,5ʹ-羟化酶(Flavonoid 3',5'-Hydroxylase,F3'5'H)、柚皮素-2-氧代戊二酸3-双加氧酶(Naringenin 2-Oxoglutarate 3-Dioxygenase,F3H)、无色花色素双加氧酶(Leucoanthocyanidin Dioxygenase,LDOX)和花色素苷还原酶(Anthocyanidin Reductase,ANR)含有的相关差异基因数量最多,分别为22、9、7、6、6、6;咖啡酰辅酶A O-甲基转移酶(Caffeoyl-CoA O-Methyltransferase,CCoAOMT)、类黄酮3'-单加氧酶(Flavonoid 3'-Monooxygenase,F3'H)含有的相关差异基因数量最少,均为1个(图5)。类黄酮生物合成途径的基因表达量除CCoAOMT呈下调表达外,其他参与类黄酮生物合成途径的酶基因表达量均呈上调表达,说明芒果摘花处理显著提升了类黄酮生物合成通路DEGs的表达水平。
通过比较3个时期对比组(CK1 vs T1、CK2 vs T2、CK3 vs T3)的差异代谢物,明确腋芽转花芽相关的差异代谢物质。结果显示,CK1 vs T1、CK2 vs T2、CK3 vs T3三组中共筛出243个差异代谢物,127个上调,116个下调。其中,后期(CK3 vs T3)的差异代谢物最多,共有108个差异代谢物,53个上调,55个下调。进一步筛选3个组的类黄酮生物合成途径的差异代谢物发现,CK1 vs T1中共筛选出5种差异代谢物,分别为柚皮苷、绿原酸、二氢槲皮素、二氢杨梅素、柚皮苷查尔酮;CK2 vs T2共筛选出4种差异代谢物,分别为二氢杨梅素、柚皮苷查尔酮、松属素、圣草酚查耳酮;CK3 vs T3共筛选出7种差异代谢物,分别为木犀草素、橙皮素、二氢杨梅素、天竺葵色素、矢车菊素、甘草素、(+)-没食子儿茶素(表2)。
分别对CK1 vs T1、CK2 vs T2、CK3 vs T3三组进行类黄酮生物合成途径中差异代谢物的差异倍数分析,结果(图6)显示,CK1 vs T1中筛选出的5种代谢物(柚皮苷、绿原酸、二氢槲皮素、双氢杨梅素、柚皮苷查尔酮)均呈上调状态,差异倍数分别为2.76、1.78、1.67、3.94、2.30;CK2 vs T2中筛选出的双氢杨梅素、柚皮苷查尔酮均呈上调状态,差异倍数分别为10.02、1.55,(S)-松属素、圣草酚查耳酮均呈下调状态,差异倍数分别为0.77、0.59;CK3 vs T3中筛选出的代谢物仅有木犀草素呈下调状态,差异倍数为0.62,橙皮素、双氢杨梅素、天竺葵色素、矢车菊素、(2S)-甘草素、(+)-没食子儿茶素均呈上调状态,差异倍数分别为10.00、6.90、1.75、1.43、1.50、2.79。二氢杨梅素在3个时期均呈上调状态,后期表达差异最显著;绿原酸、二氢槲皮素、柚皮苷仅在前期上调;(S)-松属素、圣草酚查耳酮仅在中期(CK2 vs T2)下调;(2S)-甘草素、矢车菊素、天竺葵色素、橙皮素、(+)-没食子儿茶素、木犀草素仅在后期(CK3 vs T3)差异表达,除木犀草素含量呈下调状态外,其他代谢物含量均呈上调状态。
3个时期差异基因与差异代谢物的联合分析显示,类黄酮生物合成通路存在多节点调控关系(图7)。(1)松属素(pinocembrin)与咖啡酰奎宁酸(caffeoylquinic acid)合成:松属素查尔酮(pinocembrin chalcone)经CHI上调合成松属素,松属素含量变化趋势与CHI相关基因表达模式相反;松属素查尔酮经CHS1上调合成肉桂酰辅酶A(cinnamoyl CoA),再经C4H上调合成对香豆酰辅酶A,最终经A3GT上调合成咖啡酰奎宁酸。其中咖啡酰奎宁酸含量与CHS1、C4H、A3GT表达趋势一致。(2)2',3,4,4',6'-五羟基查尔酮合成:对香豆酰辅酶A经CHS1、CCoAOMT等酶作用催化生成该化合物。其中,CHS1表达上调,CCoAOMT表达与化合物含量均下调,二者趋势相反。(3)柚皮苷及下游代谢物合成:对香豆酰辅酶A经CHS1催化生成柚皮苷查尔酮与异甘草素(isoliquiritigenin);异甘草素经CHI等酶作用生成甘草素(liquiritigenin)与布廷(butin);柚皮素(naringenin)经F3'H、F3'5'H1催化生成木犀草素(luteolin),木犀草素含量下调,与F3'H、F3'5'H1表达趋势相反;柚皮苷经F3H上调生成二氢山奈酚(dihydrokaempferol),再经F3'H、F3'5'H1催化生成二氢槲皮素(dihydroquercetin)和二氢杨梅素(dihydromyricetin),二者含量均上调,与F3H、F3'HF3'5'H1表达趋势一致。(4)花青素合成:二氢山奈酚、二氢槲皮素经LDOX、DFR上调生成无色花翠素(leucopelargonidin)和无色飞燕草色素(leucodelphinidin),上述无色花色素前体经LDOX、LAR上调生成天竺葵色素(pelargonidin)、(+)-没食子儿茶素[(+)- gallocatechin]和矢车菊素(cyanidin),三者含量均上调,与LDOXLAR表达趋势一致。(5)其他黄酮类合成:松属素、甘草素、布廷经F3H上调生成乔松素(pinobanksin)、加尔班佐尔(garbanzol)、二氢非瑟素(dihydrofisetin),三者含量与F3H表达趋势一致;乔松素经FLS上调生成高良姜素(galangin),加尔班佐尔经F3'H上调生成二氢非瑟素,二者再经DFR上调生成5-脱氧白花天竺葵素(5-Deoxyleucopelargonidin)、5-脱氧白花矢车菊素(5-Deoxyleucocyanidin),且二者之间可相互转化。
综上,CHS1CHIF3HF3'HF3'5'H1FLSDFR等差异基因通过调控上述代谢节点,影响柚皮苷查尔酮、二氢槲皮素、矢车菊素等类黄酮化合物的合成与代谢。
随机选取6个参与类黄酮生物合成通路的关键基因(CHS1、CHS2、F3H1、F3H2、CHI、DFR),通过qRT-PCR技术对其表达水平进行验证。结果显示,这6个基因在qRT-PCR与RNA-seq平台中的表达趋势一致,且关键节点的表达量变化规律相符(图8),表明本研究的转录组测序结果具有良好的可靠性和准确性。
图9可知,芒果摘花前(2月15日)的2组IAA含量(CK:75801.89 ng/g,T:75424.06 ng/g)接近,摘花后,对照组与处理组花芽内的IAA含量均先逐渐上升再逐渐下降,且处理组的降幅远低于对照组,这表明摘花显著抑制IAA积累,减缓其衰减。
芒果摘花处理组(T)与对照组(CK)的ABA含量变化存在显著差异。芒果摘花前(2月15日)处理组ABA含量(5408.66 ng/g)略低于对照组(6349.82 ng/g),摘花后处理组的ABA含量升至8123.32 ng/g,显著高于同期对照组(4169.88 ng/g),自2月25日起ABA含量呈下降趋势,3月12日降至999.96 ng/g,远低于对照组(9798.02 ng/g)。对照组的ABA含量呈先降后升再降的剧烈波动,处理组在摘花后呈现先上升后逐渐下降的趋势,表明摘花可改变ABA积累节奏,促使其前期温和上升、后期快速回落至低水平。
ABA/IAA的高低是影响植物生长发育的核心平衡指标。摘花前对照组和处理组的ABA/IAA接近(CK:0.08,T:0.07),摘花后对照组的ABA/IAA波动剧烈,处理组的ABA/IAA波动较平缓,说明通过摘花可调节ABA/IAA的变化,建立稳定的激素平衡环境,为花芽生长提供有利条件。
摘花处理后,对照组和处理组的GA含量变化趋势出现明显分化。处理组的GA含量波动幅度较小,始终维持在相对稳定的低含量水平,整体上呈先缓慢下降后短暂上升再下降的变化特征,仅在3月2日出现一次小幅上升(11938.41 ng/g),随后回落(7981.96 ng/g)。而对照组的GA含量自2月15日起呈持续快速上升趋势,至2月25日达到峰值(88010.71 ng/g),随后大幅下降至较低水平,整体呈现先急剧上升再剧烈下降的变化特征。表明摘花处理能够维持低GA含量状态,有利于芒果再次花芽分化。
在黄酮类化合物生物合成途径中,CHS作为类黄酮生物合成途径中的一个关键酶基因,其催化丙二酰辅酶A和香豆酰辅酶A生成查尔酮[23]。本研究中,摘花后CHS1基因表达上调,与柚皮苷查耳酮含量呈正相关,与2',3,4,4',6'-五羟基查耳酮含量呈负相关,这表明腋芽转花芽过程中类黄酮合成的调控存在复杂性。这与“CHS通过缩合前体单元形成黄酮类碳骨架”的结论[24]一致,但具体调控网络需进一步解析。有研究对红安久梨进行1-MCP处理,CHS含量在1周的成熟期间急剧下降[25]。而在本研究中,对香豆酰辅酶A在CHS1基因催化下合成柚皮苷查尔酮。CHS基因在摘除顶花以后表现出较高的转录水平。以上结果表明腋芽转花芽的过程与类黄酮合成是紧密联系且复杂的。此外,对香豆酰辅酶A作为类黄酮生物合成过程的起点,经TAT、SAT催化生成对香豆酰奎宁酸,再经CYP98A2生成咖啡酰奎宁酸。其中CYP98A2无显著差异,咖啡酰奎宁酸显著上调,推测可能存在其他代谢途径辅助该化合物的合成,这与青钱柳叶片中“对香豆酰辅酶A→对香豆酰奎宁酸→绿原酸→咖啡酰辅酶A”的途径[26]、“对香豆酰奎宁酸经HQT生成咖啡酰奎宁酸”的机制[27-28]既有共性又有物种特异性。
查尔酮异构酶(CHI)是催化查尔酮立体特异性异构化生成黄烷酮的关键限速酶[29],在黄酮类化合物(甘草素、柚皮素、松属素等)生物合成途径中具有重要作用,能够影响植物花色的形成[30],且转CHI基因可增强植物抗逆性[31]。有研究发现成功克隆的2个查尔酮异构酶基因MspCHI1MspCHI2均可催化柚皮素查尔酮生成柚皮素,其中,MspCHI1还能催化异甘草素生成甘草素[32]。在腋芽转花芽的进程中,异甘草素和柚皮苷查尔酮在CHI的催化下生成甘草素和柚皮苷。摘花处理后,柚皮苷是类黄酮代谢物中含量最高的,甘草素含量也显著增加,这表明摘花处理能够增加柚皮苷和甘草素的含量,进而提高植物的抗逆性,减少植物由于干旱、低温等逆境造成的伤害。不同的是,摘除顶花后CHI表达上调并且松属素含量降低,推断摘除顶花可能负向调控CHI的转录进而导致松属素含量的降低。F3H作为黄酮醇、花青素和原花青素三大类3-羟基黄酮类化合物的共同前体,在黄酮类生物合成途径中发挥关键作用,能够催化形成二氢山奈酚[33-34]。这类黄酮化合物对植物开花影响较大,参与花器官发育,决定花色形成。本研究中,摘花处理后F3H基因表达上调,催化二氢山奈酚、二氢槲皮素和二氢杨梅素的形成,与上述研究结果相同,进一步证明F3H能够促使芒果腋芽向花芽的转化。
花青素是一类广泛存在于绝大多数开花植物中的次级代谢产物,其生物合成源于类黄酮代谢途径[35],在花器官发育和花色形成中具有重要作用[36]。无色花色素双加氧酶(ANT17、ANS)作为植物花青素合成途径中的关键酶,在二氢黄酮醇-4-还原酶(DFR)等酶协同下,催化无色花色素生成花青素[37]。在地黄属植物中挖掘出的6个MYB转录因子(类黄酮生物合成通路的核心调控因子)在调控花青素合成中可能发挥重要作用,进而影响花器官颜色的形成[38]。在腋芽转花芽的进程中,无色花色素双加氧酶基因(ANT17、ANS)的表达水平显著上调,促进矢车菊素和天竺葵色素含量显著增加,说明摘花处理能够正向调控ANT17、ANS的转录进而增加花青素(矢车菊素、天竺葵色素)的含量,促进花器官颜色的形成。该研究结果与上述研究结果存在较大一致性。
花芽分化是果树成花的核心过程,其关键环节在于花器官原基的发育。花芽分化受遗传因子、激素、环境(温度、湿度、光照强度等)、树体营养状况以及栽培管理等方面的影响,这些要素彼此互作,共同调节花芽分化的进程与质量。植物激素(脱落酸、赤霉素、茉莉酸甲酯等)能够调控植物次生代谢[39],激素之间的平衡关系对花器官原基的发育具有重要影响,其相对比值的变化还可影响植物次生代谢,调节类黄酮等生物活性物质的合成,进而对花器官的发育进行调控[40]。如脱落酸、赤霉素和茉莉酸甲酯等激素已被证实可参与类黄酮代谢途径的调控。在栽培实践中,通过人工干预激素平衡可有效促进成花。有研究通过摘心的栽培手段消除葡萄的顶端优势,促进花芽高节位分化[41]。山梨醇(外源物质)能调节EjCAL基因表达,影响金丝桃苷(一种类黄酮)的生物合成,从而诱导枇杷花芽形成[42]。摘花处理会削弱芒果顶端优势,去掉顶芽这个主要的生长素来源,从而促进侧芽的生长和发育。摘花处理可通过调整植株的生长重心,在一定程度上削弱顶端优势,进而改变体内不同类型植物激素(如生长素、赤霉素、细胞分裂素等)的浓度与比值。这种激素平衡的动态变化,不仅影响植株光合作用[43],而且对类黄酮的合成速率、积累量及组分构成产生显著影响[44-45]。有研究表明使用矮壮素处理夏黑葡萄能有效诱导夏葡萄二季果的成花过程,其中,冬芽内表达量变化显著的基因包括参与类黄酮生物合成的关键基因STS6。类黄酮作为重要的植物次生代谢产物,其积累促进了冬芽的花芽分化与发育,是诱导葡萄二季果成花的重要机制之一[46]。本研究通过摘花处理的栽培手段调节植物激素的比值,这一处理影响类黄酮的生物合成,进而促使腋芽向花芽的转变,从而避免芒果受倒春寒的伤害,达到优质高产的目的。值得注意的是,摘花处理的方法和时机要把握得当,否则会造成树体的损伤和影响花芽分化的过程,甚至影响植物整体的生长规律。由此可见,植物激素不仅是调控植物成花过程的关键因子,同时也参与类黄酮的转化与积累过程,进而影响花芽分化的进程。因此,深入研究植物激素与类黄酮代谢之间的互作机制,对于揭示花芽分化的生理与分子调控网络具有重要意义。
  • 重大科技专项(202402AE090008-3)
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2025年第46卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.12.001
  • 接收时间:2025-09-12
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-12
  • 录用日期:2025-10-15
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    1.云南农业大学园林园艺学院,云南昆明 650201
    2.华坪县芒果产业发展中心,云南华坪 674100
    3.元江县种植业发展服务中心,云南元江 653300

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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