Article(id=1276530643731350118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276530095770693736, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.07.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736265600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1742054400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-16, onlineDate=1782278222258, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782278222258, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782278222258, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782278222258, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276530095770693736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='7', pageStart='1533', pageEnd='1784', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753372800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782278091614, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782299002258, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276617801443971243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276530095770693736, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276617801448165548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276530095770693736, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1608, endPage=1617, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276530644041728616, articleId=1276530643731350118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Comparison of Somatic Embryo Maturation Efficiency at Different Developmental Stages of Rubber Tree Variety Yunyan 73-477, columnId=1236256430060261740, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Germplasm Resources, Genetics & Breeding, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The study investigated the effects of different exogenous hormones on somatic embryo maturation to improve the maturation efficiency of somatic embryos and increase the yield of normal mature embryos and embryo-derived plantlets in the rubber tree variety Yunyan 73-477. Primary somatic embryos from anthers at different developmental stages were cultured on media supplemented with various types and concentrations of exogenous hormones. The maturation rates, normal mature embryo rates, and plantlet conversion rates were comprehensively analyzed to compare maturation efficiencies and optimize hormone combinations for different developmental stages. The maturation efficiency increased with embryo developmental progression, with cotyledon embryos showing optimal results. The maturation rates exceeded 50% [range: 50.74%-74.83%, mean: (66.25±6.98)%]. Most mature embryos displayed bipolar structure and could normally germinate into complete plantlets, with normal mature embryo rates ranging from 35.0%-59.96% [mean: (47.80±6.89)%] and plantlet conversion rates ranging from 15.62%-49.17% [mean: (26.67±8.99)%]. Torpedo-shaped embryos showed intermediate performance, while heart-shaped embryos performed the poorest, both with maturation rates below 31% [means: (30.05±12.68)% and (29.33±10.93)%, respectively]. Most mature embryos from the stages were malformed (leaf-like or callus-like) and failed to develop into complete plantlets. The normal mature embryo rates were only (15.64±7.01)% and (5.46±4.28)%, respectively, 32.16% and 42.34% lower than cotyledon embryos. Plantlet conversion rates were (7.22±3.41)% and (0.83±0.80)%, merely 0.27-fold and 0.03-fold of cotyledon embryos. Optimal exogenous hormones varied with developmental stages: heart-shaped embryos required 6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.15 mg/L+KT 0.25 mg/L, torpedo-shaped embryos needed ABA 0.4 mg/L+GA3 0.5 mg/L+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA 0.15 mg/L, and cotyledon embryos performed best with ABA 0.1 mg/L+GA3 1.0 mg/L+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L.

, authors=null, authorsList=Mingchun GUI, Jingjuan YU, Fang FANG, Ronghui LUO, Jia MIAO, Ling LI, Guoping LIANG, Xiaolong SUN, Jin LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaolong SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276530646482813552, articleId=1276530643731350118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=橡胶树优良无性系品种云研73-477不同发育阶段体细胞幼胚成熟培养效率比较, columnId=1236256430219645304, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=种质资源与遗传育种, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了提高橡胶树优良无性系品种云研73-477体细胞幼胚成熟培养效率,提高其正常成熟体胚与体胚植株获得率,为该无性系品种体胚植株规模化扩繁及遗传转化研究奠定基础。本研究将云研73-477不同发育阶段花药初生体细胞幼胚接种至附加不同种类及浓度的外源激素培养基中进行成熟培养,通过统计体胚成熟率、正常成熟体胚及体胚植株获得率,综合分析比较不同发育阶段初生体细胞幼胚的成熟培养效率,优选出适宜各发育阶段花药初生体细胞幼胚成熟培养的外源激素组合。结果表明:(1)云研73-477花药初生体细胞幼胚的成熟培养效果随其发育程度的增加呈升高趋势,早期子叶胚的成熟培养效果最好,体胚成熟率均高于50%,变幅为50.74%~74.83%,总体均值高达(66.25±6.98)%,且成熟体胚大都具有双极性结构,能正常萌发形成完整植株。正常成熟体胚获得率变幅为35.0%~59.96%,总体均值为(47.80±6.89)%,体胚植株获得率变幅为15.62%~49.17%,总体均值为(26.67±8.99)%。鱼雷胚次之,心形胚最差,二者的体胚成熟率总体均值低于31%,分别为(30.05±12.68)%和(29.33±10.93)%,且成熟体胚大都畸形化,多为片状、团块状,不能正常萌发形成完整植株,正常成熟体胚获得率仅分别为(15.64±7.01)%和(5.46±4.28)%,分别较早期子叶胚低32.16%和42.34%,体胚植株获得率分别为(7.22±3.41)%和(0.83±0.80)%,仅为早期子叶胚的0.27倍和0.03倍。(2)不同发育阶段花药初生体细胞幼胚成熟培养对外源激素的需求不同,心形胚为6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.15 mg/L+KT 0.25 mg/L,鱼雷胚为ABA 0.4 mg/L+GA3 0.5 mg/L+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA 0.15 mg/L,早期子叶胚为ABA 0.1 mg/L+GA3 1.0 mg/L+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L。

, authors=

* 于静娟(1985—),女,学士,农艺师,研究方向:橡胶树种苗繁殖与推广。

桂明春(1985—),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:橡胶树组织培养及育种

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** 孙小龙(SUN Xiaolong),E-mail:
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(in Chinese), articleTitle=External factors affecting somatic embryos maturation of plants, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276530665793389291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530643731350118, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=55, issue=8, pageStart=176, pageEnd=183, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=37, authorNames=依巴代提·木合旦尔, 伊丽米努尔, 张毓涛, 刘康, journalName=林业科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=依巴代提·木合旦尔, 伊丽米努尔, 张毓涛, 刘康. 天山云杉体细胞胚的成熟及萌发条件[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(8): 176-183., articleTitle=天山云杉体细胞胚的成熟及萌发条件, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276530665885663980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530643731350118, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=55, issue=8, pageStart=176, pageEnd=183, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=38, authorNames=YIBADAITI M, YILIMINUER, ZHANG Y T, LIU K, journalName=Scientia Silvae Sinicae, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YIBADAITI M, YILIMINUER, ZHANG Y T, LIU K. Maturation and germination conditions of somatic embryos of Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2019, 55(8): 176-183. 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Factors and levels of orthogonal experimental design L16(45)

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水平因素Factor/(mg·L-1)
A (ABA)B (GA3)C (6-BA)D (NAA)E (KT)
1000.5000
20.100.501.000.100.25
30.201.001.500.150.50
40.401.502.000.201.00
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L16(45)正交试验的因子和水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素Factor/(mg·L-1)
A (ABA)B (GA3)C (6-BA)D (NAA)E (KT)
1000.5000
20.100.501.000.100.25
30.201.001.500.150.50
40.401.502.000.201.00
), ArticleFig(id=1276530660479206073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530643731350118, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Concentration ratio of exogenous hormone of orthogonal experimental design L16(45)

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处理TreatmentA (ABA)B (GA3)C (6-BA)D (NAA)E (KT)处理TreatmentA (ABA)B (GA3)C (6-BA)D (NAA)E (KT)
S1000.5000S90.2001.500.200.25
S200.501.000.100.25S100.200.502.000.150
S301.001.500.150.50S110.201.000.500.101.00
S401.502.000.201.00S120.201.501.0000.50
S50.1001.000.151.00S130.4002.000.100.50
S60.100.500.500.200.50S140.400.501.5001.00
S70.101.002.0000.25S150.401.001.000.200
S80.101.501.500.100S160.401.500.500.150.25
), ArticleFig(id=1276530660542120634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530643731350118, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

L16(45)正交试验外源激素浓度配比

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处理TreatmentA (ABA)B (GA3)C (6-BA)D (NAA)E (KT)处理TreatmentA (ABA)B (GA3)C (6-BA)D (NAA)E (KT)
S1000.5000S90.2001.500.200.25
S200.501.000.100.25S100.200.502.000.150
S301.001.500.150.50S110.201.000.500.101.00
S401.502.000.201.00S120.201.501.0000.50
S50.1001.000.151.00S130.4002.000.100.50
S60.100.500.500.200.50S140.400.501.5001.00
S70.101.002.0000.25S150.401.001.000.200
S80.101.501.500.100S160.401.500.500.150.25
), ArticleFig(id=1276530660747641531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530643731350118, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Results of maturation of somatic embryos across three developmental stages

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处理Treatment心形胚Heart-shaped embryos鱼雷胚Torpedo-shaped embryos早期子叶胚Cotyledon embryos
S123.335.561.3937.7130.488.9965.1444.4029.59
S248.333.331.6739.3813.189.9067.9247.7817.92
S345.0010.601.4349.7922.085.0070.9350.2824.83
S435.001.670.0035.0018.336.6771.9446.1715.62
S511.672.622.0236.8120.1410.4253.8748.4119.55
S628.3313.910.0042.8020.383.4374.8353.8339.05
S731.676.671.6722.8115.793.5172.3348.2632.00
S838.335.830.0026.3911.395.2867.5044.6327.50
S915.253.240.9324.1710.005.6350.7436.4223.20
S1030.0014.761.7950.2823.8915.0068.1249.4124.50
S1129.033.131.0423.1211.564.1768.3359.9637.15
S1238.330.000.0015.0013.331.6769.5856.1122.50
S1311.676.551.4325.8312.228.6155.3435.0018.66
S1423.335.000.0031.6718.338.8965.0042.4126.11
S1536.672.920.005.831.678.3367.0857.3349.17
S1623.331.670.0014.177.5010.0071.4244.4219.36
最小值11.670.000.005.831.671.6750.7435.0015.62
最大值48.3314.762.0250.2830.4815.0074.8359.9649.17
均值29.335.460.8330.0515.647.2266.2547.8026.67
标准差10.934.280.8012.687.013.416.986.898.99
变异系数/%37.2678.4096.0542.2044.8447.2710.5414.4133.70
), ArticleFig(id=1276530660835721916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530643731350118, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

3种不同发育阶段体细胞幼胚成熟培养效果统计结果

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处理Treatment心形胚Heart-shaped embryos鱼雷胚Torpedo-shaped embryos早期子叶胚Cotyledon embryos
S123.335.561.3937.7130.488.9965.1444.4029.59
S248.333.331.6739.3813.189.9067.9247.7817.92
S345.0010.601.4349.7922.085.0070.9350.2824.83
S435.001.670.0035.0018.336.6771.9446.1715.62
S511.672.622.0236.8120.1410.4253.8748.4119.55
S628.3313.910.0042.8020.383.4374.8353.8339.05
S731.676.671.6722.8115.793.5172.3348.2632.00
S838.335.830.0026.3911.395.2867.5044.6327.50
S915.253.240.9324.1710.005.6350.7436.4223.20
S1030.0014.761.7950.2823.8915.0068.1249.4124.50
S1129.033.131.0423.1211.564.1768.3359.9637.15
S1238.330.000.0015.0013.331.6769.5856.1122.50
S1311.676.551.4325.8312.228.6155.3435.0018.66
S1423.335.000.0031.6718.338.8965.0042.4126.11
S1536.672.920.005.831.678.3367.0857.3349.17
S1623.331.670.0014.177.5010.0071.4244.4219.36
最小值11.670.000.005.831.671.6750.7435.0015.62
最大值48.3314.762.0250.2830.4815.0074.8359.9649.17
均值29.335.460.8330.0515.647.2266.2547.8026.67
标准差10.934.280.8012.687.013.416.986.898.99
变异系数/%37.2678.4096.0542.2044.8447.2710.5414.4133.70
), ArticleFig(id=1276530660907025085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530643731350118, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Effects of exogenous hormones on maturation of heart-shaped embryos

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指标Indicators水平LevelsA (ABA)B (GA3)C (6-BA)D (NAA)E (KT)
体胚成熟率137.9215.4823.0929.1732.08
227.5032.5030.4231.8429.65
328.1535.5933.8127.5030.83
423.7533.7530.0028.8124.76
极差14.1720.113.814.347.33
正常成熟体胚获得率15.294.497.284.317.27
27.269.252.744.713.73
35.285.835.657.417.76
44.032.296.195.433.10
极差3.236.964.553.114.66
体胚植株获得率11.121.440.960.760.79
20.920.860.921.031.06
30.941.030.591.310.71
40.360.000.860.230.77
极差0.761.440.381.080.35
), ArticleFig(id=1276530660974133950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530643731350118, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

外源激素对心形胚成熟培养的影响

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指标Indicators水平LevelsA (ABA)B (GA3)C (6-BA)D (NAA)E (KT)
体胚成熟率137.9215.4823.0929.1732.08
227.5032.5030.4231.8429.65
328.1535.5933.8127.5030.83
423.7533.7530.0028.8124.76
极差14.1720.113.814.347.33
正常成熟体胚获得率15.294.497.284.317.27
27.269.252.744.713.73
35.285.835.657.417.76
44.032.296.195.433.10
极差3.236.964.553.114.66
体胚植株获得率11.121.440.960.760.79
20.920.860.921.031.06
30.941.030.591.310.71
40.360.000.860.230.77
极差0.761.440.381.080.35
), ArticleFig(id=1276530661045437119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530643731350118, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Effects of exogenous hormones on maturation of torpedo-shaped embryos

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指标Indicators水平LevelsA (ABA)B (GA3)C (6-BA)D (NAA)E (KT)
体胚成熟率140.4731.1332.3726.8030.05
232.2041.0330.7128.6825.13
328.1425.3926.5537.7633.36
419.3822.6430.5626.9531.65
极差21.1018.395.8210.968.23
正常成熟体胚获得率121.0218.2118.6619.4816.86
216.9218.9516.2512.0911.62
314.7012.7711.2818.4017.00
49.9312.6416.3812.5917.09
极差11.096.317.386.895.24
体胚植株获得率17.648.416.305.769.40
25.669.317.726.997.26
36.615.256.0610.104.68
48.965.908.796.017.53
极差3.304.052.734.344.72
), ArticleFig(id=1276530661112545984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530643731350118, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

外源激素对鱼雷胚成熟培养的影响

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指标Indicators水平LevelsA (ABA)B (GA3)C (6-BA)D (NAA)E (KT)
体胚成熟率140.4731.1332.3726.8030.05
232.2041.0330.7128.6825.13
328.1425.3926.5537.7633.36
419.3822.6430.5626.9531.65
极差21.1018.395.8210.968.23
正常成熟体胚获得率121.0218.2118.6619.4816.86
216.9218.9516.2512.0911.62
314.7012.7711.2818.4017.00
49.9312.6416.3812.5917.09
极差11.096.317.386.895.24
体胚植株获得率17.648.416.305.769.40
25.669.317.726.997.26
36.615.256.0610.104.68
48.965.908.796.017.53
极差3.304.052.734.344.72
), ArticleFig(id=1276530661183849153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530643731350118, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Effects of exogenous hormones on maturation of cotyledon embryos

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指标Indicators水平LevelsA (ABA)B (GA3)C (6-BA)D (NAA)E (KT)
体胚成熟率173.8763.2870.9772.2474.64
273.1072.9567.9570.1869.81
370.2976.8572.0770.1969.83
468.2172.4074.4972.8571.19
极差5.6613.576.542.674.83
正常成熟体胚获得率147.1641.0648.3047.8048.94
248.7848.3648.6846.8444.22
350.4853.9647.1748.1348.81
444.7947.8347.0748.4449.24
极差5.6912.901.611.595.02
体胚植株获得率121.9922.7531.1127.5532.69
229.5326.8921.5225.3123.12
326.8435.7931.1722.0626.26
428.3321.2422.8731.7624.61
极差7.5414.549.659.708.08
), ArticleFig(id=1276530661246763714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530643731350118, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

外源激素对早期子叶胚成熟培养的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Indicators水平LevelsA (ABA)B (GA3)C (6-BA)D (NAA)E (KT)
体胚成熟率173.8763.2870.9772.2474.64
273.1072.9567.9570.1869.81
370.2976.8572.0770.1969.83
468.2172.4074.4972.8571.19
极差5.6613.576.542.674.83
正常成熟体胚获得率147.1641.0648.3047.8048.94
248.7848.3648.6846.8444.22
350.4853.9647.1748.1348.81
444.7947.8347.0748.4449.24
极差5.6912.901.611.595.02
体胚植株获得率121.9922.7531.1127.5532.69
229.5326.8921.5225.3123.12
326.8435.7931.1722.0626.26
428.3321.2422.8731.7624.61
极差7.5414.549.659.708.08
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橡胶树优良无性系品种云研73-477不同发育阶段体细胞幼胚成熟培养效率比较
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桂明春 1 , 于静娟 1 , 方芳 1 , 罗荣惠 2 , 缪佳 1 , 李玲 1 , 梁国平 1 , 孙小龙 1, ** , 柳觐 1
热带作物学报 | 种质资源与遗传育种 2025,46(7): 1608-1617
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热带作物学报 |种质资源与遗传育种 2025 , 46 (7) : 1608 -1617
橡胶树优良无性系品种云研73-477不同发育阶段体细胞幼胚成熟培养效率比较
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桂明春1, 于静娟1, 方芳1, 罗荣惠2, 缪佳1, 李玲1, 梁国平1, 孙小龙1, ** , 柳觐1
作者信息
  • 1.云南省热带作物科学研究所/云南省天然橡胶可持续利用研究重点实验室,云南景洪 666100
  • 2.滇西应用技术大学普洱茶学院,云南普洱 665000
通讯作者:
** 孙小龙(SUN Xiaolong),E-mail:
Comparison of Somatic Embryo Maturation Efficiency at Different Developmental Stages of Rubber Tree Variety Yunyan 73-477
Mingchun GUI1, Jingjuan YU1, Fang FANG1, Ronghui LUO2, Jia MIAO1, Ling LI1, Guoping LIANG1, Xiaolong SUN1, ** , Jin LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Yunnan Institute of Tropical Crops / Yunnan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization Research on Rubber Tree, Jinghong, Yunnan 666100, China
  • 2.College of Tea (Pu’er), West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences, Pu’er, Yunnan 665000, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.07.008
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为了提高橡胶树优良无性系品种云研73-477体细胞幼胚成熟培养效率,提高其正常成熟体胚与体胚植株获得率,为该无性系品种体胚植株规模化扩繁及遗传转化研究奠定基础。本研究将云研73-477不同发育阶段花药初生体细胞幼胚接种至附加不同种类及浓度的外源激素培养基中进行成熟培养,通过统计体胚成熟率、正常成熟体胚及体胚植株获得率,综合分析比较不同发育阶段初生体细胞幼胚的成熟培养效率,优选出适宜各发育阶段花药初生体细胞幼胚成熟培养的外源激素组合。结果表明:(1)云研73-477花药初生体细胞幼胚的成熟培养效果随其发育程度的增加呈升高趋势,早期子叶胚的成熟培养效果最好,体胚成熟率均高于50%,变幅为50.74%~74.83%,总体均值高达(66.25±6.98)%,且成熟体胚大都具有双极性结构,能正常萌发形成完整植株。正常成熟体胚获得率变幅为35.0%~59.96%,总体均值为(47.80±6.89)%,体胚植株获得率变幅为15.62%~49.17%,总体均值为(26.67±8.99)%。鱼雷胚次之,心形胚最差,二者的体胚成熟率总体均值低于31%,分别为(30.05±12.68)%和(29.33±10.93)%,且成熟体胚大都畸形化,多为片状、团块状,不能正常萌发形成完整植株,正常成熟体胚获得率仅分别为(15.64±7.01)%和(5.46±4.28)%,分别较早期子叶胚低32.16%和42.34%,体胚植株获得率分别为(7.22±3.41)%和(0.83±0.80)%,仅为早期子叶胚的0.27倍和0.03倍。(2)不同发育阶段花药初生体细胞幼胚成熟培养对外源激素的需求不同,心形胚为6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.15 mg/L+KT 0.25 mg/L,鱼雷胚为ABA 0.4 mg/L+GA3 0.5 mg/L+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA 0.15 mg/L,早期子叶胚为ABA 0.1 mg/L+GA3 1.0 mg/L+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L。

橡胶树  /  成熟培养  /  体细胞幼胚  /  正常成熟体胚  /  体胚植株

The study investigated the effects of different exogenous hormones on somatic embryo maturation to improve the maturation efficiency of somatic embryos and increase the yield of normal mature embryos and embryo-derived plantlets in the rubber tree variety Yunyan 73-477. Primary somatic embryos from anthers at different developmental stages were cultured on media supplemented with various types and concentrations of exogenous hormones. The maturation rates, normal mature embryo rates, and plantlet conversion rates were comprehensively analyzed to compare maturation efficiencies and optimize hormone combinations for different developmental stages. The maturation efficiency increased with embryo developmental progression, with cotyledon embryos showing optimal results. The maturation rates exceeded 50% [range: 50.74%-74.83%, mean: (66.25±6.98)%]. Most mature embryos displayed bipolar structure and could normally germinate into complete plantlets, with normal mature embryo rates ranging from 35.0%-59.96% [mean: (47.80±6.89)%] and plantlet conversion rates ranging from 15.62%-49.17% [mean: (26.67±8.99)%]. Torpedo-shaped embryos showed intermediate performance, while heart-shaped embryos performed the poorest, both with maturation rates below 31% [means: (30.05±12.68)% and (29.33±10.93)%, respectively]. Most mature embryos from the stages were malformed (leaf-like or callus-like) and failed to develop into complete plantlets. The normal mature embryo rates were only (15.64±7.01)% and (5.46±4.28)%, respectively, 32.16% and 42.34% lower than cotyledon embryos. Plantlet conversion rates were (7.22±3.41)% and (0.83±0.80)%, merely 0.27-fold and 0.03-fold of cotyledon embryos. Optimal exogenous hormones varied with developmental stages: heart-shaped embryos required 6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.15 mg/L+KT 0.25 mg/L, torpedo-shaped embryos needed ABA 0.4 mg/L+GA3 0.5 mg/L+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA 0.15 mg/L, and cotyledon embryos performed best with ABA 0.1 mg/L+GA3 1.0 mg/L+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L.

Hevea brasiliensis  /  maturation culture  /  somatic embryos  /  normal mature embryos  /  embryo-derived plantlets
桂明春, 于静娟, 方芳, 罗荣惠, 缪佳, 李玲, 梁国平, 孙小龙, 柳觐. 橡胶树优良无性系品种云研73-477不同发育阶段体细胞幼胚成熟培养效率比较. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (7) : 1608 -1617 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.07.008
Mingchun GUI, Jingjuan YU, Fang FANG, Ronghui LUO, Jia MIAO, Ling LI, Guoping LIANG, Xiaolong SUN, Jin LIU. Comparison of Somatic Embryo Maturation Efficiency at Different Developmental Stages of Rubber Tree Variety Yunyan 73-477[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (7) : 1608 -1617 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.07.008
橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)体胚植株(又称自根幼态无性系)与同无性系品种的老态芽接苗相比,具有生长迅速、抗逆性强、林相整齐度及产胶量高等优点[1-4],被称为优势种植材料,应用前景十分广阔,尤其是在老旧、低产低质胶园更新改造中具有重大意义。二代胶园经过约35~40 a的种植生长,土壤板结,自然肥力低下,增施有机肥、精细管理等措施是保障二代胶园生产能力的有效举措,但这无疑使生产成本大幅增加,在目前胶价低迷的大环境中,这些措施难以落地生根。在同等管理水平下,体胚植株的生长、抗逆性、产胶量均优于同无性系品种的老态芽接苗,据此,采用体胚植株代替老态芽接苗进行二代胶园更新改造,无疑是保障天然橡胶产业稳定健康发展的有效举措之一。
橡胶树组织培养技术是繁育其体胚植株的唯一途径,其中花药组织培养是主要技术途径之一,也是研究与应用最为广泛的橡胶树组织培养技术,亦是世界公认的难题之一,且培养效果在基因型间存在极大差异[5],目前仅有少数无性系品种如热研73397可通过体胚循环增殖技术实现规模化量产[5-6],推广利用效果较好,已在海南、云南及广东三大天然橡胶主产区推广种植超2000 hm2。而云研80-1983、云研77-4、云研77-2及云研73-46等云南自育橡胶树优良无性系品种的花药组织培养技术尚未攻克,未建立高效稳定的体胚植株再生技术体系或实现零突破。至今,在云南自育橡胶树优良无性系品种中,仅建立了云研73-477的花药体胚植株再生技术体系[7],在适宜的培养基和培养条件下,云研73-477的雄蕊极易脱分化产生愈伤组织,诱导率高达87.33%,且所得愈伤胚性强,能再分化产生体胚,体胚发生率达76.0%[7],但体胚畸形化严重,这一技术瓶颈严重制约了该无性系品种体胚植株规模化量产及推广应用。前期研究发现:云研73-477体胚发育完整过程与谭德冠等[8]报道的一致,可分为球形胚→心形胚→鱼雷胚→子叶胚共4个阶段,且其体胚发生及发育不具同步性,在体胚分化过程中,同一块胚性愈伤组织中往往存在多个心形胚、鱼雷胚及早期子叶胚中2种或2种以上不同发育阶段的初生体细胞胚。过去,繁育云研73-477体胚植株时,体胚分化培养30~40 d后,通常将同一块胚性愈伤组织分化而来的全部幼胚分离后转接到同一种培养基中进行成熟培养,成熟效果较差,不仅体胚成熟率低,且成熟体胚畸形严重。这是否由不同发育阶段体细胞幼胚正常发育所需的外源激素不同而造成,还不得而知。据此,本研究以云研73-477不同发育阶段花药初生体细胞幼胚为外植体,在附加不同外源激素及浓度的培养基上进行成熟培养,分析比较不同发育阶段体细胞幼胚的成熟培养效率,优选出适宜各发育阶段花药初生体细胞幼胚成熟培养的外源激素组合,以期提高正常成熟体胚及体胚植株获得率,为该无性系品种体胚植株规模化生产及遗传转化研究奠定理论基础。
本研究于2023年7月至2024年11月在云南省热带作物科学研究所橡胶研究中心完成,其中验证试验于2024年7—11月进行。
外源激素采购于上海生物工程技术有限公司,其他试剂采购于云南泰朗宣科技有限公司。培养基中均添加蔗糖70 g/L,琼脂粉6 g/L,椰子汁50 mL/L,活性炭1 g/L。pH于高温高压灭菌前调至5.8~6.2,解剖刀及镊子等试验工具均用接种加热器彻底灭菌。体细胞幼胚成熟培养阶段用带有透气膜的培养皿(直径为8 cm),每皿分装培养基30 mL,接种后置于温度为(24±0.5)℃的培养室中暗培养;体胚植株诱导阶段用带有透气膜的试管,每管分装培养基35~40 mL,接种后置于温度为(26±0.5)℃的培养室中光培养(光照强度为1000~1500 lx,光照时间为10 h/d)。
以橡胶树优良无性系品种云研73-477花药初生心形胚、鱼雷胚及早期子叶胚为供试材料。花药外植体采自于云南省热带作物科学研究所江北实验基地,灭菌方法同管艳等[7]报道的一致。花药愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS+2,4-D 1.5 mg/L+NAA 0.25 mg/L+KT 0.5 mg/L;初生体细胞幼胚分化培养基为MS+ABA 0.2 mg/L+GA30.6 mg/L+6-BA 0.8 mg/L+NAA 0.25 mg/L+KT 0.5 mg/L。
以改良MS为基础培养基,外源激素ABA(A)、GA3(B)、6-BA(C)、NAA(D)和KT(E)为试验因子,按L16(45)正交试验表进行,各因子水平及浓度配比见表1表2
分别将发育阶段处于心形胚、鱼雷胚和早期子叶胚的花药初生体细胞幼胚(图1)从愈伤组织中切割分离后转接至16个处理中(表2),每个处理接5皿,每皿接12个幼胚。培养至45 d时,调查体细胞幼胚的成熟培养情况,统计体胚成熟率[体胚成熟率=成熟体胚总数/接种体细胞幼胚总数×100%]及正常成熟体胚获得率[正常成熟体胚获得率=正常成熟体胚总数/接种体细胞幼胚总数×100%],正常成熟体胚的判定标准同李淑雅[9]的报道一致。正常成熟体胚继续培养至50 d时,转入体胚植株诱导培养基中进行体胚植株诱导,光培养60 d后统计体胚植株获得率[体胚植株获得率=体胚植株总株数/接种体细胞幼胚总数×100%]。体胚植株诱导培养基为4/5 MS+GA3 1.0 mg/L+IAA 0.25 mg/L+KT 0.5 mg/L+VB2 2.0 mg/L+蔗糖50 g/L+琼脂5.8 g/L+活性炭1.0 g/L。
所得数据采用Microsoft Office Excel 2016软件和SPSS 23.0软件进行统计分析。
将云研73-477花药初生心形胚、鱼雷胚和早期子叶胚分别接种至16种附加不同外源激素的体细胞幼胚成熟培养基中(图2),暗培养20 d后,3种不同发育阶段的体细胞幼胚大部分均明显长大,但未发育至成熟,随着培养时间的延续,体细胞幼胚继续生长发育,培养至45 d时,大部分幼胚已发育至成熟。成熟培养效果在3种不同发育阶段体细胞幼胚间存在较大差异:早期子叶胚的效果最好,大部分幼胚已发育至成熟,且多为双子叶或多子叶的正常体胚,少部分体胚已长出幼根,继续培养至50 d,将正常成熟体胚转入体胚植株诱导培养基中培养20~25 d后,胚根发育形成粗壮的主根,胚芽萌发出新芽(图3),继续培养至40~50 d后便可获得具有根、茎、叶的完整体胚植株;鱼雷胚的次之,虽然大部分幼胚能发育至成熟,但畸形化严重(图2),正常成熟体胚很少;心形胚的最差,仅有少部分幼胚能够发育至成熟,且成熟体胚大都为团状、长筒状等畸形胚,不能进一步发育形成完整植株,大部分幼胚虽有长大,但未发育至成熟,甚至有个别幼胚生长停滞,其形态与大小和转接时无差异。
表3可知,云研73-477体细胞幼胚的成熟培养效果随其发育程度的增加呈升高趋势。具体表现为:早期子叶胚的培养效果最好,体胚成熟率(Ⅰ)的变幅为50.74%~74.83%,总体均值高达(66.25±6.98)%,正常成熟体胚获得率(Ⅱ)的变幅为(35.0~59.96)%,总体均值为(47.80±6.89)%,体胚植株获得率(Ⅲ)的变幅为15.62%~49.17%,总体均值为(26.67±8.99)%;鱼雷胚的次之,体胚成熟率,正常成熟体胚和体胚植株获得率的变幅分别为5.85%~50.28%、1.67%~30.48%和1.67%~15.0%,总体均值分别为(30.05±12.68)%、(15.64±7.01)%和(7.22±3.41)%;心形胚的最差,虽体胚成熟率的总体均值为(29.33±10.93)%,仅比鱼雷胚的低0.72%,但所获成熟体胚多为畸形胚,不能进一步发育形成体胚植株,正常成熟体胚和体胚植株获得率的总体均值分别仅为(5.46±4.28)%和(0.83%±0.80)%,较早期子叶胚的低42.34%和25.84%。这与试验过程中观察的结果(图2)相一致。
体胚成熟率、正常成熟体胚获得率及体胚植株获得率的变异系数大小在3种体细胞幼胚中均表现为:体胚植株获得率>正常成熟体胚获得率>体胚成熟率,这说明体胚植株获得率对5种外源激素组合发生改变而产生的响应较体胚成熟率及正常成熟体胚获得率更敏感。
表4可知,在云研73-477花药初生心形胚成熟培养中,5种外源激素影响的主次顺序和水平优组合在体胚成熟率、正常成熟体胚获得率及体胚植株获得率间存在差异。对体胚成熟率影响的因素顺序为:B>A>E>D>C,即GA3的影响最大,ABA次之,6-BA最小,水平较优组合为A1B3C3D2E1;对正常成熟体胚获得率影响的因素顺序为:B>E>C>A>D,即GA3的影响最大,KT次之,NAA最小,水平较优组合为A2B2C1D3E3;对体胚植株获得率影响的因素顺序为:B>D>A>C>E,即GA3的影响最大,NAA次之,KT最小,水平较优组合为A1B1C1D3E2。由此可知,5种外源激素对上述3个指标因素影响的顺序虽有差异,但影响最大的均为GA3,说明在心形胚成熟培养中,GA3是最重要的外源激素,随其浓度的增加,体胚成熟率及正常成熟体胚获得率均表现出先增加后降低的趋势,分别在B3和B2达最大值,而体胚植株获得率则表现出先降低后增加再降低的趋势,无明显规律性,这可能与外源激素间存在交互作用有关。
表5可知,试验所涉5种外源激素对鱼雷胚发育成熟影响的主次顺序及水平较优组合在体胚成熟率、正常成熟体胚获得率及体胚植株获得率间存在差异。体胚成熟率的主次顺序为:A>B>D>E>C,即ABA的影响最大,GA3次之,6-BA最小,水平较优组合为A1B2C1D3E3;正常成熟体胚获得率的主次顺序为:A>C>D>B>E,即ABA的影响最大,6-BA次之,KT最小,水平较优组合为A1B2C1D1E4;体胚植株获得率的主次顺序为:E>D>B>A>C,即KT的影响最大,NAA次之,6-BA最小,水平较优组合为A4B2C4D3E1
表6可知,5种外源激素对早期子叶胚发育成熟的影响效应及水平较优组合在体胚成熟率、正常成熟体胚获得率及体胚植株获得率间存在差异。体胚成熟率顺序表现为:B>C>A>E>D,即GA3的影响最大,6-BA次之,NAA最小,水平较优组合为A1B3C4D4E1;正常成熟体胚获得率顺序表现为:B>A>E>C>D,即GA3的影响最大,ABA次之,NAA最小,水平较优组合为A3B3C2D4E4;体胚植株获得率顺序表现为:B>D>C>E>A,即GA3的影响最大,NAA次之,ABA最小,水平较优组合为A2B3C3D4E1
上述分析并不能得到适宜心形胚、鱼雷胚及早期子叶胚成熟培养的外源激素水平较优组合,需对5个因子对体胚成熟率、正常成熟体胚获得率及体胚植株获得率3个指标的影响情况进行逐一分析,方可获得外源激素较优组合。相对于心形胚而言,A因子较优水平分别为A1、A2和A1,且由表3可知,变异系数体胚植株获得率(96.05%)>正常成熟体胚获得率(78.40%)>体胚成熟率(37.26%),表明体胚植株获得率对A因子水平改变而产生的响应较体胚成熟率及正常成熟体胚获得率更敏感,故A因子的较优水平应为A1,同理,B、C、D、E因子的较优水平分别为B1、C1、D3、E2,因此,适宜云研73-477心形胚成熟培养的外源激素水平较优组合为A1B1C1D3E2;以此类推,可得出适宜鱼雷胚与早期子叶胚成熟培养的外源激素水平较优组合分别为A4B2C4D3E1和A2B3C3D4E1
综上所述,云研73-477不同发育阶段花药初生体细胞幼胚的成熟培养效果在3种不同发育阶段间存在较大差异,成熟效果随幼胚发育程度的增加表现出升高趋势,即早期子叶胚>鱼雷胚>心形胚。由此可知,在云研73-477花药体胚植株繁育中,当花药初生体胚发育阶段处于早期子叶胚时,将其单独分离出进行成熟培养,培养效果较好,体胚成熟率达(66.25±6.98)%,正常成熟体胚获得率为(47.80±6.98)%,体胚植株获得率为(26.67±8.99)%,因此,早期子叶胚是最适宜用于体胚成熟培养的幼胚;选出适宜早期子叶胚成熟培养的外源激素组合(ABA 0.1 mg/L+GA3 1.0 mg/L+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+NAA 0.20 mg/L)在试验所设的16个处理中未出现,为了验证最佳外源激素浓度,将早期子叶胚分别接种于附加ABA 0.1 mg/L+GA3 1.0 mg/L+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+NAA 0.20 mg/L(记为S17)和ABA 0.4 mg/L+GA3 1.0 mg/L+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.20 mg/L(S15)2种成熟培养基中进行培养。验证结果证实早期子叶胚在S17中暗培养45 d,体胚成熟率为(72.50±2.20)%,正常成熟体胚获得率为(64.86±1.68)%,体胚植株获得率为(57.22±0.96)%,分别较S15的高5.42%、7.53%和8.05%。因此,成熟培养基中附加ABA 0.1 mg/L+GA3 1.0 mg/L+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+NAA 0.20 mg/L时最优,利于云研73-477早期子叶形胚成熟培养。
在植物组织培养中,体细胞胚成熟培养是为了促进体胚进一步发育,减少异常体胚(生长停滞、发育不全、畸形等)的产生,提高体胚质量及萌发形成完整植株的能力,体胚成熟程度及其质量显著影响其在后续培养中能否萌发形成完整植株。橡胶树花药初生体胚发育至成熟需经历球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷胚、子叶胚共4个不同发育阶段[8],此发育过程先后顺序是严格且不可逾越的[10],而每个发育阶段所需时间长短则与体胚基因型、成熟培养基成分及培养条件等紧密相关。有研究表明[8,11],橡胶树花药初生体胚发育过程中存在以下不良现象:幼胚易在球形胚与鱼雷胚时停滞生长或褐化;心形胚不能进一步发育成鱼雷胚,在后续培养中产生畸形胚;鱼雷胚或子叶胚基部会分化产生丛生次生体胚;子叶胚出现发育不全、褐化、子叶肥大或愈伤化。上述不良现象对体胚正常发育成熟是极其不利的,致使大部分无性系品种的花药体胚植株再生效率低下,无法进行规模化扩繁,目前仅有热研73397和热研917可工厂化生产[12-13]。据此,攻克橡胶树体胚成熟培养技术已势在必行,是实现体胚植株工厂化生产与推广应用急需解决的问题之一。本研究分析比较云研73-477不同发育阶段初生体细胞幼胚的成熟培养效率,筛选出适宜各发育阶段花药初生体细胞幼胚成熟培养的外源激素组合,并证实了早期子叶胚是进行体胚成熟培养的最佳材料,使体胚成熟率、正常体胚及体胚植株获得率显著提高,分别高达(72.50±2.20)%、(64.86±1.68)%和(57.22±0.96)%,所获植株生势强,练苗后易移栽成活,成活率在75%以上,且在整个培养过程中未出现停滞生长的现象,本研究结果为该无性系品种体胚植株工厂化生产与推广应用奠定理论基础。
此外,在试验观察中发现,心形胚和鱼雷胚的成熟培养效果极差,虽有约30%的幼胚能发育至成熟,但大都为畸形胚,能正常萌发成苗的极少。本研究是将心形胚和鱼雷胚从愈伤组织中单独分离出进行成熟培养,因胚体太小,分离时易被切伤,且自身储存的营养物质十分有限,致使部分幼胚在成熟培养前期因营养匮乏而停滞生长或褐化死亡,若将两类幼胚连同其基部少许愈伤组织一起分离进行培养,待二者的发育阶段进入早期子叶胚后再单独分离转入本研究筛选的外源激素优组合中培养,或许是提高体胚成熟培养效率的有效举措。
在橡胶树花药离体培养中,外源激素是不可或缺的,其愈伤组织诱导,体细胞胚分化、成熟、萌发成苗等培养基中均需附加适宜的外源激素种类、浓度及配比[10-11,14]。其中生长素类(NAA、2,4-D等)和细胞分裂素类(6-BA、KT等)贯穿于整个培养过程,而2,4-D常用于愈伤组织诱导阶段,其诱导效果优于NAA、IAA[15],且在体细胞胚分化前期发挥了促进作用,但在体胚发育后期易起到抑制作用[16],致使体细胞胚成熟率低下,不适宜用于橡胶树体胚成熟培养。脱落酸(ABA)大都用于体胚分化及成熟培养阶段,赤霉素(GA3)则常用于体胚分化、成熟及萌发成苗阶段。本研究采用正交试验设计探索在橡胶树体胚发生过程中常用的5种外源激素(ABA、GA3、6-BA、NAA及KT)对云研73-477花药初生体细胞胚(心形胚、鱼雷胚及早期子叶胚)成熟培养的影响效应,结果表明不同发育阶段体细胞胚成熟培养所需外源激素种类及浓度存在差异,6-BA 0.5 mg/L、NAA 0.15 mg/L、KT 0.25 mg/L利于心形胚成熟,6-BA 2.0 mg/L、NAA 0.15 mg/L、ABA 0.4 mg/L,GA3 0.5 mg/L促进鱼雷胚成熟,而6-BA 1.5 mg/L、NAA 0.2 mg/L、ABA 0.1mg/L及GA3 1.0 mg/L对早期子叶胚的成熟有益。由此可知,低浓度NAA和ABA对体细胞胚正常成熟具有促进作用;而KT仅在体胚发育初期(心形胚)发挥促进作用,在体胚发育后期则起到抑制作用;6-BA在整个体胚发育过程起到关键作用,6-BA 0.5~2.0 mg/L利于体胚正常发育成熟;体胚发育初期(心形胚)不需附加外源激素GA3,而在体胚发育后期(鱼雷胚、早期子叶胚)分别附加GA3 0.5 mg/L和GA3 1.0 mg/L利于体胚正常发育,这可能因为花药体胚在前期分化培养时积累的内源GA3处于较高水平,所以无需添加外源GA3也能保证体胚进一步发育至鱼雷胚。此外,本研究优选得到适宜早期子叶胚成熟培养的6-BA、NAA及ABA最适浓度与李玲等[10]的试验结果存在差异,这可能是由二者采用的无性系品种和体胚的来源不同而造成,李玲等[10]的最佳浓度是基于无性系品种热垦525,且体胚为次生幼胚,而本研究的参试无性系品种为云研73-477,体胚为花药初生幼胚。同时,数据还表明,除鱼雷胚外,5种外源激素影响体胚成熟率、正常成熟体胚及体胚植株获得率的主次顺序虽有差异,但均表现为GA3的影响最大,这表明GA3是影响云研73-477花药初生体细胞幼胚正常发育成熟的关键外源激素。
诸多研究表明[9,17-20],外源激素、碳源、PEG、培养方式等均对植物体胚成熟发育和正常萌发有影响。本研究仅探讨了外源激素对云研73-477花药初生体胚成熟培养的影响情况,其他因子对该无性系品种花药初生体胚的正常发育成熟是否有影响,影响效果又如何,还不得而知,为了实现该无性系品种体胚植株产业化应用,开展其他因子对体胚成熟培养的影响效应很有必要。
  • 云南省农业联合专项(202401BD070001-127)
  • 云南省科技人才与平台计划重点实验室项目(202405AG340001)
  • 云南省基础研究计划重点项目(202401AS070083)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.07.008
  • 接收时间:2025-01-08
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-08
  • 录用日期:2025-03-16
基金
云南省农业联合专项(202401BD070001-127)
云南省科技人才与平台计划重点实验室项目(202405AG340001)
云南省基础研究计划重点项目(202401AS070083)
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    1.云南省热带作物科学研究所/云南省天然橡胶可持续利用研究重点实验室,云南景洪 666100
    2.滇西应用技术大学普洱茶学院,云南普洱 665000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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