Article(id=1276616407076958509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616263778562546, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744819200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1752508800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-15, onlineDate=1782298669833, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782298669833, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782298669833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782298669833, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276616263778562546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='2549', pageEnd='2815', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782298635668, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782299117657, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276618285483426694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616263778562546, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276618285487620999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616263778562546, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2776, endPage=2787, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276616407362171183, articleId=1276616407076958509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Dynamic Emission Characteristics of BVOCs Released by Hevea brasiliensis of Different Ages, columnId=1236318328365577171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Agricultural Ecology & Environmental Protection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are important secondary metabolites released by forest plants, playing a crucial role in plant growth, development and environmental regulation. This study focused on rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) widely cultivated in Hainan Island. Using dynamic headspace sampling coupled with thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we systematically analyzed the emission characteristics of BVOCs and the environmental influencing factors across rubber trees of different stand ages (5, 15, 20 and 25 years). The diurnal variation of BVOCs exhibited a unimodal curve, with peak emissions concentrated between 10:30 and 13:00. BVOC emission rates decreased significantly with increasing stand age (5 years >15 years >20 years >25 years), and emissions during the rainy season were significantly higher than those during the dry season. The diversity of monoterpenes (MTs), other terpenes (OTs) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) decreased with stand age, while sesquiterpenes (STs) remained stable. BVOC emissions showed significant positive correlations with net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and light intensity (P<0.05), with light intensity being the primary influencing factor. The effects of air temperature and humidity on BVOC emissions increased with stand age. This study elucidated the age-related effects and seasonal dynamics of BVOC emissions in rubber plantations, providing a scientific basis for assessing the ecological and environmental impacts of tropical artificial forests.

, authors=null, authorsList=Dingcheng WANG, Chunyan WANG, Jianbo JI, Zongde YANG, Wen ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wen ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276616408616268091, articleId=1276616407076958509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=不同林龄橡胶树释放BVOCs的动态排放特征, columnId=1236292523270918153, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=农业生态与环境保护, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

生物源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)是森林植物释放的重要次生代谢产物,在植物生长发育和环境调节中发挥关键作用。本研究以海南岛广泛种植的橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)为研究对象,采用动态顶空采样结合热脱附-气相色谱质谱联用技术(GC-MS),系统分析不同林龄(5、15、20、25 a)橡胶树BVOCs的释放特征及其环境影响因子。研究表明:BVOCs日动态呈单峰曲线,释放高峰集中在10:30—13:00时间段;BVOCs释放速率基本呈现随林龄增长而显著递减的趋势,即5 a>15 a>20 a>25 a,雨季的释放量显著高于旱季;单萜烯类(MTs)、其他萜烯类(OTs)和含氧化合物(OVOCs)的种类随林龄增加而减少,而倍半萜烯类(STs)保持稳定;BVOCs释放与净光合速率、蒸腾速率、光照强度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),其中光照强度是主要影响因子;空气温湿度对BVOCs释放的影响随林龄增长而增强。该研究结果揭示了橡胶林BVOCs释放的树龄效应和季节动态,为评估热带人工林的生态环境效应提供科学依据。

, authors=

* 同等贡献作者

王定程(1983—),男,学士,工程师,研究方向:环境生态

王春燕(1983—),女,硕士,高级农艺师,研究方向:环境生态。

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** 郑文(ZHENG Wen),E-mail:
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不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=owA6EIk4E7YsV2iZ9XPfXQ==, figureFileBig=FKoDYG8GRBk+jX1VAVb4bA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616417910845807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616407076958509, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Daily variation of BVOCs components release in rubber tree of different ages during rainy and dry seasons, figureFileSmall=uuV0S9Cc9xjQMqj78q5kBA==, figureFileBig=pmdwCRfLRmmPKtkUNuKlHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616419638899056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616407076958509, language=CN, label=图3, caption=雨季、旱季不同林龄橡胶树BVOCs各组分释放的日变化, figureFileSmall=uuV0S9Cc9xjQMqj78q5kBA==, figureFileBig=pmdwCRfLRmmPKtkUNuKlHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616419743756657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616407076958509, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Daily variation of BVOCs components release ratios in rubber tree of different ages during rainy and dry seasons, figureFileSmall=PWu4q2+Wjor0GsTuQoqbHA==, figureFileBig=tD1IEQzeg58b/PG3nh//dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616419831837042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616407076958509, language=CN, label=图4, caption=雨季、旱季不同林龄橡胶树BVOCs各组分释放比例日变化, figureFileSmall=PWu4q2+Wjor0GsTuQoqbHA==, figureFileBig=tD1IEQzeg58b/PG3nh//dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616419940888947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616407076958509, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Principal component analysis (PCA) of BVOCs release and photosvnthetic parameters in rubber tree of different ages during rainy and dry seasons, figureFileSmall=GHk9v+tuyHwuzpe3ceycdA==, figureFileBig=yhU5xHSAyah02CoVC3sDBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616420041552244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616407076958509, language=CN, label=图5, caption=雨季、旱季不同林龄橡胶树BVOCs释放与光合作用参数间的主成分分析, figureFileSmall=GHk9v+tuyHwuzpe3ceycdA==, figureFileBig=yhU5xHSAyah02CoVC3sDBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616420133826933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616407076958509, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Situations of experimental plot of H. brasiliensis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
林龄Forest age/a定植年份Planting year割龄Tapping age/a位置Location经纬度Latitude and longitude
520170海南儋州西庆农场19°35'N,109°28'E
1520077海南儋州西庆农场19°35'N,109°28'E
20200212海南大学儋州校区试验农场19°30'N,109°28'E
25199817海南儋州西联农场19°38'N,109°33'E
), ArticleFig(id=1276616420230295926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616407076958509, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验区橡胶林概况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
林龄Forest age/a定植年份Planting year割龄Tapping age/a位置Location经纬度Latitude and longitude
520170海南儋州西庆农场19°35'N,109°28'E
1520077海南儋州西庆农场19°35'N,109°28'E
20200212海南大学儋州校区试验农场19°30'N,109°28'E
25199817海南儋州西联农场19°38'N,109°33'E
), ArticleFig(id=1276616420309987703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616407076958509, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Correlation between BVOCs release from rubber tree and related factors during rainy and dry seasons

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
林龄Forest age/a项目ItemPnGsCiTrT-airH-airPar
5BVOCs0.786**0.303*0.1570.654**0.2870.0230.936**
ISO0.785**0.2860.1420.659**0.337*0.0330.936**
MTs0.780**0.2650.1430.642**0.324*0.0630.937**
OTs0.705**0.440*0.1720.649**0.227-0.1030.825**
STs0.663**0.1560.1480.483*0.1190.0750.790**
OVOCs0.791**0.319*0.1440.673**0.2910.0460.919**
15BVOCs0.788**0.477*0.0170.551**0.637**0.0340.950**
ISO0.847**0.323*0.0250.596**0.604**0.0010.964**
MTs0.574**0.600**0.0400.454*0.473*0.2170.808**
OTs0.681**0.432*-0.1000.363*0.747**-0.2140.817**
STs0.875**0.375*0.1090.658**0.583**0.0640.948**
OVOCs0.673**0.426*-0.1310.349*0.752**-0.2320.768**
20BVOCs0.972**-0.0030.439*0.669**0.328*-0.2370.974**
ISO0.933**-0.0310.398*0.634**0.337*-0.2470.907**
MTs0.945**-0.0110.425*0.665**0.334*-0.2410.965**
OTs0.953**0.0170.441*0.651**0.291-0.2090.955**
STs0.950**00.437*0.656**0.333*-0.2380.964**
25BVOCs0.859**0.427*-0.0630.883**0.831**-0.496*0.959**
ISO0.860**0.372*-0.0890.855**0.820**-0.479*0.921**
MTs0.856**0.435*-0.0560.886**0.783**-0.627**0.944**
OTs0.786**0.415*-0.0440.837**0.829**-0.385*0.915**
STs0.846**0.379*-0.0890.795**0.704**-0.472*0.891**
), ArticleFig(id=1276616420398068088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616407076958509, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同林龄橡胶树BVOCs释放与相关因子的相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
林龄Forest age/a项目ItemPnGsCiTrT-airH-airPar
5BVOCs0.786**0.303*0.1570.654**0.2870.0230.936**
ISO0.785**0.2860.1420.659**0.337*0.0330.936**
MTs0.780**0.2650.1430.642**0.324*0.0630.937**
OTs0.705**0.440*0.1720.649**0.227-0.1030.825**
STs0.663**0.1560.1480.483*0.1190.0750.790**
OVOCs0.791**0.319*0.1440.673**0.2910.0460.919**
15BVOCs0.788**0.477*0.0170.551**0.637**0.0340.950**
ISO0.847**0.323*0.0250.596**0.604**0.0010.964**
MTs0.574**0.600**0.0400.454*0.473*0.2170.808**
OTs0.681**0.432*-0.1000.363*0.747**-0.2140.817**
STs0.875**0.375*0.1090.658**0.583**0.0640.948**
OVOCs0.673**0.426*-0.1310.349*0.752**-0.2320.768**
20BVOCs0.972**-0.0030.439*0.669**0.328*-0.2370.974**
ISO0.933**-0.0310.398*0.634**0.337*-0.2470.907**
MTs0.945**-0.0110.425*0.665**0.334*-0.2410.965**
OTs0.953**0.0170.441*0.651**0.291-0.2090.955**
STs0.950**00.437*0.656**0.333*-0.2380.964**
25BVOCs0.859**0.427*-0.0630.883**0.831**-0.496*0.959**
ISO0.860**0.372*-0.0890.855**0.820**-0.479*0.921**
MTs0.856**0.435*-0.0560.886**0.783**-0.627**0.944**
OTs0.786**0.415*-0.0440.837**0.829**-0.385*0.915**
STs0.846**0.379*-0.0890.795**0.704**-0.472*0.891**
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不同林龄橡胶树释放BVOCs的动态排放特征
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王定程 4 , 王春燕 1 , 姬建波 2 , 杨宗德 3 , 郑文 1, **
热带作物学报 | 农业生态与环境保护 2025,46(11): 2776-2787
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热带作物学报 |农业生态与环境保护 2025 , 46 (11) : 2776 -2787
不同林龄橡胶树释放BVOCs的动态排放特征
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王定程4, 王春燕1, 姬建波2, 杨宗德3, 郑文1, **
作者信息
  • 1.海南省农垦科学院集团有限公司,海南海口 570206
  • 2.海南大学生态与环境学院,海南海口 570228
  • 3.海南热带雨林国家公园管理局霸王岭分局,海南昌江 572722
  • 4.海南省环境科学研究院,海南海口 570100
通讯作者:
** 郑文(ZHENG Wen),E-mail:
Dynamic Emission Characteristics of BVOCs Released by Hevea brasiliensis of Different Ages
Dingcheng WANG4, Chunyan WANG1, Jianbo JI2, Zongde YANG3, Wen ZHENG1, **
Affiliations
  • 1.Hainan State Farms Academy of Sciences Group Co., Ltd., Haikou, Hainan 570206, China
  • 2.College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 3.Bawangling Branch, Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park Management Bureau, Changjiang, Hainan 572722, China
  • 4.Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 570100, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.022
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生物源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)是森林植物释放的重要次生代谢产物,在植物生长发育和环境调节中发挥关键作用。本研究以海南岛广泛种植的橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)为研究对象,采用动态顶空采样结合热脱附-气相色谱质谱联用技术(GC-MS),系统分析不同林龄(5、15、20、25 a)橡胶树BVOCs的释放特征及其环境影响因子。研究表明:BVOCs日动态呈单峰曲线,释放高峰集中在10:30—13:00时间段;BVOCs释放速率基本呈现随林龄增长而显著递减的趋势,即5 a>15 a>20 a>25 a,雨季的释放量显著高于旱季;单萜烯类(MTs)、其他萜烯类(OTs)和含氧化合物(OVOCs)的种类随林龄增加而减少,而倍半萜烯类(STs)保持稳定;BVOCs释放与净光合速率、蒸腾速率、光照强度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),其中光照强度是主要影响因子;空气温湿度对BVOCs释放的影响随林龄增长而增强。该研究结果揭示了橡胶林BVOCs释放的树龄效应和季节动态,为评估热带人工林的生态环境效应提供科学依据。

橡胶林  /  BVOCs  /  释放速率

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are important secondary metabolites released by forest plants, playing a crucial role in plant growth, development and environmental regulation. This study focused on rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) widely cultivated in Hainan Island. Using dynamic headspace sampling coupled with thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we systematically analyzed the emission characteristics of BVOCs and the environmental influencing factors across rubber trees of different stand ages (5, 15, 20 and 25 years). The diurnal variation of BVOCs exhibited a unimodal curve, with peak emissions concentrated between 10:30 and 13:00. BVOC emission rates decreased significantly with increasing stand age (5 years >15 years >20 years >25 years), and emissions during the rainy season were significantly higher than those during the dry season. The diversity of monoterpenes (MTs), other terpenes (OTs) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) decreased with stand age, while sesquiterpenes (STs) remained stable. BVOC emissions showed significant positive correlations with net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and light intensity (P<0.05), with light intensity being the primary influencing factor. The effects of air temperature and humidity on BVOC emissions increased with stand age. This study elucidated the age-related effects and seasonal dynamics of BVOC emissions in rubber plantations, providing a scientific basis for assessing the ecological and environmental impacts of tropical artificial forests.

Hevea brasiliensis  /  BVOCs  /  release rate
王定程, 王春燕, 姬建波, 杨宗德, 郑文. 不同林龄橡胶树释放BVOCs的动态排放特征. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (11) : 2776 -2787 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.022
Dingcheng WANG, Chunyan WANG, Jianbo JI, Zongde YANG, Wen ZHENG. Dynamic Emission Characteristics of BVOCs Released by Hevea brasiliensis of Different Ages[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (11) : 2776 -2787 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.022
生物源挥发性有机物(biogenic volatile organic compounds,BVOCs)是大气挥发性有机物的主要组成部分,主要来源于植物、动物或微生物的代谢活动,其中植物的释放量最大。BVOCs是植物的次生代谢产物,排放量远超人为源(AVOCs),且化学反应活性更强[1]。全球VOCs年排量约1.00×108 t,而BVOCs年排放量高达11.50×108 t,是人为源排放的10倍以上[2]。其中,森林贡献最大,年排放量约8.20×108 t,占全球BVOCs的70%以上[3]。BVOCs主要包括异戊二烯(44%)、单萜烯(11%)、醚类、酯类等[4]。全球陆地植被BVOCs年释放量约760 Tg C,其中热带地区异戊二烯和单萜烯的释放量分别占陆地总释放量的88%和83%[5-6]。BVOCs可与大气成分生成二次有机气溶胶(SOA),增强温室效应[7-9]。另外,部分BVOCs可杀死空气中的细菌,但其氧化产物(如臭氧、有机气溶胶、光化学烟雾)可能威胁人类健康[10]。BVOCs在大气化学、生态系统相互作用及气候调节中起关键作用。
随着全球气候变暖加剧,BVOCs作为重要的碳排放源,其对大气化学过程和碳循环的影响日益受到关注[11]。森林生态系统是BVOCs的主要释放源,其中人工林(特别是橡胶林)因其特殊的生态功能和广泛分布,在区域环境调节中扮演着重要角色。研究表明,橡胶林具有显著的BVOCs释放潜力,其排放特征受树种特性、林龄结构以及环境因子(如光照、温湿度、CO2浓度等)协同调控。其中光照和温度通过影响BVOCs合成酶的活性,进而影响植物BVOCs的释放速率[12-13]。橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)原产于亚马逊热带雨林,自19世纪50年代正式引入中国后,在海南岛、西双版纳等地区大面积推广种植。目前,我国橡胶林总种植面积达110万hm2,其中海南有52.83万hm2,约占全国橡胶种植面积的48%[14]。然而,当前关于橡胶林BVOCs排放的研究存在明显不足,一方面,现有研究多集中于区域或全球尺度,缺乏对特定树种(如橡胶树)的系统研究;另一方面,关于BVOCs动态排放特征,特别是林龄和季节变化的影响的认识仍十分有限。本研究通过系统分析橡胶树BVOCs的释放规律,重点探讨林龄梯度和季节变化对其排放动态的影响机制。研究结果将有助于完善热带人工林BVOCs排放数据库,为评估橡胶林生态系统的气候环境效益提供科学依据,同时为制定合理的橡胶林管理策略提供理论支撑。
研究地点位于海南省儋州市(19°11ʹ~19°52ʹN,108°56ʹ~109°46ʹE),属典型热带海岛季风气候,湿度较大,气温年较差小,且夏季多发强对流雨,7—11月为热带风暴高发期。旱雨季分化明显,5—10月为雨季,降水量占全年75%以上,年均降水量约1876 mm,平均湿度为79%~86%;11月至翌年4月为旱季。土壤为花岗岩类砖红壤,多为弱酸性砂质黏壤土,相对高度差较小,属于海南宜胶地,橡胶种植规模较大。
研究对象选用5 a(未开割)、15 a(开割5 a)、20 a(弃割)、25 a(弃割)等不同林龄橡胶林固定样地各1个(表1),且样地均无林下种植,种植橡胶品系均为热研7-33-97,旱季(11月至翌年3月)进行施肥、除草等胶园常规管理。橡胶林垂直结构单一且具有明显分层,上层为橡胶林乔木层,林冠高度为8~20 m,下层主要是一年生或多年生的草本和藤本植物,高度在1 m以下。野外试验期间,错开割胶周期,避免割胶人为干扰橡胶树BVOCs释放。
分别于雨季(6、7月)和旱季(11月)采集BVOCs气体。选取晴朗、无风天气时采样,确保采样时环境因子(光照、温湿度等)相近。利用动态顶空采样法,随机选取3或5株健康橡胶树的成熟叶片,每株选取1.5~2.5 m区间内的枝叶,采样点分布在东、南、西、北4个不同方位各采样1次,以排除风向、光照等影响。每次采样时,同时采集空白样品,并同步收集环境参数。从上午8:00开始采样,每隔2.5 h采样1次,直至17:30,每个时段采集12个或20个样品(25 a橡胶树采集12个样品,其他林龄样品数为20个)。采样过程如下:在透明的5 L Teflon采样袋的上端开直径1 cm左右的小孔并插入PTFE管,套于待测部位(植物枝叶或植物幼苗)。下端接入PTFE管连接的空气过滤组(顺序为活性炭、变色硅胶、二氧化锰)以过滤采样袋内空气并做好密封。开始采样前先接入上端抽气泵,密封下端进气口,将采样袋内抽气至近似真空(采样袋因真空发出异响),抽气过程约2~3 min。抽气结束后断开抽气泵,密封上端导气管,下端空气过滤进气口接入气泵,并向采样袋内输送已过滤的空气,至采样袋膨胀,送气过程约2~3 min。送气结束后断开气泵,上端依次接入吸附管(Tenax TA+a Graphitised Carbon Black,Markes)和大气采样仪(QC-2B,中国),采集流速为1 L/min,采样时间为30 min(图1)。采样结束后立即取下,密封并做好标记,于实验室内4 ℃低温保存,7 d内进行气体样品的分离与鉴定。采集橡胶树枝叶BVOCs样品后取下采集部位的叶片,置于自封袋内密封保存,于实验室烘箱内80 ℃连续烘干72 h,利用电子天平称取叶片干质量后,用于计算BVOCs释放速率。
(1)BVOCs样品的分离与鉴定。采用美国Agilent热脱附-气相色谱质谱联用法(GC-MS,7890A-5975C,USA)对采样管内的BVOCs样品进行分离鉴定。定性定量分析后参考GUENTHER等[2]提出的G93算法和YU等[15]的方法对单萜烯进一步分类,将物质归类为5个组分:异戊二烯(ISO)、含氧单萜(OTs)、单萜烯烃(MTs)、倍半萜烯(STs)和其他BVOCs(OVOCs),BVOCs表示总BVOCs释放。
(2)相关因子测定。在采集BVOCs气体的同时用Li-6400光合作用仪(Li-Cor Inc.,USA)对叶片进行6~9次测量,测定叶片光合作用指标:净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、细胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)。利用便携式温湿度计(DT-321S,中国)辅助测量环境空气温度(T-air)、空气湿度(H-air),利用光量子照度双辐射计(3415FQF,USA)辅助测定光照强度(Par)。
使用Excel软件整理试验数据,用SPSS 26和Origin 2021软件进行数据处理。通过LSD和单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)比较不同林龄橡胶树BVOCs释放的差异,采用Pearson相关性指数法分析BVOCs释放与相关因子的相关性,并对标准化的数据进行主成分分析,采用Origin 2021软件制图。
图2可知,雨季(6、7月)和旱季(11月)不同林龄橡胶树BVOCs释放日变化明显,呈现较为一致的变化趋势。在10:30—13:00时段,最大值均出现在5 a橡胶树,日变化分别为29.54、19.44 µg/(g·h),最小值出现在25 a橡胶树,日变化分别为6.24、2.06 µg/(g·h),雨季BVOCs释放速率约为旱季的1.52~3.03倍。在同一观测时段,橡胶树BVOCs释放速率均随林龄增长而显著降低的趋势,即5 a>15 a>20 a>25 a。在不同观测时段,不同林龄橡胶树BVOCs释放速率呈先升后降的变化趋势,峰值均出现在10:30—13:00时段,最小值在8:00—10:30或15:30—18:00。在相同林龄同一观测时间段,雨季的BVOCs释放速率显著高于旱季。由此推测,林龄、旱雨季对橡胶树BVOCs释放速率有较大影响。
图3可知,不同林龄橡胶树BVOCs各组分释放速率在雨季和旱季的变化趋势相似,但是各组分的变化趋势有一定差异,其中ISO、MTs、OTs和STs均呈先升后降的单峰变化,峰值出现在10:00—13:00时间段,最小值出现在15:30—18:00时间段。OVOCs在5 a和15 a橡胶树中的释放速率较小,并且在20 a和25 a林龄橡胶树中未检测到。
图4可知,随着橡胶树林龄的增加,ISO和MTs的释放量占总释放量的比例降低,而OTs和STs的释放量比例升高。即在雨季、旱季时,5 a和15 a橡胶树的ISO和MTs的释放量占总释放量的62%以上,而20 a和25 a橡胶树的OTs和STs释放量占总释放量的50%以上,其中相同林龄橡胶树的ISO释放量旱季高于雨季,而MTs释放量则雨季高于旱季;OTs释放量的占比为25 a>20 a>15 a>5 a;STs释放量占比为20 a>25 a>15 a>5 a。
表2可知,不同林龄橡胶树BVOCs释放与叶片光合参数(PnGsCiTr)和环境因子(T-air、H-air、Par)具有一定相关性。其中,不同林龄橡胶树BVOCs释放与光合参数Par、PnTr均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。15 a和25 a树龄BVOCs释放与T-air均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),而25 a树龄BVOCs释放与H-air呈显著负相关(P<0.05),表明温湿度对BVOCs释放的影响增强随林龄增长而占据主导。
图5可知,5、15、20、25 a不同林龄橡胶树BVOCs释放与相关因子的主成分累积贡献率分别为82.6%、78.1%、84.1%、84.5%。其中5 a橡胶树BVOCs释放在雨季、旱季之间的差异较小,主成分1中载荷量较高的因子为Par、PnTr;15 a橡胶树BVOCs释放主成分1中载荷量较高的因子为Par、PnTr和T-air,而20 a橡胶树BVOCs释放在雨季、旱季差异较大,主成分1中载荷量较高的因子为Par、PnTrCi、T-air、H-air,与BVOCs各组分释放具有一定的正相关性。25 a橡胶树BVOCs释放同样在雨季表现出较大的离散程度,主成分1中Par、T-air、TrPn的载荷量均大于0.78,H-air载荷量为-0.76,具有显著负相关性。由此可得,各林龄的BVOCs释放均与Par、PnTr表现出紧密的正相关关系。随着林龄增加,T-air与BVOCs释放的正相关性增强,而H-air在25 a时呈现出显著的负相关,表明环境温湿度的调控作用随树木老化而凸显。
本研究结果表明,不同林龄橡胶树BVOCs释放日变化明显,且变化趋势基本一致,呈现“早晚低,中午高”的单峰释放特征,释放速率的峰值出现在10:30—13:00,而且雨季的BVOCs释放速率显著高于旱季。这与海南红豆(Ormosia pinnata[16]的研究结论一致。YANG等[17]指出,BVOCs释放与树龄、叶龄和生长期有关。本研究还得出,不同林龄橡胶树BVOCs释放速率具有显著差异,随林龄增长而降低,即5 a>15 a>20 a>25 a,且在10:30—13:00时间段,5 a橡胶树的BVOCs释放速率是25 a橡胶树的4.73倍。幼龄橡胶树(5 a)的BVOCs释放速率显著高于老龄树(25 a),这与蓝桉(Eucalyptus globulus)、日本扁柏(Chamaecyparis obtusa)和槲栎(Quercus aliena)等树种[18-19]的研究结论一致。这是由于幼叶表皮角质层较薄,气孔密度高,促进挥发性有机物扩散,幼苗通过高BVOCs释放增强化感作用与抗逆性,老龄树次生代谢转向结构性防御(如木质素沉积),而幼树更依赖化学防御来提高自身存活率[1820-23]。释放速率呈现5 a>15 a>20 a>25 a的非线性递减,这可能与橡胶树产胶周期有关;5 a橡胶树处于生长旺盛期,25 a橡胶树已进入产量衰退期,其生理活性的差异直接影响BVOCs合成酶(如异戊二烯合成酶)的活性。刘凤辰等[24]研究发现,油松(Pinus tabuliformis)夏季BVOCs释放速率大于春秋两季;侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)总挥发性物质的季节变化规律为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季[25];蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)同样在夏季表现出异戊二烯的过量释放[26];北美黄松(Pinus ponderosa)春夏季BVOCs释放速率是秋季的18倍[27]。王永峰等[28]提出,雨季初期橡胶树总VOC潜在释放强度是旱季的2个数量级。这是由于植物异戊二烯和单萜烯合成与释放受光照和温度的影响[29],雨季温度和光照水平均高于旱季,雨季高温高湿条件下,橡胶树Rubisco酶羧化效率降低,导致过剩光能通过异戊二烯释放耗散,同时雨季冠层光合有效辐射(PAR)增强,为BVOCs合成提供更多底物[30],而从雨季过度至旱季,橡胶树蒸散量和总初级生产力在旱季均出现显著下降,降幅大于45%[31],这是由于旱季橡胶树通过关闭气孔减少蒸腾作用,同时限制了BVOCs扩散;同时冠层光合有效辐射减少导致植被固定能量下降,而总初级生产力降低共同作用的结果,最终使旱季BVOCs释放量显著低于雨季。
不同植物在不同季节、不同发育阶段的BVOCs释放速率和组分存在一定差异,这种差异既受环境因素的影响,也与植物自身的遗传特性有关。研究发现,不同品种柳树的异戊二烯、单萜烯、倍半萜的释放速率均存在明显差异[32]。美国皂荚(Gleditsia triacanthos)、海棠(Malus spectabilis)等植物在开花期的总单萜释放速率高于开花后[33]。本研究结果表明,不同林龄橡胶树的BVOCs释放组分和释放速率也存在显著差异,且BVOCs的释放种类随林龄增加而减少,具体表现为:单萜(MTs)、其他萜类(OTs)和其他挥发性有机物(OVOCs)的化合物种类减少,而倍半萜(STs)释放种类保持稳定。不同林龄橡胶树的BVOCs释放情况如下:5 a林龄释放5类22种化合物;15 a林龄释放5类18种化合物;20 a林龄释放4类18种化合物;25 a林龄释放4类15种化合物。这种变化趋势可能与橡胶树在不同生长阶段的生理特征和代谢调控有关。橡胶树在整个生命周期中固定在土壤中,其幼苗期、成熟期、衰老期的生理状态不同,导致萜类化合物的释放模式发生变化。尽管环境因子(如温度、光照)会影响BVOCs的释放速率,但某些萜类化合物在整个生命周期内持续释放,这可能与植物生长阶段及关键酶的季节性变化密切相关[34-35]。BVOCs的释放动态受植物自身代谢途径和适应环境能力共同调控。研究发现,BVOCs的组成主要由植物遗传特性决定,而BVOCs的释放水平则受环境因子(如温度和光照)的影响[36-37]。因此,橡胶树BVOCs的释放差异不仅反映了不同林龄的代谢特征,也是植物长期适应环境的结果。这一发现有助于深入理解橡胶林生态系统的挥发性有机物排放规律及其环境调控机制。
本研究结果表明,橡胶树BVOCs释放受光合与环境因子的共同调控,且存在显著的树龄效应。不同林龄橡胶树BVOCs释放与光合参数Pn、Par和Tr均呈极显著正相关,环境温湿度(T-air、H-air)的调控作用随林龄增长而凸显,并随着林龄增长占据愈发重要位置。BVOCs可作为叶片抗氧化剂,减少氧化胁迫对植物的伤害,而温度是影响萜烯类化合物释放的关键因素[38-39]。高温可能通过激活热休克蛋白(HSP)途径间接影响萜烯合成酶活性,萜类挥发性物质的释放可以散失植物体内大量的热量,有利于保持植物亚细胞结构的稳定;气孔阻力减小也有利于萜类挥发性物质的释放[40]。同时,强烈的蒸腾作用也为萜烯类化合物的扩散创造了有利条件[41]。光照和温度共同调控异戊二烯(ISO)的释放,其中光化学反应产生三磷酸腺苷(ATP)和二甲基烯丙基焦磷酸(DMAPP)为ISO合成提供碳源,而气孔导度和蒸腾速率则促进其释放[42-44]。相比之下,MTs对光的依赖性较弱,其释放速率主要受温度调控[45],温度通过影响合成酶活性而调节MTs的释放。研究表明,阔叶树种的MTs释放速率与温度、净光合速率、蒸腾速率呈显著正相关,植物叶片内合成和释放的BVOCs经过气孔排出,因此蒸腾速率、气孔导度等叶片生理指标均会促进植物BVOCs与大气间的气体交换[45]。KIVIMÄENPÄÄ等[46]研究发现,温度升高导致欧洲赤松(Pinus sylvestris)幼苗MTs、OTs和STs的释放速率增加2倍;LI等[47]也发现经过长时间的模拟气候变暖导致北极苔原沼桦(Betulanana)的单萜烯释放增加3倍。值得注意的是,本研究发现净光合速率(Pn)与BVOCs释放呈极显著正相关,揭示了二者在生理过程中的紧密耦合。从合成角度看,Pn直接反映了碳固定效率,为BVOCs(尤其是异戊二烯)的合成提供了必需的碳源(磷酸丙糖)和能量(ATP)。从释放过程看,高Pn往往与开放的气孔和活跃的蒸腾作用同步,这为BVOCs的扩散逸出创造了有利条件。GUIDOLOTTI等[48]研究发现,赤桉(Eucalyptus camaldulensis)在30~45 ℃时光合作用降低,但异戊二烯的释放增加。温度升高可能提高叶绿素含量间接地影响光合作用,进而改变BVOCs释放模式。不同林龄橡胶树的BVOCs释放差异受环境因子(尤其是温度和光照)的显著影响,同时与植物自身的生理适应机制密切相关。高温和强光条件下,植物可能通过增加BVOCs释放来缓解氧化胁迫和高温伤害,而光合作用效率的变化进一步调节了这一过程。这些发现为了解橡胶林生态系统的BVOCs排放动态及其对气候变化的响应提供了重要依据。
橡胶树是典型的单萜化合物高释放物种,其释放的单萜化合物在种类和数量上的显著变化不仅影响区域大气化学过程,还可能对全球大气环境产生重要影响。这些生物源挥发性有机化合物(BVOCs)作为热带地区云雾和降水的核心凝结核,在大气化学过程中发挥着关键作用。同时,BVOCs的强烈反应活性会消耗大气中的氢氧自由基(·OH),而该自由基是甲烷氧化的主要媒介,因此橡胶树BVOCs释放可能通过影响甲烷存留时间进而调控区域气候变化。目前关于不同品系橡胶树BVOCs释放的种内差异尚不明确,环境因子间的交互效应机制也有待阐明。由于BVOCs合成与释放过程受生物和非生物因子的复杂调控,需要系统研究温度、湿度、光照、CO2、臭氧及氮素等多因子的协同作用。深入解析这些影响机制,将为了解橡胶种植的生态环境效应提供重要科学依据。
  • 海南省自然科学基金面上项目(420MS118; 322MS028)
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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.022
  • 接收时间:2025-04-17
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-17
  • 录用日期:2025-07-15
基金
海南省自然科学基金面上项目(420MS118; 322MS028)
作者信息
    1.海南省农垦科学院集团有限公司,海南海口 570206
    2.海南大学生态与环境学院,海南海口 570228
    3.海南热带雨林国家公园管理局霸王岭分局,海南昌江 572722
    4.海南省环境科学研究院,海南海口 570100

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** 郑文(ZHENG Wen),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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