Article(id=1276530020029956848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276529901037548535, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735833600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1739635200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-16, onlineDate=1782278073555, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782278073555, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782278073555, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782278073555, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276529901037548535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='1279', pageEnd='1532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782278045186, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782298980105, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276617708544328532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276529901037548535, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276617708544328533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276529901037548535, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1397, endPage=1404, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276530020290003698, articleId=1276530020029956848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Effects of Bee Pollination on Coffee Fruit Traits, columnId=1236256434120348225, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Coffee is an important economic crop in Yunnan, China. To investigate the effects of bee pollination on coffee production, this study examined the species of pollinating bees and the foraging behavior of dominant bee species during the coffee flowering period in Lisou, Ximeng, Yunnan. Additionally, the study evaluated and compared the fruit traits of coffee under bee pollination and control groups. The results showed that the bee species visiting coffee flowers included Apis dorsata, Apis cerana cerana, Apis florea and bumblebees (Bombus spp.), with A. dorsata and A. cerana cerana being the dominant species. A. dorsata visited coffee flowers throughout the day (from 9: 00 to 17: 00), while A. cerana cerana primarily foraged in the morning. However, the visiting duration per flower of A. cerana cerana was extremely significantly longer than that of A. dorsata (P<0.01). Introducing A. cerana cerana colonies increased the number of flower-visiting bees. Compared with the control group, the bee pollination group showed significantly higher fruit set rates, single fruit weight, seed weight, and seed number. Moreover, the fruit skins became thinner, and other traits improved, with a higher proportion of fruits reaching high maturity at harvest. The findings suggest that bee pollination can significantly improve coffee fruit traits, promote fruit maturation, and effectively enhance coffee quality. The results would provide a theoretical basis for improving coffee cultivation and productivity.

, authors=null, authorsList=Shangkao DENG, Jiamin QIN, Jiang ZHAN, Yangyi ZHANG, Yubo TAO, Tianhao YAN, Jinsong LI, Fen ZHANG, Daneng WANG, Cheng LIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Cheng LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276530022882083580, articleId=1276530020029956848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=蜜蜂授粉对咖啡果实性状的影响, columnId=1236256434313286224, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=作物栽培与生理生化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

咖啡是云南省重要的经济作物,为了探明蜜蜂授粉对咖啡种植生产的影响,本研究在云南省西盟县力所乡的咖啡花期调查了访花蜜蜂的种类及优势蜂种的访花行为,并对蜜蜂自由授粉组和对照组咖啡果实性状进行测定和差异分析。结果表明:咖啡花期访花蜂种包括大蜜蜂(Apis dorsata)、中华蜜蜂(A. cerana cerana)、小蜜蜂(A. florea)和熊蜂(Bombus spp.),主要为大蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂。1天中9:00—17:00期间均有大蜜蜂访花,而中华蜜蜂访花主要集中在上午,但中华蜜蜂的单花停留时间极显著长于大蜜蜂(P<0.01);人工引入中华蜜蜂群,可增加咖啡访花蜜蜂数量;蜜蜂自由授粉组与对照组相比,咖啡坐果率、单果质量、种子质量和种子数显著增高,果皮变薄,其他性状变优,同时采摘成熟度高的果实占比较高。由此可见,蜜蜂授粉可显著改善咖啡果实性状,促进果实成熟,有效提高咖啡的品质,本研究结果可为咖啡种植提质增效提供理论依据。

, authors=

邓尚靠(1995—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:蜜蜂授粉技术。

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* 梁铖(LIANG Cheng),E-mail:
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邓尚靠(1995—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:蜜蜂授粉技术。

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邓尚靠(1995—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:蜜蜂授粉技术。

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**表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。

, figureFileSmall=uUO4ZCxaxoqB1lkvkCxv5g==, figureFileBig=A+FhDtzoWfLuj+0L/rVf3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530036857504583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530020029956848, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Proportion of coffee fruit maturity under different pollination methods, figureFileSmall=WUQB/HQZAj7Kc9Xeb4IcQA==, figureFileBig=xbzIg4V3rfiAMpFIRED0RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530036924613448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530020029956848, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同授粉方式咖啡果实成熟度比例, figureFileSmall=WUQB/HQZAj7Kc9Xeb4IcQA==, figureFileBig=xbzIg4V3rfiAMpFIRED0RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530037046248265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530020029956848, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Proportion of coffee seed number under different pollination methods, figureFileSmall=wEekQM78SvTtBwJYkiNHZw==, figureFileBig=tUjUqx6un047kqjykZG2rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530037130134346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530020029956848, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同授粉方式咖啡种子数的占比, figureFileSmall=wEekQM78SvTtBwJYkiNHZw==, figureFileBig=tUjUqx6un047kqjykZG2rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276530037205631819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530020029956848, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Number of flower-visiting bees on coffee trees at different time during the day

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间Time大蜜蜂数量.Number of A. dorsata中华蜜蜂数量Number of A. cerana cerana
9:004.64±2.09ab8.07±7.21a
11:005.05±2.56ab3.15±2.51ab
13:005.86±3.06ab1.36±0.79bc
15:007.08±3.82a1.20±0.51c
17:003.80±2.08b1.08±0.28c
), ArticleFig(id=1276530037276934988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530020029956848, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1 d中不同时间点咖啡树上访花蜜蜂数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间Time大蜜蜂数量.Number of A. dorsata中华蜜蜂数量Number of A. cerana cerana
9:004.64±2.09ab8.07±7.21a
11:005.05±2.56ab3.15±2.51ab
13:005.86±3.06ab1.36±0.79bc
15:007.08±3.82a1.20±0.51c
17:003.80±2.08b1.08±0.28c
), ArticleFig(id=1276530037344043853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530020029956848, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Daily variation in the number of foraging, returning, and pollen-carryingworkers of A. cerana cerana at different time during the day

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间Time蜂数量Number of bees
出巢Foraging归巢Returning携粉Pollen-carrying
7:0024.7±3.3de25.0±3.5de0.8±0.2f
8:0014.3±2.2e9.5±0.8f2.6±0.4cd
9:0031.0±3.2de16.9±1.7ef3.7±0.5c
10:0065.6±7.4c35.4±2.8d6.1±0.7b
11:00136.5±7.1a107.0±6.1a10.4±0.7a
12:00151.3±16.1a105.0±9.5a10.7±0.9a
13:0099.1±6.7b72.8±6.0b9.8±0.9a
14:0065.3±6.7c51.9±4.8c6.8±0.7b
15:0038.1±4.3d34.4±3.0d2.5±0.3cde
16:0036.8±4.3d27.9±2.7de1.2±0.2def
17:0035.1±7.2d27.3±5.1de0.8±0.3f
18:0037.2±7.4d24.0±4.9de0.9±0.3ef
19:0010.9±1.1e21.9±2.1def0.3±0.1f
), ArticleFig(id=1276530037432124238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530020029956848, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

1 d中不同时间点中华蜜蜂出巢、归巢、携粉的工蜂数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间Time蜂数量Number of bees
出巢Foraging归巢Returning携粉Pollen-carrying
7:0024.7±3.3de25.0±3.5de0.8±0.2f
8:0014.3±2.2e9.5±0.8f2.6±0.4cd
9:0031.0±3.2de16.9±1.7ef3.7±0.5c
10:0065.6±7.4c35.4±2.8d6.1±0.7b
11:00136.5±7.1a107.0±6.1a10.4±0.7a
12:00151.3±16.1a105.0±9.5a10.7±0.9a
13:0099.1±6.7b72.8±6.0b9.8±0.9a
14:0065.3±6.7c51.9±4.8c6.8±0.7b
15:0038.1±4.3d34.4±3.0d2.5±0.3cde
16:0036.8±4.3d27.9±2.7de1.2±0.2def
17:0035.1±7.2d27.3±5.1de0.8±0.3f
18:0037.2±7.4d24.0±4.9de0.9±0.3ef
19:0010.9±1.1e21.9±2.1def0.3±0.1f
), ArticleFig(id=1276530037503427407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530020029956848, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Effect of different pollination methods on coffee fruit set rate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment花朵数Number of flowers坐果数Number of fruit setting平均坐果率Average rate of fruit setting/%
对照14 41712 19084.55
自由授粉19 29318 33995.06
), ArticleFig(id=1276530037566341968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530020029956848, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同授粉方式对咖啡坐果率的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment花朵数Number of flowers坐果数Number of fruit setting平均坐果率Average rate of fruit setting/%
对照14 41712 19084.55
自由授粉19 29318 33995.06
), ArticleFig(id=1276530037625062225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530020029956848, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Comparison of single fruit weight and seed weight of mature coffee fruit under different pollination methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index成熟度Maturity自由授粉Free pollination对照Control
单果质量/g0.97±0.22a0.90±0.28a
1.27±0.26A0.96±0.32B
1.34±0.30A1.03±0.26B
1.48±0.30A1.18±0.31B
1.74±0.31A1.37±0.35B
种子质量/g0.58±0.17A0.50±0.19B
0.75±0.20A0.53±0.21B
0.81±0.21A0.59±0.22B
0.90±0.20A0.67±0.21B
0.97±0.21A0.76±0.24B
), ArticleFig(id=1276530037759279954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530020029956848, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同授粉方式成熟咖啡果单果质量和种子质量比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index成熟度Maturity自由授粉Free pollination对照Control
单果质量/g0.97±0.22a0.90±0.28a
1.27±0.26A0.96±0.32B
1.34±0.30A1.03±0.26B
1.48±0.30A1.18±0.31B
1.74±0.31A1.37±0.35B
种子质量/g0.58±0.17A0.50±0.19B
0.75±0.20A0.53±0.21B
0.81±0.21A0.59±0.22B
0.90±0.20A0.67±0.21B
0.97±0.21A0.76±0.24B
), ArticleFig(id=1276530037822194515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530020029956848, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Comparison of coffee fruit traits under different pollination methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index成熟度Maturity自由授粉Free pollination对照Control
果实纵径/mm14.18±1.23a12.69±1.36a
14.41±0.94A12.34±1.39B
14.13±1.21a12.93±1.04b
14.56±1.14a13.25±1.07a
15.60±0.71A13.37±1.04B
果实横径/mm12.31±1.13A11.34±1.34B
12.74±0.98A11.28±1.43B
12.88±1.05a12.16±1.14a
13.41±1.07a12.91±1.12a
14.68±0.70A13.30±1.26B
果形指数1.15±0.06a1.12±0.07b
1.13±0.06a1.10±0.08b
1.10±0.08a1.07±0.07a
1.09±0.06a1.03±0.05b
1.06±0.05a1.01±0.06a
果皮厚度/mm0.73±0.15a0.88±0.18a
0.83±0.13a0.84±0.14a
0.81±0.12a0.80±0.16a
0.71±.010B0.75±0.15A
0.72±0.12B0.89±0.16A
种子纵径/mm11.25±0.85A10.40±1.08B
11.74±0.76A10.28±1.13B
11.72±0.95a10.43±0.79b
11.69±0.95a10.69±0.85a
12.23±0.83a10.57±0.82a
种子横径/mm8.18±1.02a7.95±1.04b
8.43±0.52A8.09±1.03B
8.52±0.74a8.01±0.85b
8.45±0.64A8.38±0.85B
8.82±0.66a8.40±0.83b
种形指数1.42±0.49a1.32±0.10a
1.39±0.08A1.28±0.10B
1.38±0.10a1.31±0.09a
1.39±0.08a1.28±0.09a
1.39±0.09a1.26±0.08a
种子数/个1.85±0.36A1.64±0.56B
1.77±0.45A1.54±0.56B
1.88±0.38A1.52±0.54B
1.95±0.33A1.69±0.49B
1.91±0.32A1.64±0.48B
), ArticleFig(id=1276530037906080596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276530020029956848, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同授粉方式的咖啡果实性状比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index成熟度Maturity自由授粉Free pollination对照Control
果实纵径/mm14.18±1.23a12.69±1.36a
14.41±0.94A12.34±1.39B
14.13±1.21a12.93±1.04b
14.56±1.14a13.25±1.07a
15.60±0.71A13.37±1.04B
果实横径/mm12.31±1.13A11.34±1.34B
12.74±0.98A11.28±1.43B
12.88±1.05a12.16±1.14a
13.41±1.07a12.91±1.12a
14.68±0.70A13.30±1.26B
果形指数1.15±0.06a1.12±0.07b
1.13±0.06a1.10±0.08b
1.10±0.08a1.07±0.07a
1.09±0.06a1.03±0.05b
1.06±0.05a1.01±0.06a
果皮厚度/mm0.73±0.15a0.88±0.18a
0.83±0.13a0.84±0.14a
0.81±0.12a0.80±0.16a
0.71±.010B0.75±0.15A
0.72±0.12B0.89±0.16A
种子纵径/mm11.25±0.85A10.40±1.08B
11.74±0.76A10.28±1.13B
11.72±0.95a10.43±0.79b
11.69±0.95a10.69±0.85a
12.23±0.83a10.57±0.82a
种子横径/mm8.18±1.02a7.95±1.04b
8.43±0.52A8.09±1.03B
8.52±0.74a8.01±0.85b
8.45±0.64A8.38±0.85B
8.82±0.66a8.40±0.83b
种形指数1.42±0.49a1.32±0.10a
1.39±0.08A1.28±0.10B
1.38±0.10a1.31±0.09a
1.39±0.08a1.28±0.09a
1.39±0.09a1.26±0.08a
种子数/个1.85±0.36A1.64±0.56B
1.77±0.45A1.54±0.56B
1.88±0.38A1.52±0.54B
1.95±0.33A1.69±0.49B
1.91±0.32A1.64±0.48B
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蜜蜂授粉对咖啡果实性状的影响
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邓尚靠 1 , 秦加敏 1 , 展江 1 , 张洋逸 1 , 陶玉波 2 , 晏天皓 2 , 李劲松 2 , 张芬 2 , 王大能 2 , 梁铖 1, *
热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2025,46(6): 1397-1404
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热带作物学报 |作物栽培与生理生化 2025 , 46 (6) : 1397 -1404
蜜蜂授粉对咖啡果实性状的影响
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邓尚靠1, 秦加敏1, 展江1, 张洋逸1, 陶玉波2, 晏天皓2, 李劲松2, 张芬2, 王大能2, 梁铖1, *
作者信息
  • 1.云南省农业科学院蚕桑蜜蜂研究所,云南蒙自 661101
  • 2.西盟佤族自治县农业农村和科学技术局畜牧工作站,云南西盟 665700
通讯作者:
* 梁铖(LIANG Cheng),E-mail:
Effects of Bee Pollination on Coffee Fruit Traits
Shangkao DENG1, Jiamin QIN1, Jiang ZHAN1, Yangyi ZHANG1, Yubo TAO2, Tianhao YAN2, Jinsong LI2, Fen ZHANG2, Daneng WANG2, Cheng LIANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Sericulture and Apiculture Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mengzi, Yunnan 661101, China
  • 2.Animal Husbandry Workstation, Bureau of Agriculture, Rural Areas, Science and Technology of Ximeng Va Autonomous County, Ximeng, Yunnan 665700, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.012
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咖啡是云南省重要的经济作物,为了探明蜜蜂授粉对咖啡种植生产的影响,本研究在云南省西盟县力所乡的咖啡花期调查了访花蜜蜂的种类及优势蜂种的访花行为,并对蜜蜂自由授粉组和对照组咖啡果实性状进行测定和差异分析。结果表明:咖啡花期访花蜂种包括大蜜蜂(Apis dorsata)、中华蜜蜂(A. cerana cerana)、小蜜蜂(A. florea)和熊蜂(Bombus spp.),主要为大蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂。1天中9:00—17:00期间均有大蜜蜂访花,而中华蜜蜂访花主要集中在上午,但中华蜜蜂的单花停留时间极显著长于大蜜蜂(P<0.01);人工引入中华蜜蜂群,可增加咖啡访花蜜蜂数量;蜜蜂自由授粉组与对照组相比,咖啡坐果率、单果质量、种子质量和种子数显著增高,果皮变薄,其他性状变优,同时采摘成熟度高的果实占比较高。由此可见,蜜蜂授粉可显著改善咖啡果实性状,促进果实成熟,有效提高咖啡的品质,本研究结果可为咖啡种植提质增效提供理论依据。

咖啡  /  授粉  /  中华蜜蜂  /  品质  /  成熟度  /  访花

Coffee is an important economic crop in Yunnan, China. To investigate the effects of bee pollination on coffee production, this study examined the species of pollinating bees and the foraging behavior of dominant bee species during the coffee flowering period in Lisou, Ximeng, Yunnan. Additionally, the study evaluated and compared the fruit traits of coffee under bee pollination and control groups. The results showed that the bee species visiting coffee flowers included Apis dorsata, Apis cerana cerana, Apis florea and bumblebees (Bombus spp.), with A. dorsata and A. cerana cerana being the dominant species. A. dorsata visited coffee flowers throughout the day (from 9: 00 to 17: 00), while A. cerana cerana primarily foraged in the morning. However, the visiting duration per flower of A. cerana cerana was extremely significantly longer than that of A. dorsata (P<0.01). Introducing A. cerana cerana colonies increased the number of flower-visiting bees. Compared with the control group, the bee pollination group showed significantly higher fruit set rates, single fruit weight, seed weight, and seed number. Moreover, the fruit skins became thinner, and other traits improved, with a higher proportion of fruits reaching high maturity at harvest. The findings suggest that bee pollination can significantly improve coffee fruit traits, promote fruit maturation, and effectively enhance coffee quality. The results would provide a theoretical basis for improving coffee cultivation and productivity.

coffee  /  pollination  /  Apis cerana cerana  /  quality  /  maturity  /  flower-visiting
邓尚靠, 秦加敏, 展江, 张洋逸, 陶玉波, 晏天皓, 李劲松, 张芬, 王大能, 梁铖. 蜜蜂授粉对咖啡果实性状的影响. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (6) : 1397 -1404 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.012
Shangkao DENG, Jiamin QIN, Jiang ZHAN, Yangyi ZHANG, Yubo TAO, Tianhao YAN, Jinsong LI, Fen ZHANG, Daneng WANG, Cheng LIANG. Effects of Bee Pollination on Coffee Fruit Traits[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (6) : 1397 -1404 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.012
咖啡(Coffea arabica L.)为茜草科(Rubiaceae)咖啡属(Coffea)多年生常绿灌木[1],是世界三大饮料作物之一[2]。咖啡源产于埃塞俄比亚地区,主要分布在热带地区[3],早在15世纪已经开始种植,18世纪以来,在欧洲、亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的热带、亚热带地区开始广泛种植,现已成为世界上重要的经济作物之一[4]。19世纪,咖啡开始引入我国,随后在云南、海南等地广泛种植,目前云南省已成为我国最大的咖啡种植地区和出口产地[5],我国约99%的产量和种植面积都在云南省,在国内外市场上具有较强的市场竞争力[6]。近年来,随着咖啡消费量的快速增长,咖啡产业在云南省经济发展中占据重要地位,在推进边疆地区乡村振兴中起到非常重要的作用。随着国民生活水平的日益提高,以咖啡为主要原材料的各大饮品需求量越来越大,进而对咖啡豆(咖啡种子)品质要求也越来越高。然而云南各地区咖啡产量和品质参差不齐,除品种、种植管理和产地等因素外,咖啡豆的产量和质量与生产中的授粉有很大关系。
咖啡是云南省普洱市西盟佤族自治县的支柱产业,为促进咖啡种植提质增效,增加农民的收入,引入蜜蜂为咖啡授粉作为一项栽培技术在当地开展。蜜蜂授粉是我国农业绿色、优质、高效生产的重要配套技术[7]。由于咖啡属于自花授粉植物[8],蜜蜂为咖啡授粉可显著增加咖啡雄蕊花粉落到雌蕊柱头的概率,同时也增加了异花授粉的机率,从而提高咖啡的结实率[9-12]。咖啡豆是咖啡主要的可食用部分,研究表明,通过蜜蜂授粉可以显著增加咖啡果实的产量与质量,增加优质咖啡豆的产出率,带来更大的经济和社会效益[8,13-17]。西盟县咖啡连片种植且面积较大,但授粉蜂的种类、数量及其授粉行为,以及引入人工培育的蜂群对咖啡坐果率及果实性状的影响尚不清楚。
咖啡果实性状会影响其商品价值,国际市场竞争激烈,唯有优良的品质才有较好的竞争力。因此,本研究以云南省西盟县力所乡咖啡为研究对象,探究蜜蜂授粉对咖啡果实性状的影响,以期为咖啡种植生产技术集成提供参考。
试验于2023年2月至2024年2月在云南省西盟佤族自治县力所乡开展。西盟县位于云南省西南部,地处99°21′E~99°33′E,22°35′N~22°43′N,境内沟壑纵横,最高海拔2458.9 m,最低海拔590.0 m,河流交叉分布,呈树枝状由北向南注入南卡江。西盟县受孟加拉湾西南暖湿气流影响,属亚热带海洋性季风气候,年均温15.3 ℃,年均降水量2758.3 mm,降雨主要集中在夏秋两季,干湿分明,常年无霜。
西盟县力所乡茨米竹村种植的卡帝姆(Catimor CIFC7963)咖啡,授粉蜂群为当地饲养的中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana),每群为4足框,巢框内围尺寸长428.00 mm,高202.00 mm,上框梁宽25.00 mm。
360智能摄像头小水滴AI版(D930,北京视觉世界科技有限公司)、数显游标卡尺(南京苏测计量仪器有限公司)、白色透明尼龙网袋(40目)、电子称、照相机等。
在咖啡花期观察,于每天中9:00、11:00、13:00、15:00和17:00的5个时间点,记录每株树上访花蜜蜂的种类及其数量。采用Berger-Parker指数(D)分析访花蜂种的物种多度(优势度),计算公式:D=Ni/N,式中Ni为第i种访花蜂种个体的数量,N为所有访花蜂种的总数量。依据正态分布的原则,定义为D≥0.10时为访花蜂种优势种;0.05≤D<0.10时为丰盛种;0.01≤D<0.05时为常见种;D<0.01时为稀有种。
在咖啡林不同方向选择3个试验点,每个试验点选择1株长势开花状态相似的咖啡树作为观测目标,对每天9:00、11:00、13:00、15:00、17:00的5个时间点1 min内同一株树上访问咖啡花的优势蜂种的数量进行记录,连续记录3 d。此外,还记录蜜蜂单花停留时间(蜜蜂在1朵花上采集的时间),连续记录3 d。
中华蜜蜂出、归巢活动调查:咖啡盛花期,选取3群群势相当的人工引入的中蜂群,在蜂箱巢门口放置360智能摄像头,24 h拍摄记录巢门口工蜂活动情况,通过视频回放,记录每天7:00—19:00每个整点1 min内出巢、归巢和携带花粉的工蜂数量,连续晴暖天气记录3 d。
采用分区对比的试验方法,在咖啡园同一试验地选择树龄、冠幅、树高、花蕾数量相似且健康的咖啡12株,分别设置1个自由授粉组(蜜蜂授粉试验区)和1个对照组(隔离无蜂授粉试验区),每个试验区6株咖啡树。自由授粉组:每株挂牌标记50枝花朵露白即将要开放的花枝,共300枝,记录每个花枝上的花蕾数量,花朵开放后让蜜蜂自由采集咖啡花;对照组:在每株咖啡树挂牌标记50枝开花状态与蜜蜂自由授粉组相似的花枝,共300枝,分别记录每个花枝上的花蕾数量,并用尼龙网袋罩上,防止蜜蜂接触花朵。坐果率调查:花期结束30 d后,分别统计蜜蜂自由授粉组和对照组咖啡的坐果数量。坐果率=(坐果数/花蕾数)×100%;咖啡果实采摘期,将之前标记的自由授粉组和对照组咖啡果实全部摘下。果实参照KAZAMA等[18]和李亚麒等[19]对咖啡成熟度的分类方法,将咖啡果实的成熟度按照颜色分为Ⅰ(绿色)、Ⅱ(红绿色)、Ⅲ(红黄色)、Ⅳ(红色)、Ⅴ(紫红色)5个等级(图1),统计不同颜色等级咖啡果实的数量,称取果质量(g)、种子质量(g)。
咖啡果实性状测定:各成熟度随机选取100个果实用于果实性状测定。利用游标卡尺测量果实纵径、果实横径、果皮厚、种子纵径、种子横径,精确到0.01 mm。记录种子数,并计算果形指数、种形指数。此外,分别记录不同试验组500个果实每个果实的种子总数,并计算种子数分别为0、1、2、3粒的果实百分比。果形指数=果实纵径/果实横径;种形指数=种子纵径/种子横径。
利用SPSS 26.0软件对每天不同时段咖啡树上访花蜜蜂数量、中蜂的出巢、归巢及携粉蜜蜂数量、不同成熟度果实性状进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA);对优势蜂种的单花停留时间、不同授粉方式咖啡坐果率和果实性状进行统计并t检验。每天5个时段咖啡植株未观察到蜜蜂的时段,访花蜜蜂数量记录为0,数据进行标准化处理后,进行差异性分析。
在咖啡园能观察到大蜜蜂(A. dorsata)、中华蜜蜂(A. cerana cerana)、小蜜蜂(A. florea)和熊蜂(Bombus spp.)4种蜜蜂,3 d观察记录访花蜜蜂共1906头,其中大蜜蜂1222头,占比64.11%(D=0.6411);中华蜜蜂669头,占比35.10%(D=0.3510),小蜜蜂13头,占比0.68%(D=0.0068),熊蜂2头,占比0.10%(D=0.0010),其中大蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂为咖啡的优势访花蜂种。
通过对不同时间1 min内同一株咖啡树上访花的大蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂数量进行比较,结果显示1天中9:00、11:00、13:00、15:00和17:00各个时段大蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂数量差异显著(P<0.05),17:00大蜜蜂数量显著低于15:00(P<0.05),9:00、11:00、13:00、15:00之间大蜜蜂数量差异不显著;9:00和11:00中华蜜蜂数量差异不显著,但显著高于15:00和17:00(P<0.05),13:00、15:00和17:00中华蜜蜂数量差异不显著(表1)。在9:00—17:00时间段均有大蜜蜂访问咖啡花,且在各时间点1 min内1株树上约有3头以上大蜜蜂访花,15:00时1 min内观察到访花的大蜜蜂数量最多(7.08±3.82)头;而中华蜜蜂访问咖啡花主要在上午,15:00以后几乎无中华蜜蜂访花(表1)。
对中华蜜蜂和大蜜蜂的单花停留时间进行比较分析,结果显示:中华蜜蜂和大蜜蜂的单花停留时间分别为(13.19±2.40)s和(4.41±0.35)s,中华蜜蜂的单花停留时间显著高于大蜜蜂(P<0.01)(图2)。1 d中不同时间点1 min内,中华蜜蜂出巢、归巢和携粉的工蜂数量均有差异。11:00、12:00时间点1 min内出巢的工蜂数量最多,分别为(136.5±7.1)头、(151.3±16.1)头,显著高于其他时间点(P<0.05),其次是13:00,为(99.1±6.7)头,数量最少的是19:00,为(10.9±1.1)头,蜜蜂出巢时间主要集中在10:00—14:00之间;同样,在11:00、12:00的2个时间点1 min内蜜蜂归巢数量最多,分别为(107.0±6.1)头、(105.0±9.5)头,显著高于其他时间点(P<0.05),其次是13:00,为(72.8±6.0)头,14:00,为(51.9±4.8)头,归巢数量最少的是8:00,为(9.5±0.8)头,蜜蜂归巢时间主要集中在11:00—14:00之间;携粉蜜蜂数量最多的时间点为11:00、12:00、13:00,显著高于其他时间点(P<0.05),其次为10:00、14:00时间点,显著高于7:00、8:00、9:00、15:00、16:00、17:00、18:00、19:00时间点(P<0.05)(表2)。
综上所述,力所乡咖啡园内野生大蜜蜂是咖啡主要的访花昆虫,人工引入中华蜜蜂群,可以增加咖啡访花昆虫数量,中华蜜蜂出巢、归巢高峰时段滞后于咖啡访花高峰时段,其采集活动可能受到咖啡林周边其他蜜粉源植物的影响。
表3可见,蜜蜂自由授粉组咖啡坐果率为95.06%,对照组坐果率为84.55%,通过蜜蜂授粉坐果率提高10.51%,说明蜜蜂授粉能有效增加咖啡的坐果率。
蜜蜂授粉成熟度Ⅰ的咖啡单果质量和对照差异不显著,但Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ的单果质量和种子质量均极显著高于对照(P<0.01)(表4),表明蜜蜂授粉可以有效提高咖啡豆的品质。随着成熟度的增加,单果质量和种子质量逐渐增大,成熟度Ⅴ紫红色单果质量和种子质量最优。
图3可以看出,在咖啡果同一采收时间点,自由授粉成熟度Ⅴ的果实占比最高(41.24%),其次是Ⅳ,占比37.69%,Ⅰ占比最少(3.38%)。对照组成熟度Ⅳ占比最高(31.17%),其次是Ⅲ,占比26.88%,成熟度Ⅴ仅占比19.68%。整体而言,相同种植管理模式下,同批次开花的咖啡,同一采收期,自由授粉的成熟度Ⅳ和Ⅴ占比较高,表明蜜蜂授粉促进咖啡果成熟,有利于采收期咖啡果实整齐度。
对不同成熟度的咖啡果实性状进行比较分析,结果见表5,自由授粉的果形指数和种形指数大于对照,种子数极显著多于对照(P<0.01)。其中,成熟度Ⅰ的咖啡果,自由授粉后果实横径、果形指数、种子纵径、种子横径、种子数5项指标均显著高于对照(P<0.05),但果实纵径、果皮厚度、种形指数与对照相比差异不显著。成熟度Ⅱ的咖啡果,自由授粉后果实纵径、果实横径、种子纵径、种子横径、种形指数、种子数6项指标均极显著高于对照(P<0.01),果形指数显著高于对照(P<0.05)。成熟度Ⅲ的咖啡果,自由授粉的果实种子数极显著高于对照(P<0.01),果实纵径、种子纵径和种子横径均显著高于对照(P<0.05)。成熟度Ⅳ的咖啡果,自由授粉的果形指数、种子横径均显著高于对照(P<0.05),种子数极显著高于对照(P<0.01),果皮厚显著低于对照(P<0.05)。成熟度Ⅴ的咖啡果,果实纵径、果实横径、种子数均极显著高于对照(P<0.01),种子横径显著高于对照(P<0.05),果皮厚极显著低于对照(P<0.01)。随着成熟度的增加,果实纵径、果实横径、果皮厚、种子横径、种子纵径逐渐增加,果形指数、种形指数总体上逐渐减小,种子数变化不大(表5)。
咖啡果实一般有2粒种子,也存在1粒或者3粒;含有2粒种子者,种子呈半椭球形;1粒者呈橄榄球形,俗称圆豆;3粒者呈三角形,俗称三角豆[20]。通过对自由授粉、对照的咖啡种子数进行统计(图4),结果显示:自由授粉种子数为0和1粒的果实占比分别为0.18%和13.44%,低于对照的1.77%和36.72%,种子数为2粒和3粒的果实分别占比84.71%和1.66,均高于对照的61.52%和0.59%。表明自由授粉可以减少咖啡种子为0(空仁)和种子为1(圆豆)的比例,增加种子数,改善咖啡豆品质。
综上所述,自由授粉后不同成熟度咖啡果的种子数极显著高于对照,果实纵径、果实横径、果形指数、种子纵径、种子横径、种形指数和单果种子数7项指标整体高于对照,果皮厚低于对照,表明自由授粉可以有效改善咖啡果的外观性状。
咖啡是高度依赖蜜蜂授粉的植物[21],RICKETTS[9]和YOUNG等[22]研究发现,咖啡主要依靠独居蜂或群居蜜蜂授粉,独居蜂与群居蜜蜂相比,喙更长,更易吸食到花蜜,访花积极性更高,成功为咖啡授粉的机率更高,所以独居蜂单次访问咖啡坐果率更高[23]。本研究也发现在一天中的9:00—17:00时间段均有野生大蜜蜂访问咖啡花,咖啡的花冠小且比较深,大蜜蜂体型大且喙较长,即便一天中只有少量花蜜也可以进行采集。但是因为单朵咖啡花寿命短,单朵花对蜜蜂的吸引力只有1 d,长期进化过程中蜜蜂已有最佳访花时间[12,24],野生蜜蜂有自身的适应性,其中大蜜蜂因体型大访花积极性较高,小蜜蜂与之相反,但二者的种群数量不稳定,易迁徙、对生存环境要求较高、不受人为控制,对咖啡规模种植模式的授粉的性能存在不确定性[25-27]。虽然本研究发现中华蜜蜂访问咖啡花主要集中在上午,但中华蜜蜂的单花停留时间显著高于大蜜蜂,引入饲养的中华蜜蜂群也可增加访花蜜蜂的数量,中华蜜蜂的授粉效果还需在其他生境中进一步评价。与野生蜜蜂相比,中华蜜蜂可人工饲养扩繁、可控制、可移动,咖啡花期虽然中蜂访花行为受到其他蜜粉源植物影响,但适当增加蜂群数量,可大幅提高采集咖啡花的中华蜜蜂数量。所以,对于规模化种植咖啡,引入人工饲养的中华蜜蜂群,能更好地保障咖啡授粉结实。西盟县多山,自然环境较好,目前咖啡访花野生蜜蜂较多,证明了传粉昆虫多样性保障作物增产的重要性,发展种植业同时保护野生蜜蜂意义重大。熊蜂作为半社会性昆虫,季节性出没,春季是种群数量最少的时期,野生熊蜂对于规模化种植的咖啡授粉效果不明显。目前熊蜂已实现工厂化周年繁育,在野生蜜蜂较少地区,商业授粉熊蜂也可作为咖啡授粉的选择,从生态保护方面,本土熊蜂的驯化与利用尤为重要。
近年来,随着农业集约化和野生蜜蜂的栖息地遭受破坏,授粉蜜蜂种群数量下降[28-29],利用人工饲养的蜜蜂为作物授粉受到了高度重视。咖啡是否需要引入蜜蜂授粉深受人们的关注,早期研究认为咖啡属于自花授粉植物,不需要蜜蜂进行授粉[30],但随后大多学者研究发现,引入蜜蜂授粉可显著改善咖啡的产量与质量[8,31]。本研究也发现引入饲养的蜜蜂与野生蜜蜂同时自由采集咖啡花,咖啡坐果率及果实性状均优于隔离授粉咖啡组。另外,咖啡群体花期较长,咖啡蜜中含有丰富的营养和生物成分[32],因此,在咖啡花期引入蜜蜂进行授粉,不但可以提高咖啡坐果率及改善咖啡果实性状以增加咖啡种植户的收入,同时蜂农还可以采收咖啡蜜,实现咖啡种植户和养蜂人的双丰收。
咖啡果实品质也受采收成熟度的影响[33],成熟度影响咖啡豆的挥发性物质和风味物质,因为香气和风味特性直接影响人们对咖啡饮料的兴趣[18]。由于咖啡开花不均匀且分批次开放,从而导致咖啡果实的成熟度不一致[34-35]。采摘咖啡时,由于不同的人对成熟度的认知不一致,会把一些不成熟或者过熟的咖啡果混杂在一起,从而对咖啡的品质产生影响[19]。本研究发现,同一采收期,自由授粉的成熟度Ⅳ和Ⅴ的咖啡果实数量占比较高,表明自由授粉促进咖啡果成熟,有利于采收期咖啡果实成熟整齐度;另外,自由授粉后不同成熟度咖啡果的种子数极显著高于对照组,果实纵径、果实横径、果形指数、种子纵径、种子横径、种形指数6项指标整体均高于对照,果皮厚低于对照,随着成熟度的增加果实性状越好,进一步证明自由授粉有力促进咖啡种植生产提质增效。
咖啡种植生产的根本目标是提高果实产量和品质,从而获得最大的经济效益。咖啡自由授粉可提高坐果率,果实性状显著优于对照,降低果实空仁的比率,促进咖啡果实成熟,表明自由授粉可以有效提高咖啡的品质,助力咖啡种植生产高质量发展。
  • 国家现代农业蜂产业技术体系(CARS-44-SYZ14)
  • 云南省科技人才与平台计划项目(202405AD350070)
  • 蚕蜂所2023年度青年创新基金项目(QC2023013)
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2025年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.012
  • 接收时间:2025-01-03
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-03
  • 录用日期:2025-02-16
基金
国家现代农业蜂产业技术体系(CARS-44-SYZ14)
云南省科技人才与平台计划项目(202405AD350070)
蚕蜂所2023年度青年创新基金项目(QC2023013)
作者信息
    1.云南省农业科学院蚕桑蜜蜂研究所,云南蒙自 661101
    2.西盟佤族自治县农业农村和科学技术局畜牧工作站,云南西盟 665700

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* 梁铖(LIANG Cheng),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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