Article(id=1276616408679190607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616263778562546, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746979200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1754323200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-05, onlineDate=1782298670214, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782298670214, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782298670214, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782298670214, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276616263778562546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='2549', pageEnd='2815', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782298635668, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782299117657, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276618285483426694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616263778562546, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276618285487620999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616263778562546, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2700, endPage=2712, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276616408997957713, articleId=1276616408679190607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Screening, Identification and Biocontrol Mechanism of Antagonistic Actinomycetes of Mango Stem-end Rot, columnId=1236292524264968282, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Protection & Bio-safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The study aimed to find non-toxic and pollution-free post-harvest prevention and treatment methods replacing chemical fungicides to enrich the resources of mango stalk rot antagonist bacteria. Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. and Phomposis mangiferae Ahmad were used as the indicator fungi, and actinomycetes with antagonistic effects on stalk rot fungi were isolated and screened from the rhizosphere soil of mango trees by the plate dilution and dual culture method. The classification status, live prevention effects, and the antimicrobial mechanism were preliminary studied. Antagonists A2, B85 and D16 were selected, which had antimicrobial effects and good genetic stability against both Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. and Phomposis mangiferae Ahmad, and had inhibitory effects on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Pestalotiopsis mangiferae, Alternaria alternate and Botrytis cinerea, with a wide antifungal spectrum. In the live test, on the 3rd day after inoculation, there were no significant differences in the diameter of the fruit lesions treated with antagonist strains A2, B85 and D16 (8.58, 8.50, 7.83 mm) and the imimerine-treated group (6.33 mm), but significantly lower than that of the control group (20.58 mm). Strains A2 and B85 were identified as Streptomyces malaysiensis, and D16 was Streptomyces lydicus. Strains A2, B85 and D16 inhibited the occurrence of pedicle rot by producing active substances with antimicrobial effects, inhibiting spore germination of dipodol, nutritional competition, and improving the activity of fruit SOD, POD and CAT. Among the three antagonistic strains, the D16 could also produce volatile organic compounds with antimicrobial effects to inhibit the occurrence of pedicle rot fungi. The three strains had certain antagonistic effects on pedicle rot bacteria and could be further studied.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jiaye FAN, Xuesong GUO, Libo TIAN, Sang SHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Sang SHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276616412663779433, articleId=1276616408679190607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=芒果蒂腐病拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及生防机理研究, columnId=1236292524520820846, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=植物保护与生物安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为丰富芒果蒂腐病拮抗菌资源,寻找替代化学杀菌剂的无毒无污染的采后防治方法,以可可球二孢菌(Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.)和拟茎点霉菌(Phomposis mangiferae Ahmad)为指示菌,使用平板稀释法、双重培养法从芒果树根际土壤中分离筛选出对蒂腐病菌有拮抗作用的放线菌,并明确其分类地位,测试活体防效,初步探究其抑菌机理。结果表明:筛选到对可可球二孢菌和拟茎点霉菌均有抑菌效果、遗传稳定性良好的拮抗菌A2、B85、D16,且对芒果胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)、芒果拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis mangiferae)、芒果链格孢(Alternaria alternate)、番茄灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)均有抑制效果,抑菌谱广。活体试验中,接种后第3天,拮抗菌株A2、B85、D16处理的果实病斑直径(分别为8.58、8.50、7.83 mm)和咪鲜胺处理(6.33 mm)无显著差异,但均显著低于对照(20.58 mm)。经形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征和分子鉴定将菌株A2、B85鉴定为马来西亚链霉菌(Streptomyces malaysiensis),D16为利迪链霉菌(Streptomyces lydicus)。菌株A2、B85、D16通过产生具有抑菌效果的活性物质,抑制可可球二孢菌孢子萌发、营养竞争,提高果实超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性来抑制蒂腐病的发生,其中D16菌株还可产生具有抑菌效果的挥发性有机化合物来抑制蒂腐病的发生。研究表明这3个菌株均对蒂腐病菌有一定的拮抗作用,可进一步深入研究。

, authors=

樊佳烨(2004—),女,本科生,研究方向:生防拮抗菌。

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* 商桑(SHANG Sang),E-mail:
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樊佳烨(2004—),女,本科生,研究方向:生防拮抗菌。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Extraction and structural identification of the antifungal metabolite of Streptomyces lydicus A02, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616433165537516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616408679190607, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=18, issue=2, pageStart=258, pageEnd=262, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=56, authorNames=陈恳, journalName=农药学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈恳. 利迪链霉E12发酵液及其粗提物的抑菌活性初探[J]. 农药学学报, 2016, 18(2): 258-262., articleTitle=利迪链霉E12发酵液及其粗提物的抑菌活性初探, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616433232646381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616408679190607, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=18, issue=2, pageStart=258, pageEnd=262, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=57, authorNames=CHEN K, journalName=Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN K. Study on the antagonistic activity of fermentation broth and its crude extractproduced by Streptomyces lydicus E12[J]. Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science, 2016, 18(2): 258-262. 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不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

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不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

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分支上的数字表示构建系统发育树时1000次计算形成该节点的百分比。

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分支上的数字表示构建系统发育树时1000次计算形成该节点的百分比。

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A:CK;B:A2;C:B85;D:D16.

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A:CK;B:A2;C:B85;D:D16.

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A、B:CK中萌发的分生孢子;C:发酵液处理未萌发的分生孢子。

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不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

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Inhibition rate of antagonistic strains against B. theobromae Pat. and P. mangiferae Ahmad

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株Strain抑菌率Antifungal rate/%
可可球二孢菌B. theobromae Pat.拟茎点霉菌P. mangiferae Ahmad
A245.74±3.70b47.68±1.85b
A2838.76±2.54c45.37±0.93bc
B8548.45±0.39b51.85±0.93a
D147.29±1.40b43.03±1.16c
D739.54±1.78c44.57±1.03bc
D1655.04±0.39a55.04±1.40a
D1836.82±0.39c37.60±0.77d
D2135.66±0.39c35.27±1.69d
D2339.92±1.03c44.57±1.40bc
), ArticleFig(id=1276616425330577575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616408679190607, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

拮抗菌株对可可球二孢菌和拟茎点霉菌的抑制率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株Strain抑菌率Antifungal rate/%
可可球二孢菌B. theobromae Pat.拟茎点霉菌P. mangiferae Ahmad
A245.74±3.70b47.68±1.85b
A2838.76±2.54c45.37±0.93bc
B8548.45±0.39b51.85±0.93a
D147.29±1.40b43.03±1.16c
D739.54±1.78c44.57±1.03bc
D1655.04±0.39a55.04±1.40a
D1836.82±0.39c37.60±0.77d
D2135.66±0.39c35.27±1.69d
D2339.92±1.03c44.57±1.40bc
), ArticleFig(id=1276616425406075048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616408679190607, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Inhibition rate of fifth-generation antagonistic strains against B. theobromae Pat. and P. mangiferae Ahmad

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株Strain抑菌率Antifungal rate/%
可可球二孢菌B. theobromae Pat.拟茎点霉菌P. mangiferae Ahmad
A247.88±0.39b54.78±0.39a
A2842.82±0.67c52.44±0.68a
B8546.71±0.39b52.83±1.03a
D143.21±0.39c43.86±1.17b
D739.32±0.67d43.47±1.70b
D1652.94±0.78a54.78±0.67a
D1836.60±1.03e36.45±0.39c
D2136.60±0.39e41.91±3.04b
D230±0f0±0d
), ArticleFig(id=1276616425485766825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616408679190607, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

第5代拮抗菌对可可球二孢菌和拟茎点霉菌的抑制率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株Strain抑菌率Antifungal rate/%
可可球二孢菌B. theobromae Pat.拟茎点霉菌P. mangiferae Ahmad
A247.88±0.39b54.78±0.39a
A2842.82±0.67c52.44±0.68a
B8546.71±0.39b52.83±1.03a
D143.21±0.39c43.86±1.17b
D739.32±0.67d43.47±1.70b
D1652.94±0.78a54.78±0.67a
D1836.60±1.03e36.45±0.39c
D2136.60±0.39e41.91±3.04b
D230±0f0±0d
), ArticleFig(id=1276616425552875690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616408679190607, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Antifungal spectrum of three antagonistic strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株Strain抑菌率Antifungal rate/%
可可球二孢菌B. theobromae Pat.拟茎点霉菌P. mangiferae Ahmad胶孢炭疽菌C. gloeosporioides拟盘多毛孢P. mangiferae链格孢A. alternate灰霉菌B. cinerea
A245.74±3.7047.68±1.8551.37±1.0455.43±0.7851.77±1.8022.22±4.42
B8548.45±0.3951.85±0.9349.33±1.8557.36±2.1646.28±1.4118.25±6.50
D1655.04±0.3955.04±1.4053.33±0.7955.04±1.0353.33±0.7927.78±5.56
), ArticleFig(id=1276616425619984555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616408679190607, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

3株拮抗菌的抑菌谱

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株Strain抑菌率Antifungal rate/%
可可球二孢菌B. theobromae Pat.拟茎点霉菌P. mangiferae Ahmad胶孢炭疽菌C. gloeosporioides拟盘多毛孢P. mangiferae链格孢A. alternate灰霉菌B. cinerea
A245.74±3.7047.68±1.8551.37±1.0455.43±0.7851.77±1.8022.22±4.42
B8548.45±0.3951.85±0.9349.33±1.8557.36±2.1646.28±1.4118.25±6.50
D1655.04±0.3955.04±1.4053.33±0.7955.04±1.0353.33±0.7927.78±5.56
), ArticleFig(id=1276616425691287724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616408679190607, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Culture characteristics of three antagonistic strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株Strain项目Item高氏1号Gao’s No. 1查彼克Czapek葡萄糖酵母膏Glucose yeast extract淀粉铵Ammonium starch
A2气生菌丝白色白色至灰色浅黄色白色至浅灰色
基内菌丝浅黄色白色至灰色黄色浅黄色
可溶色素乳白色乳白色
B85气生菌丝白色白色至灰色白色至浅灰色白色至浅灰色
基内菌丝黄色白色至灰色黄色浅黄色
可溶色素乳白色乳白色
D16气生菌丝白色至浅灰色黑褐色浅黄色白色至褐色
基内菌丝浅黄色黑褐色黄色浅黄色
可溶色素乳白色乳白色
), ArticleFig(id=1276616425770979501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616408679190607, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

3株拮抗菌的培养特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株Strain项目Item高氏1号Gao’s No. 1查彼克Czapek葡萄糖酵母膏Glucose yeast extract淀粉铵Ammonium starch
A2气生菌丝白色白色至灰色浅黄色白色至浅灰色
基内菌丝浅黄色白色至灰色黄色浅黄色
可溶色素乳白色乳白色
B85气生菌丝白色白色至灰色白色至浅灰色白色至浅灰色
基内菌丝黄色白色至灰色黄色浅黄色
可溶色素乳白色乳白色
D16气生菌丝白色至浅灰色黑褐色浅黄色白色至褐色
基内菌丝浅黄色黑褐色黄色浅黄色
可溶色素乳白色乳白色
), ArticleFig(id=1276616425846476974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616408679190607, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Physiological and biochemical characteristics of three antagonistic strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征CharacteristicA2B85D16
明胶液化+++
牛奶凝固+++
牛奶胨化+
纤维素水解++
淀粉水解+
H2S产生
D-葡萄糖+++
D-果糖+++
D-木糖
L-鼠李糖+
D-甘露糖+++
蔗糖+++
L-阿拉伯糖+
棉子糖++
L-肌醇+++
), ArticleFig(id=1276616425926168751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616408679190607, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

3株拮抗菌的生理生化特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征CharacteristicA2B85D16
明胶液化+++
牛奶凝固+++
牛奶胨化+
纤维素水解++
淀粉水解+
H2S产生
D-葡萄糖+++
D-果糖+++
D-木糖
L-鼠李糖+
D-甘露糖+++
蔗糖+++
L-阿拉伯糖+
棉子糖++
L-肌醇+++
), ArticleFig(id=1276616425984889008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616408679190607, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Inhibitory effect of antagonistic strain against B. theobromae Pat. under different nutrient concentrations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株Strain抑制率Inhibition rate/%
46.0 g/L PDA粉46.0 g/L PDA powder23.0 g/L PDA粉23.0 g/L PDA powder11.5 g/L PDA粉11.5 g/L PDA powder4.6 g/L PDA粉4.6 g/L PDA powder
A238.92±1.55b48.63±1.71b50.32±1.47b52.38±1.49b
B8543.23±1.29a50.20±0.39b50.74±1.13b54.45±1.65ab
D1645.38±0.43a56.86±1.39a57.54±0.85a58.17±0.42a
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不同营养条件下拮抗菌对可可球二孢菌的抑制效果

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菌株Strain抑制率Inhibition rate/%
46.0 g/L PDA粉46.0 g/L PDA powder23.0 g/L PDA粉23.0 g/L PDA powder11.5 g/L PDA粉11.5 g/L PDA powder4.6 g/L PDA粉4.6 g/L PDA powder
A238.92±1.55b48.63±1.71b50.32±1.47b52.38±1.49b
B8543.23±1.29a50.20±0.39b50.74±1.13b54.45±1.65ab
D1645.38±0.43a56.86±1.39a57.54±0.85a58.17±0.42a
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芒果蒂腐病拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及生防机理研究
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樊佳烨 1 , 郭雪松 2 , 田丽波 2 , 商桑 1, *
热带作物学报 | 植物保护与生物安全 2025,46(11): 2700-2712
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热带作物学报 |植物保护与生物安全 2025 , 46 (11) : 2700 -2712
芒果蒂腐病拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及生防机理研究
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樊佳烨1, 郭雪松2, 田丽波2, 商桑1, *
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学生命健康学院,海南海口 570228
  • 2.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228
通讯作者:
* 商桑(SHANG Sang),E-mail:
Screening, Identification and Biocontrol Mechanism of Antagonistic Actinomycetes of Mango Stem-end Rot
Jiaye FAN1, Xuesong GUO2, Libo TIAN2, Sang SHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 2.School of Tropical Agricultural and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.015
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为丰富芒果蒂腐病拮抗菌资源,寻找替代化学杀菌剂的无毒无污染的采后防治方法,以可可球二孢菌(Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.)和拟茎点霉菌(Phomposis mangiferae Ahmad)为指示菌,使用平板稀释法、双重培养法从芒果树根际土壤中分离筛选出对蒂腐病菌有拮抗作用的放线菌,并明确其分类地位,测试活体防效,初步探究其抑菌机理。结果表明:筛选到对可可球二孢菌和拟茎点霉菌均有抑菌效果、遗传稳定性良好的拮抗菌A2、B85、D16,且对芒果胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)、芒果拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis mangiferae)、芒果链格孢(Alternaria alternate)、番茄灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)均有抑制效果,抑菌谱广。活体试验中,接种后第3天,拮抗菌株A2、B85、D16处理的果实病斑直径(分别为8.58、8.50、7.83 mm)和咪鲜胺处理(6.33 mm)无显著差异,但均显著低于对照(20.58 mm)。经形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征和分子鉴定将菌株A2、B85鉴定为马来西亚链霉菌(Streptomyces malaysiensis),D16为利迪链霉菌(Streptomyces lydicus)。菌株A2、B85、D16通过产生具有抑菌效果的活性物质,抑制可可球二孢菌孢子萌发、营养竞争,提高果实超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性来抑制蒂腐病的发生,其中D16菌株还可产生具有抑菌效果的挥发性有机化合物来抑制蒂腐病的发生。研究表明这3个菌株均对蒂腐病菌有一定的拮抗作用,可进一步深入研究。

芒果蒂腐病  /  拮抗放线菌  /  筛选  /  鉴定  /  抑菌机理

The study aimed to find non-toxic and pollution-free post-harvest prevention and treatment methods replacing chemical fungicides to enrich the resources of mango stalk rot antagonist bacteria. Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. and Phomposis mangiferae Ahmad were used as the indicator fungi, and actinomycetes with antagonistic effects on stalk rot fungi were isolated and screened from the rhizosphere soil of mango trees by the plate dilution and dual culture method. The classification status, live prevention effects, and the antimicrobial mechanism were preliminary studied. Antagonists A2, B85 and D16 were selected, which had antimicrobial effects and good genetic stability against both Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. and Phomposis mangiferae Ahmad, and had inhibitory effects on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Pestalotiopsis mangiferae, Alternaria alternate and Botrytis cinerea, with a wide antifungal spectrum. In the live test, on the 3rd day after inoculation, there were no significant differences in the diameter of the fruit lesions treated with antagonist strains A2, B85 and D16 (8.58, 8.50, 7.83 mm) and the imimerine-treated group (6.33 mm), but significantly lower than that of the control group (20.58 mm). Strains A2 and B85 were identified as Streptomyces malaysiensis, and D16 was Streptomyces lydicus. Strains A2, B85 and D16 inhibited the occurrence of pedicle rot by producing active substances with antimicrobial effects, inhibiting spore germination of dipodol, nutritional competition, and improving the activity of fruit SOD, POD and CAT. Among the three antagonistic strains, the D16 could also produce volatile organic compounds with antimicrobial effects to inhibit the occurrence of pedicle rot fungi. The three strains had certain antagonistic effects on pedicle rot bacteria and could be further studied.

mango stem-end rot  /  antagonistic actinomycetes  /  screening  /  identification  /  antimicrobial mechanism
樊佳烨, 郭雪松, 田丽波, 商桑. 芒果蒂腐病拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及生防机理研究. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (11) : 2700 -2712 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.015
Jiaye FAN, Xuesong GUO, Libo TIAN, Sang SHANG. Screening, Identification and Biocontrol Mechanism of Antagonistic Actinomycetes of Mango Stem-end Rot[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (11) : 2700 -2712 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.015
近年来,芒果(Mangifera indica L.)逐渐成为世界流行的热带水果,芒果产业也在我国经济上占有十分重要的地位。据2023年统计数据,我国芒果种植面积已达到37.46万hm2。热带果蔬贮藏保鲜的主要问题是腐烂、贮藏期病害和褐变等,而采后病害是引起腐烂的最主要原因。芒果蒂腐病是主要的采后病害之一,小穴壳菌(Dothiorella dominicana Cif.)、拟茎点霉菌(Phomosis mangiferae Ahmad)和可可球二孢菌(Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.)是引起蒂腐病的优势菌[1]。病原微生物在幼果期潜伏于果皮内,采后病斑迅速向果身扩展,致使全果腐烂,对运输及贮藏产生极大影响,造成严重的经济损失。
为保证芒果的产量和品质,应采取相应的防治措施,而目前采用的防治方法存在诸多局限。化学防治是一种最普遍的手段,主要依赖于杀菌剂控制芒果病害的发生。然而,化学防治是一把双刃剑,杀菌剂的长期大量使用导致病原菌出现较强的抗药性,并且在杀灭病原菌的同时,也会破坏土壤中对芒果生长发育有益的微生物。难以降解的有毒化学试剂的残留也会对生态环境和食品安全产生一定影响,与可持续发展的战略要求不相符[2]。因此,生物防治显得尤为重要,明确生防机理则是开发生防菌剂的重中之重。生防菌防控采后病害的机理十分复杂,目前尚未完全清晰。生防菌、病原菌与寄主在外界环境的影响下互相作用,在多种机理作用下产生防治效果,包括竞争营养与空间、寄生作用、分泌抑菌物质和诱导寄主产生抗病性[3-4]。DROBY[5]研究表明,将绿霉菌(Penicillium digitatum)和季也蒙毕赤酵母(Pichia guilliermondii)在不充足的营养条件下共培养,酵母菌的繁殖速度远快于绿霉菌,是绿霉菌的200倍,致使绿霉菌不能正常繁殖。研究表明,有些生防菌能附着定殖在致病菌菌丝上,对病原菌形成直接寄生,且通过分泌β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、几丁质酶等胞外水解酶来分解致病菌的菌丝体,进而抑制致病菌的正常生长[6]。WISNIEWSKI等[7]研究发现,酵母菌定殖于果实伤口处时会产生抑菌物质,以抑制致病菌生长,缓解果实发病;WANG等[8]通过深入研究发现,抑菌物质是糖蛋白或蛋白质。拮抗菌可以作为生物激发子来诱导采后果蔬抗病性的产生[9],TORRES等[10]研究表明,成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans)诱导柑橘内部产生酚类物质,从而增强了果实相关抗氧化酶的活性。
近年来,已有研究表明,马来西亚链霉菌(Streptomyces malaysiensis)及利迪链霉菌(Streptomyces lydicus)是具有显著生防潜力的放线菌。最新分离出的1株马来西亚链霉菌HSL-9B,其提取物对芒果炭疽病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发有明显的抑制作用[11]。利迪链霉菌A02通过提高净光合速率与植物内源激素含量,能够有效抑制西瓜枯萎病的发生[12];余小兰等[13]分离筛选出的利迪链霉菌D2对甜瓜枯萎病菌有较强的拮抗活性。
微生物农药作为现代农药发展的重要方向,生防菌能产生多种活性次级代谢产物,这类天然产物对环境无污染,同时可避免病原菌产生抗药性。但目前关于放线菌其他生防机理的研究报道仍较少。因此,为寻找能有效抑制芒果蒂腐病的生防菌,本研究从芒果树根际土壤中分离筛选出对蒂腐病菌具有抑制作用的拮抗放线菌,开展活体拮抗试验,并对优势菌株进行形态、培养特征、生理生化特征观察及分子鉴定,进一步明确其生防机理,为芒果采后蒂腐病的防控提供更加有效的防治措施。
供试病原菌:芒果可可球二孢蒂腐病菌(Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.)、芒果拟茎点霉菌(Phomposis mangiferae Ahmad)、芒果拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis mangiferae)、芒果链格孢(Alternaria alternate)、芒果胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)等病原菌株均由中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所高兆银老师提供。番茄灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)由海南大学园艺系刘永华老师课题组提供。
供试土样:海南大学实验教学基地芒果园(110°32′31″E,20°3′24″N)土样。
供试培养基:高氏1号合成培养基[14]和马铃薯培养基(PDA)[15]。灭菌条件均为121 ℃,30 min。
(1)菌株的分离。选择透气性良好且干燥的土壤,去除表层5 cm左右的浮土,采集适量土样。剔除其中的残留根系、石砾等杂质,风干备用。称取10 g处理后的土样于锥形瓶中,加入100 mL无菌水,置于200 r/min摇床中,20 min后取上清液。采用平板稀释法分离放线菌[16],将上清液用无菌蒸馏水进行梯度稀释,得到稀释为10–1、10–2、10–3、10–4、10–5的土壤悬液。分别吸取200 µL土壤悬液于高氏1号平板培养基上,用无菌玻璃珠涂布均匀,封口,倒置培养。待菌株长好后,挑取不同形态特征的菌落进行划线纯化,并对不同的菌株编号保存。
(2)拮抗菌的离体筛选。通过在PDA平板上双重培养病原菌和放线菌的方法[17],对芒果蒂腐病拮抗放线菌进行离体筛选。在距离PDA平板边缘3 cm处进行划线接种待测放线菌,将平板置于生化培养箱中于28 ℃培养2 d后,在距PDA平板另一侧边缘3 cm处分别接种2种病原菌菌饼(直径6 mm)。对照仅接种可可球二孢菌、拟茎点霉菌菌饼。每个处理3次重复,做好标记,封口,28 ℃下培养3 d。当对照组病原菌长满整个平板时,观察待测放线菌对2种病原菌的抑制情况,挑选有抑菌效果的拮抗菌株。根据公式计算拮抗菌对病原菌的抑制率,抑制率=[(R1R2)/R1]×100%,式中,R1为对照组病原菌菌丝生长的半径,R2为处理组病原菌菌丝生长的半径。
(3)拮抗放线菌抑菌活性稳定性测定。为了确定拮抗放线菌对2种病原菌(可可球二孢菌、拟茎点霉菌)的抑菌活性稳定性,将拮抗放线菌在高氏1号培养基上进行5次连续传代培养,每次挑取28 ℃下培养5 d的单菌落在新的高氏1号培养基上进行划线培养[18]。测定第5次传代后的拮抗放线菌对2种蒂腐病病原菌的抑菌率,方法同1.2.1-(2),每种菌株重复3次。
(4)拮抗放线菌抗菌谱的测定。采用1.2.1-(2)中的方法,测定离体抑菌效果较好的3株拮抗放线菌(A2、B85、D16)对芒果可可球二孢蒂腐病菌、拟茎点霉菌、胶孢炭疽菌、拟盘多毛孢、链格孢、番茄灰霉菌的抑菌活性。
(5)活体拮抗试验。选取离体抑菌效果较好的3株拮抗放线菌(A2、B85、D16)进行活体拮抗试验,并以这3株拮抗放线菌进行后续试验。
选取体积大小、成熟程度一致的新鲜无病虫害侵染的金煌芒果实,浸入2% NaClO溶液2 min,用自来水冲洗后晾干备用。每个处理组取3个芒果,在每个果实赤道两侧对称打2个孔,形成直径为5.0 mm、深为2.0 mm的伤口。在伤口处分别接种20 μL拮抗菌发酵液,2 h后接种20 μL病原菌孢子悬浮液(1×105 CFU/mL),以接种无菌水为对照(CK),并设置250 mg/L咪鲜胺处理作比较,每个处理重复3次。将处理后的芒果晾干,置于保鲜袋(30 cm×40 cm)中,扎口,于25 ℃室温贮藏,保持95%相对湿度[19]。每天记录发病孔数,测定病斑直径,并计算发病率,发病率=(发病孔数/接种总孔数)×100%。
(1)形态及培养特征观察。采用平皿插片法[20],将放线菌单菌落分别接种于高氏1号、查彼克、淀粉铵、葡萄糖酵母膏培养基上,将盖玻片倾斜插片,密封后于28 ℃培养7 d,记录菌株的培养特征,同时取出平板中的盖玻片,置于光学显微镜下观察菌丝及孢子形态。
(2)生理生化特征观察。参考WILLIAMS等[21]、SHIRLING等[22]的方法,包括明胶液化、牛奶凝固与胨化、淀粉水解、纤维素水解、硫化氢产生和不同碳源利用试验,每个试验设3个重复。
(3)放线菌分子鉴定。利用CTAB法提取放线菌16S rDNA,采用引物27F:5'-AGAGTTTGAT CCTGGCTCAG-3';1492R:5'-GGTTACCTTGTT ACGACTT-3',进行PCR扩增,PCR反应程序:94 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸2 min,35个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。PCR扩增后将产物于1%琼脂糖凝胶中电泳,在紫外灯下进行观察。16S rDNA测序,在NCBI的Blast数据库上进行比对,搜索同源性高的序列,利用MEGA7.0软件构建系统发育树[23-24]
(1)拮抗菌发酵上清液的抑菌效果。上清液的制备方法:将发酵液倒入离心管中,12 000 r/min离心10 min后,将上清液用0.22 µm微孔过滤器过滤,制得无菌发酵上清液。
采用菌丝生长速率法测定拮抗菌发酵上清液的抑菌效果。将上清液与PDA培养基按1∶9的比例混合倒平板,对照用无菌水代替上清液,用无菌打孔器打取直径为6 mm的可可球二孢菌菌饼,接种于混合平板的中央,在28 ℃下培养至对照组病原菌长满平板,测量上清液处理组病原菌的菌落直径,并计算抑菌率,每个处理重复3次。抑菌率=[(对照菌落直径-处理菌落直径)/(对照菌落直径–6 mm)]×100%。
(2)挥发性有机化合物的抑菌效果。采用平板对扣法[25],吸取100 µL的拮抗菌发酵液,均匀涂布于高氏1号平板上,28 ℃培养2 d后,在PDA培养基中央放置直径6 mm的可可球二孢菌菌饼,将两板对扣后用密封膜封口。以只接种可可球二孢菌菌饼的PDA平板为对照,待对照组病原菌长满平板后测量处理组病原菌的菌落直径,并统计抑菌率,方法同1.2.3-(1),每个处理重复3次。
(3)发酵液对孢子萌发的抑制作用。在装有2 mL PDB培养基的5 mL离心管中,分别加入100 µL拮抗菌发酵液,对照为100 µL无菌水,再往每管中滴加100 µL 1×105 CFU/mL可可球二孢菌孢子悬浮液。于28 ℃下200 r/min摇床中培养24 h,利用光学显微镜进行观察,每处理各观察100个孢子,统计各处理病原菌孢子萌发数,计算萌发率。以芽管长度超过孢子的一半视为萌发,每处理重复3次。萌发率=(孢子萌发数/观察的孢子总数)×100%。
(4)营养竞争。采用双重培养方法,方法同1.2.1-(2),通过拮抗菌在含有不同营养浓度的PDA培养基上抑制真菌病原菌的生长来判断营养的竞争[26]。设置4种不同的营养浓度:正常营养浓度(46.0 g/L PDA粉)、正常营养浓度的1/2(23.0 g/L PDA粉)、正常营养浓度的1/4(11.5 g/L PDA粉)和正常营养浓度的1/10(4.6 g/L PDA粉)。以只接种可可球二孢菌菌饼的PDA平板为对照,28 ℃下培养3 d后测量处理组病原菌的菌落直径,并计算抑菌率,方法同1.2.1-(2),每个处理重复3次。
(5)拮抗菌发酵液诱导果实抗性的研究。果实前期处理方法同1.2.1-(2),在伤口处接种20 µL拮抗菌发酵液,以无菌水为对照,晾干,装入保鲜袋,扎口,保持95%相对湿度,25 ℃下贮藏5 d,每隔1 d取1次果实伤口附近果肉,用于果实相关抗氧化酶活性的测定,每个处理重复3次。测定指标包括过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。CAT活性采用过氧化氢法测定,POD活性采用愈创木酚法测定,SOD活性采用氮蓝四唑法[27]测定。
使用Excel和SPSS19.0软件对试验数据进行处理和分析,采用ANOVA进行邓肯式差异显著性分析。
从海南大学实验教学基地芒果园采集的土样中,以添加0.005%重铬酸钾的高氏1号培养基为放线菌分离培养基,根据菌落的生长形态等特征进行编号,挑取不同菌株的单菌落进行纯化,共分离获得223株放线菌。经双重培养法筛选获得对可可球二孢菌(Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.)和拟茎点霉菌(Phomposis mangiferae Ahmad)均有抑菌效果的活性菌株共9株,其中A2、B85、D16的抑菌效果较好,D16对2种病原菌的抑制效果最佳,抑菌率均为55.04%,B85的抑菌效果次之,对可可球二孢菌和拟茎点霉菌的抑菌率分别为48.45%、51.85%,A2对2种病原菌的抑菌率分别为45.74%、47.68%(表1)。
用群体传代法考察9株拮抗菌连续传代5次的稳定性,其中效果较好的3株拮抗菌为A2、B85、D16,且对2种病原菌的抑菌率均在46.00%以上,说明这3株拮抗菌遗传稳定性好。D23在传代5次后,对2种病原菌均无抑菌效果,说明该菌株在传代过程中丧失抑菌活性,遗传稳定性差(表2)。故以A2、B85、D16拮抗菌株进行后续试验。
表3知,3株拮抗菌除了对引起蒂腐病的2种病原菌可可球二孢菌和拟茎点霉菌有抑菌效果外,同时还对胶孢炭疽菌、拟盘多毛孢、链格孢、灰霉菌具有抑菌效果,抑菌谱较广。
接种后第3天,CK果实开始出现明显病斑,而拮抗菌和咪鲜胺处理的发病情况不明显;第5天时,CK的病斑几乎扩展至整个果实,发病情况严重,而拮抗菌和咪鲜胺处理的部分孔出现较明显的病斑(图1)。接种后,在整个贮藏期间拮抗菌和咪鲜胺处理的果实病斑直径和发病率均显著低于CK。接种后第3天,A2、B85、D16拮抗菌处理的果实病斑直径分别为8.58、8.50、7.83 mm,与咪鲜胺处理(6.33 mm)无显著差异,而显著低于CK(20.58 mm);A2处理的果实发病率为38.89%,显著高于咪鲜胺处理(11.11%),而B85、D16处理的果实发病率分别为27.78%、33.33%,与咪鲜胺处理组无显著差异,且拮抗菌处理之间差异不显著。接种后第5天,拮抗菌和咪鲜胺处理的病斑直径无显著差异,而B85、D16处理的果实发病率(72.22%、72.22%)显著高于咪鲜胺处理(38.89%),但与A2处理的果实发病率(61.11%)无显著差异(图2)。结果表明,前期拮抗菌处理后均能较好地抑制蒂腐病的发生及病斑扩展,且与250 mg/L咪鲜胺处理效果相当,但拮抗菌在防治效果与稳定性上和咪鲜胺存在一定差距。这表明拮抗菌株A2、B85、D16对蒂腐病有一定的抑制效果。
A2、B85、D16拮抗菌在高氏1号、查彼克、葡萄糖酵母膏、淀粉铵培养基上菌能正常生长。A2在高氏1号培养基上气生菌丝呈白色,基内菌丝淡黄色,产生乳白色色素(图3),孢子丝长,直线形(图4);B85在高氏1号培养基上气生菌丝呈白色,基内菌丝黄色,产生乳白色色素(图3),孢子丝短,松螺旋形(图4);D16在高氏1号培养基上气生菌丝白色至浅灰色,基内菌丝淡黄色,产生乳白色色素(图3),孢子圆形(图4)。3株拮抗菌在查彼克、葡萄糖酵母膏、淀粉铵培养基上具体特征见表4。3株拮抗菌在4种培养基上菌落形态相差不大。
菌株A2、B85的明胶液化、纤维素水解反应均呈阳性,对牛奶凝固但不胨化,菌株D16明胶液化、牛奶凝固胨化反应均呈阳性,但纤维素水解反应呈阴性,具体生理生化特征见表5
通过对3株拮抗菌株进行PCR扩增,获得其16S rDNA近全长序列,A2共1420 bp,B85共1403 bp,D16共1431 bp。将3株拮抗菌的16S rDNA序列上传至GenBank数据库,登录号分别为PV798802、PV798803、PV798804。在NCBI的Blast数据库上进行比对,搜索同源性高的序列,构建系统发育树。发现A2、B85均与Streptomyces malaysiensis同源性最高(分别为99.65%、99.86%),且聚在同一个分支(图5);D16与Streptomyces lydicus同源性最高(99.85%),且聚在同一个分支(图6)。结合形态特征、培养特征及生理生化特征,初步鉴定A2、B85为马来西亚链霉菌(Streptomyces malaysiensis),D16为利迪链霉菌(Streptomyces lydicus)。
图7可知,当CK中可可球二孢菌长满整个平板时,在发酵上清液和PDA混合的平板上可可球二孢菌的生长受到明显的抑制。菌株A2的发酵上清液对可可球二孢菌的抑菌率高达96.25%,显著高于菌株B85(83.54%)和D16(76.46%)。说明3株拮抗菌的发酵上清液均能有效地抑制可可球二孢菌的生长。
当CK中可可球二孢菌长满整个平板时,拮抗菌处理的可可球二孢菌生长受到不同程度的抑制(图8)。菌株D16处理的可可球二孢菌菌落直径为75.67 mm,显著低于CK、A2和B85处理,而A2、B85处理的可可球二孢菌菌落直径与CK无显著差异。结果表明,菌株D16产生的挥发性有机化合物对可可球二孢菌的生长有一定的抑制作用。
显微镜下观察到CK处理中可可球二孢菌萌发的分生孢子呈椭圆形,成熟时黑色双胞、中间有横隔(图9A、图9B);发酵液处理的未萌发分生孢子(图9C)。由图10可知,CK的可可球二孢菌分生孢子萌发率为99.33%,与CK相比,3株拮抗菌的发酵液均能显著抑制可可球二孢菌分生孢子的萌发,其中菌株A2的发酵液抑制效果最佳,处理后的分生孢子萌发率仅为7.67%。
在含有4种不同营养浓度(正常浓度、正常浓度的1/2、正常浓度的1/4和正常浓度的1/10)的PDA平板上双重培养拮抗菌和可可球二孢菌,以明确拮抗菌与病原菌之间的营养竞争。结果表明,随着PDA培养基中营养物质浓度的降低,所有拮抗菌株均表现出对病原菌可可球二孢菌更高的生长抑制作用(表6)。当3株拮抗菌和可可球二孢菌分别在PDA平板上以正常营养浓度的1/10(4.6 g/L PDA粉)进行双重培养时,抑制作用均最高。结果表明,3株拮抗菌和可可球二孢菌之间均存在营养竞争。
在贮藏期间,各处理果实的SOD活性均呈波动上升的趋势,在第5天达到最大值;第2天时,菌株D16处理显著诱导果实SOD活性的增加,是CK的1.20倍;第4天时,菌株A2、B85处理的果实SOD活性显著高于CK,分别是CK的1.23倍和1.12倍(图11A)。各处理果实的POD活性在贮藏期间整体呈先升后降的趋势,CK的POD活性在第1~3天逐渐上升,第3天达到峰值;在第4~5天,菌株A2、B85、D16处理的POD活性均显著高于CK(图11B)。在贮藏前3 d,CK与菌株D16处理的果实CAT活性逐渐上升,第3天时活性最大,菌株D16处理的CAT活性是CK的1.44倍,差异显著;而菌株A2处理的CAT活性呈逐渐上升的趋势,在4~5 d时显著高于CK,分别是CK的1.50倍和1.78倍;在贮藏前期,菌株B85处理的CAT活性逐渐上升,第4天达到峰值,显著诱导了果实CAT活性的增加,是CK的1.72倍(图11C)。
随着生物防治的推广,已有大量微生物投入到实际生产应用中。土壤中含有大量的拮抗微生物,其中放线菌种类繁多、资源丰富。放线菌作为目前广泛应用的生防菌之一,越来越受到研究者的重视,关于其生物防治作用的报道也越来越多。孙平平等[28]从土壤中分离筛选得到1株拮抗菌L-30,该菌株可以有效抑制梨灰霉病菌,且可以有效延缓梨灰霉病的发生;张凯等[29]发现放线菌gz-8能有效拮抗胶孢炭疽菌,且当菌株发酵液的粗提物浓度为1000 mg/L时,对果实炭疽病的防效与同浓度的百菌清相当。
目前关于拮抗放线菌防治芒果蒂腐病的研究仍较少。因此本研究采用平板划线法分离出223株放线菌,经过双重培养的方法筛选到9株活性菌株对芒果蒂腐病菌Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.、Phomposis mangiferae Ahmad均有抑制作用,其中A2、B85、D16的抑制效果最佳,具有较强的遗传稳定性且抑菌谱较广,因此具备良好的生防潜力,有重要的研究价值。经初步鉴定,A2、B85为马来西亚链霉菌(Streptomyces malaysiensis),D16为利迪链霉菌(Streptomyces lydicus)。
随着研究的深入,杨胜远等[30]分离得到对芒果蒂腐病有较强抑制作用的芽孢杆菌X-98-2,其发酵液可明显抑制芒果的新陈代谢,切断病原菌的入侵。王兰英等[31]研究证实菌株SCK-Y9抑菌谱广,对芒果蒂腐病病菌的抑制率可达80%以上。本研究分别通过离体试验和活体试验对3株拮抗菌的抑菌效果进行测定,研究结果与上述报道中生防菌的防治效果基本一致。在离体试验中,证实A2、B85、D16均对蒂腐病菌的生长有一定的抑制作用,其中D16的抑菌效果最佳;在活体试验中,证实A2、B85、D16在前期均对蒂腐病的发生及病斑扩展有一定的抑制效果,但无显著差异,且与250 mg/L咪鲜胺抑制病斑扩展的效果相当。而武峥[32]筛选出的酵母菌MA-3在离体试验中对青霉菌有一定的抑制效果,在活体试验中,接种到果实上的菌株对青霉菌几乎无抑制效果。这一现象说明拮抗菌的拮抗作用可能受到多种因素的影响,如培养条件、营养成分等。
拮抗微生物进行生物防治的机理较为复杂,目前关于其防控机制尚未明确。生防菌对采后病害的防治主要依赖于多种机理作用的相互结合。已有研究证实,放线菌可以通过产生次级代谢产物来抑制病原菌的生长,诱导植株产生抗病性,此外还可以分泌生长素等活性物质起到促生作用[33]。大部分生防菌以迅速生长繁殖的优势,通过与病原菌争夺寄主营养以及生长空间来抑制致病菌生长。此外,拮抗菌也可以诱导采后芒果产生抗病性。当病原菌入侵果实后会产生应激反应,从而产生大量活性氧,而高浓度的活性氧会使果实细胞造成损害而坏死。当活性氧含量增加,拮抗菌可能通过提高相关抗氧化酶的活性来清除过量活性氧,间接提高果实对病原菌的抗性,进而保护果实,减缓腐烂。研究表明,营养竞争以及β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶的产生被认为是商业酵母产品的主要作用方式[1934];酵母菌株Debaryomyces nepalensis可通过产生抗真菌挥发性有机化合物来抑制病原菌的生长[24];金黄色葡萄球菌可以抑制多种病原菌的孢子萌发[35]
链霉菌作为一种重要的生防菌,可产生大量具有抑菌活性的抗生素和酶。目前已有研究表明,利迪链霉菌可产生利迪霉素(lydimycin)、利迪链菌素(streptolydigin)、苹果酸氧霉素(malioxamycin)等多种抗生素[36-38]。此外,也有研究证实利迪链霉素可产生几丁质酶[39]、那他霉素[12]。陈恳[40]从利迪链霉菌发酵液中也提取出了β-1,3-葡聚糖酶,该物质可特异性地分解真菌细胞壁中的葡聚糖,使细胞壁变薄而暴露,最终因渗透压差导致细胞死亡。有研究鉴定了马来西亚产抗菌代谢产物的关键合成基因簇,并分析了其提取物中的15种主要化合物,其中12-甲基十三烷酸是提取物中的主要成分[11]
本研究从代谢产物的抑菌效果、产生的挥发性有机化合物的抑菌效果、对孢子萌发的抑制作用、营养竞争及诱导果实产生抗性5个方面探究生防机理。结果表明,筛选得到的3株拮抗菌的发酵上清液均可以显著抑制可可球二孢的生长,说明产生的某些代谢产物具有抑菌活性;菌株D16产生的挥发性有机化合物在一定程度上对可可球二孢菌的生长有抑制作用,而菌株A2、B85产生的挥发性有机化合物无抑菌作用;3株拮抗菌的发酵液均能够抑制可可球二孢分生孢子的萌发,且A2的抑制作用最高;在营养浓度最低时拮抗放线菌的抑制作用最强,说明3株拮抗菌和可可球二孢之间均存在营养竞争。此外,3株菌也能够通过提高果实的SOD、POD、CAT活性,增强果实抗性。
病原菌、拮抗菌、寄主之间的相互作用机理较为复杂,本研究仅初步探究了拮抗菌的抑菌机理。目前,拮抗放线菌对芒果蒂腐病的抑菌效果并未达到理想效果,在后续研究中,不仅要筛选出更多优质的生防菌,还需继续对其作用机理进行深入研究,以明确其拮抗机理,提高拮抗菌的防治效果。
本研究从海南大学实验教学基地芒果园土壤中分离筛选出遗传稳定性良好,抑菌谱广,对芒果可可球二孢蒂腐病菌、拟茎点霉菌、胶孢炭疽菌、拟盘多毛孢、链格孢、番茄灰霉菌均有抑制效果的3株拮抗菌株A2、B85、D16。且对蒂腐病菌的抑制效果与250 mg/L咪鲜胺处理的效果相当。菌株A2、B85为马来西亚链霉菌(Streptomyces malaysiensis),D16为利迪链霉菌(Streptomyces lydicus)。3株拮抗菌株的抑菌机理包括:具有抑菌效果的代谢活性物质、可抑制可可球二孢菌的孢子萌发、与可可球二孢菌存在营养竞争、可提高果实的SOD、POD、CAT活性。此外D16还可以通过产生挥发性有机化合物抑制蒂腐病的发生。
  • 海南省研究生创新科研课题(Qhyb2023-57; Qhys2023-263)
  • 海南大学创新创业基金项目(XJ2400005243)
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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.015
  • 接收时间:2025-05-12
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-12
  • 录用日期:2025-08-05
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海南省研究生创新科研课题(Qhyb2023-57; Qhys2023-263)
海南大学创新创业基金项目(XJ2400005243)
作者信息
    1.海南大学生命健康学院,海南海口 570228
    2.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228

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* 商桑(SHANG Sang),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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