Article(id=1276616368309006492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616263778562546, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753027200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1755014400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-13, onlineDate=1782298660589, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782298660589, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782298660589, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782298660589, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276616263778562546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='2549', pageEnd='2815', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782298635668, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782299117657, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276618285483426694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616263778562546, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276618285487620999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616263778562546, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2570, endPage=2582, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276616368581636254, articleId=1276616368309006492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Analysis on Codon Usage Bias of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. Chloroplast Genome, columnId=1236256430337085821, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Omics & Biotechnology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. renowned as one of the "Four Great Southern Medicinal Herbs" of China, possesses modern pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-tumor effects. However, with its wild resources increasingly depleted and cultivated plants facing pressures from pests, diseases, and climate change, there is an urgent need to enhance germplasm quality and stress resistance through biotechnological approaches. This study aimed to analyze the codon usage bias in the chloroplast genome of A. oxyphylla Miq. providing a theoretical basis for its subsequent applications in genetic engineering and synthetic biology. Fifty-one high-quality protein-coding sequences from the A. oxyphylla chloroplast genome were screened based on multiple filtering criteria. Codon usage characteristics were analyzed using CodonW 1.4.2 software combined with the online platform CUSP. There existed significant A/U-ending preference. The GC content showed a decreasing gradient (GC1=45.69%>GC2=38.79%>GC3=27.50%), with 90.6% of the preferred codons (RSCU>1) ending in A/U. There existed overall weak codon usage bias. The mean effective number of codons (ENC) was 46.56 (67.78% of genes had ENC>45), and the mean codon adaptation index (CAI) was 0.17. Natural selection dominated codon evolution. Neutrality plot analysis showed no significant correlation between GC12 and GC3. The actual values significantly deviated from the expected curve in the ENC-plot. The PR2-plot revealed a bias at the GC3 position favoring A>T and C>G. Ten optimal codons were identified. This study is the first to reveal the conserved A/U-ending preference and the multifactor synergistic regulatory mechanism dominated by natural selection in the A. oxyphylla chloroplast genome. The identified optimal codons could serve as key elements for chloroplast genetic engineering in A. oxyphylla. Directional optimization of codon usage in exogenous genes (e.g., genes encoding enzymes for medicinal compound synthesis) using the codons is expected to enhance the expression efficiency, providing technical support for A. oxyphylla quality improvement and stress-resistant breeding.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yingying LI, Xiangzhen LI, Xiaoxia YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoxia YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276616372423618733, articleId=1276616368309006492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=益智叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏好分析, columnId=1236256430517440904, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=组学与生物技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

益智(Alpinia oxyphylla Miq.)作为我国著名的“四大南药”之一,具有抗氧化、抗炎、神经保护、抗肿瘤等现代药理活性,但随着野生资源日益减少,人工栽培面临病虫害、气候变化等压力,亟需通过生物技术手段提升种质品质与抗逆性。本研究通过解析益智叶绿体基因组的密码子使用偏好性,为其后续遗传工程和合成生物学应用提供理论依据。基于多重过滤条件筛选获得51条高质量的益智叶绿体基因组蛋白编码序列,利用CodonW 1.4.2软件结合在线分析平台CUSP解析其特征。结果显示:(1)益智叶绿体基因组的密码子存在显著的A/U末端偏好性:密码子GC含量呈梯度递减(GC1=45.69%>GC2=38.79%>GC3=27.50%),90.6%的高偏好密码子(RSCU>1)以A/U结尾;(2)密码子偏好性整体偏弱:ENC均值为46.56(67.78%基因的ENC>45),CAI均值为0.17;(3)自然选择主导密码子进化:中性绘图显示GC12与GC3无显著相关性,ENC-plot中实际值显著偏离理论曲线,PR2-plot揭示GC3位点存在A>T/C>G的偏倚特性;(4)确定了10个最优密码子。本研究首次揭示了益智叶绿体基因组保守的A/U偏好性规律及由自然选择主导的多因素协同调控机制,所确定的最优密码子可作为益智叶绿体遗传工程的关键元件,通过定向优化外源基因(如药用成分合成酶编码基因)的密码子,提升其表达效率,为益智品质改良与抗逆性育种提供技术支撑。

, authors=

李英英(1990—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:药用植物资源研究与利用。

, authorsList=李英英, 李香振, 晏小霞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=晏小霞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 晏小霞(YAN Xiaoxia),E-mail:
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李英英(1990—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:药用植物资源研究与利用。

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李英英(1990—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:药用植物资源研究与利用。

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*表示显著相关(P<0.05),**表示极显著相关(P<0.01)。

, figureFileSmall=CmmGKQUBkpZ+vYlzx18ymA==, figureFileBig=/e55mcidJe6J5TqC/DNEIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616388341002444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616368309006492, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Synonymous codon RSCU values and counts for each amino acid in A. oxyphylla Miq., figureFileSmall=E4NhAkEJSd2Wu06VorLkIA==, figureFileBig=2Y5vcb02kPFDqXJiJdrhmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616388684935373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616368309006492, language=CN, label=图2, caption=益智各氨基酸的同义密码子RSCU值及数目

A:益智各氨基酸的同义密码子RSCU值;B:益智各氨基酸的同义密码子数目。

, figureFileSmall=E4NhAkEJSd2Wu06VorLkIA==, figureFileBig=2Y5vcb02kPFDqXJiJdrhmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616388756238542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616368309006492, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Neutral plot analysis of codon usage in chloroplast genome of A. oxyphylla Miq., figureFileSmall=yPFGVIMfuaaXGtF9JHTPSw==, figureFileBig=YbR0udo4oNDxCBsQkpo+KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616388831736015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616368309006492, language=CN, label=图3, caption=益智叶绿体基因组密码子使用的中性绘图分析, figureFileSmall=yPFGVIMfuaaXGtF9JHTPSw==, figureFileBig=YbR0udo4oNDxCBsQkpo+KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616389070811344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616368309006492, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=ENC-plot analysis of chloroplast genomes of A. oxyphylla Miq., figureFileSmall=qbnXJzlXVD27z+aOSEyPSw==, figureFileBig=8/oUklvWVKgqCO9fQxoBig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616389158891729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616368309006492, language=CN, label=图4, caption=益智叶绿体基因组ENC-plot分析, figureFileSmall=qbnXJzlXVD27z+aOSEyPSw==, figureFileBig=8/oUklvWVKgqCO9fQxoBig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616389221806290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616368309006492, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=PR2-plot analysis in chloroplast genome of A. oxyphylla Miq., figureFileSmall=KdIHOz9NCafeOrcpFra1YA==, figureFileBig=ZFe0GMzWJsGVpwwyq1DD8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616389511213267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616368309006492, language=CN, label=图5, caption=益智叶绿体基因组PR2-plot分析, figureFileSmall=KdIHOz9NCafeOrcpFra1YA==, figureFileBig=ZFe0GMzWJsGVpwwyq1DD8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616389595099348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616368309006492, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Codon nucleotide composition characteristics of the chloroplast genome of A. oxyphylla Miq.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因Gene第1位碱基含量GC1 content/%第2位碱基含量GC2 content/%第3位碱基含量GC3 content/%总碱基含量GCall content/%有效密码子数ENC content密码子适应指数CAI密码子偏好指数CBI最优密码子使用频率Fop
accD41.335.622.133.142.280.203–0.1960.323
atpA55.739.626.640.746.250.195–0.0440.390
atpB56.042.128.042.147.450.191–0.0390.387
atpE52.240.429.440.747.250.160–0.0450.382
atpF48.731.929.236.640.180.136–0.1700.313
atpI48.436.325.036.744.890.174–0.0400.370
ccsA30.538.627.232.147.550.145–0.2160.294
cemA41.426.228.732.247.730.188–0.0580.374
clpP53.436.932.641.154.610.145–0.1730.306
matK37.229.323.430.048.240.148–0.2410.270
ndhA44.139.722.135.442.030.124–0.1270.311
ndhB41.539.431.537.546.350.161–0.1040.344
ndhC48.834.731.438.656.150.219–0.0260.378
ndhE39.232.326.433.039.210.130–0.2640.247
ndhF35.537.019.830.840.640.134–0.2020.289
ndhG40.735.021.432.644.020.140–0.2490.249
ndhH49.335.027.437.251.420.160–0.1040.347
ndhI39.835.923.833.349.640.181–0.1880.312
ndhJ48.135.129.437.750.520.170–0.1800.307
ndhK42.240.625.936.448.870.157–0.1670.315
orf10939.132.730.934.645.310.136–0.2240.280
petA54.535.528.139.452.180.188–0.0930.352
petD48.640.028.639.345.700.178–0.0790.335
psaA52.142.731.842.348.370.201–0.0770.369
psaB48.443.029.640.446.370.181–0.1080.354
psbA49.243.532.441.844.580.2960.1580.511
psbB54.046.429.543.347.040.182–0.0760.370
psbC53.246.432.944.245.250.179–0.0630.373
psbD52.643.228.041.441.780.2510.0410.441
rbcL56.542.829.142.947.470.2640.0570.457
rpl1453.636.625.238.840.560.18000.403
rpl2035.042.030.135.752.420.135–0.1390.338
rpl2234.131.919.728.544.860.160–0.1290.341
rpoA44.03422.533.650.010.138–0.1920.298
rpoB48.738.226.537.846.330.155–0.1240.342
rpoC148.638.523.937.145.930.149–0.1210.336
rpoC244.136.024.634.946.590.147–0.1820.309
rps1154.757.616.643.041.010.140–0.1580.316
rps1252.648.323.841.644.890.136–0.0860.345
rps1439.645.528.738.341.070.125–0.1700.313
rps1832.141.927.733.935.560.110–0.1640.312
rps242.242.631.738.847.020.180–0.1140.347
rps342.931.624.233.044.400.145–0.1890.310
rps446.638.624.236.748.310.153–0.0470.374
rps751.345.522.540.046.040.189–0.0920.369
rps838.438.422.533.136.640.124–0.0300.391
ycf136.027.825.929.947.340.173–0.1180.356
ycf241.734.436.937.752.520.157–0.1370.338
ycf347.339.729.639.151.760.158–0.1990.321
ycf444.841.632.940.049.610.162–0.0330.385
ycf6849.649.650.450.351.290.106–0.1490.319
), ArticleFig(id=1276616389922255061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616368309006492, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

益智叶绿体基因组密码子碱基组成特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因Gene第1位碱基含量GC1 content/%第2位碱基含量GC2 content/%第3位碱基含量GC3 content/%总碱基含量GCall content/%有效密码子数ENC content密码子适应指数CAI密码子偏好指数CBI最优密码子使用频率Fop
accD41.335.622.133.142.280.203–0.1960.323
atpA55.739.626.640.746.250.195–0.0440.390
atpB56.042.128.042.147.450.191–0.0390.387
atpE52.240.429.440.747.250.160–0.0450.382
atpF48.731.929.236.640.180.136–0.1700.313
atpI48.436.325.036.744.890.174–0.0400.370
ccsA30.538.627.232.147.550.145–0.2160.294
cemA41.426.228.732.247.730.188–0.0580.374
clpP53.436.932.641.154.610.145–0.1730.306
matK37.229.323.430.048.240.148–0.2410.270
ndhA44.139.722.135.442.030.124–0.1270.311
ndhB41.539.431.537.546.350.161–0.1040.344
ndhC48.834.731.438.656.150.219–0.0260.378
ndhE39.232.326.433.039.210.130–0.2640.247
ndhF35.537.019.830.840.640.134–0.2020.289
ndhG40.735.021.432.644.020.140–0.2490.249
ndhH49.335.027.437.251.420.160–0.1040.347
ndhI39.835.923.833.349.640.181–0.1880.312
ndhJ48.135.129.437.750.520.170–0.1800.307
ndhK42.240.625.936.448.870.157–0.1670.315
orf10939.132.730.934.645.310.136–0.2240.280
petA54.535.528.139.452.180.188–0.0930.352
petD48.640.028.639.345.700.178–0.0790.335
psaA52.142.731.842.348.370.201–0.0770.369
psaB48.443.029.640.446.370.181–0.1080.354
psbA49.243.532.441.844.580.2960.1580.511
psbB54.046.429.543.347.040.182–0.0760.370
psbC53.246.432.944.245.250.179–0.0630.373
psbD52.643.228.041.441.780.2510.0410.441
rbcL56.542.829.142.947.470.2640.0570.457
rpl1453.636.625.238.840.560.18000.403
rpl2035.042.030.135.752.420.135–0.1390.338
rpl2234.131.919.728.544.860.160–0.1290.341
rpoA44.03422.533.650.010.138–0.1920.298
rpoB48.738.226.537.846.330.155–0.1240.342
rpoC148.638.523.937.145.930.149–0.1210.336
rpoC244.136.024.634.946.590.147–0.1820.309
rps1154.757.616.643.041.010.140–0.1580.316
rps1252.648.323.841.644.890.136–0.0860.345
rps1439.645.528.738.341.070.125–0.1700.313
rps1832.141.927.733.935.560.110–0.1640.312
rps242.242.631.738.847.020.180–0.1140.347
rps342.931.624.233.044.400.145–0.1890.310
rps446.638.624.236.748.310.153–0.0470.374
rps751.345.522.540.046.040.189–0.0920.369
rps838.438.422.533.136.640.124–0.0300.391
ycf136.027.825.929.947.340.173–0.1180.356
ycf241.734.436.937.752.520.157–0.1370.338
ycf347.339.729.639.151.760.158–0.1990.321
ycf444.841.632.940.049.610.162–0.0330.385
ycf6849.649.650.450.351.290.106–0.1490.319
), ArticleFig(id=1276616390001946838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616368309006492, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Structural analysis of choroplast genome of A. oxyphylla Miq.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因分类Gene classification基因分组Gene grouping基因名称Gene name
能量代谢相关基因Energy metabolism related genesATP合成酶亚基Subunits of ATP synthaseatpA、atpB、atpE、atpF、atpI
NADH脱氢酶亚基Subunits of NADH dehydrogenasendhA、ndhB、ndhC、ndhE、ndhF、ndhG、ndhH、ndhI、ndhJ、ndhK
光合作用基因Photosynthesis genes细胞色素b/f复合体亚基Subunits of cytochrome b/f complexpetA、petD
光合系统I亚基Subunits of photosystem IpsaA、psaB
光合系统II亚基Subunits of photosystem IIpsbA、psbB、psbC、psbD
RuBisCO酶大亚基Large subunit of RuBisCorbcL
遗传信息相关基因Genetic information related genes核糖体大亚基蛋白Proteins of large ribosomal subunitrpl14、rpl20、rpl22
核糖体小亚基蛋白Proteins of small ribosomal subunitrps2、rps3、rps4、rps7、rps8、rps11、rps12、rps14、rps18
RNA聚合酶亚基Subunits of RNA polymeraserpoA、rpoB、rpoC1、rpoC2、
代谢与修饰相关酶基因Metabolism and modification related enzyme genes乙酰辅酶A羧化酶Acetyl CoA carboxylaseaccD
蛋白酶ProteaseclpP
成熟酶MaturasematK
膜运输与电子转运基因Membrane transport and electron transfer genes细胞色素c基因c-type cytochrome synthesis geneccsA
包膜膜蛋白Envelope membrane proteincemA
其他功能基因Other functional genes开放阅读框Open Reading Frameorf109
保守假设性叶绿体开放阅读框Conserved hypothetical chloroplast ORFycf1、ycf2、ycf3、ycf4、ycf68
), ArticleFig(id=1276616390341685463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616368309006492, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

益智叶绿体基因结构分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因分类Gene classification基因分组Gene grouping基因名称Gene name
能量代谢相关基因Energy metabolism related genesATP合成酶亚基Subunits of ATP synthaseatpA、atpB、atpE、atpF、atpI
NADH脱氢酶亚基Subunits of NADH dehydrogenasendhA、ndhB、ndhC、ndhE、ndhF、ndhG、ndhH、ndhI、ndhJ、ndhK
光合作用基因Photosynthesis genes细胞色素b/f复合体亚基Subunits of cytochrome b/f complexpetA、petD
光合系统I亚基Subunits of photosystem IpsaA、psaB
光合系统II亚基Subunits of photosystem IIpsbA、psbB、psbC、psbD
RuBisCO酶大亚基Large subunit of RuBisCorbcL
遗传信息相关基因Genetic information related genes核糖体大亚基蛋白Proteins of large ribosomal subunitrpl14、rpl20、rpl22
核糖体小亚基蛋白Proteins of small ribosomal subunitrps2、rps3、rps4、rps7、rps8、rps11、rps12、rps14、rps18
RNA聚合酶亚基Subunits of RNA polymeraserpoA、rpoB、rpoC1、rpoC2、
代谢与修饰相关酶基因Metabolism and modification related enzyme genes乙酰辅酶A羧化酶Acetyl CoA carboxylaseaccD
蛋白酶ProteaseclpP
成熟酶MaturasematK
膜运输与电子转运基因Membrane transport and electron transfer genes细胞色素c基因c-type cytochrome synthesis geneccsA
包膜膜蛋白Envelope membrane proteincemA
其他功能基因Other functional genes开放阅读框Open Reading Frameorf109
保守假设性叶绿体开放阅读框Conserved hypothetical chloroplast ORFycf1、ycf2、ycf3、ycf4、ycf68
), ArticleFig(id=1276616390425571544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616368309006492, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Analysis of optimal codons in A. oxyphylla Miq. chloroplast genome

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸Amino acid密码子Codon高表达基因High-expressed gene低表达基因Low-expressed gene同义密码子相对使用度ΔRSCU
频率Frequency同义密码子相对使用度RSCU频率Frequency同义密码子相对使用度RSCU
苯丙氨酸PheUUU451.22191.46–0.24
UUC*290.7870.540.24
亮氨酸LeuUUA191.12252.27–1.15
UUG281.65201.82–0.17
CUU***311.82111.000.82
CUC*100.5950.450.14
CUA60.3540.36–0.01
CUG**80.4710.090.38
异亮氨酸IleAUU511.47421.68–0.21
AUC*240.69110.440.25
AUA290.84220.88–0.04
蛋氨酸MetAUG311.00161.000
缬氨酸ValGUU*361.55131.440.11
GUC90.3940.44–0.05
GUA*361.55131.440.11
GUG120.5260.67–0.15
丝氨酸SerUCU251.50111.470.03
UCC150.981.07–0.17
UCA***241.4430.401.04
AGU150.90131.73–0.83
AGC*90.5420.270.27
UCG120.7281.07–0.35
脯氨酸ProCCU**201.5441.230.31
CCC151.1541.23–0.08
CCA110.8551.54–0.69
CCG**60.46000.46
苏氨酸ThrACU131.37192.53–1.16
ACC*60.6330.400.23
ACA***111.1640.530.63
ACG**80.8440.530.31
丙氨酸AlaGCU231.74171.89–0.15
GCC50.3880.89–0.51
GCA***221.6670.780.88
GCG30.2340.44–0.21
酪氨酸TyrUAU*331.69101.430.26
UAC60.3140.57–0.26
组氨酸HisCAU141.3381.78–0.45
CAC**70.6710.220.45
谷氨酸GlnCAA361.50221.69–0.19
CAG*120.5040.310.19
天冬酰胺AsnAAU451.55371.57–0.02
AAC130.45100.430.02
赖氨酸LysAAA441.21321.52–0.31
AAG**290.79100.480.31
天冬氨酸AspGAU411.58181.64–0.06
GAC110.4240.360.06
谷氨酰胺GluGAA481.41291.57–0.16
GAG*200.5980.430.16
半胱氨酸CysUGU*81.7831.500.28
UGC10.2210.50–0.28
色氨酸TrpUGG251.0021.000
精氨酸ArgCGU141.04131.15–0.11
CGC50.3730.260.11
CGA151.11272.38–1.27
CGG**100.7440.350.39
AGA*241.78171.500.28
AGG***130.9640.350.61
甘氨酸GlyGGU231.31131.44–0.13
GGC40.2320.220.01
GGA301.71182.00–0.29
GGG**130.7430.330.41
), ArticleFig(id=1276616390761115865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616368309006492, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

益智叶绿体基因组最优密码子分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸Amino acid密码子Codon高表达基因High-expressed gene低表达基因Low-expressed gene同义密码子相对使用度ΔRSCU
频率Frequency同义密码子相对使用度RSCU频率Frequency同义密码子相对使用度RSCU
苯丙氨酸PheUUU451.22191.46–0.24
UUC*290.7870.540.24
亮氨酸LeuUUA191.12252.27–1.15
UUG281.65201.82–0.17
CUU***311.82111.000.82
CUC*100.5950.450.14
CUA60.3540.36–0.01
CUG**80.4710.090.38
异亮氨酸IleAUU511.47421.68–0.21
AUC*240.69110.440.25
AUA290.84220.88–0.04
蛋氨酸MetAUG311.00161.000
缬氨酸ValGUU*361.55131.440.11
GUC90.3940.44–0.05
GUA*361.55131.440.11
GUG120.5260.67–0.15
丝氨酸SerUCU251.50111.470.03
UCC150.981.07–0.17
UCA***241.4430.401.04
AGU150.90131.73–0.83
AGC*90.5420.270.27
UCG120.7281.07–0.35
脯氨酸ProCCU**201.5441.230.31
CCC151.1541.23–0.08
CCA110.8551.54–0.69
CCG**60.46000.46
苏氨酸ThrACU131.37192.53–1.16
ACC*60.6330.400.23
ACA***111.1640.530.63
ACG**80.8440.530.31
丙氨酸AlaGCU231.74171.89–0.15
GCC50.3880.89–0.51
GCA***221.6670.780.88
GCG30.2340.44–0.21
酪氨酸TyrUAU*331.69101.430.26
UAC60.3140.57–0.26
组氨酸HisCAU141.3381.78–0.45
CAC**70.6710.220.45
谷氨酸GlnCAA361.50221.69–0.19
CAG*120.5040.310.19
天冬酰胺AsnAAU451.55371.57–0.02
AAC130.45100.430.02
赖氨酸LysAAA441.21321.52–0.31
AAG**290.79100.480.31
天冬氨酸AspGAU411.58181.64–0.06
GAC110.4240.360.06
谷氨酰胺GluGAA481.41291.57–0.16
GAG*200.5980.430.16
半胱氨酸CysUGU*81.7831.500.28
UGC10.2210.50–0.28
色氨酸TrpUGG251.0021.000
精氨酸ArgCGU141.04131.15–0.11
CGC50.3730.260.11
CGA151.11272.38–1.27
CGG**100.7440.350.39
AGA*241.78171.500.28
AGG***130.9640.350.61
甘氨酸GlyGGU231.31131.44–0.13
GGC40.2320.220.01
GGA301.71182.00–0.29
GGG**130.7430.330.41
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益智叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏好分析
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李英英 , 李香振 , 晏小霞 *
热带作物学报 | 组学与生物技术 2025,46(11): 2570-2582
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热带作物学报 |组学与生物技术 2025 , 46 (11) : 2570 -2582
益智叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏好分析
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李英英, 李香振, 晏小霞*
作者信息
  • 中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所/农业农村部中药材生物学与栽培重点实验室/农业农村部热带农业野生植物基因资源鉴定评价中心/海南省热带药用植物工程研究中心/海南省热带作物资源遗传改良与创新重点实验室,海南海口 571101
通讯作者:
* 晏小霞(YAN Xiaoxia),E-mail:
Analysis on Codon Usage Bias of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. Chloroplast Genome
Yingying LI, Xiangzhen LI, Xiaoxia YAN*
Affiliations
  • Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Cultivation of Herb Medicine (Haikou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Tropical Wild Plant Gene Resource, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hainan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Tropical Medicinal Plants/Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.003
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益智(Alpinia oxyphylla Miq.)作为我国著名的“四大南药”之一,具有抗氧化、抗炎、神经保护、抗肿瘤等现代药理活性,但随着野生资源日益减少,人工栽培面临病虫害、气候变化等压力,亟需通过生物技术手段提升种质品质与抗逆性。本研究通过解析益智叶绿体基因组的密码子使用偏好性,为其后续遗传工程和合成生物学应用提供理论依据。基于多重过滤条件筛选获得51条高质量的益智叶绿体基因组蛋白编码序列,利用CodonW 1.4.2软件结合在线分析平台CUSP解析其特征。结果显示:(1)益智叶绿体基因组的密码子存在显著的A/U末端偏好性:密码子GC含量呈梯度递减(GC1=45.69%>GC2=38.79%>GC3=27.50%),90.6%的高偏好密码子(RSCU>1)以A/U结尾;(2)密码子偏好性整体偏弱:ENC均值为46.56(67.78%基因的ENC>45),CAI均值为0.17;(3)自然选择主导密码子进化:中性绘图显示GC12与GC3无显著相关性,ENC-plot中实际值显著偏离理论曲线,PR2-plot揭示GC3位点存在A>T/C>G的偏倚特性;(4)确定了10个最优密码子。本研究首次揭示了益智叶绿体基因组保守的A/U偏好性规律及由自然选择主导的多因素协同调控机制,所确定的最优密码子可作为益智叶绿体遗传工程的关键元件,通过定向优化外源基因(如药用成分合成酶编码基因)的密码子,提升其表达效率,为益智品质改良与抗逆性育种提供技术支撑。

益智  /  叶绿体基因组  /  密码子偏好性  /  最优密码子

Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. renowned as one of the "Four Great Southern Medicinal Herbs" of China, possesses modern pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-tumor effects. However, with its wild resources increasingly depleted and cultivated plants facing pressures from pests, diseases, and climate change, there is an urgent need to enhance germplasm quality and stress resistance through biotechnological approaches. This study aimed to analyze the codon usage bias in the chloroplast genome of A. oxyphylla Miq. providing a theoretical basis for its subsequent applications in genetic engineering and synthetic biology. Fifty-one high-quality protein-coding sequences from the A. oxyphylla chloroplast genome were screened based on multiple filtering criteria. Codon usage characteristics were analyzed using CodonW 1.4.2 software combined with the online platform CUSP. There existed significant A/U-ending preference. The GC content showed a decreasing gradient (GC1=45.69%>GC2=38.79%>GC3=27.50%), with 90.6% of the preferred codons (RSCU>1) ending in A/U. There existed overall weak codon usage bias. The mean effective number of codons (ENC) was 46.56 (67.78% of genes had ENC>45), and the mean codon adaptation index (CAI) was 0.17. Natural selection dominated codon evolution. Neutrality plot analysis showed no significant correlation between GC12 and GC3. The actual values significantly deviated from the expected curve in the ENC-plot. The PR2-plot revealed a bias at the GC3 position favoring A>T and C>G. Ten optimal codons were identified. This study is the first to reveal the conserved A/U-ending preference and the multifactor synergistic regulatory mechanism dominated by natural selection in the A. oxyphylla chloroplast genome. The identified optimal codons could serve as key elements for chloroplast genetic engineering in A. oxyphylla. Directional optimization of codon usage in exogenous genes (e.g., genes encoding enzymes for medicinal compound synthesis) using the codons is expected to enhance the expression efficiency, providing technical support for A. oxyphylla quality improvement and stress-resistant breeding.

Alpinia oxyphylla Miq.  /  chloroplast genome  /  codon usage bias  /  optimal codon
李英英, 李香振, 晏小霞. 益智叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏好分析. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (11) : 2570 -2582 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.003
Yingying LI, Xiangzhen LI, Xiaoxia YAN. Analysis on Codon Usage Bias of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. Chloroplast Genome[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (11) : 2570 -2582 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.003
叶绿体(chloroplast)作为光合作用的核心场所及多种中间代谢反应的参与者,是植物与真核藻类细胞内不可或缺的细胞器[1]。叶绿体具有半自主特性,不仅主导光合作用并产生有机物,还拥有独立的遗传物质复制、转录和翻译的能力[2]。自1986年叶绿体基因组序列首次被解析后,根据其结构保守性与母系遗传特征,叶绿体基因组已经成为分子生物学领域探究物种演化和植物亲缘关系的重要工具[3]。密码子(codon)作为遗传信息传递的组成单位,是转录和翻译过程中的重要连接枢纽[4],在生物遗传信息传递中起着重要作用。除甲硫氨酸(Met/AUG)和色氨酸(Trp/UGG)在标准遗传密码表中只对应单一密码子外,其他氨基酸均由2个或2个以上的同义密码子共同编码[5]。蛋白质合成过程中存在一定的偏好性,同义密码子并非是等概率使用,细胞会显著偏向于高频利用某些特定的密码子(最优密码子optimal codon),这种现象被称为密码子使用偏倚(codon usage bias,CUB)[6]。CUB的形成受多种因素调控,例如基因表达丰度[7]、基因编码区长度[8]以及DNA复制起始位点[9]等,但突变压力与自然选择通常被认为是影响CUB形成的主要机制[10-13]。因此,深入解析密码子偏好性对于阐明物种进化历程及其系统分类关系具有重要的理论价值和应用意义[14-15]
益智(Alpinia oxyphylla Miq.)作为姜科山姜属多年生草本植物,是我国应用广泛的传统中药材,与槟榔、巴戟天和砂仁并称“四大南药”。其药用部位为成熟干燥的果仁,习称“益智仁”。益智的主产区位于我国海南、广东及广西等省区,其中海南为道地药材产区[16]。解析益智密码子使用偏好性及最优密码子的确定,可加深对其遗传调控机制的认识,为后续基因组优化工程及目标基因的分子设计、增强目标基因在益智体内的表达效能与稳定性奠定理论基础和技术支撑。
本研究涉及的益智叶绿体基因组信息,数据来源自NCBI(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)数据库,GenBank登录号:KY985237.1,益智样本为海南野生资源[17]。该基因组全长161 351 bp,经自动化注释共收录92条蛋白编码序列(CDS)。为避免冗余或低质量序列对后续系统发育及选择压力分析造成偏倚,本研究借鉴田甜等[18]提出的CDS过滤策略,对初始数据实施多步质控:(1)剔除重复序列;(2)排除长度不足300 bp的序列;(3)去除含有异常终止密码子的序列;(4)剔除内部携带提前终止密码子的序列;(5)剔除起始密码子为非标准ATG的序列。经上述筛选,最终保留51条高质量、完整性良好的CDS作为本研究后续比较基因组学与进化分析的核心数据集。
基于EMBOSS在线平台的CUSP模块(https://www.bioinformatics.nl/emboss-explorer/),本研究对前期筛选的51条益智叶绿体高质量CDS序列进行密码子组成解析,用以系统评估其密码子使用模式。分析内容包括计算密码子第一位(GC1)、第二位(GC2)、第三位(GC3)位点及基因组整体GC含量(GCall[19]。利用CodonW 1.4.2软件定量评估密码子偏好性,生成5项核心指标:(1)相对同义密码子使用度(relative synonymous codon usage,RSCU),该指标通过衡量特定密码子的实际使用频率与其理论期望频率的比值,量化密码子使用的偏好程度。当RSCU=1时,表明该密码子无使用偏好;RSCU>1表示该密码子属于高频使用;RSCU<1则表示该密码子属于低频使用类型[20]。(2)密码子适应指数(codon adaptation index,CAI),该指数通过分析目标基因与高表达基因参照组在密码子使用模式上的相似程度,推断基因表达效率。其值域为0~1,数值增大指示密码子偏好性增强,通常也意味着更高的基因表达水平[21]。(3)有效密码子数(effective number of codon,ENC),是评估密码子偏好性强弱的核心参数,其数值与密码子偏好性呈负相关关系,较低的ENC值反映更强的密码子偏好性,常关联高表达基因;而较高的ENC值表明密码子使用趋于随机化,通常对应较低的基因表达水平[22]。(4)密码子偏好性指数(codon bias index,CBI),量化基因中最优密码子的富集水平[23]。(5)最优密码子使用频率(frequency of optimal codons,Fop),通过统计高表达基因集中最优密码子的使用比例,用以评估基因密码子优化程度[23]
采用Pearson相关检验(双侧)进行相关性分析;使用SPSS 18.0软件进行数据分析,使用Origin 2021软件制图。
本研究以密码子第三位碱基GC含量(GC3)作为横坐标,以第一、二位碱基GC平均含量(GC12)为纵坐标构建散点图,并进行线性回归以探究影响因素。若基因点集在对角线呈聚集分布,则表示突变压力主导密码子偏好性;若基因点呈现偏离对角线的离散特征,则反映自然选择是密码子使用模式的主要因素[24-25]。在回归分析中:若回归系数趋近于1,代表GC3与GC12存在显著相关性,表明密码子偏好性的主要决定因素是突变因素;反之,当回归系数逼近0时,则提示自然选择效应占主导地位。
ENC是评估基因密码子使用偏好性的关键指标之一,用于量化基因中实际使用的密码子的多样性。其理论值取值范围为20~61,当ENC接近20时,表明基因偏好使用单一密码子,反映出极显著的密码子偏好性;当ENC接近61时,表示基因对各同义密码子的使用近乎均等,反应密码子使用模式接近随机分布,无明显偏好性[26]。本研究采用ENC-plot分析方法,通过图形化展示密码子偏好性特征并评估突变因素的影响。利用Origin 2021软件构建散点图:以GC3值为横坐标,ENC期望值为纵坐标,每个数据点对应益智叶绿体基因组中的一个基因。其中,标准曲线依据以下公式[22]计算生成:
通过比较基因点与标准曲线的相对位置判断影响因素:若多数基因点分布于标准曲线上方或紧邻曲线分布,则表明密码子偏好性主要受突变因素驱动;反之,当基因点显著偏离标准曲线并主要位于其下方时,则提示自然选择等进化压力可能参与了密码子使用模式的形成[27]
PR2-plot偏倚分析是通过计算各基因密码子第三位碱基A、T、G、C的相对含量,绘制以G3/(G3+C3)为x轴、A3/(A3+T3)为y轴的散点图(每个散点对应单个基因)进行分布解析。图中坐标系原点(0.5,0.5)对应A/T平衡且C/G平衡的理论中性状态,位于此区域的基因未呈现明显密码子使用偏好性,其空间分布特征提示第三位碱基组成主要受基因组相关的突变压力调控;而偏离中心点的散点分布则从距离和方向2个维度量化了密码子第三位碱基的使用偏好性强度与模式。当散点显著偏离中心区域时,其空间位移特征可直接反映密码子偏好性形成过程中突变压力与自然选择等多种进化机制的共同作用[28-29]
本研究以ENC值作为基因表达水平的度量依据,筛选益智叶绿体基因组的最优密码子。具体流程为:对全部叶绿体基因的ENC值进行排序,根据极端表达特征分组,分别从高表达组(ENC最低为10%)和低表达组(ENC最高为10%)提取目标基因(高表达组基因包括rps18rps8ndhEatpFrpl14,低表达组基因包括petArpl20ycf2clpPndhC)用于后续分析。基于CodonW 1.4.2软件,分别计算2组基因的同义密码子相对使用频率(RSCU)。通过构建差异分析模型,以高表达组与低表达组的平均RSCU差值(ΔRSCU)作为筛选参数,建立最优密码子判定标准体系:当RSCU>1,同时ΔRSCU≥0.08时,确定其为候选的最优密码子;若同一氨基酸存在多个候选密码子,则进一步比较其在高表达组中的RSCU值,选取最大值对应的密码子作为该氨基酸的最优密码子[30-31]
为探究益智叶绿体基因组密码子碱基组成特征,通过使用CodonW 1.4.2软件结合CUSP在线分析工具,对51条益智叶绿体基因的GC1、GC2、GC3及GCall含量进行定量分析,并同步计算ENC值以评估密码子偏好性强度。结果(表1)显示:基因组整体GC含量(GCall)范围为35.56%~56.15%,平均值为46.34%,其中,34个基因(占总数的66.67%)大于45%。密码子第三位碱基组成分析中,GC1、GC2和GC3分布范围分别为30.5%~56.5%、26.2%~57.6%、16.6%~50.4%,其均值呈现梯度差异[GC1(45.69%)>GC2(38.79%)>GC3(27.50%)]。GC1和GC2均值显著高于GC3,且三者均低于50%,这表明益智叶绿体基因显著偏好以A/U作为密码子终止密码子,且整体表现出强烈的A/U碱基组成偏倚特征。
ENC值作为评价指标,可以反映密码子偏好性程度[32]。本研究中益智叶绿体基因组的51个基因的ENC值分布区间为36.56~56.15,均值为46.56,其中67.78%(34/51)的基因ENC值高于45,表明益智叶绿体基因密码子偏好性整体较弱。进一步分析显示:CAI指标(0.11~0.30,均值为0.17)数值偏低,表明基因密码子使用模式与高表达参考基因集相似度较低;CBI指标(–0.26~0.16,均值为–0.12)显示最优密码子实际使用频率低于碱基组成预测;Fop值(0.25~0.51,均值为0.34)处于较低区间,反映高表达基因中最优密码子占比较少。综合分析结果,益智叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏好性整体呈现弱化特征。
为进一步解析益智叶绿体基因组密码子参数间的内在关联,本研究对各参数指标开展系统性相关性分析(图1)。结果表明:GCall与GC1、GC2、GC3均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),表明GCall的数值分布受到密码子3个位点GC含量的协同作用;GC1与GC2呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),表明密码子第1位与第2位碱基组成相似性较高,GC1、GC2均与GC3无显著相关性,表明第3位碱基与二者差异显著;ENC与GC3呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),但与GC1、GC2无相关性,说明密码子使用偏好性主要受第3位碱基组成的调控;CAI与GCall呈显著相关(P<0.05),CAI与GC1呈极显著相关(P<0.01),CBI和Fop分别与GCall、GC1呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);GC2与CBI、Fop亦呈显著正相关(P<0.05);密码子数(CN)与其他参数均无显著关联,表明密码子碱基组成对密码子数量分布的影响较小。
RSCU分析(图2)显示,亮氨酸(Leu)的密码子UUA的RSCU值最高(1.99)。全基因组中共有32个密码子的RSCU大于1,表明此类密码子存在使用偏好性,可称为高频密码子。其中,以A结尾的高频密码子占40.6%(13/32),以U结尾的密码子占50.0%(16/32),以G结尾的密码子占9.4%(3/32),A或U结尾的高频密码子合计占90.6%。益智叶绿体基因组共包含20 482个密码子,共编码21种氨基酸,其中,异亮氨酸(Ile)的密码子AUU使用频率最高,出现次数为906次;谷氨酸(Glu)的密码子GAA次之,频次为866次。而终止密码子(UAA、UAG、UGA)的使用频率显著低于其他密码子,出现次数分别为33次、9次和9次。综合以上结果可知,益智叶绿体基因组对以A或U结尾的密码子表现出显著偏好性。
对51个叶绿体基因进行功能分类,将其划分为六大类:能量代谢相关基因、光合作用基因、遗传信息相关基因、代谢与修饰相关酶基因、膜运输与电子转运基因以及其他功能基因(表2)。能量代谢相关基因中的NADH脱氢酶亚基基因数量最多,该基因编码类囊体膜上的NDH复合体,通过驱动环式电子传递合成ATP并减轻光损伤,是能量平衡与胁迫响应的关键[32]。其次为遗传信息相关基因中的核糖体小亚基蛋白基因,其产物参与组装叶绿体70S核糖体,在基质中执行叶绿体自身编码蛋白的翻译,维持细胞器的半自主性[33]
基于中性绘图分析,通过构建同义密码子GC12与GC3的散点图,结合回归分析其相关性,当回归系数接近0时,表明密码子使用偏好性主要受自然选择驱动;若回归系数接近1,则表明主要由突变压力驱动[18]。结果显示(图3),GC3含量分布区间为16.60%~50.40%,GC12含量分布区间为38.45%~59.60%,二者回归系数为0.2269。GC12与GC3的相关系数为0.0484,未达到统计学显著水平,表明益智叶绿体密码子偏好性形成主要受自然选择压力驱动,而非突变随机性影响。
益智叶绿体密码子基因组中多数基因的ENC值超过35,这初步表明益智整体密码子使用偏好性较弱。ENC-plot绘图分析ENC值的分布特征及其与期望值之间的关系(图4),结果表明益智基因分布分散,少数基因的实际ENC与期望曲线接近,多数基因的实际ENC值显著偏离期望曲线,且主要分布在期望曲线下方,表明多数益智叶绿体基因使用偏好性受到自然选择的影响。
PR2-plot偏倚(图5)分析显示,候选基因在PR2-plot的4个象限中分布不均匀。当仅有少量基因位于图中轴线上时,表明其密码子使用偏性主要受突变压力影响[34]。益智叶绿体基因组中大多数基因分布于y轴中心线的上方,表明密码子第三位腺嘌呤(A)的使用频率显著高于胸腺嘧啶(T)。同时,在x轴水平方向上,位于左侧的基因数量明显多于右侧,反映出密码子第三位胞嘧啶(C)的使用频率高于鸟嘌呤(G)。候选基因在4个象限均有分布,表明突变压力与选择压力共同作用于益智叶绿体密码子的使用偏好性。
为鉴定益智叶绿体基因组的最优密码子,本研究通过构建益智叶绿体基因组高表达库和低表达库,分别计算2组基因的相对同义密码子使用度(RSCU)及差异值(ΔRSCU),筛选高频密码子与高表达密码子。结果(表3)表明:益智叶绿体基因组中共鉴定出28个高频密码子(RSCU>1)和25个具有高表达优越性的密码子(ΔRSCU>0.08)。取交集后,最终确定10个密码子为最优密码子,分别为:CUU、GUU、GUA、UCA、CCU、ACA、GCA、UAU、UGU、AGA。经分析发现这10个最优密码子均以A或U碱基结尾,表明益智叶绿体基因组的最优密码子是显著倾向于使用以A/U结尾的同义密码子。
近年来,随着植物基因组学的迅猛发展,大量的基因组数据被更新完善,这为密码子偏好性的深入探究奠定坚实基础。众所周知,DNA由4种碱基构成,其特定的组成模式会对密码子的偏好性产生关键影响[29]。作为遗传密码构成单位的密码子,在生物体内信息传递的进程中扮演着关键性角色。特别是在功能性基因的转录活动、翻译过程及其表达调控方面,在密码子使用偏好现象上也发挥着重要作用。基因转录准确度与效率、mRNA分子稳定性及翻译均受其显著影响,蛋白质合成速率与最终产物的数量并由此产生显著变化[33]。密码子的偏好性受到多种因素的综合作用,自然选择是其中的重要因素之一,可以筛选出适应性强的相关基因;此外,基因突变的随机性和累积效应,也会不断扰动密码子偏好性的平衡,使其在漫长的进化历程中不断调整与重塑[35-36]
叶绿体基因组因其高度保守的结构和相对稳定的组成,已成为研究植物进化与适应机制的重要系统[37]。叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏好性分析具有多重意义,不仅有助于在分子层面阐明物种的起源、演化及其环境适应机制,同时为实现外源基因在叶绿体中的高效表达奠定理论基础[38-39]。此外,叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性模式代表关键的进化信号,是解析物种间系统发育关系、探究基因进化规律及功能的重要依据[40]。在植物叶绿体基因组密码子研究中,GC含量发生的变化,被视为基因序列演化的重要驱动因子之一。鉴于密码子第3位作为简并位点,其碱基替换通常不改变所编码的氨基酸,因此,深入解析该位点的碱基组成特征及其动态变化规律,对于全面阐明植物叶绿体密码子使用偏好性的形成机制与进化动力具有不可替代的重要意义[10,33]
本研究对益智叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性进行系统分析,首先,共筛选出51条CDS序列,明确其密码子的使用特征。对益智叶绿体基因组编码序列开展整体性密码子组成特征分析,得出如下结果:密码子的GC含量均低于50%,呈现GC1>GC2>GC3。这一现象揭示益智密码子不同碱基位点的GC含量存在显著差异。此外,以A或U结尾的密码子类型呈现偏好性使用趋势在益智叶绿体基因组分析过程中被发现。密码子偏好以A/U结尾且GC3含量最低的研究结果,与小黑麦(Triticale[18]、甜龙竹(Dendrocalamus brandisii[41]、豇豆(Vigna unguiculata[42]、伊犁郁金香(Tulipa iliensis Regel)[37]、银白杨(Populus alba[43]等植物中的研究结果一致。这种密码子使用的偏好模式的形成,可能源于植物叶绿体基因组在长期进化过程中密码子使用偏好性的高度保守性,同时也与高等植物叶绿体基因普遍富含A/T碱基密切相关。为进一步验证此偏好性,本研究进一步对益智叶绿体基因组进行RSCU分析,结果显示:在益智32个RSCU>1的密码子中,以A/U结尾的有29个,占密码子总数的90.6%,该结果进一步证实叶绿体基因组倾向于A/U结尾的密码子。
在密码子使用偏好性的量化分析中,常采用ENC与CAI这2个指标值[44]。本研究发现,益智叶绿体基因组中ENC均值为46.56,其中ENC大于45的占比为67.78%,该结果表明益智叶绿体基因组的密码子使用偏好性总体较弱。各基因的CAI值介于0.11~0.30之间,平均值为0.17,进一步印证了其密码子使用偏好性总体较弱的结论。中性绘图分析结果发现,GC12和GC3之间相关性不显著,表明自然选择在塑造益智叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏好性中发挥着主导作用。ENC-plot分析发现,益智叶绿体基因组的多数ENC理论值与实际值之间存在显著差异,这表明自然选择是主导益智叶绿体基因组密码子使用模式的关键因素,这与巨龙竹(Dendrocalamus sinicus[19]、灯盏花(Erigeron breviscapus[36]等的研究结果一致。在PR2-plot分析中,多数基因点在PR2-plot中偏离中心区域且分布较为分散,GC3的碱基A的使用频率显著高于T,C的使用频率显著高于G,这表示益智叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏好性既受到自然选择的显著影响,也受基因突变的影响。
本研究揭示了益智叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏好性的规律,结果表明益智叶绿体基因组高频密码子普遍呈现以A/U结尾的偏好性。通过RSCU分析,共筛选出10个高频且高表达的最优密码子,且这10个密码子均以A/U结尾。此结果从功能层面验证了GC3含量偏低及整体A/U偏好性的发现,揭示A/U结尾密码子在益智叶绿体基因表达中的重要地位。本研究针对偏好性形成机制展开探讨,多维分析方法得以整合运用,包括中性绘图技术、ENC-plot分析手段以及PR2-plot检测工具等,系统探讨了突变压力和自然选择等因素的共同作用。结果表明,自然选择是主导密码子使用模式的关键力量,而突变压力亦发挥协同作用。这种多因素协同调控模型,为全面理解植物叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性的进化与调控机制提供新视角。综合以上研究,益智叶绿体基因组中筛选的10个以A/U结尾的最优密码子,可直接应用于益智叶绿体遗传转化体系的设计。通过定向改造外源基因的密码子,适配宿主偏好性,可显著提升目标蛋白(如药用活性成分合成酶)的表达效率,为益智的品质改良和抗逆性增强提供技术路径。同时,该研究成果不仅为益智这一重要药用和经济作物的叶绿体基因组编辑奠定数据基础,其揭示的A/U偏好性保守规律及多因素调控机制,亦可为其他药用植物(尤其姜科、单子叶类群)的叶绿体遗传工程提供理论参照。
  • 热带作物物种品种资源保护项目(21250123)
  • 物种品种资源保护费项目(A120201)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630032025012)
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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.11.003
  • 接收时间:2025-07-21
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-21
  • 录用日期:2025-08-13
基金
热带作物物种品种资源保护项目(21250123)
物种品种资源保护费项目(A120201)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630032025012)
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    中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所/农业农村部中药材生物学与栽培重点实验室/农业农村部热带农业野生植物基因资源鉴定评价中心/海南省热带药用植物工程研究中心/海南省热带作物资源遗传改良与创新重点实验室,海南海口 571101

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* 晏小霞(YAN Xiaoxia),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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