Article(id=1276616146396771140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616049617408127, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.08.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740672000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1746547200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-07, onlineDate=1782298607681, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782298607681, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782298607681, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782298607681, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276616049617408127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='8', pageStart='1785', pageEnd='2029', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756051200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782298584608, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782298660748, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276616369089147039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616049617408127, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276616369089147040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276616049617408127, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1943, endPage=1953, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276616146711343942, articleId=1276616146396771140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Identification and Optimization of Fermentation Conditions of Antagonistic Actinomycete R2A-77 by Penicillium digitatum, columnId=1236292524264968282, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Protection & Bio-safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Citrus is a dominant fruit industry in China, which is of great significance for promoting rural revitalization. However, there are many natural pores on the surface of citrus fruits. During post-harvest storage and transportation, they are highly susceptible to infection by pathogens, leading to diseases. Among them, citrus green mold is caused by the infection of Penicillium digitatum. The disease progresses rapidly and is highly contagious, severely deteriorating the quality of fruits after harvest and causing huge economic losses to the citrus industry. Our research team targeted the pathogen of citrus green mold. An actinomycete strain, R2A-77, which exhibits excellent antagonistic effects against the pathogen of citrus green mold, was isolated and screened from the rhizosphere soil of red-orange plants in the Jiuzhoujiang Red-orange Orchard in Lianjiang, Zhanjiangy, Guangdong. The strain was characterized through morphological observation, physiological and biochemical tests, and molecular biological identification. The antibacterial activity of the fermentation broth was determined by measuring the diameter of the growth inhibition zone of the target bacteria according to the growth rate method. Single-factor and cross-combination experiments were conducted to optimize the fermentation conditions of the strain, aiming to enhance the antibacterial activity of the fermentation broth. The results indicated that the actinomycete R2A-77 was preliminarily identified as the genus Streptomyces. The optimal fermentation medium was sucrose 10 g/L, soybean peptone 35 g/L, and distilled water 1000 mL. The optimal fermentation conditions were as follows: initial pH of 7.0, fermentation time of 6 days, inoculum size of 3%, and liquid volume of 150 mL in a 250 mL flask. After optimization, the antibacterial activity of the fermentation broth of actinomycete R2A-77 increased by 15% compared to that before optimization, with an antibacterial rate of 98%. The results suggest that actinomycete R2A-77 has a good antagonistic effect against P. digitatum, demonstrating promising practical application prospects. It would accumulate resources for the green prevention and control of citrus green mold and lays a foundation for large-scale fermentation and the development of microbial agents in the future.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jili HUANG, Dongcheng LUO, Yuanling CHEN, Shi TANG, Zhenfeng CHEN, Jiazhen LIANG, Chunmin YANG, Yuxuan XIE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuxuan XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276616151656428393, articleId=1276616146396771140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=指状青霉拮抗放线菌R2A-77的鉴定及发酵条件优化, columnId=1236292524520820846, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=植物保护与生物安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

柑橘是我国优势水果产业,对推动乡村振兴具有重要意义。但柑橘表面存在许多自然孔口,在采后贮藏和运输过程中极易受到病原菌的侵染而发生病害。其中,柑橘绿霉病是由指状青霉(Penicillium digitatum)侵染而成,发病过程快,传染性强,造成果实采收后品质严重下降,给柑橘产业带来巨大的经济损失。本团队以柑橘绿霉病病原菌为靶标菌,从广东省湛江市廉江九洲江红橙园红橙植株的根部土壤中分离筛选出1株对柑橘绿霉病病原菌具有良好拮抗作用的放线菌R2A-77,对菌株进行形态学观察、生理生化特征和分子生物学鉴定,采用生长速率法对靶标菌生长圈直径判断发酵液的抑菌活性,采用单因素和交叉组合试验优化菌株发酵条件,以提高发酵液抑菌活性。结果表明:放线菌R2A-77初步鉴定为链霉菌属(Streptomyces);最优发酵培养基为蔗糖10 g/L、大豆蛋白胨35 g/L、蒸馏水1000 mL;最优发酵条件为发酵初始pH 7.0、发酵时间为6 d、接种量为3%、装液量为150 mL/250 mL;放线菌R2A-77发酵条件优化后,其发酵液的抑菌活性比优化前提高15%,抑菌率为98%。结果说明,放线菌R2A-77对指状青霉具有较好的拮抗效果,有较好的实际应用前景,该研究结果为绿色防控柑橘绿霉病积累了资源,为后期规模化发酵以及生防菌剂的开发奠定基础。

, authors=

黄吉力(2002—),男,本科生,研究方向:食品质量与安全。

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* 谢雨轩(XIE Yuxuan),E-mail:
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黄吉力(2002—),男,本科生,研究方向:食品质量与安全。

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黄吉力(2002—),男,本科生,研究方向:食品质量与安全。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=The high-yield bafilomycin A1 strain obtained from UV mutagenesisand its medium optimization, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616181586980870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=40, issue=1, pageStart=126, pageEnd=136, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=67, authorNames=付麟雲, 李晶, 李娜, 刘锦霞, 丁品, 聂垚琰, 武建荣, 杨成, journalName=中国生物防治学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=付麟雲, 李晶, 李娜, 刘锦霞, 丁品, 聂垚琰, 武建荣, 杨成. 链霉菌SS9-1发酵条件优化及其对番茄灰霉病的防治效果研究[J]. 中国生物防治学报, 2024, 40(1): 126-136., articleTitle=链霉菌SS9-1发酵条件优化及其对番茄灰霉病的防治效果研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276616181641506823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=40, issue=1, pageStart=126, pageEnd=136, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=68, authorNames=FU L Y, LI J, LI N, LIU J X, DING P, NIE Y Y, WU J R, YANG C, journalName=Chinese Journal of Biological Control, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FU L Y, LI J, LI N, LIU J X, DING P, NIE Y Y, WU J R, YANG C. 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SS9-1 and its control effect on tomato gray mold, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276616172766360511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, awardId=202313714005, language=CN, fundingSource=广州工商学院2023年度国家级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202313714005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276616172846052288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, awardId=202113714005, language=CN, fundingSource=广州工商学院2021年度国家级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202113714005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276616172913161153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, awardId=2024ZDJS089, language=CN, fundingSource=2024年度广东省重点建设学科科研能力提升项目(2024ZDJS089), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276616151891309419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276616151899698028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, companyId=1276616151891309419, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Foshan, Guangdong 528135, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276616151908086637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, companyId=1276616151891309419, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=广州工商学院,广东佛山 528135)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276616164709102497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Scanning electron micrograph of actinomycete R2A-77, figureFileSmall=C2uUE/2AVH4fHn+++NHhYg==, figureFileBig=UHKQ0MURLJLkijeaNVgxEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616165103367074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=CN, label=图1, caption=放线菌R2A-77扫描电子显微镜照片, figureFileSmall=C2uUE/2AVH4fHn+++NHhYg==, figureFileBig=UHKQ0MURLJLkijeaNVgxEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616165531186083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Colony morphology of actinomycete R2A-77 on MS medium, figureFileSmall=8Nf2jpUSf/BFw+vwWQxKYQ==, figureFileBig=xwTMOZmpzdnhbXw4bPLtKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616166361658276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=CN, label=图2, caption=放线菌R2A-77在MS培养基上的菌落形态, figureFileSmall=8Nf2jpUSf/BFw+vwWQxKYQ==, figureFileBig=xwTMOZmpzdnhbXw4bPLtKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616168056157095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene, figureFileSmall=gEJIHpe+V0vrC7yTg59VwQ==, figureFileBig=B+S3LRXMOMwX3v/fkDtLDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616168156820392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于16S rRNA基因的系统进化树, figureFileSmall=gEJIHpe+V0vrC7yTg59VwQ==, figureFileBig=B+S3LRXMOMwX3v/fkDtLDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616168471393193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Effects of different media on antibacterial activity of actinomycete R2A-77 fermentation broth, figureFileSmall=re2dPLVa4BJA9ec7RlI5Yw==, figureFileBig=mkaaz9FPKT1KkkFm3ETvTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616168572056490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同培养基对放线菌R2A-77发酵液抑菌活性的影响

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=re2dPLVa4BJA9ec7RlI5Yw==, figureFileBig=mkaaz9FPKT1KkkFm3ETvTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616168878240683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Effect of different carbon sources on antibacterial activity of actinomycete R2A-77 fermentation broth, figureFileSmall=1GnYq8cJ82hDQeBiu5q9ww==, figureFileBig=asxIUTZsAKSl4tkBNkg3Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616168962126764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同碳源对放线菌R2A-77发酵液抑菌活性的影响

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=1GnYq8cJ82hDQeBiu5q9ww==, figureFileBig=asxIUTZsAKSl4tkBNkg3Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616169285088173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Effect of different nitrogen sources on antibacterial activity of actinomycete R2A-77 fermentation, figureFileSmall=4isluNOcu/FVqXJHEe/wcA==, figureFileBig=7aOJfDLeSoG1iOr5FQJxnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616169368974254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同氮源对放线菌R2A-77发酵液抑菌活性的影响

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=4isluNOcu/FVqXJHEe/wcA==, figureFileBig=7aOJfDLeSoG1iOr5FQJxnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616169444471727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Effect of different combinations of carbon and nitrogen sources on inhibitory activity of actinomycete R2A-77 fermentation broth, figureFileSmall=gaQtMKSfus7vPgx+jLNDKg==, figureFileBig=3QjqiizRmzrjmQcUOrRwHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616169519969200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同碳源、氮源组合对放线菌R2A-77发酵液抑菌活性的影响

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=gaQtMKSfus7vPgx+jLNDKg==, figureFileBig=3QjqiizRmzrjmQcUOrRwHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616169771627441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Effects of different concentrations of carbon and nitrogen sources on antibacterial activity of fermentation broth of actinomycete R2A-77, figureFileSmall=AtygR3YfF/4RD76c1dEjdQ==, figureFileBig=GisF/4SP6IuXWtlo3T5frA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616169859707826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同碳源和氮源浓度对放线菌R2A-77发酵液抑菌活性的影响

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

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不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=dWEKySeBRdKZh4LewAC46Q==, figureFileBig=X3aRdvdy4w/8AqRwJue/YA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616170090394549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Effect of different fermentation time on the antibacterial activity of actinomycete R2A-77 fermentation broth, figureFileSmall=P7kcJtnHV6NUU7O+stt8xA==, figureFileBig=Uu3AlmWTvcH1xImOzFtkNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616170174280630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同发酵时间对放线菌R2A-77发酵液抑菌活性的影响

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

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不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=+KyP1mDYFAZm/RJyf2hqIA==, figureFileBig=OcUb7G+pR1PfxquI73vYxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616170635654073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Effect of different liquid loading amounts on antibacterial activity of actinomycete R2A-77 fermentation broth, figureFileSmall=R9h2Dz9dcEZc/R81tLtrTg==, figureFileBig=EwBra0erGSrn4W/ZGY33FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616172284015546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同装液量对放线菌R2A-77发酵液抑菌活性的影响

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=R9h2Dz9dcEZc/R81tLtrTg==, figureFileBig=EwBra0erGSrn4W/ZGY33FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616172363707323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Antibacterial effect before and after fermentation optimization, figureFileSmall=QyBt7VpcBv3YgCRQ9lt2/Q==, figureFileBig=60uAfJzd6dBDhXqJxLlE6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616172481147836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=CN, label=图13, caption=发酵优化前后的抑菌效果

A:优化后;B:优化前;C:对照。

, figureFileSmall=QyBt7VpcBv3YgCRQ9lt2/Q==, figureFileBig=60uAfJzd6dBDhXqJxLlE6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276616172548256701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Cultivation characteristics of actinomycete R2A-77

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
培养基Culture medium气生菌丝颜色Color of aerial hyphae基内菌丝颜色Substrate mycelium color可溶性色素Soluble pigment生长状况Growth condition
ISP1灰色黄色黄色+++
ISP2乳黄色黄色黄色+
ISP3灰棕色黑色+++
ISP4乳黄色黄色++
ISP5乳黄色黄色+
ISP6白色黄色黄色++
ISP7白色黄色黄色++
R2A白色黄色+++
MS灰白色黄色+++
GA灰白色黄色+
PDA乳黄色黄色++
G2乳黄色黄色+
NA乳黄色黄色++
), ArticleFig(id=1276616172665697214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276616146396771140, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

放线菌R2A-77的培养特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
培养基Culture medium气生菌丝颜色Color of aerial hyphae基内菌丝颜色Substrate mycelium color可溶性色素Soluble pigment生长状况Growth condition
ISP1灰色黄色黄色+++
ISP2乳黄色黄色黄色+
ISP3灰棕色黑色+++
ISP4乳黄色黄色++
ISP5乳黄色黄色+
ISP6白色黄色黄色++
ISP7白色黄色黄色++
R2A白色黄色+++
MS灰白色黄色+++
GA灰白色黄色+
PDA乳黄色黄色++
G2乳黄色黄色+
NA乳黄色黄色++
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指状青霉拮抗放线菌R2A-77的鉴定及发酵条件优化
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黄吉力 , 罗东程 , 陈苑玲 , 唐诗 , 陈真凤 , 梁嘉振 , 杨春敏 , 谢雨轩 *
热带作物学报 | 植物保护与生物安全 2025,46(8): 1943-1953
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热带作物学报 |植物保护与生物安全 2025 , 46 (8) : 1943 -1953
指状青霉拮抗放线菌R2A-77的鉴定及发酵条件优化
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黄吉力, 罗东程, 陈苑玲, 唐诗, 陈真凤, 梁嘉振, 杨春敏, 谢雨轩*
作者信息
  • 广州工商学院,广东佛山 528135
通讯作者:
* 谢雨轩(XIE Yuxuan),E-mail:
Identification and Optimization of Fermentation Conditions of Antagonistic Actinomycete R2A-77 by Penicillium digitatum
Jili HUANG, Dongcheng LUO, Yuanling CHEN, Shi TANG, Zhenfeng CHEN, Jiazhen LIANG, Chunmin YANG, Yuxuan XIE*
Affiliations
  • Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Foshan, Guangdong 528135, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.08.017
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柑橘是我国优势水果产业,对推动乡村振兴具有重要意义。但柑橘表面存在许多自然孔口,在采后贮藏和运输过程中极易受到病原菌的侵染而发生病害。其中,柑橘绿霉病是由指状青霉(Penicillium digitatum)侵染而成,发病过程快,传染性强,造成果实采收后品质严重下降,给柑橘产业带来巨大的经济损失。本团队以柑橘绿霉病病原菌为靶标菌,从广东省湛江市廉江九洲江红橙园红橙植株的根部土壤中分离筛选出1株对柑橘绿霉病病原菌具有良好拮抗作用的放线菌R2A-77,对菌株进行形态学观察、生理生化特征和分子生物学鉴定,采用生长速率法对靶标菌生长圈直径判断发酵液的抑菌活性,采用单因素和交叉组合试验优化菌株发酵条件,以提高发酵液抑菌活性。结果表明:放线菌R2A-77初步鉴定为链霉菌属(Streptomyces);最优发酵培养基为蔗糖10 g/L、大豆蛋白胨35 g/L、蒸馏水1000 mL;最优发酵条件为发酵初始pH 7.0、发酵时间为6 d、接种量为3%、装液量为150 mL/250 mL;放线菌R2A-77发酵条件优化后,其发酵液的抑菌活性比优化前提高15%,抑菌率为98%。结果说明,放线菌R2A-77对指状青霉具有较好的拮抗效果,有较好的实际应用前景,该研究结果为绿色防控柑橘绿霉病积累了资源,为后期规模化发酵以及生防菌剂的开发奠定基础。

指状青霉  /  链霉菌属  /  分类鉴定  /  抑菌活性  /  发酵优化

Citrus is a dominant fruit industry in China, which is of great significance for promoting rural revitalization. However, there are many natural pores on the surface of citrus fruits. During post-harvest storage and transportation, they are highly susceptible to infection by pathogens, leading to diseases. Among them, citrus green mold is caused by the infection of Penicillium digitatum. The disease progresses rapidly and is highly contagious, severely deteriorating the quality of fruits after harvest and causing huge economic losses to the citrus industry. Our research team targeted the pathogen of citrus green mold. An actinomycete strain, R2A-77, which exhibits excellent antagonistic effects against the pathogen of citrus green mold, was isolated and screened from the rhizosphere soil of red-orange plants in the Jiuzhoujiang Red-orange Orchard in Lianjiang, Zhanjiangy, Guangdong. The strain was characterized through morphological observation, physiological and biochemical tests, and molecular biological identification. The antibacterial activity of the fermentation broth was determined by measuring the diameter of the growth inhibition zone of the target bacteria according to the growth rate method. Single-factor and cross-combination experiments were conducted to optimize the fermentation conditions of the strain, aiming to enhance the antibacterial activity of the fermentation broth. The results indicated that the actinomycete R2A-77 was preliminarily identified as the genus Streptomyces. The optimal fermentation medium was sucrose 10 g/L, soybean peptone 35 g/L, and distilled water 1000 mL. The optimal fermentation conditions were as follows: initial pH of 7.0, fermentation time of 6 days, inoculum size of 3%, and liquid volume of 150 mL in a 250 mL flask. After optimization, the antibacterial activity of the fermentation broth of actinomycete R2A-77 increased by 15% compared to that before optimization, with an antibacterial rate of 98%. The results suggest that actinomycete R2A-77 has a good antagonistic effect against P. digitatum, demonstrating promising practical application prospects. It would accumulate resources for the green prevention and control of citrus green mold and lays a foundation for large-scale fermentation and the development of microbial agents in the future.

Penicillium digitatum  /  Streptomyces  /  classification and identification  /  antimicrobial activity  /  fermentation optimization
黄吉力, 罗东程, 陈苑玲, 唐诗, 陈真凤, 梁嘉振, 杨春敏, 谢雨轩. 指状青霉拮抗放线菌R2A-77的鉴定及发酵条件优化. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (8) : 1943 -1953 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.08.017
Jili HUANG, Dongcheng LUO, Yuanling CHEN, Shi TANG, Zhenfeng CHEN, Jiazhen LIANG, Chunmin YANG, Yuxuan XIE. Identification and Optimization of Fermentation Conditions of Antagonistic Actinomycete R2A-77 by Penicillium digitatum[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (8) : 1943 -1953 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.08.017
放线菌是一类极具开发潜力的生物资源,在空气、土壤以及水体中均可生存,且具有生长速度快和代谢产物多等特点,已被广泛应用于食品、药品和农业等领域[1-2]。目前,利用生防放线菌与病原菌的竞争关系或拮抗作用来控制病害已成为研究热点[3-4]。已有研究表明,放线菌发酵液对辣椒白绢病菌(Sclerotium rolfsii[5]、山茶炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum camelliae[6]、禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)[7]等植物病原菌具有良好的抑菌活性。在公众对食品安全关注度持续攀升的当下,利用生物手段防治农作物病害,已成为农业微生物领域的关键研究课题[8-9]
指状青霉(Penicillium digitatum)是一种坏死营养型的病原真菌,可通过果实表面的损伤入侵果实内部组织,导致宿主细胞死亡,进而利用营养进行生长[10]。柑橘在田间生长、采收及贮藏运输过程中极易受到物理损伤而产生伤口[11],这为病原微生物的入侵创造了条件,最终导致果实腐烂,造成严重的经济损失。长期以来,国内外对水果病害的防治主要依赖化学杀菌剂,但长期使用化学杀菌剂不仅会导致病原菌产生耐药性而降低防治效果,还会严重危害人体健康和环境[12]。而生物防治法采用具有安全性、有效性、环保性和高经济效益优势的拮抗微生物,可实现农业的安全生产[13]。NAJMEH等[14]从农田土壤中分离出的110株链霉菌菌株对指状青霉具有良好的抑制作用。林书华等[15]揭示了链霉菌X33发酵提取物(SLFE)对柑橘绿霉病菌具有防治效果。本团队从广东省湛江市廉江九洲江红橙园红橙植株根部土壤中分离筛选出1株对指状青霉具有较好拮抗活性的放线菌R2A-77,本研究对该菌株进行鉴定以及发酵条件优化,为廉江红橙土壤微生物资源及活性物质的开发奠定基础。
从广东省湛江市廉江九州江红橙园红橙植株根部土壤分离筛选出放线菌R2A-77。指状青霉由西南大学食品科学学院曾凯芳教授惠赠。
菌株鉴定固体培养基:ISP系列培养基(ISP1~ISP7)[16]、PDA培养基、R2A培养基[17]、GA培养基[18]、改良G2培养基[19]、MS培养基[20]、NA培养基[21]、黑色素培养基、硫化氢培养基、明胶液化培养基、牛奶凝固与胨化培养基[22]
菌株液体发酵培养基:ISP系列培养基(ISP1~ISP7)、PDA培养基、GA培养基、改良G2培养基、MS培养基。
生长培养基:改良G2培养基。
(1)形态学观察。将菌株划线接种至ISP3固体培养基,28 ℃条件培养5 d,用扫描电镜观察菌丝特征及孢子形态。
采用固体培养基(固体培养基见1.1.2)划线接种菌株,在28 ℃下培养10 d。在第3、5、7、10天采用平皿插片法和光学显微镜观察菌株菌体形态,筛选出菌株最优生长培养基作为基础培养基。
(2)生理生化特征测定。参考文献[22]中的方法对菌株的生理生化特性进行测定。测定内容包括:最适温度、最适盐浓度、最适培育pH、过氧化氢酶的产生、黑色素/硫化氢的产生、明胶液化、牛奶凝固或胨化。
(3)16S rRNA基因序列测定与分析。将菌株送至北京擎科生物科技有限公司进行16S rRNA基因序列测定。测序结果与EzBioCloud数据库进行比对,筛选相似菌株。采用MEGA 11软件进行邻接法(Neighbor-Joining,NJ)系统发育分析,设置1000次bootstrap评估拓扑结构,构建16S rRNA基因的系统发育树,确定菌株的种属。
(1)菌种活化和制备种子液。菌种活化:将菌种接种至改良G2固体培养基中,于28 ℃培养5 d。
制备种子液[23]:将菌株接种至150 mL/250 mL的改良G2液体培养基中,于28 ℃、180 r/min摇床培养3 d。
(2)制备菌株无菌发酵液。将3%的种子液加入到150 mL/250 mL发酵培养基中,于28 ℃、180 r/min培养5 d。取发酵上清液,于10 000 r/min离心15 min,用0.22 µm微孔滤膜过滤后得到无菌发酵滤液[24]
(3)发酵液抑菌活性测定。采用生长速率法[25]测定菌株发酵液对靶标菌的抑菌活性。发酵液与PDA培养基按1∶10(V/V)制成平板。将8 mm靶标菌菌饼置于平板中央,于28 ℃培养5 d后,采用十字交叉法测量菌落直径,计算平均值和抑菌率。抑菌率=[(对照病原菌菌落直径-处理病原菌菌落直径)/(对照病原菌菌落直径–菌饼直径)]×100%[26]
(1)菌株发酵培养基的优化。将11种不同的液体培养基各100 mL分别添加至250 mL锥形瓶中,然后加入种子液发酵,参照1.2.2-(3)的方法测定抑菌活性,筛选出最优的培养基作为后续试验的基础培养基。
采用单因素试验法,在筛选出的基础培养基上,以葡萄糖、大米、小米、玉米面、蔗糖、燕麦、麦芽糖、淀粉、乳糖、甘露醇作为碳源;以酸水解酪蛋白胨、牛肉膏、大豆蛋白胨、硫酸铵、酵母膏、胰蛋白胨、大豆粉、鱼蛋白胨、麦芽粉、蛋白胨作为氮源,参照1.2.2-(3)的方法测定抑菌活性,筛选出3种较好的氮源和碳源。
利用交叉组合试验,将筛选出的3个碳源和3个氮源进行交叉组合,确定最优的碳源和氮源组合,参照1.2.2-(3)的方法进行抑菌活性测定,得到最优碳氮源组合。
以最优碳氮源组合固定碳源或氮源,将氮源或碳源浓度分别设置为5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40 g/L,参照1.2.2-(3)的方法测定抑菌活性,确定最优碳源、氮源浓度为最优发酵培养基配方。
(2)菌株发酵条件的优化。在最优发酵培养基下,优化菌株的发酵条件。采用单因素试验,分别选择不同的发酵初始pH:5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0、10.0;不同的发酵时间:1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10 d;不同的接种量:1%、2%、3%、4%、5%、6%、7%、8%;250 mL锥形摇瓶中不同的装液量:75、100、125、150、175、200 mL[27]。参照1.2.2-(3)的方法测定抑菌活性,确定最优发酵初始pH、发酵时间、接种量和装液量。
采用Excel 2019软件进行数据统计,采用IBM SPSS Statistics 27软件进行显著性分析。
在ISP3培养基上,放线菌R2A-77单菌落形态呈圆形,气生菌丝生长繁茂,产生密集孢子堆,菌落呈现灰棕色。通过扫描电镜观察可知,菌株菌丝众多,孢子链伸展,形状为长圆形(图1)。
放线菌R2A-77菌株在不同鉴定培养基上的生长存在明显差异,其气生菌丝、基内菌丝的生长状况等方面均有差异,在ISP1、ISP2、ISP6、ISP7培养基上产生可溶性黄色色素,在ISP1、ISP3、R2A、MS培养基上生长旺盛(表1)。
相较于其他培养基,放线菌R2A-77菌株在MS培养基上的生长状况较好(图2),菌落颜色为灰白色,形状为圆形,菌落易挑起,气生菌丝呈灰白色,基内菌丝呈乳黄色,无可溶性色素。因此,确定放线菌R2A-77菌株的最适生长培养基为MS培养基。
放线菌R2A-77菌株在37 ℃时生长状态最佳,低于19 ℃和高于40 ℃时菌株停止生长。NaCl的浓度为0%时,生长状态最佳,培养4 d便有大量孢子覆盖于菌落表面,形成表面干燥、凸起、灰白色的圆形菌落;NaCl浓度为0%~1%时菌株生长,2%时完全停止生长。菌株在pH为5.0~12.0时均能生长,且pH为5.0时菌落较大,产孢子丰富,生长状况最佳。
放线菌R2A-77菌株可使明胶液化,可产过氧化氢酶,但无法使牛奶凝固或胨化,同时也不产硫化氢和黑色素。
通过序列测定,放线菌R2A-77菌株的16S rRNA基因长度为1446 bp,且完整性为99.8%。通过EzBioCloud平台对放线菌R2A-77菌株进行16S rRNA基因序列比对,与该菌株高度同源的菌株均来自链霉菌属(Streptomyces)。其中,与放线菌R2A-77最相似的菌株为S. salinarius SS06011,相似度为99.93%,其GenBank登录号为LC430995。
基于16S rRNA基因序列建立系统发育树中(图3),经过1000次聚类,菌株与S. salinarius SS06011进化关系最近。经形态学观察、生理生化特征检测,结合16S rRNA序列测序与系统进化分析,确定放线菌R2A-77为链霉菌(Streptomyces)。
通过对11种不同的液体培养基发酵液进行抑菌活性测定(图4),结果表明,放线菌R2A-77菌株在不同的发酵培养基中的抑菌活性具有一定差异,在MS培养基中的抑菌活性最优,指状青霉生长圈平均直径为20.54 mm。基于此,选定MS培养基作为基础培养基。
以MS培养基作为基础培养基,分别采用10种不同碳源进行抑菌活性测定(图5)。结果表明,在以玉米面、蔗糖、淀粉为碳源发酵液中,指状青霉生长圈平均直径分别为16.58、16.37、16.79 mm,具有较强的抑菌活性,因此选用玉米面、蔗糖、淀粉作为进一步研究的碳源。
以MS培养基作为基础培养基,分别采用10种不同氮源进行抑菌活性测定(图6)。结果表明,以大豆蛋白胨、大豆粉、蛋白胨为氮源的发酵液中,指状青霉生长圈平均直径分别为11.20、22.10、24.24 mm,具有较强的抑菌活性,因此选用大豆蛋白胨、大豆粉、蛋白胨作为进一步研究的氮源。
根据筛选的氮源和碳源对放线菌R2A-77菌株进行交叉组合发酵培养(图7)。结果表明,蔗糖+大豆蛋白胨组合的发酵液表现出最优的抑菌活性,指状青霉生长圈平均直径为10.87 mm;蔗糖+大豆粉组合的抑菌活性次之,指状青霉生长圈平均直径为16.54 mm。因此确定蔗糖与大豆蛋白胨作为放线菌R2A-77菌株发酵的最优氮源、碳源组合。
基于最优碳源、氮源组合,将碳源和氮源浓度分别设置为10个不同浓度梯度对放线菌R2A-77菌株进行发酵培养(图8)。结果表明,碳源浓度为10 g/L时,发酵液的抑菌活性最优,指状青霉的生长圈平均直径为9.07 mm;氮源浓度为35 g/L时,发酵液的抑菌活性最优,指状青霉生长圈平均直径为9.46 mm。因此碳源浓度选用10 g/L,氮源浓度选用35 g/L。
指状青霉生长圈随发酵初始pH的增大呈先缓慢减小后增大的趋势(图9)。pH为7.0时,指状青霉的生长圈最小,生长圈平均直径为10.27 mm;发酵初始pH低于7.0时,菌圈呈现出逐步扩张的态势;而随着pH不断增大,指状青霉的生长圈随之增大。说明放线菌R2A-77菌株在强酸或强碱条件下,并不适宜产生具有活性的物质。因此,确定pH为7.0作为放线菌R2A-77菌株发酵的最优初始pH。
指状青霉生长圈随发酵时间的延长呈先下降后上升的趋势(图10)。发酵至第6天时指状青霉生长圈最小,生长圈平均直径为10.85 mm。故发酵时间选用6 d作为放线菌R2A-77菌株的最优发酵时间。
指状青霉生长圈随放线菌R2A-77接种量的增加呈先降后升的趋势(图11)。当接种量为3%时,指状青霉的生长圈最小,生长圈平均直径为10.75 mm;其他接种量均导致放线菌R2A-77菌株的抑菌活性下降。在接种量逐渐增加的初期阶段,放线菌R2A-77菌株产生的代谢物含量随之上升,使得抑菌活性逐渐增强;接种量大于3%,发酵液中的营养物质难以满足过量细胞的需求,细胞活性成分的合成过程受到限制,最终导致抑菌活性降低。因此,确定3%作为放线菌R2A-77菌株的最优接种量。
指状青霉的生长圈随装液量的增加呈先降后升的趋势(图12)。当250 mL锥形瓶的装液量为150 mL时,指状青霉的生长圈最小,生长圈平均直径为9.83 mm;在装液量逐渐增加的初始阶段,由于锥形瓶内营养物质随之增多,为放线菌R2A-77菌株提供了更丰富的原料,使其产生抑菌活性物质的能力增强,然而,随着装液量的进一步增加,锥形瓶内的气体空间被压缩,氧气含量逐渐减少难以满足放线菌R2A-77有氧呼吸的需求,当氧气不足时,放线菌R2A-77的生长与代谢活动受到抑制,进而影响其产生抑菌活性物质的能力。因此,确定放线菌R2A-77菌株的最优装液量为150 mL/250 mL。
综合以上优化结果,以10 g/L蔗糖、35 g/L大豆蛋白胨、1000 mL蒸馏水的改良MS发酵培养基,以发酵初始pH为7.0,接种量为3%,装液量为150 mL/250 mL,发酵6 d,对发酵液的抑菌活性进行测定,结果表明,优化后的发酵液抑菌率为98%,优化前的抑菌率为83%。抑菌效果见图13
放线菌是一个丰富的微生物类群,已鉴定出至少有180个属2000多个种[28]。而放线菌合成抗生素物质是人们关注的焦点之一,据研究统计,70%的抗生素来自放线菌,50%来自链霉菌[29]。除了产生抗生素外,放线菌发酵产物在农业病虫害防治及医学抗真菌药物研制方面也是重要材料[30]。国内外学者通过对多种链霉菌进行了深入研究。例如,王宁等[31]通过形态学观察、生理生化特征以及16S rRNA序列分析等手段成功鉴定出苹果树腐烂病生防菌株A144为娄彻氏链霉菌;蒋冬阳等[32]筛选到对引起大豆根腐病的多种病原菌以及大豆白绢病菌、草莓灰霉病菌、稻瘟病菌等均有很好抑制作用的弗吉尼亚链霉菌IRHB 47;HAMED等[33]从海洋沉积物中分离到1株对白色念珠菌ATCC 10231具有极强拮抗活性的放线菌菌株MK388207,经鉴定,该菌株为链霉菌属。而较少有关链霉菌防治指状青霉的研究报道。本研究从广东省湛江市廉江九洲江红橙园红橙植株的根部土壤中分离的放线菌R2A-77属链霉菌,对指状青霉具有良好的抑制作用。
已有研究表明,优化活性菌株的发酵培养基和发酵条件可提升抑菌活性物质的作用[34-35]。刘一贤等[36]通过研究表明,发酵培养链霉菌17-7菌株的最适合碳源为玉米粉10 g/L和葡萄糖10 g/L,最适氮源为大豆粉25 g/L和酵母粉2 g/L。刘芳等[37]优化的链霉菌SZF-179最适发酵培养基中的碳源为麦芽糖15.86 g/L和土豆淀粉10.00 g/L,氮源为酵母膏8.15 g/L。由此可知,不同的链霉菌在发酵中会受碳源、氮源的种类及其浓度的影响。此外,适当的发酵初始pH、发酵时间、发酵装液量和接种量能促进发酵活性物质的产生[38]。例如,对多种植物真菌具有拮抗作用的链霉菌FIMB0711的最佳发酵条件:pH为7.0,接种量为3%,装液量为30 mL/250 mL,发酵时间为96 h,在该发酵条件下发酵物产量提升了57.69%[39]。高加索链霉菌(S. ciscaucasicus)SS9-1的最佳发酵条件:装液量为150 mL,接种量为3%,pH为8.0,发酵时间为7 d,在该发酵条件下发酵物对番茄灰霉病的拮抗效果提高到98.43%[40]。因此不同的链霉菌有不同的营养要求和发酵条件。本研究对放线菌R2A-77菌株的发酵培养基与发酵条件进行优化。通过优化,该菌株的抑菌率提升15%,抑菌率达到98%。
本研究的放线菌R2A-77与前期研究的放线菌R2A-15[19]同属于链霉菌,但是16S rRNA基因序列不同,通过在NCBI上进行blastn比对,发现2株菌的16S rRNA基因序列相似性仅为95.29%。在进化关系上,与放线菌R2A-77最相似菌株为S. salinarius SS06011,与放线菌R2A-15最相似菌株为S. virginiae NRRL ISP-5094。放线菌R2A-15在MS培养基上形成的菌落较大,气生菌丝呈粉色,基内菌丝呈米黄色,表型特征明显与放线菌R2A-77不同。本研究采用生长速率法测定放线菌R2A-77发酵液对靶标菌的抑菌活性,筛选获得的最优发酵培养基仅含蔗糖、大豆蛋白胨和蒸馏水,而放线菌R2A-15的最优发酵培养基包含玉米面、酸水解酪蛋白、碳酸钙、硫酸镁、磷酸氢二钾、氯化钠和蒸馏水,表明放线菌R2A-77的发酵培养基原料种类更简单、成本更低廉。但在发酵条件上放线菌R2A-15的发酵时间仅需37.54 h,摇瓶装液量减少至100 mL/250 mL,因此其发酵效率更高。研究表明,放线菌R2A-15和放线菌R2A-77对指状青霉均有较高的抑菌活性,因此,这2株放线菌均具有重要的的研究价值和应用潜力。后续研究重点将聚焦于其发酵活性物质的分离与鉴定。
  • 广州工商学院2023年度国家级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202313714005)
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  • 2024年度广东省重点建设学科科研能力提升项目(2024ZDJS089)
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2025年第46卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.08.017
  • 接收时间:2025-02-28
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-28
  • 录用日期:2025-05-07
基金
广州工商学院2023年度国家级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202313714005)
广州工商学院2021年度国家级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202113714005)
2024年度广东省重点建设学科科研能力提升项目(2024ZDJS089)
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    广州工商学院,广东佛山 528135

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* 谢雨轩(XIE Yuxuan),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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