Article(id=1276616519694029690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616263778562546, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751040000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1754409600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-06, onlineDate=1782298696683, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782298696683, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782298696683, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782298696683, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276616263778562546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='2549', pageEnd='2815', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782298635668, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782299117657, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276618285483426694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616263778562546, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276618285487620999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616263778562546, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2742, endPage=2752, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276616519954076540, articleId=1276616519694029690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Effects of Ammonia Preservation and Acid Coagulation on the Structure and Properties of Natural Rubber, columnId=1237814980427444960, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Post-harvest Treatment & Agricultural Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ammonia preservation and acid solidification are key steps in natural rubber (NR) processing, but there is still a lack of systematic research on the influence on the structure and properties of NR. In this paper, the same batch of fresh latex was treated with 0%, 0.05%, 0.20% ammonia and two solidification methods (acid solidification, biological solidification) to prepare samples. The effects of ammonia preservation and acid solidification on the structure and properties of NR were comprehensively evaluated from the aspects of molecular structure, composition, intrinsic properties, and the mechanical performance of both unfilled and carbon-black-filled vulcanizates. It was found that ammonia preservation led to a decrease in weight-average molecular weigh, the initial plastic value and Mooney viscosity of the acid-solidified samples, whereas the properties remained largely unaffected in biologically solidified counterparts. The addition of ammonia exerted minimal influence on the mechanical properties of unfilled vulcanizates, but significant effects emerged in carbon-black-filled systems. Acid-solidified samples demonstrated higher fatigue temperature rise, while biologically solidified samples showed decreased tensile stress and tear strength. The solidification mode profoundly impacted the molecular structure, chemical composition, intrinsic properties, and mechanical performance of NR. Compared to biological solidification, acid-solidified rubber exhibits higher nitrogen, free fatty acid content and weight-average molecular weight. Furthermore, acid-solidified samples displayed lower initial plasticity and Mooney viscosity. The solidification method significantly affected the properties of both unfilled and carbon-black-filled vulcanizates. Compared to biological solidification, acid-solidified samples exhibited slower cure rates and higher fatigue temperature rise. The results showed that ammonia preservation of fresh latex and subsequent solidification with acid could affect the important components and intrinsic properties of NR, and had a significant impact on the dynamic properties such as fatigue temperature rise and permanent deformation, especially in carbon-black-filled vulcanizates. However, by comparing with the imported RSS, the preservation of fresh latex with ammonia and the subsequent solidification with acid were not the only reasons causing the performance of domestic NR to be worse than that of imported NR and differences in processing maybe the other causes. This work not only reveals the reason of the performance difference between domestic and imported NR products, but also would provide technical support for optimizing the production management of special rubber park.

, authors=null, authorsList=Bingbing WANG, Gaorong LI, Wenfeng PENG, Jinyao WEI, Juan SUN, Zhenda DENG, Hongtu LIN, Fuquan ZHANG, Lusheng LIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lusheng LIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276616523582149528, articleId=1276616519694029690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=氨保鲜与酸凝固对天然橡胶结构与性能的影响, columnId=1236286112877048492, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=采后处理与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

氨保鲜和酸凝固是天然橡胶(NR)加工的重要工序,但其对NR结构与性能的影响规律尚缺乏系统性研究。本研究采用同一批鲜胶乳,按照3种氨浓度(0、0.05%、0.20%)进行胶乳保鲜和2种凝固方式(酸凝固、生物凝固)制备样品,从分子结构、组分、本征性能、纯胶配方和炭黑配方力学性能等方面综合评价氨保鲜与酸凝固对NR结构与性能的影响。结果表明:胶乳加氨保鲜导致样品的重均分子量呈降低趋势,酸凝固样品的塑性初值和门尼黏度降低,但对生物凝固样品无明显影响;加氨保鲜对纯胶配方力学性能影响不明显,但会导致酸凝固样品炭黑配方的疲劳温升显著升高,生物凝固样品炭黑配方的定伸应力和撕裂强度降低。凝固方式对NR的分子结构、化学组分、本征性能、力学性能产生显著影响。与生物凝固相比,酸凝固导致样品具有更高的氮含量、脂肪酸含量和重均分子量,更低的塑性初值和门尼黏度;与生物凝固相比,酸凝固样品的硫化速度慢、疲劳温升高。研究表明,鲜胶乳加氨保鲜和后续加酸凝固会影响天然橡胶的关键组分和本征性能,并对疲劳温升、永久变形等动态性能产生显著影响,炭黑配方时尤为显著。然而,通过与进口烟片胶(RSS)进行对比表明,鲜胶乳加氨保鲜和后续加酸凝固并非导致国产天然橡胶性能逊于进口天然橡胶的唯一因素,此外,国内标胶工艺与国外烟片胶工艺的差异也影响产品性能。该研究结果不仅揭示了国产与进口NR产品的性能差异本质,还为优化特种胶园生产管理提供技术支撑。

, authors=

王兵兵(1988—),男,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:天然橡胶加工。

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* 廖禄生(LIAO Lusheng),E-mail:
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王兵兵(1988—),男,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:天然橡胶加工。

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王兵兵(1988—),男,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:天然橡胶加工。

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Polymers, 2024, 16(24): 3601., articleTitle=The influence of fresh latex coagulation on the parameter characteristics of the Yeoh hyperelastic constitutive model for natural rubber, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616541827371041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=42, issue=4, pageStart=457, pageEnd=467, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=42, authorNames=HUANG S Q, ZHANG J Q, ZHU Y, KONG L M, LIAO L S, ZHANG F Q, XIE Z T, WU J R, journalName=Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG S Q, ZHANG J Q, ZHU Y, KONG L M, LIAO L S, ZHANG F Q, XIE Z T, WU J R. Revealing the structure-property difference of natural rubber prepared by different methods: protein and gel content are key factors[J]. 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不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=42xrBxbAg1Nt75bRTfBz7A==, figureFileBig=WT0uQQ+GYr3d9PxUcjsDQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616533866583003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Molecular mass distribution of different raw natural rubber, figureFileSmall=bqGGz4Bom/BHqwed3msP1A==, figureFileBig=nu9PUhUk/2MGKEmhEiCAOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616533916914652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同天然生胶样品分子量分布, figureFileSmall=bqGGz4Bom/BHqwed3msP1A==, figureFileBig=nu9PUhUk/2MGKEmhEiCAOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616533996606429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Intrinsic properties parameters of different raw natural rubber, figureFileSmall=prDpyonQaHMuW0jj226qAg==, figureFileBig=uRk+OK88t+ShNHb/h39zig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616534055326686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同天然生胶样品的本征性能参数

不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=prDpyonQaHMuW0jj226qAg==, figureFileBig=uRk+OK88t+ShNHb/h39zig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616534118241247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Vulcanization characteristic curves of different unfilled natural rubber vulcanizates, figureFileSmall=RvMZNBxUzk9yHPxjlL05Lg==, figureFileBig=pJo9lZjJnN0LuYCcTULf6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616534227293152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同天然橡胶纯胶配方混炼胶硫化特性曲线, figureFileSmall=RvMZNBxUzk9yHPxjlL05Lg==, figureFileBig=pJo9lZjJnN0LuYCcTULf6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616534286013409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Dynamic compression thermal performance (A) and stress-strain curves (B) of unfilled natural rubber vulcanizates, figureFileSmall=CSDqq6eNvbTYgpEkcQDFUw==, figureFileBig=HzPuaQgQzP69wpVSwh7qew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616534344733666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同天然橡胶纯胶配方硫化胶动态压缩生热性能(A)及其硫化胶应力应变曲线(B)

不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=CSDqq6eNvbTYgpEkcQDFUw==, figureFileBig=HzPuaQgQzP69wpVSwh7qew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616534399259619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Modified Mooney-Rivlin equationcurves (A) and network structure parameters (B) for different natural rubber, figureFileSmall=YRDa3E9Pryg9it2ZN2yhbA==, figureFileBig=7tGitVn8zC8YP+MrMBbl8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616534462174180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同天然生胶样品Mooney-Rivlin方程修正式曲线(A)及网络结构参数(B), figureFileSmall=YRDa3E9Pryg9it2ZN2yhbA==, figureFileBig=7tGitVn8zC8YP+MrMBbl8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616534529283045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Network structure parameters of different unfilled natural rubber vulcanizates, figureFileSmall=OH4bVHx976BCsab2LoQxfw==, figureFileBig=UwGg5NFJlhBsrKtcAPOyqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616534583808998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同天然橡胶纯胶配方硫化胶网络结构参数, figureFileSmall=OH4bVHx976BCsab2LoQxfw==, figureFileBig=UwGg5NFJlhBsrKtcAPOyqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616534646723559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Dynamic compression thermal performance to different carbon-black-filled natural rubber vulcanizates, figureFileSmall=SmTXMttVnzAPu/xiwb5l7A==, figureFileBig=yq3ToLfvPvPY+ay5UcfNRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616534709638120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同炭黑配方下天然橡胶硫化胶样品的动态压缩生热性能

不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=SmTXMttVnzAPu/xiwb5l7A==, figureFileBig=yq3ToLfvPvPY+ay5UcfNRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616534797718505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Difference of non-rubber components of different rawnatural rubber

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Sample游离脂肪酸含量Free fatty acid content/%丙酮溶物Acetone extract/%氮含量Nitrogen content/%杂质含量Dirt content/%灰分Ash/%挥发分Volatile matter content/%
RSS1.22±0.02b4.48±0.04a0.54±0.01a0.020.31±0.01c0.58±0.01c
ANR-111.42±0.01a2.39±0.07e0.42±0.01b0.010.24±0.01d0.45±0.01d
ANR-121.39±0.01a2.66±0.01d0.50±0.01a0.010.26±0.01cd0.48±0.01cd
ANR-131.42±0.02a2.86±0.05d0.44±0.01b0.010.22±0.01d0.33±0.01e
MNR-111.27±0.03b4.01±0.06b0.39±0.01c0.010.58±0.01a0.80±0.01a
MNR-120.99±0.02c3.91±0.01b0.33±0.01d0.010.58±0.01a0.70±0.01b
MNR-131.40±0.01a3.31±0.01c0.27±0.01e0.010.49±0.01b0.50±0.01c
), ArticleFig(id=1276616536433497066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同天然生胶样品的非胶组分差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Sample游离脂肪酸含量Free fatty acid content/%丙酮溶物Acetone extract/%氮含量Nitrogen content/%杂质含量Dirt content/%灰分Ash/%挥发分Volatile matter content/%
RSS1.22±0.02b4.48±0.04a0.54±0.01a0.020.31±0.01c0.58±0.01c
ANR-111.42±0.01a2.39±0.07e0.42±0.01b0.010.24±0.01d0.45±0.01d
ANR-121.39±0.01a2.66±0.01d0.50±0.01a0.010.26±0.01cd0.48±0.01cd
ANR-131.42±0.02a2.86±0.05d0.44±0.01b0.010.22±0.01d0.33±0.01e
MNR-111.27±0.03b4.01±0.06b0.39±0.01c0.010.58±0.01a0.80±0.01a
MNR-120.99±0.02c3.91±0.01b0.33±0.01d0.010.58±0.01a0.70±0.01b
MNR-131.40±0.01a3.31±0.01c0.27±0.01e0.010.49±0.01b0.50±0.01c
), ArticleFig(id=1276616536504800235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Molecular structure parameter of different raw natural rubber

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Sample数均分子量Mn/(×104重均分子量Mw/(×104分子量分布指数Molecular mass distribution index凝胶含量Content of gel/%
RSS32.3±0.3a181.0±0.6c5.60±0.06c16.4
ANR-1130.5±0.2b213.5±1.9a7.00±0.04a32.7
ANR-1226.5±0.4c201.6±2.3b7.62±0.19a24.8
ANR-1327.6±0.4c197.5±2.6b7.17±0.13a29.0
MNR-1130.4±1.5b197.1±5.5b6.49±0.21b35.0
MNR-1232.4±0.5a195.0±0.7b6.03±0.06bc32.9
MNR-1331.6±0.3a181.9±0.9c5.75±0.07c31.7
), ArticleFig(id=1276616536567714796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同天然生胶样品分子结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Sample数均分子量Mn/(×104重均分子量Mw/(×104分子量分布指数Molecular mass distribution index凝胶含量Content of gel/%
RSS32.3±0.3a181.0±0.6c5.60±0.06c16.4
ANR-1130.5±0.2b213.5±1.9a7.00±0.04a32.7
ANR-1226.5±0.4c201.6±2.3b7.62±0.19a24.8
ANR-1327.6±0.4c197.5±2.6b7.17±0.13a29.0
MNR-1130.4±1.5b197.1±5.5b6.49±0.21b35.0
MNR-1232.4±0.5a195.0±0.7b6.03±0.06bc32.9
MNR-1331.6±0.3a181.9±0.9c5.75±0.07c31.7
), ArticleFig(id=1276616536639017965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Vulcanization characteristic of different unfilled natural rubber vulcanizates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Sample最小扭矩ML/(dN·m)最大扭矩MH/(dN·m)焦烧时间t10/min正硫化时间t90/min扭矩差值ΔM/(dN·m)
RSS1.25.02.319.43.7
ANR-111.24.82.021.53.7
ANR-121.04.82.021.53.8
ANR-131.24.91.819.03.7
MNR-111.35.81.212.54.5
MNR-121.25.71.212.24.5
MNR-131.35.91.112.54.6
), ArticleFig(id=1276616536706126830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同天然橡胶纯胶配方混炼胶硫化特性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Sample最小扭矩ML/(dN·m)最大扭矩MH/(dN·m)焦烧时间t10/min正硫化时间t90/min扭矩差值ΔM/(dN·m)
RSS1.25.02.319.43.7
ANR-111.24.82.021.53.7
ANR-121.04.82.021.53.8
ANR-131.24.91.819.03.7
MNR-111.35.81.212.54.5
MNR-121.25.71.212.24.5
MNR-131.35.91.112.54.6
), ArticleFig(id=1276616536785818607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Mechanical properties to different unfilled natural rubber vulcanizates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Sample硬度Hardness/HA100%定伸应力Tensile stress at a given elongation of 100%/MPa300%定伸应力Tensile stress at a given elongation of 300%/MPa500%定伸应力Tensile stress at a given elongation of 500%/MPa扯断伸长率Elongation at break/%拉伸强度Tensile strength/MPa撕裂强度Shear strength/(kN·m–1
RSS36.0±0b0.7±0b1.4±0b3.0±0.1b874±9b24.5±0.7b25.4±0.5c
ANR-1136.0±0b0.7±0b1.3±0b2.5±0.1c894±21a23.8±0.9b26.8±0.4b
ANR-1235.5±0b0.6±0c1.3±0b2.3±0.1c909±15a23.0±0.4bc25.8±0.6bc
ANR-1336.0±0.4b0.7±0b1.3±0b2.3±0.1c919±18a25.1±0.7b27.6±0.8b
MNR-1140.5±0a0.8±0a1.7±0a3.4±0.2a831±16c29.5±1.0a33.9±0.6a
MNR-1240.5±0a0.8±0a1.7±0a3.6±0.1a818±9c28.3±1.5a34.4±1.4a
MNR-1340.5±0.2a0.8±0a1.8±0.1a3.7±0.3a798±25c27.1±2.1a35.7±1.9a
), ArticleFig(id=1276616536857121776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同天然橡胶纯胶配方硫化胶力学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Sample硬度Hardness/HA100%定伸应力Tensile stress at a given elongation of 100%/MPa300%定伸应力Tensile stress at a given elongation of 300%/MPa500%定伸应力Tensile stress at a given elongation of 500%/MPa扯断伸长率Elongation at break/%拉伸强度Tensile strength/MPa撕裂强度Shear strength/(kN·m–1
RSS36.0±0b0.7±0b1.4±0b3.0±0.1b874±9b24.5±0.7b25.4±0.5c
ANR-1136.0±0b0.7±0b1.3±0b2.5±0.1c894±21a23.8±0.9b26.8±0.4b
ANR-1235.5±0b0.6±0c1.3±0b2.3±0.1c909±15a23.0±0.4bc25.8±0.6bc
ANR-1336.0±0.4b0.7±0b1.3±0b2.3±0.1c919±18a25.1±0.7b27.6±0.8b
MNR-1140.5±0a0.8±0a1.7±0a3.4±0.2a831±16c29.5±1.0a33.9±0.6a
MNR-1240.5±0a0.8±0a1.7±0a3.6±0.1a818±9c28.3±1.5a34.4±1.4a
MNR-1340.5±0.2a0.8±0a1.8±0.1a3.7±0.3a798±25c27.1±2.1a35.7±1.9a
), ArticleFig(id=1276616536932619249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Vulcanization characteristic parameters of different carbon-black-filled natural rubber vulcanizates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Sample最小扭矩ML/(dN·m)最大扭矩MH/(dN·m)焦烧时间t10/min正硫化时间t90/min扭矩差值ΔM/(dN·m)
RSS3.118.14.417.315.0
ANR-113.218.04.216.514.8
ANR-122.717.63.915.814.9
ANR-132.917.14.316.714.2
MNR-113.118.52.313.915.4
MNR-122.918.02.714.415.1
MNR-132.717.12.714.214.4
), ArticleFig(id=1276616536995533810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同天然橡胶炭黑配方混炼胶硫化特性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Sample最小扭矩ML/(dN·m)最大扭矩MH/(dN·m)焦烧时间t10/min正硫化时间t90/min扭矩差值ΔM/(dN·m)
RSS3.118.14.417.315.0
ANR-113.218.04.216.514.8
ANR-122.717.63.915.814.9
ANR-132.917.14.316.714.2
MNR-113.118.52.313.915.4
MNR-122.918.02.714.415.1
MNR-132.717.12.714.214.4
), ArticleFig(id=1276616537062642675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Mechanical properties of different carbon-black-filled natural rubber vulcanizates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Sample硬度Hardness/HA100%定伸应力Tensile stress at a given elongation of 100%/MPa300%定伸应力Tensile stress at a given elongation of 300%/MPa扯断伸长率Elongation at break/%拉伸强度Tensile strength/MPa撕裂强度Shear strength/(kN·m–1
RSS73±04.0±0.2a16.0±0.4a490±6a26.6±0.4b83.6±3.4b
ANR-1172±03.9±0.1a16.3±0.2a507±10a28.0±0.5a87.1±4.7a
ANR-1272±03.9±0.1a16.3±0.4a493±14a27.1±0.9a89.9±4.6a
ANR-1371±03.6±0.1b15.7±0.3ab497±5a26.8±0.2b84.9±6.4a
MNR-1172±04.0±0.1a16.1±0.1a503±5a27.5±0.2a87.5±2.5a
MNR-1271±0.53.6±0.1b15.5±0.2b500±12a26.9±0.3ab83.7±7.7ab
MNR-1371±03.6±0b15.3±0.2b516±13a27.3±0.6a81.5±3.0b
), ArticleFig(id=1276616537133945844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616519694029690, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同天然橡胶炭黑配方硫化胶力学性能

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样品Sample硬度Hardness/HA100%定伸应力Tensile stress at a given elongation of 100%/MPa300%定伸应力Tensile stress at a given elongation of 300%/MPa扯断伸长率Elongation at break/%拉伸强度Tensile strength/MPa撕裂强度Shear strength/(kN·m–1
RSS73±04.0±0.2a16.0±0.4a490±6a26.6±0.4b83.6±3.4b
ANR-1172±03.9±0.1a16.3±0.2a507±10a28.0±0.5a87.1±4.7a
ANR-1272±03.9±0.1a16.3±0.4a493±14a27.1±0.9a89.9±4.6a
ANR-1371±03.6±0.1b15.7±0.3ab497±5a26.8±0.2b84.9±6.4a
MNR-1172±04.0±0.1a16.1±0.1a503±5a27.5±0.2a87.5±2.5a
MNR-1271±0.53.6±0.1b15.5±0.2b500±12a26.9±0.3ab83.7±7.7ab
MNR-1371±03.6±0b15.3±0.2b516±13a27.3±0.6a81.5±3.0b
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氨保鲜与酸凝固对天然橡胶结构与性能的影响
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王兵兵 1 , 李高荣 1 , 彭文凤 1 , 卫晋瑶 2 , 孙娟 2 , 邓珍达 1 , 林宏图 1 , 张福全 1 , 廖禄生 1, *
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与质量安全 2025,46(11): 2742-2752
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热带作物学报 |采后处理与质量安全 2025 , 46 (11) : 2742 -2752
氨保鲜与酸凝固对天然橡胶结构与性能的影响
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王兵兵1, 李高荣1, 彭文凤1, 卫晋瑶2, 孙娟2, 邓珍达1, 林宏图1, 张福全1, 廖禄生1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所/农业农村部热带作物产品加工重点实验室/海南省天然橡胶加工重点实验室,广东湛江 524001
  • 2.中国农垦经济发展中心/农业农村部南亚热带作物中心,北京 100122
通讯作者:
* 廖禄生(LIAO Lusheng),E-mail:
Effects of Ammonia Preservation and Acid Coagulation on the Structure and Properties of Natural Rubber
Bingbing WANG1, Gaorong LI1, Wenfeng PENG1, Jinyao WEI2, Juan SUN2, Zhenda DENG1, Hongtu LIN1, Fuquan ZHANG1, Lusheng LIAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Hainan Key Laboratory of Natural Rubber Processing, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
  • 2.China State Farm Economic Development Center / South Asian Tropical Crops Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100122, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.019
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氨保鲜和酸凝固是天然橡胶(NR)加工的重要工序,但其对NR结构与性能的影响规律尚缺乏系统性研究。本研究采用同一批鲜胶乳,按照3种氨浓度(0、0.05%、0.20%)进行胶乳保鲜和2种凝固方式(酸凝固、生物凝固)制备样品,从分子结构、组分、本征性能、纯胶配方和炭黑配方力学性能等方面综合评价氨保鲜与酸凝固对NR结构与性能的影响。结果表明:胶乳加氨保鲜导致样品的重均分子量呈降低趋势,酸凝固样品的塑性初值和门尼黏度降低,但对生物凝固样品无明显影响;加氨保鲜对纯胶配方力学性能影响不明显,但会导致酸凝固样品炭黑配方的疲劳温升显著升高,生物凝固样品炭黑配方的定伸应力和撕裂强度降低。凝固方式对NR的分子结构、化学组分、本征性能、力学性能产生显著影响。与生物凝固相比,酸凝固导致样品具有更高的氮含量、脂肪酸含量和重均分子量,更低的塑性初值和门尼黏度;与生物凝固相比,酸凝固样品的硫化速度慢、疲劳温升高。研究表明,鲜胶乳加氨保鲜和后续加酸凝固会影响天然橡胶的关键组分和本征性能,并对疲劳温升、永久变形等动态性能产生显著影响,炭黑配方时尤为显著。然而,通过与进口烟片胶(RSS)进行对比表明,鲜胶乳加氨保鲜和后续加酸凝固并非导致国产天然橡胶性能逊于进口天然橡胶的唯一因素,此外,国内标胶工艺与国外烟片胶工艺的差异也影响产品性能。该研究结果不仅揭示了国产与进口NR产品的性能差异本质,还为优化特种胶园生产管理提供技术支撑。

天然橡胶  /  酸凝固  /  氨保鲜  /  分子结构  /  力学性能

Ammonia preservation and acid solidification are key steps in natural rubber (NR) processing, but there is still a lack of systematic research on the influence on the structure and properties of NR. In this paper, the same batch of fresh latex was treated with 0%, 0.05%, 0.20% ammonia and two solidification methods (acid solidification, biological solidification) to prepare samples. The effects of ammonia preservation and acid solidification on the structure and properties of NR were comprehensively evaluated from the aspects of molecular structure, composition, intrinsic properties, and the mechanical performance of both unfilled and carbon-black-filled vulcanizates. It was found that ammonia preservation led to a decrease in weight-average molecular weigh, the initial plastic value and Mooney viscosity of the acid-solidified samples, whereas the properties remained largely unaffected in biologically solidified counterparts. The addition of ammonia exerted minimal influence on the mechanical properties of unfilled vulcanizates, but significant effects emerged in carbon-black-filled systems. Acid-solidified samples demonstrated higher fatigue temperature rise, while biologically solidified samples showed decreased tensile stress and tear strength. The solidification mode profoundly impacted the molecular structure, chemical composition, intrinsic properties, and mechanical performance of NR. Compared to biological solidification, acid-solidified rubber exhibits higher nitrogen, free fatty acid content and weight-average molecular weight. Furthermore, acid-solidified samples displayed lower initial plasticity and Mooney viscosity. The solidification method significantly affected the properties of both unfilled and carbon-black-filled vulcanizates. Compared to biological solidification, acid-solidified samples exhibited slower cure rates and higher fatigue temperature rise. The results showed that ammonia preservation of fresh latex and subsequent solidification with acid could affect the important components and intrinsic properties of NR, and had a significant impact on the dynamic properties such as fatigue temperature rise and permanent deformation, especially in carbon-black-filled vulcanizates. However, by comparing with the imported RSS, the preservation of fresh latex with ammonia and the subsequent solidification with acid were not the only reasons causing the performance of domestic NR to be worse than that of imported NR and differences in processing maybe the other causes. This work not only reveals the reason of the performance difference between domestic and imported NR products, but also would provide technical support for optimizing the production management of special rubber park.

natural rubber  /  acid-solidification  /  ammonia preservation  /  molecular structure  /  mechanical properties
王兵兵, 李高荣, 彭文凤, 卫晋瑶, 孙娟, 邓珍达, 林宏图, 张福全, 廖禄生. 氨保鲜与酸凝固对天然橡胶结构与性能的影响. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (11) : 2742 -2752 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.019
Bingbing WANG, Gaorong LI, Wenfeng PENG, Jinyao WEI, Juan SUN, Zhenda DENG, Hongtu LIN, Fuquan ZHANG, Lusheng LIAO. Effects of Ammonia Preservation and Acid Coagulation on the Structure and Properties of Natural Rubber[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (11) : 2742 -2752 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.019
天然橡胶(NR)是一种产自巴西橡胶树的高分子聚合物,由于其独特的分子链结构(长链、高柔顺性、端基结构),表现出卓越的抗撕裂性、耐疲劳性和动态力学性能,被广泛应用于航空轮胎、高铁减震器、医疗器材等领域[1-2]。根据ASTM D1076和GB/T 8081—2018规定[3],NR产品体系涵盖烟片胶(RSS)、标准胶(TSR)等品类,其性能差异主要源于胶乳保鲜处理、凝固方式等加工工艺[4-5]
胶乳保鲜作为NR加工的首个关键环节,直接影响后续工艺参数与最终产品性能。当前氨水(0.05%用量)仍是国内全乳胶生产所需鲜胶乳保鲜技术,其通过抑制微生物活性来维持胶乳稳定性[6-7]。在以往的研究中,随着新鲜胶乳加氨量的增加,抑制细菌繁衍的效果越大,而加氨量过高会导致天然生胶颜色变深,塑性保持率下降[8]。近年来,为了应对胶工紧缺的情况,国内垦区推行的超低频割胶制度(500~600株/工位)导致胶乳滞留时间延长3~4倍,迫使氨用量提升至0.2%左右。值得注意的是,高氨可能引发鲜胶乳中蛋白质变性、非胶组分降解、分子结构以及天然生胶性能变化,但其具体作用机制尚未明确[9-10]。凝固是NR加工的另一关键环节,将直接影响后续机械脱水、干燥等工序,对天然橡胶有重要影响。其中,甲酸凝固是目前天然橡胶初加工行业最常用的凝固手段,与乙酸凝固和自然凝固相比,其具有凝固速度快、热稳定性高、较好的硫化特性等优点[11-15]。而生物凝固是国内目前生产航空轮胎等高端制品用天然生胶的主要凝固方式,比酸凝固具有较高的塑性初值、凝胶含量、抗湿滑性和滚动阻力,但抗老化性能较差[16]。但是以往的研究仅局限于鲜胶乳在某一固定加氨量下保鲜,其结论可能存在偏颇或不足,需进一步研究。
对比国内外NR生产体系,东南亚主产国普遍采用自然凝固制备TSR20#及无氨或低氨胶乳生产RSS,而国内仍以“氨保鲜+酸凝固”工艺为主[3]。同时,因高端制品用胶均采用进口烟片胶,造成国产胶不如进口胶的假象。这也使部分业内人士认为氨保鲜、酸凝固可能会对天然橡胶的结构与性能产生不利影响。为此,有学者试图通过对比分析国内外不同胶种以寻求答案,但现有对比研究因原料来源及生产技术的不同,难以准确评估工艺参数对NR性能的影响规律[17-19]
因此,针对上述问题,本研究选定同一胶园同批次胶乳,按照3种氨水浓度(0、0.05%、0.20%)进行胶乳保鲜和2种凝固方式(酸凝固、生物凝固)制备天然橡胶样品,通过对其分子结构、组分、本征性能、纯胶配方和炭黑配方力学性能等方面进行综合分析,系统解析氨保鲜和酸凝固对天然橡胶结构与性能的影响规律。研究结果将揭示国产NR与进口产品的性能差异本质,为优化特种胶园生产管理提供技术支撑。
新鲜胶乳由广东农垦团结农场有限公司帮田队提供,橡胶树品系为热研7-33-97,树龄16 a,5 d割1刀,超低频割胶制度,干胶含量为39.4%,无氨保存;一级烟片胶(RSS)由印尼努桑塔拉九厂生产。
甲酸(分析纯)、氨水(分析纯)购自中国上海阿拉丁生化科技有限公司;卡博特N330炭黑购自中国卡博特投资有限公司;微生物菌种为本研究团队筛选获得;氧化锌(工业级)购自柳州锌品有限责任公司;硬脂酸(工业级)购自杭州赞宇油脂科技有限公司;硫磺(工业级)购自防城港雅仕硫磺有限公司;促进剂M(工业级)和促进剂NS(工业级)购自山东尚舜化工有限公司。
采集约200 kg无氨鲜胶乳,将无氨鲜胶乳混合均匀,分装于6个胶桶,其中2个不加氨、2个加氨至0.05%、2个加氨至0.20%(以鲜胶乳质量计),随即将胶乳运至广垦橡胶茂名加工厂进行凝固加工。
(1)酸凝固加工。取不同氨用量保鲜的鲜胶乳,采用80目滤网过滤,加水稀释,按照“中和酸+0.4%凝固酸”计算用酸量,并采用3%甲酸溶液进行凝固,胶乳凝固浓度为20%,将凝固后的样品在常温下熟化16 h,熟化后的凝块进行压薄、水洗、绉片、造粒处理,最后采用83 ℃的鼓风干燥箱进行热风干燥,得到天然生胶。0、0.05%、0.20%氨用量的鲜胶乳对应制备的酸凝固样品编号为:ANR-11、ANR-12、ANR-13。
(2)生物凝固加工。取不同氨用量保鲜的鲜胶乳,采用80目滤网过滤,加水稀释后再加入10%微生物凝固液(以鲜胶乳质量计),并搅拌均匀,胶乳凝固浓度为20%,常温下静置和熟化16 h,将熟化后的凝块进行压薄、水洗、绉片、晾片,晾片时间以控制胶片含水率低于15%确定,最后将晾片经过破碎、水洗、绉片、造粒处理,采用83 ℃的鼓风干燥箱进行热风干燥,得到天然生胶。0、0.05%、0.20%氨用量的鲜胶乳对应制备的酸凝固样品编号为:MNR-11、MNR-12、MNR-13。
(1)天然生胶理化指标测定。按照GB/T 3516—2024、GB/T 8088—2008、GB/T 8086—2008、GB/T 4498.1—2013、GB/T 24131—2009、NY/T 4225—2022、GB/T3510—2006、GB/T 3517—2014、GB/T 1232.1—2016等标准测定天然生胶中的丙酮溶物含量、氮含量、杂质含量、灰分、挥发分、游离脂肪酸含量、塑性初值、塑性保持率和门尼黏度。
按照SN/T 2945—2011的方法,并采用电感耦合等离子体-质谱法(ICP-MS)和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定天然生胶中的金属含量(Cu、Mn、Ca、Mg、Fe)。
参照GB/T 37498—2019测定凝胶含量,称取橡胶质量记为m0,采用四氢呋喃作溶剂在避光环境下溶解24 h,随后使用高速冷冻离心机以10 000 r/h的转速离心2 h。收集上清液,取出底层凝胶部分进行干燥,称其质量记为m,凝胶含量(w)计算公式为:
参照ISO 16564—2004测定生胶分子量及其分布,将凝胶含量测试中离心后的上清液用1 μm滤膜过滤,用凝胶渗透色谱仪测试分子量及其分布。
(2)天然橡胶混炼胶的制备。称取400 g天然生胶,按照GB/T 15340中的ACS I配方(纯胶配方)及混炼程序,或按照GB/T 15340中的ACS III配方(炭黑填料)及混炼程序制备天然橡胶混炼胶。
(3)天然橡胶混炼胶硫化特性测定。称取5~6 g天然橡胶混炼胶,按照GB/T 16584—1996的方法,采用MDR-2000E型无转子流变仪测试混炼胶的硫化特性,测试条件:试验温度为143 ℃,测试时间为60 min,获得硫化特性曲线和相关参数。
(4)天然橡胶硫化胶试样的制备。称取45 g混炼胶,通过平板硫化仪及定制的成型模具,在温度143 ℃,正硫化时间(t90)的条件下进行硫化,制备天然橡胶硫化胶试样。
(5)天然橡胶硫化胶力学性能测定。按照GB/T 531.1—2008的方法测定天然橡胶硫化胶试片的绍尔(A)硬度,按照GB/T 528—2009、GB/T 529—2008等标准测定天然橡胶硫化胶试片的100%定伸应力、300%定伸应力、500%定伸应力、拉伸强度、扯断伸长率、撕裂强度,夹持器移动速度为(500±50)mm/min。
(6)天然橡胶硫化胶动态力学性能测定。按照GB/T 1687.3—2016的方法,采用压缩疲劳试验机测定天然橡胶硫化胶柱状的疲劳温升和永久变形性能。其中,纯胶配方测试条件:预应力为1.0 MPa,冲程为4.45 mm,恒温室温度为55 ℃;炭黑配方测试条件:预应力为2.0 MPa,冲程为4.45 mm,恒温室温度为55 ℃。
采用Excel 2010软件进行数据统计和分析,采用Origin 2021软件制图。
游离脂肪酸、丙酮溶物、氮等是表征天然生胶差异性的关键化学组分。氨水用量和凝固方式对天然生胶关键非胶组分的影响见表1。由表1可知,不同氨水用量、凝固方式和加工工艺对天然生胶的关键化学组分,如游离脂肪酸、丙酮溶物、氮含量、灰分和挥发分产生显著影响。其中,烟片胶(RSS)的丙酮溶物含量、氮含量显著高于ANR系列酸凝固样品和MNR系列生物凝固样品,这可能是烟熏过程抑制了微生物的作用,使胶乳中的蛋白质和类脂物能得以保留,与RODPHUKDEEKUL等[20]的结论一致。随着氨含量的增加,酸凝固样品的丙酮溶物含量逐渐增加,生物凝固样品的丙酮溶物含量逐渐降低,这可能是氨促进类脂物水解和微生物新陈代谢消耗类脂物共同作用的结果。而氨用量相同时,酸凝固样品的丙酮溶物含量低于生物凝固样品。对于酸凝固样品,加氨会导致丙酮溶物含量明显增加;对于生物凝固样品,加氨导致氮含量明显降低,可能是高氨环境能提高微生物活性,促进其新陈代谢消耗蛋白质导致的[21]。进一步分析得出,凝固方式对样品关键组分产生显著影响,与生物凝固相比,加酸凝固的丙酮溶物含量和灰分更低,而氮含量和游离脂肪酸更高。
铜离子、锰离子、铁离子等变价金属离子能通过催化氧化反应使天然生胶分子链发生断链反应,从而影响天然橡胶性能。不同天然生胶中金属离子含量的变化如图1所示。由图1可知,烟片胶中Fe离子含量最高,且所有天然生胶样品中Fe离子含量均显著高于Mn离子和Cu离子含量。随着氨用量的增加,酸凝固样品的Fe离子和Mn离子含量随之下降,Cu离子随之上升,在氨用量为0.20%时最为显著;而生物凝固样品随着氨用量的增加,Fe离子呈先上升后下降的趋势,而Mn离子和Cu离子则逐渐下降,Cu含量和Mn含量与烟片胶中的含量相当。
分子量、分子量分布、凝胶含量是天然橡胶的重要结构参数,其结构与大部分性能有直接联系。采用凝胶色谱渗透仪测定的天然生胶分子结构参数见表2。由表2可知,氨用量和凝固方式对天然生胶的数均分子量(Mn)、重均分子量(Mw)、分子量分布指数、凝胶含量均具有显著影响。其中,随着氨用量的增加,酸凝固样品的重均分子量逐步下降,而数均分子量、分子量分布指数、凝胶含量无明显变化;生物凝固样品的重均分子量、分子量分布指数、凝胶含量随着氨用量的增加缓慢下降,数均分子量却无明显变化;酸凝固样品的分子量分布比生物凝固的分子量分布更宽,这可能是由微生物作用促使短分子链发生结构化反应引起的[22]。对于酸凝固样品,加氨导致数均分子量、重均分子量和凝胶含量明显降低;对于生物凝固样品,低氨的影响不明显,只有在高氨时才会明显降低重均分子量和凝胶含量。表明凝固方式对样品的分子结构产生显著影响,与生物凝固相比,加酸凝固的数均分子量、凝胶含量更低,而重均分子量更高。
图2可知,MNR系列生物凝固样品的分子量分布呈单峰分布,而酸凝固ANR系列呈双峰分布。橡胶树品种是决定天然橡胶分子量分布的关键[23]。本研究所用鲜胶乳的橡胶树品种均为热研7-33-97,其分子量分布应为双峰分布,然而在经过晾片熟化后,其双峰分布变为单峰分布。这说明微生物可促使天然橡胶分子链结构化,短分子链在熟化过程中发生支化交联形成长分子链[4]
对生胶样品的塑性初值(P0)、塑性保持率(PRI)、门尼黏度等本征性能进行测试分析(图3),结果表明,凝固方式对天然生胶的本征性能有显著影响。其中,对于酸凝固样品而言,随氨用量的增加,天然生胶的门尼黏度先升后降,塑性初值先降后升,而塑性保持率则持续下降,在低氨时有显著影响;对生物凝固而言,加氨使天然生胶的塑性初值和门尼黏度先降后升,塑性保持率则略有上升,但作用不明显。对比制胶工艺,凝固方式对样品本征性能产生显著影响。与生物凝固相比,酸凝固样品和烟片胶的塑性初值和门尼黏度较低,而塑性保持率较高。
天然橡胶纯胶配方硫化特性见表3图4。结果表明,低氨时,加氨对酸凝固样品和生物凝固样品的硫化特性参数几乎无影响。而高氨时,显著降低了酸凝固样品的焦烧时间(t10)和正硫化时间(t90),也显著降低了生物凝固样品的t10。酸凝固样品的t10t90、扭矩差值(ΔM)与烟片胶相当。其中,t10t90显著高于生物凝固样品,ΔM低于生物凝固样品,说明生物凝固熟化过程中微生物新陈代谢消耗蛋白质、磷脂等物质,降解生成碱性氨基酸和脂肪酸可分别作为促进剂和活化剂加快天然橡胶的硫化反应[2],使其t90降低,交联密度提高。
表4图5A不同天然橡胶纯胶配方硫化胶力学性能分析可知,加氨对酸凝固样品和生物凝固样品纯胶配方硫化胶的力学性能无明显影响,但凝固方式对样品纯胶配方的力学性能产生显著影响。相比加酸凝固样品和烟片胶,生物凝固样品具有较高的硬度、300%定伸定伸应力、500%定伸应力、拉伸强度和撕裂强度,但具有较低的扯断伸长率。同时,与酸凝固相比,微生物凝固样品的压缩疲劳温升最低下降了46.3%,永久变形最低下降了44.0%。通过对样品的应力应变曲线分析可知,酸凝固样品和微生物凝固样品在应变作用下的应力变化可能与其应变诱导结晶行为有关。由图5B可知,生物凝固使天然生胶更早出现应变诱导结晶,而氨用量几乎对其无影响,而高氨导致酸凝固样品的应变诱导结晶行为延迟,这可能是加酸凝固使样品的硫化速度变慢、硫化程度较低所致。
进一步对样品纯胶配方硫化后的物理网络和化学网络进行线性拟合,以探讨其应力应变行为的作用机制。
式中,σi是单轴拉伸时的应力,αi是单轴拉伸长度,αm为断裂时伸长率。图6Aσi/Fαi)~1/αi曲线,取1/αi中0.4~0.7区间的数据进行线性拟合,线性拟合对应的斜率为Ge,代表物理缠结对模量的贡献,线性拟合对应的截距为Gc,代表化学交联对模量的贡献。有效交联密度(Vc)通过式(4)求得,Ac为非仿射网络修正系数,一般取0.67,KB为玻尔兹曼常数,T为绝对温度,NA为阿伏伽德罗常数。曲线的极值点是应变诱导结晶起始应变(αu)。
图6为不同天然橡胶样品的Mooney-Rivlin方程拟合参数和网络结构参数。其中,Gc可反映硫化胶中端基结构形成的化学交联网络贡献的弹性模量,可视为永久交联点;Ge可反映分子链之间物理缠结网络贡献的弹性模量;Vc反映的是硫化交联网络中有效交联密度。由图6可知,不同样品纯胶配方硫化胶中化学交联网络贡献顺序如下:MNR-13>MNR-12>MNR-11>RSS>ANR-11>ANR-12≈ANR-13,其趋势与表4中样品500%定伸应力基本一致,说明化学交联网络对天然橡胶纯胶配方硫化胶模量起正向作用。相比生物凝固,酸凝固导致其化学交联网络降低。加氨也影响酸凝固样品的化学交联网络,这可能是由于加酸或者高氨均可能抑制细菌对类脂物、蛋白质水解成游离脂肪酸或碱性氨基酸,但加氨对微生物凝固几乎无影响。而物理缠结网络贡献顺序为:MNR-13≈MNR-12>ANR-11≈ANR-13>ANR-12>MNR-11>RSS,与纯胶配方力学性能无直接相关性,说明物理缠结网络对力学性能贡献较小。
图7可知,加氨后略微降低了酸凝固样品的有效交联密度(Vc),但其起始结晶应变点(αu)略有提高;加氨对生物凝固样品的αu几乎无影响,但其Vc略微提高。这说明加氨对天然橡胶样品纯胶配方的硫化胶网络结构影响不大,但生物凝固样品比酸凝固样品具有更高的Vc和更低的αu,烟片胶与酸凝固样品的硫化网络结构相当,这说明生物凝固更有利于提高天然橡胶的模量和强度,与力学性能结果一致。
表5可知,低氨使酸凝固样品炭黑配方混炼胶的MLt10t90降低,但高氨时会导致其ΔM降低,t10t90延长;而加氨使生物凝固样品炭黑配方混炼胶的MLMH、ΔM逐渐下降,导致其t10t90延长。相比生物凝固,加酸凝固样品炭黑配方混炼胶具有较长的t10t90,说明加酸凝固会导致炭黑配方混炼胶具有较慢的硫化速度。对比烟片胶,酸凝固样品拥有与其相当的硫化特性参数。
表6可知,低氨对炭黑配方下酸凝固样品硫化胶的硬度、定伸应力、扯断伸长率、拉伸强度、撕裂强度几乎无影响,但高氨时,其硬度、定伸应力、扯断伸长率、拉伸强度稍有降低,而撕裂强度显著降低。加氨,尤其高氨时使炭黑配方的生物凝固样品硫化胶100%定伸应力、300%定伸应力、撕裂强度显著降低,而对硬度、扯断伸长率、拉伸强度的影响不明显。其中,定伸应力和撕裂强度明显降低可能是由于加氨,尤其高氨条件下,天然橡胶重均分子量、凝胶含量、分子量分布指数明显降低从而使炭黑在橡胶分子链间的分散性变差导致[4]。与生物凝固相比,酸凝固样品的定伸应力稍高,扯断伸长率稍低,而硬度、拉伸强度、撕裂强度相差不大。对比烟片胶,国产标准胶工艺制备的样品具有更高的扯断伸长率、拉伸强度和撕裂强度,而硬度和定伸应力相差不大。
压缩疲劳温升和压缩永久变形是评估减震垫、密封件等橡胶制品在动态过程中性能衰退的关键指标,它们相互关联且共同决定了产品的使用寿命和可靠性。压缩疲劳温升高将直接加速橡胶制品老化和降低其物理性能,是导致橡胶制品早期热老化失效的主要原因。而永久变形大可直接导致橡胶制品丧失核心功能,如密封失效、支撑力不足等,并可能因应力集中和散热变差使工作状态恶化,进一步加剧温升和老化。由图8可知,凝固方式显著影响天然橡胶炭黑配方硫化胶动态力学性能,尤其是在加氨条件下。其中,加氨使炭黑配方的酸凝固样品硫化胶的压缩疲劳温升和压缩永久变形逐渐变大,而对炭黑配方的生物凝固样品硫化胶的压缩疲劳温升和压缩永久变形影响较小,可忽略不计。与生物凝固相比,酸凝固样品与生物凝固相比,加酸凝固样品的压缩疲劳温升更高,压缩永久变形更大。而与烟片胶相比,酸凝固样品的压缩疲劳温升和压缩永久变形均较高,生物凝固样品的压缩疲劳温升与之相当,但压缩永久变形略高。
氨保鲜和酸凝固是天然橡胶加工的重要工序,它们的影响一直是从业者关心的重点话题。鲜胶乳加氨保鲜依旧是国内全乳胶生产所需原材料常用的保存方法,以往关注的焦点是不同保鲜剂对鲜胶乳稳定性和浓缩胶乳胶体性质的影响[8-924]。其中,祝翱[8]认为鲜胶乳中氨用量过高使天然橡胶的塑性保持指数降低,这与本研究的观测结果基本一致。制胶厂通常希望鲜胶乳中氨含量越低越好,以减少中和用酸量并节约成本,而较少研究鲜胶乳氨水用量对天然橡胶结构与性能的影响。但关注凝固方式的研究较多,并且大多通过酸种类(如甲酸、硫酸、醋酸)或微生物种类及其用量,研究其对天然橡胶结构与性能的影响,表明不同凝固方式对天然橡胶的分子量、凝胶含量、化学组分、硫化特性以及常规力学性能的影响均不相同[25-26]。其中,酸凝固使天然橡胶硫化速度变慢,而生物凝固导致天然橡胶关键化学组分降低,拉伸强度提高,与本研究结论一致。而且本研究结果表明,鲜胶乳加氨保鲜和后续加酸凝固影响天然橡胶的关键组分和本征性能,并对疲劳温升等特种胶动态性能产生显著影响,炭黑配方时尤为显著。
一直以来,烟片胶的结构与性能关系是国内外天然橡胶行业的研究重点,其分子量和塑性保持率较高[17-1827],是下游高端制品的优选原料,但这也导致国产标准胶的应用推广受阻,形成“卡脖子”问题。然而,通过与国外采用“无氨保鲜+酸凝固+烟片工艺”制备的烟片胶相比,本研究采用“无氨保鲜+酸凝固+标胶工艺”制备的国产胶样品的重均分子量和塑性保持率均较高,但纯胶配方的模量较低,纯胶和炭黑配方的疲劳温升均较高。这说明鲜胶乳加氨保鲜和后续加酸凝固并非导致国产胶性能差异的唯一原因,国内外标准胶与烟片胶的工艺差异也是关键因素。虽然本研究因地域、橡胶树品种、割胶制度以及单批次试验等因素限制仍存在不足,但为定制化高性能天然橡胶生产加工工艺的改进提供了方向。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFD2300904)
  • 现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(CARS-33-JG2)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630122022006)
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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.019
  • 接收时间:2025-06-28
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
补充材料
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-28
  • 录用日期:2025-08-06
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFD2300904)
现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(CARS-33-JG2)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630122022006)
作者信息
    1.中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所/农业农村部热带作物产品加工重点实验室/海南省天然橡胶加工重点实验室,广东湛江 524001
    2.中国农垦经济发展中心/农业农村部南亚热带作物中心,北京 100122

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* 廖禄生(LIAO Lusheng),E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rdzwxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.019
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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