Article(id=1276530620461351384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276530095770693736, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.07.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734278400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1741449600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-09, onlineDate=1782278216709, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782278216709, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782278216709, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782278216709, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276530095770693736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='7', pageStart='1533', pageEnd='1784', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753372800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782278091614, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782299002258, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276617801443971243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276530095770693736, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276617801448165548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276530095770693736, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1618, endPage=1626, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276530620717203930, articleId=1276530620461351384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Optimization of Paraffin Section Method of Phalaenopsis Tissue, columnId=1236256430060261740, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Germplasm Resources, Genetics & Breeding, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The axillary buds, which are embedded in the stem of Phalaenopsis and lurked at the base of leaves, can germinate and elongate to form pedicels under suitable conditions. The microscopic observation of the differentiation process is one of the important research contents to understand the flower development process and influencing factors of Phalaenopsis. In order to establish a paraffin section method for two different tissues with soft and hard connection, the stem segment with axillary bud was used as the test material. The preparation steps, such as fixed time, softening liquid concentration and softening time, dehydration, etc., which mainly affect the paraffin section effect, were optimized. The results showed that vacuuming the fixative and extending the fixative time to 48 h or more were conducive to the full penetration of the fixative, and the fixative effect was the best. Using 10%, 12% hydrofluoric acid solution to soften for 12, 15 days and vacuuming for 30 min during softening could greatly reduce the brittleness and hardness of stem tissues with high lignification degree, meet the soft and hard requirements of sections, and effectively solve the problem of tissue separation and fragmentation caused by uneven softening. Dehydration treatment was set up with 7 step by step dehydration gradients from 30% to 100% ethanol, and the gradual replacement steps of anhydrous ethanol to xylene were added, which could avoid the shrinkage and deformation of tissue materials of Phalaenopsis and ensure the integrity of tissue morphology. The optimized preparation method avoids the problems such as incomplete softening, separation of tissues from paraffin wax, crumpling and crushing of wax bands, and cavity of sections caused by conventional preparation of the stem segment of the axillary bud of Phalaenopsis girdle, etc. The overall structure of the obtained sections tends to be complete, the staining is uniform and bright, and the tissue cells in each part are obviously colored. Young bud tissue and lignified stem tissue can be clearly distinguished. In this study, a set of paraffin section preparation method was developed which could be applied to the stem segment of Phalaenopsis axillary bud, a soft and hard tissue material, and would provide a technical basis for further study on the differentiation process of latent axillary bud germination of Phalaenopsis.

, authors=null, authorsList=Caiyun FENG, Yaping HE, Fubing LYU, Heming CHEN, Shijuan YAN, Ye AI, Wenfang XIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ye AI, Wenfang XIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276530621862248932, articleId=1276530620461351384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=蝴蝶兰茎段组织石蜡切片方法的优化研究, columnId=1236256430219645304, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=种质资源与遗传育种, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

蝴蝶兰茎部着生、潜伏于叶基部的腋芽在适宜环境下能够萌发并伸长分化形成花梗,其分化过程的显微观察是探明蝴蝶兰花发育进程及影响因素的重要研究内容之一。为了建立一套适用于软硬相连接的带腋芽茎段的石蜡切片方法,以蝴蝶兰金蝶(Phalaenopsis Lioulin Phoenix ‘LM41’)带腋芽的茎段为试验材料,针对主要影响石蜡切片效果的固定时长、软化液浓度和软化时长、脱水等制备步骤进行优化。结果表明:固定时对固定液抽真空并延长固定时间至48 h及以上有利于固定液充分渗透,材料固定效果最佳;使用浓度为10%、12%的氢氟酸溶液软化12、15 d并在软化期间抽真空30 min,可使木质化程度较高的茎段组织脆度和硬度大大降低,达到切片的软硬度要求,有效解决软化不均匀造成的组织分离破碎问题;脱水处理设置从30%~100%乙醇的7个逐级脱水梯度,并增加无水乙醇到二甲苯逐渐置换的步骤,可以避免蝴蝶兰组织材料收缩变形,保证组织形态的完整性。优化后的制备方法解决了常规石蜡切片中蝴蝶兰带腋芽茎段(含软硬相连接组织)的软化不彻底、组织与石蜡分离、蜡带皱缩破碎、切片空洞等问题,所获切片的整体结构趋于完整,染色均匀且鲜艳,各部位组织细胞着色明显,能清晰区分开幼嫩的芽组织和木质化的茎组织。本研究形成了一套适用于蝴蝶兰带腋芽茎段(含软硬相连接组织)的石蜡切片制备方法,为深入研究蝴蝶兰潜伏腋芽萌发的分化过程提供技术基础。

, authors=

冯彩云(2000—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:兰花遗传育种。

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* 艾叶(AI Ye),E-mail:
肖文芳(XIAO Wenfang),E-mail:
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冯彩云(2000—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:兰花遗传育种。

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冯彩云(2000—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:兰花遗传育种。

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Process optimization of paraffin section method for scale of Cunninghamia lanceolata[J]. Journal of Southwest Forestry University (Natural Sciences), 2018, 38(1): 59-65. 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A:50% FAA固定液固定24 h;B:50% FAA固定液固定48 h。

, figureFileSmall=Qku6Rc3xoFUM89DnMO69ew==, figureFileBig=MDLVT/NXTh0SJ8NsKEwYEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530634944283170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530620461351384, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Comparison of effect of different softening treatments on the preparation of Phalaenopsis tissue paraffin section, figureFileSmall=udwVKrJi8EfZMhh4X0aZwg==, figureFileBig=hXU/5w7itBl74ak/903BeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530635170775587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530620461351384, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同软化处理对蝴蝶兰组织石蜡切片制作切片效果比较

A:使用10%、12%氢氟酸溶液分别浸泡12、15 d,均能有效降低组织硬度,选其一作为切片效果代表图;B:使用15%氢氟酸溶液分别浸泡12 d、15 d,均出现了过度软化的现象,选其一作为切片效果代表图;C:使用70%甘油-50%乙醇分别软化12、15 d,软化效果均不明显,选其一作为效果代表图。AB:腋芽;St:主茎。

, figureFileSmall=udwVKrJi8EfZMhh4X0aZwg==, figureFileBig=hXU/5w7itBl74ak/903BeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530635233690148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530620461351384, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Comparison of effect of paraffin section of Phalaenopsis tissue from different dewatering treatments, figureFileSmall=RVNhjQWwItpNYF/Bdsemww==, figureFileBig=uBV+JmkLDuZOM8749BlmPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530635296604709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530620461351384, language=CN, label=图3, caption=从不同脱水处理对蝴蝶兰组织石蜡切片制作切片效果比较

A:传统方法;B:优化方法。AB:腋芽;St:主茎。

, figureFileSmall=RVNhjQWwItpNYF/Bdsemww==, figureFileBig=uBV+JmkLDuZOM8749BlmPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530635359519270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530620461351384, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Comparison of sectioning effects between traditional paraffin sectioning and optimized paraffin sectioning methods, figureFileSmall=IGHieKEQunAO6J+Ss6O6vg==, figureFileBig=IKZQlP4RK/s7GrMljXSE5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530635418239527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530620461351384, language=CN, label=图4, caption=传统石蜡切片与优化后石蜡切片方法的切片效果比较

A:优化后的方法;B:传统方法:。图左边为除去叶片后待处理的蝴蝶兰主茎样品,右边为处理后的切片效果;AB:腋芽;St:主茎。

, figureFileSmall=IGHieKEQunAO6J+Ss6O6vg==, figureFileBig=IKZQlP4RK/s7GrMljXSE5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530635586011688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530620461351384, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Comparison of paraffin section methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
改良步骤Improvement procedure传统方法Traditional method优化方法Improvement method
固定50% FAA固定液固定24 h50% FAA固定液固定48 h
软化70%甘油-50%乙醇溶液软化12、15 d10%、12%、15%的氢氟酸溶液分别软化12、15 d
脱水70%乙醇保持2 h,80%乙醇保持1 h,90%乙醇保持1 h,无水乙醇保持1 h,无水乙醇保持1 h30%乙醇保持2 h,50%乙醇保持2 h,70%乙醇保持2 h,80%乙醇保持1 h,90%乙醇保持1 h,无水乙醇保持1 h,无水乙醇保持1 h,1∶1苯醇保持1 h,二甲苯保持2 h
), ArticleFig(id=1276530635648926249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530620461351384, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

石蜡切片方法对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
改良步骤Improvement procedure传统方法Traditional method优化方法Improvement method
固定50% FAA固定液固定24 h50% FAA固定液固定48 h
软化70%甘油-50%乙醇溶液软化12、15 d10%、12%、15%的氢氟酸溶液分别软化12、15 d
脱水70%乙醇保持2 h,80%乙醇保持1 h,90%乙醇保持1 h,无水乙醇保持1 h,无水乙醇保持1 h30%乙醇保持2 h,50%乙醇保持2 h,70%乙醇保持2 h,80%乙醇保持1 h,90%乙醇保持1 h,无水乙醇保持1 h,无水乙醇保持1 h,1∶1苯醇保持1 h,二甲苯保持2 h
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蝴蝶兰茎段组织石蜡切片方法的优化研究
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冯彩云 1, 2 , 贺雅萍 1, 2 , 吕复兵 2 , 陈和明 2 , 晏石娟 3 , 艾叶 1, * , 肖文芳 2, *
热带作物学报 | 种质资源与遗传育种 2025,46(7): 1618-1626
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热带作物学报 |种质资源与遗传育种 2025 , 46 (7) : 1618 -1626
蝴蝶兰茎段组织石蜡切片方法的优化研究
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冯彩云1, 2, 贺雅萍1, 2, 吕复兵2, 陈和明2, 晏石娟3, 艾叶1, * , 肖文芳2, *
作者信息
  • 1.福建农林大学风景园林与艺术学院,福建福州 350002
  • 2.广东省农业科学院环境园艺研究所/广东省花卉种质创新综合利用重点实验室,广东广州 510640
  • 3.广东省农业科学院农业生物基因研究中心,广东广州 510640
通讯作者:
* 艾叶(AI Ye),E-mail:
肖文芳(XIAO Wenfang),E-mail:
Optimization of Paraffin Section Method of Phalaenopsis Tissue
Caiyun FENG1, 2, Yaping HE1, 2, Fubing LYU2, Heming CHEN2, Shijuan YAN3, Ye AI1, * , Wenfang XIAO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
  • 2.Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
  • 3.Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.07.009
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蝴蝶兰茎部着生、潜伏于叶基部的腋芽在适宜环境下能够萌发并伸长分化形成花梗,其分化过程的显微观察是探明蝴蝶兰花发育进程及影响因素的重要研究内容之一。为了建立一套适用于软硬相连接的带腋芽茎段的石蜡切片方法,以蝴蝶兰金蝶(Phalaenopsis Lioulin Phoenix ‘LM41’)带腋芽的茎段为试验材料,针对主要影响石蜡切片效果的固定时长、软化液浓度和软化时长、脱水等制备步骤进行优化。结果表明:固定时对固定液抽真空并延长固定时间至48 h及以上有利于固定液充分渗透,材料固定效果最佳;使用浓度为10%、12%的氢氟酸溶液软化12、15 d并在软化期间抽真空30 min,可使木质化程度较高的茎段组织脆度和硬度大大降低,达到切片的软硬度要求,有效解决软化不均匀造成的组织分离破碎问题;脱水处理设置从30%~100%乙醇的7个逐级脱水梯度,并增加无水乙醇到二甲苯逐渐置换的步骤,可以避免蝴蝶兰组织材料收缩变形,保证组织形态的完整性。优化后的制备方法解决了常规石蜡切片中蝴蝶兰带腋芽茎段(含软硬相连接组织)的软化不彻底、组织与石蜡分离、蜡带皱缩破碎、切片空洞等问题,所获切片的整体结构趋于完整,染色均匀且鲜艳,各部位组织细胞着色明显,能清晰区分开幼嫩的芽组织和木质化的茎组织。本研究形成了一套适用于蝴蝶兰带腋芽茎段(含软硬相连接组织)的石蜡切片制备方法,为深入研究蝴蝶兰潜伏腋芽萌发的分化过程提供技术基础。

蝴蝶兰  /  腋芽  /  茎  /  石蜡切片

The axillary buds, which are embedded in the stem of Phalaenopsis and lurked at the base of leaves, can germinate and elongate to form pedicels under suitable conditions. The microscopic observation of the differentiation process is one of the important research contents to understand the flower development process and influencing factors of Phalaenopsis. In order to establish a paraffin section method for two different tissues with soft and hard connection, the stem segment with axillary bud was used as the test material. The preparation steps, such as fixed time, softening liquid concentration and softening time, dehydration, etc., which mainly affect the paraffin section effect, were optimized. The results showed that vacuuming the fixative and extending the fixative time to 48 h or more were conducive to the full penetration of the fixative, and the fixative effect was the best. Using 10%, 12% hydrofluoric acid solution to soften for 12, 15 days and vacuuming for 30 min during softening could greatly reduce the brittleness and hardness of stem tissues with high lignification degree, meet the soft and hard requirements of sections, and effectively solve the problem of tissue separation and fragmentation caused by uneven softening. Dehydration treatment was set up with 7 step by step dehydration gradients from 30% to 100% ethanol, and the gradual replacement steps of anhydrous ethanol to xylene were added, which could avoid the shrinkage and deformation of tissue materials of Phalaenopsis and ensure the integrity of tissue morphology. The optimized preparation method avoids the problems such as incomplete softening, separation of tissues from paraffin wax, crumpling and crushing of wax bands, and cavity of sections caused by conventional preparation of the stem segment of the axillary bud of Phalaenopsis girdle, etc. The overall structure of the obtained sections tends to be complete, the staining is uniform and bright, and the tissue cells in each part are obviously colored. Young bud tissue and lignified stem tissue can be clearly distinguished. In this study, a set of paraffin section preparation method was developed which could be applied to the stem segment of Phalaenopsis axillary bud, a soft and hard tissue material, and would provide a technical basis for further study on the differentiation process of latent axillary bud germination of Phalaenopsis.

Phalaenopsis  /  axillary bud  /  stem  /  paraffin section
冯彩云, 贺雅萍, 吕复兵, 陈和明, 晏石娟, 艾叶, 肖文芳. 蝴蝶兰茎段组织石蜡切片方法的优化研究. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (7) : 1618 -1626 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.07.009
Caiyun FENG, Yaping HE, Fubing LYU, Heming CHEN, Shijuan YAN, Ye AI, Wenfang XIAO. Optimization of Paraffin Section Method of Phalaenopsis Tissue[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (7) : 1618 -1626 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.07.009
蝴蝶兰为兰科(Orchidaeeae)蝴蝶兰属(Phalaenopsis Blume)多年生草本植物,因花姿如蝴蝶飞舞而得名,素有“洋兰皇后”之美誉。蝴蝶兰因其花型奇特、花色艳丽、花期长久,深受消费者的喜爱,是目前兰科植物中商品化程度最高的种类,产业规模不断扩大,产量逐年递增,繁殖栽培更加专业化、工厂化[1]。同时,消费者对蝴蝶兰的观赏性与品质要求也不断提升。蝴蝶兰的花序(花梗)由茎基部的潜伏芽萌发并伸长形成,每一片叶基部的茎段上都有一大一小2个潜伏芽,一般只有大的潜伏芽在适宜的环境下会萌发形成花序。研究并掌握潜伏芽的生长发育规律,对蝴蝶兰商业化生产中采取恰当的管理措施进行催花有重要的指导意义。
石蜡切片是细胞组织学和发育生物学研究中常用的一种用于观察植物显微结构的试验手段,通常步骤包括取材、固定、脱水、透明、透蜡、包埋、切片、贴片、染色、透明、封片等。由于石蜡切片具有成本低、易操作、可连续切片及能永久保存等优点,被广泛应用于发育生物学、植物解剖学及分子生物学等研究领域[2-6]。传统的石蜡制片方法对具有不同组织结构的样品并不完全适用,因而需要根据组织结构特点摸索适用的制片方法[7]。蝴蝶兰极端缩短的茎段与腋芽紧密相连,观察发现茎段木质化严重但花芽组织非常幼嫩,2种不同的组织结构软硬度差异极大,因此在进行石蜡切片制作时,采用常规的软化方法无法获得完整的蜡带,后续切片过程中也常伴有脱片、叠片的情况,导致最终无法进行微观形态观察。石蜡切片现有技术中尚无针对2种不同软硬度组织紧密连接的样品进行优化的制片方法。近年来多花梗型蝴蝶兰越来越受市场青睐,因此腋芽发育形成花梗的过程是现今兰花产业研究的热点和重点之一,但石蜡切片制作方法的不完善严重影响对腋芽萌发成花梗的微观形态观察研究。
鉴于所需,本研究以蝴蝶兰金蝶的茎段及其腋芽为试验材料,在传统石蜡切片的基础上,根据蝴蝶兰茎段和潜伏芽的生长特点及组织软硬度的差异,对石蜡切片的固定、脱水、透明等制备步骤进行优化,既能够保证不伤害幼嫩腋芽又能使较硬茎段很好的达到软化效果,形成一套能够应用于不同软硬度相接的植物组织材料石蜡切片的制备方法,以期为深入研究蝴蝶兰潜伏腋芽萌发的机制和微观形态结构提供技术基础。
供试蝴蝶兰品种为具5~6片叶片且无病虫害、株高约为10 cm的蝴蝶兰金蝶二年生苗。种植在广东省农业科学院环境园艺研究所温室大棚。
试剂:FAA固定液(由5%甲醛、5%乙酸、90%的50%质量分数的乙醇组成)、无水乙醇、二甲苯、固体石蜡、氢氟酸、番红染液、固绿染液、中性树脂。
仪器:石蜡切片机、生物显微镜、鼓风干燥箱、恒温箱、染色缸、载玻片、盖玻片、烧杯、量筒等。
将新鲜的蝴蝶兰植株剥去叶片并切掉不定根等部位,保留茎及其腋芽,切取的组织长度为10~12 mm,直径为3~10 mm,将组织迅速投入到30 mL 50% FAA固定液中进行固定。对固定液抽气3次以排除材料中细胞间隙的空气,分别固定48 h备用。植物组织与固定液的质量体积比为1∶20。
软化过程中设置不同的软化液浓度和软化时间进行技术优化(表1):将固定后的组织材料放入塑料染色缸中,分别采用30 mL的10%、12%、15%不同梯度浓度的氢氟酸软化液中抽真空30 min,密封,放入55 ℃鼓风干燥箱中进行软化,各浓度氢氟酸溶液分别软化12、15 d。当用拇指和食指轻轻按压组织时,组织按压得动且有弹性时,即软化完成。软化后的组织放入到流水中过夜洗至中性,以便于后期染色。以传统甘油乙醇软化处理的材料为对照。
将软化后的材料用流水冲洗,去除材料表面的软化剂后放入脱水盒中。将脱水盒放进吊篮里置于脱水机内采用不同浓度梯度的乙醇进行脱水。在常规脱水方法[8-9]的基础上优化脱水方案(表1),具体步骤为:30%乙醇中保持2 h;50%乙醇中保持2 h;70%乙醇中保持2 h;80%乙醇中保持1 h;90%乙醇中保持1 h;无水乙醇中保持2 h;二甲苯-无水乙醇混合液(体积比1∶1)中保持1 h;后在二甲苯中保持2 h。
在65 ℃恒温箱中将脱水完成后的材料浸入融化的石蜡中1 h,然后更换融化的石蜡浸蜡1 d,再次更换融化的石蜡浸蜡1 d。
将浸好蜡的组织置于包埋机内进行包埋。先将融化的蜡放入包埋框,待蜡凝固之前将组织从脱水盒内取出,按照包埋面的要求放入包埋框并贴上对应的标签。于-20 ℃冻台上冷却,蜡凝固后将蜡块从包埋框中取出并修整蜡块。
将修整好的蜡块置于石蜡切片机中进行切片,厚度选择4 μm。切片漂浮于摊片机40 ℃温水上将组织展平,利用载玻片将组织捞起,除去多余的蒸馏水,并在40 ℃烘箱内烤片。水烤干、蜡烤化后取出常温保存,备用。
晾干后的切片必须经脱蜡和复水才能在水溶性染液中完成染色[10-11]。将切片放入二甲苯中保持8 min,在纯二甲苯与无水乙醇混合液(体积比1∶1)中保持3 min;在无水乙醇中保持3 s;在90%乙醇中保持3 s;在80%乙醇中保持3 s;在70%乙醇中保持3 s;在50%乙醇中保持3 s;在30%乙醇中保持3 s;在纯水中保持3 s。
染色采用番红-固绿双重染色法。组织切片放入番红染液中1~2 min后水洗;在50%乙醇中保持3 s;在70%乙醇中保持3 s;乙醇晾干后,切片放入固绿染液1 min;随后切片经过3次无水乙醇快速脱水,每次3 s。
将染色完成的切片放入二甲苯透明5 min,后用中性树胶封片。从侧面慢慢移动盖上盖玻片,在恒温箱中40 ℃烘干或置于室内自然晾干并贴标签。随后进行显微观察并拍照。
为了探究最优固定时间,采用50% FAA为固定液,以传统固定时长24 h为对照。通过后期切片镜检对比2种固定时间(24 h和48 h)的石蜡切片效果,发现24 h固定处理下的切片结构受损较严重,效果较差,中间样本组织出现明显破损,可能是由于固定时间不够,切片时组织无法与蜡块紧密贴合致使蜡带粉碎,最终导致镜检的组织结构破损变形;48 h固定处理后的切片中,大部分蜡带连续,组织结构基本完整(图1)。结果说明延长固定时间至48 h有利于固定液充分渗透,其效果优于传统制作方法,有效解决了细胞结构变形、固定不够彻底造成组织破碎的问题。
采用3种不同浓度的氢氟酸软化液和2种软化时间进行改良试验,以传统甘油-乙醇混合液分别软化12 d和15 d为对照。优化后的固定方法为50% FAA固定液固定48 h。有研究表明,软化期间的真空处理有助于软化剂快速渗入到样本中,从而有效提高软化效率,未经真空处理获得的组织材料软化效果较差,后续浸蜡不完全,切片时蜡片不易连成蜡带,摊片时皱折多,影响制片效果。因此,本研究均进行抽真空30 min处理。不同软化处理对切片效果的影响见图2。通过对比不同软化方法的石蜡切片,发现使用10%和12%氢氟酸溶液分别浸泡12 d和15 d,均能有效降低蝴蝶兰茎段组织硬度,从而达到切片的软硬度要求,切片呈蜡带状,组织结构均较为完整,但存在组织皱缩现象(图2A);然而,当氢氟酸溶液浓度提升至15%时,即使只浸泡12 d,材料仍出现了过度软化的现象,组织松散易解离导致浸蜡不彻底,所得切片材料中间出现了较多的空洞,组织结构皱缩变形(图2B);使用的传统甘油-乙醇软化液即使浸泡15 d,蝴蝶兰组织材料形状的改变不明显,材料相对较硬,组织材料结构破损严重,耗时久且效果差(图2C)。因此,浓度为10%、12%的氢氟酸软化剂均能有效软化高木质化的茎段组织至硬度适中的程度,对于以上软化方法中存在的切片组织材料皱缩现象,需要进一步优化其脱水处理。
由以上结果可知,经过10%、12%氢氟酸溶液浸泡12、15 d后并在软化期间真空30 min的蝴蝶兰组织能够与石蜡融合成不可分离的状态,能够得到连续的蜡带,有效降低后续浸蜡处理的难度。基于高效节俭的原则,最终选择10%氢氟酸,真空30 min,软化12 d为最优软化处理。
参照李和平[12]的乙醇梯度脱水法制定脱水优化方案,以传统脱水处理为对照,探究不同的脱水过程对蝴蝶兰茎段组织石蜡切片制作效果的影响。发现传统方法从较高浓度起始进行脱水,样品组织迅速失水干瘪,影响后续的浸蜡及包埋,切片皱缩严重,无法展平(图3A)。结合蝴蝶兰主茎木质化程度高、硬度较大等特征,在传统方法的基础上依次增加了30%乙醇、50%乙醇、1∶1苯醇和二甲苯梯度溶液,脱水过程逐级细分,由低浓度到高浓度逐级进行脱水,材料无变形破碎现象,所得蜡片切片效果好,切出的蜡片呈现完整蜡带,且蜡带平整无缺损(图3B)。因此,蝴蝶兰组织脱水的最优处理为30%乙醇保持2 h,50%乙醇保持2 h,70%乙醇保持2 h,80%乙醇保持1 h,90%乙醇保持1 h,无水乙醇保持1 h,无水乙醇保持1 h,1∶1苯醇保持1 h,二甲苯保持2 h。
石蜡切片中植物组织形态和结构是否完整,细胞是否清晰是判断切片质量的主要指标[13]。为验证优化后的石蜡切片方法的效果,选取长势一致,长度为10~12 mm、直径为3~10 mm的带腋芽茎段样品30个,传统石蜡切片方法处理与优化石蜡切片方法处理各15个。结果表明:选用传统处理方法所获切片效果较差,切片时蜡带粉碎,无法形成完整的蜡带,中间组织皱缩变形严重,芽组织出现明显破损,切片分色效果不明显,难以清晰鉴别蝴蝶兰腋芽的生长状况(图4A),说明该方法可能无法较大程度地软化样本木质部的硬度。优化后的制片方法能够得到连续的蜡带,其效果优于传统制作方法,处理后2种软硬度相连接的组织材料细胞均较完好,能有效保持组织原有形态并解决细胞结构变形、固定不够透彻造成组织破碎的问题,所获切片的整体结构趋于完整;后续染色效果好,各部分组织细胞着色明显,并能清晰区分开柔软的芽组织和木质化的茎组织(图4B),说明优化后的石蜡切片方法适用于软硬相接的蝴蝶兰的带腋芽茎段的微观形态观察。
本研究针对硬组织和软组织相连接的2个部位进行综合考虑,优化了适合2种材质相连接的组织的石蜡切片制作方法,对固定时间、软化液、软化时间、软化步骤、脱水等制备步骤进行了优化,探索得到适合2种软硬度相连接的蝴蝶兰组织材料的最佳石蜡切片制作方法。改良后的石蜡切片制备方法保证了对幼嫩腋芽组织破坏性较小的同时又能达到木质化主茎部位的软化要求。
固定是石蜡切片标本制作的关键环节,其作用在于使蛋白质变性、凝固、沉淀,保持细胞、组织的原有形态[14-15]。固定时间受材料性质、固定液、环境条件等因素影响,差别较大[16],固定时间对于获得高质量的切片至关重要,固定时间不对均会对组织的物理特性(如硬度、弹性等)产生不同的影响。固定时间过短,会导致组织错位破碎,切片时无法与蜡块紧密贴合导致蜡带粉碎,无法达到固定目的;固定时间过长,则影响组织材料的染色性能,导致染色不均匀。因此,适宜的固定时间更易获得硬度适中,结构完整的切片。康云艳等[8]在黄瓜幼苗茎段石蜡切片制作的固定流程中将FAA固定时间由24 h延长至1周,确保固定液充分渗透组织,获得了蜡带连续、切片组织完整的高质量切片。为了防止后期包埋蜡块过程中材料受热释放空气,表面出现气泡影响切片质量,固定时需要对固定液抽气3次以排除材料中细胞间隙的空气,直到液体中不再有气泡产生。抽气还可使固定液快速渗透到组织内部,从而起到良好的固定效果,确保后续操作中蜡块的质量和切片的清晰度。抽气的次数和时间可根据材料的类型和具体要求进行调整。权金娥等[13]将四倍体刺槐的插穗基部组织放入改良的FAA固定液中,对固定液抽真空至茎段组织下沉后保存至少48 h,并以不进行抽真空为对照,结果表明,在固定处理中添加抽真空步骤所制得的四倍体刺槐茎段组织切片表皮完整,细胞无萎缩变形,切片效果更好。本研究中,为了让固定液充分渗透,保持组织原有形态,将固定时间由24 h延长至48 h,并采用抽气机抽气排除固定液中气泡的干扰,得到的切片成蜡带状、平整且无缺损。由此可见,在蝴蝶兰软硬相接组织的石蜡切片制样过程中,对固定液进行抽真空和采用适宜的固定时间更易获得硬度适中,结构完整的切片。这与张宝华[17]的研究结论一致。
对于蝴蝶兰这类存在茎段与腋芽的软硬度差异极大的材料,其各部分组织在硬度和密度上的不均匀是影响石蜡切片制样效果的重要原因。非均质化组织很难按照传统石蜡切片制样方法得到完整、高质量切片[6]。因此,适宜的软化过程为石蜡切片制作的首要条件[18],如果对纤维化程度强、硬度较大的材料未进行相应的软化处理,会导致后续制片过程中的脱水剂与石蜡等物质无法彻底渗入材料组织而影响浸蜡效果,切片时会出现蜡带分离破碎现象。
石蜡切片中常用的软化处理方法是甘油乙醇软化法[19],甘油使组织材料柔软易切,乙醇穿透组织能力强,可加快软化速度,增加组织韧性。但因蝴蝶兰茎段与腋芽的软硬度差异极大,常规的甘油乙醇软化方法无法平衡二者的软化程度获得完整的蜡带,导致后续切片过程中也常伴有脱片、叠片的情况。氢氟酸软化法常用于中药材等的软化处理,可很好地软化木质化程度高的脆硬材料[20],也可通过低浓度长时间的浸泡方式软化草本或质地较软的木本植物组织[21],但由于氢氟酸具有强腐蚀性,会破坏材料的组织结构,需针对不同材料优化浓度和浸泡时间等[22-24]。安菊红等[18]根据8种不同入药部位药材不同纤维强度分别进行相应的软化处理,对于木质化程度强的桂枝,含有纤维及石细胞的厚朴、黑根药等采用氢氟酸水溶液在加热环境下进行软化,能有效达到软化目的。程茂高等[25]发现,仅用煮沸、浸泡的方法处理质地坚硬的骨碎补无法达到理想的软化效果,还需用15%氢氟酸进一步软化。李叶等[26]针对桑树花芽表层木质化程度较高的特性,采用15%氢氟酸溶液软化处理10 d,有效解决了软化不均匀造成的材料卷曲、材料破裂及部分组织分离和折叠问题。本研究选用氢氟酸溶液作为软化剂,发现使用浓度为10%、12%的氢氟酸溶液软化12、15 d并在软化期间真空30 min,可以使蝴蝶兰茎段的脆度和硬度大大降低,切片时组织不易碎,切片组织结构完整。软化过程的真空处理有助于去除材料中的空气,促进软化剂迅速渗入组织内部,提高软化效率[27]。优化后的制备方法保证了对幼嫩腋芽细胞组织破坏性较小的同时又能达到木质化主茎部位的软化要求。
脱水的主要目的是去除组织切片中的水分,使得材料与石蜡更好地结合,从而保持组织材料原有结构和形态,供后续的染色和观察。脱水时间和乙醇梯度浓度是影响浸蜡与染色的关键因素。石蜡切片中的脱水时间与植物材料的性质和状态密切相关[27]。过快的脱水可能导致组织发生收缩和形态改变,影响切片的平整性和后续制片操作,因此脱水过程要逐步且温和地进行,确保组织既能够有效去除水分,又不至于过度收缩而损伤。但是脱水时间过长会使材料变硬,加大石蜡切片制样难度,所以需要准确把握各步骤的脱水时间,避免脱水过度造成材料硬度增加。常规的脱水流程是由70%乙醇至无水乙醇逐级进行的,每级保持1~3 h,其中无水乙醇处理重复1~2次[28]。材料为柔嫩组织时,使用高浓度乙醇对材料进行脱水容易造成组织硬化变脆,在后续切片时导致切片易碎[7-8],所以在选择乙醇脱水浓度时,最佳的方式是以较低浓度作为起始脱水浓度,再使用梯度法完全脱水。高东菊等[29]针对黄瓜果实果瘤性状和含水量较多的结构特点,增加7个乙醇浓度梯度:50%乙醇(30 min,2次),60%乙醇(30 min),70%乙醇(30 min),80%乙醇(30 min),90%乙醇(30 min),95%乙醇(30 min),无水乙醇(30 min,2次),处理后的材料脱水彻底且不易皱缩,获得石蜡切片制样的最佳脱水方式和时间。左丹丹等[30]对杉木种鳞脱水和透明时间优化处理:50%乙醇(2 h),70%乙醇(过夜),85%乙醇(2 h),90%乙醇(2 h),95%乙醇(2 h),无水乙醇(1 h,2次),可将材料彻底脱水。为了避免高浓度乙醇对蝴蝶兰幼嫩腋芽的直接伤害,本研究根据蝴蝶兰茎段和潜伏芽的生长特点,设置从30%至无水乙醇的逐级脱水梯度,并增加无水乙醇到二甲苯逐渐置换的步骤,避免了蝴蝶兰组织材料收缩变形,得到了蝴蝶兰组织石蜡切片最适脱水方法:30%乙醇(2 h),50%乙醇(2 h),70%乙醇(2 h),80%乙醇(1 h),90%乙醇(1 h),无水乙醇(1 h,2次),1:1苯醇(1 h),二甲苯(2 h)。虽然增加了总的脱水时间,但减少了后续切片中组织被切碎的风险,为后期的透明和浸蜡创造条件。因此,不同的材料脱水方式需要根据植物材料的特征进行相应的调整和优化,只有达到适当的脱水程度,才能保证组织形态的完整性、切片的稳定性和染色效果。
本研究以蝴蝶兰金蝶带腋芽的茎段为试验材料,针对这种软硬相接的组织材料进行综合考虑,优化得到一套适宜的石蜡切片制作方法:固定时对固定液抽真空并延长固定时间至48 h及以上,固定效果最佳;使用浓度为10%、12%的氢氟酸溶液软化12、15 d并在软化期间真空30 min,可以使木质化程度较高的茎段组织脆度和硬度大大降低,有效解决了软化不均匀造成的组织分离破碎问题;脱水处理设置从30%至无水乙醇的7个逐级脱水梯度,并增加无水乙醇到二甲苯逐渐置换的步骤,避免了蝴蝶兰组织材料收缩变形,保证其组织形态的完整性。优化方法所制备的石蜡切片的出片质量较好,完整度较高,处理后2种软硬度相连接的组织材料细胞均较完好,说明优化后的石蜡切片制作方法能更好地保持切片中材料组织整体细胞的完整性,并能清晰区分柔软组织和木质化的较硬组织,能够同时对紧密相连的2种差异组织材料开展很好的微观形态观察。
  • 广东省农业科学院协同创新中心项目(XT202213)
  • 广东省科技计划项目(2024B1212060012)
  • 广东省现代农业产业技术体系花卉创新团队建设项目(2024CXTD12)
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2025年第46卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.07.009
  • 接收时间:2024-12-16
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-16
  • 录用日期:2025-03-09
基金
广东省农业科学院协同创新中心项目(XT202213)
广东省科技计划项目(2024B1212060012)
广东省现代农业产业技术体系花卉创新团队建设项目(2024CXTD12)
作者信息
    1.福建农林大学风景园林与艺术学院,福建福州 350002
    2.广东省农业科学院环境园艺研究所/广东省花卉种质创新综合利用重点实验室,广东广州 510640
    3.广东省农业科学院农业生物基因研究中心,广东广州 510640

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* 艾叶(AI Ye),E-mail:
肖文芳(XIAO Wenfang),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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