Article(id=1276529946768048407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276529901037548535, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738771200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1740585600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-27, onlineDate=1782278056088, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782278056088, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782278056088, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782278056088, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276529901037548535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='1279', pageEnd='1532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782278045186, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782298980105, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276617708544328532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276529901037548535, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276617708544328533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276529901037548535, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1341, endPage=1353, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276529947019706649, articleId=1276529946768048407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Genome-wide Identification and Expression Pattern Analysis of the GASA Gene Family in Mulberry, columnId=1236256430337085821, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Omics & Biotechnology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

GASA (gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis) is a small molecule polypeptide widely presented in plants, playing an important role in plant growth and development processes. It has potential value especially in the regulation of mulberry bud dormancy. However, currently, the understanding of the functions of MaGASA genes in mulberry during the bud dormancy process is limited. The study aimed to identify the members of the mulberry GASA gene family and analyze the roles in bud dormancy. Bioinformatics methods were used to identify the members and analyze the physicochemical properties and other characteristics. Meanwhile, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and transcriptome data were utilized to analyze the expression patterns. The results showed that there were 12 MaGASA family members (MaGASA1-MaGASA12) in mulberry, which were distributed on eight chromosomes. There were differences in acidity and alkalinity among the members, and the average hydrophilicity coefficients were positive or negative, but all contained the GASA conserved domain. The phylogenetic tree showed that they had a close genetic relationship with peach. Collinearity analysis revealed that there were three collinear relationships in the MaGASA gene family. The promoter regions of MaGASAs contained cis-acting elements that respond to light, low temperature, and various hormones. The MaGASA family members showed tissue-variety specific expression. Among them, the expression level of MaGASA12 in mulberry buds was significantly higher than that in other parts. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the expression level of MaGASA12 decreased significantly during the dormancy breaking process, while the expression level of MaGASA10 increased sharply during the dormancy breaking process. The expression levels of MaGASA10 and MaGASA12 at different dormancy stages were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR technology, and the results further verified the conclusions of the transcriptome analysis, indicating that they may be related to the winter bud dormancy process of Morus. The research results would provide a theoretical reference for the in-depth study of the biological functions of MaGASA in mulberry and genetic breeding.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jingjing HUANG, Shuchang WANG, Peiqun LIN, Dezhao LOU, Tao GENG, Huazhou WU, Wengang YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huazhou WU, Wengang YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276529950769414443, articleId=1276529946768048407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=桑树GASA基因家族全基因组鉴定及表达模式分析, columnId=1236256430517440904, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=组学与生物技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

GASA(gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis)是植物体内广泛存在的小分子多肽,在植物生长发育等过程中起重要作用,尤其在桑树芽休眠调控方面具有潜在价值,但目前对桑树中MaGASA基因在芽休眠过程中的功能了解有限。本研究旨在鉴定桑树GASA基因家族成员,解析其在芽休眠中的作用。采用生物信息学方法鉴定GASA成员,并分析其理化性质等特征,同时利用实时荧光定量PCR和转录组数据分析其表达模式。结果表明:在桑树中存在12个MaGASA家族成员(MaGASA1~MaGASA12),分布在8条染色体上;成员间酸碱存在差异、亲水性平均系数有正有负,但均含GASA保守结构域;进化树显示其与桃具有较近的亲缘关系;共线性分析显示,在MaGASA基因家族中存在3条共线性关系;MaGASAs启动子区域含响应光照、低温及多种激素的顺式作用元件;MaGASA家族成员具有组织和品种特异性,其中MaGASA12在桑芽中的表达量显著高于其他部位;转录组分析表明,在解除休眠过程中,MaGASA12表达量显著降低,推测该基因是桑树芽解除休眠的负调控基因;而MaGASA10表达量急剧上调,推测该基因可能是桑芽解除休眠的关键基因。通过实时荧光定量PCR技术对MaGASA10MaGASA12在不同休眠阶段的样本表达量进行检测,结果进一步验证了转录组分析的结论,表明MaGASA10MaGASA12可能与桑属冬芽休眠过程相关。研究结果为桑树MaGASA生物功能的深入研究及遗传育种提供理论参考。

, authors=

皇晶晶(1999—),女,硕士,研究方向:桑基础应用。

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* 余文刚(YU Wengang),E-mail:
武华周(WU Huazhou),E-mail:
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皇晶晶(1999—),女,硕士,研究方向:桑基础应用。

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皇晶晶(1999—),女,硕士,研究方向:桑基础应用。

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International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022, 23(18): 10923., articleTitle=Genome-wide identification, evolution, and expression analysis of GASA gene family in Prunus mume, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276529968813310377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=25, issue=1, pageStart=109, pageEnd=114, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=34, authorNames=HEIDE O M, PRESTRUD A K, journalName=Tree Physiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HEIDE O M, PRESTRUD A K. Low temperature, but not photoperiod, controls growth cessation and dormancy induction and release in apple and pear[J]. Tree Physiology, 2005, 25(1): 109-114., articleTitle=Low temperature, but not photoperiod, controls growth cessation and dormancy induction and release in apple and pear, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276529968880419242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=7, issue=13, pageStart=2246, pageEnd=2257, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=35, authorNames=PAWŁOWSKI T A, journalName=Proteomics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAWŁOWSKI T A. Proteomics of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seed dormancy breaking: influence of abscisic and gibberellic acids[J]. Proteomics, 2007, 7(13): 2246-2257., articleTitle=Proteomics of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seed dormancy breaking: influence of abscisic and gibberellic acids, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276529968943333803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=23, issue=1, pageStart=130, pageEnd=146, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=36, authorNames=RINNE P L, WELLING A, VAHALA J, RIPEL L, RUONALA R, KANGASJÄRVI J, VAN DER SCHOOT C, journalName=The Plant Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RINNE P L, WELLING A, VAHALA J, RIPEL L, RUONALA R, KANGASJÄRVI J, VAN DER SCHOOT C. Chilling of dormant buds hyperinduces FLOWERING LOCUS T and recruits GA-inducible 1,3-β-glucanases to reopen signal conduits and release dormancy in Populus[J]. The Plant Cell, 2011, 23(1): 130-146., articleTitle=Chilling of dormant buds hyperinduces FLOWERING LOCUS T and recruits GA-inducible 1,3-β-glucanases to reopen signal conduits and release dormancy in Populus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276529969014636972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=168, issue=17, pageStart=2093, pageEnd=2101, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=37, authorNames=ZHANG S C, WANG X J, journalName=Journal of Plant Physiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG S C, WANG X J. Overexpression of GASA5 increases the sensitivity of Arabidopsis to heat stress[J]. 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A:桑树GASA基因家族蛋白系统进化树,Potri为杨树基因,Vitvi为葡萄基因,PRupe为桃基因;B:桑树基因加倍分析图;C:多物种共线性图,MZZ为桑树,ATH为拟南芥,PTR为毛果杨,PPE为桃,VVI为葡萄。

, figureFileSmall=p4owWbVfbiK1WYBdigMKUg==, figureFileBig=47ZAJWo3Z/zlvnHwhY7uBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529961141928304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Conserved motifs of MaGASA gene s, figureFileSmall=0cV+KXQ9OrJ5yKVobpuvZQ==, figureFileBig=w+e/adZMwEVbqDnzOoxX6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529961200648561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, language=CN, label=图3, caption=MaGASA基因的保守motif, figureFileSmall=0cV+KXQ9OrJ5yKVobpuvZQ==, figureFileBig=w+e/adZMwEVbqDnzOoxX6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529961263563122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Prediction of tertiary structure of MaGASA proteins, figureFileSmall=uUVuLEtfpaSZbTMojF+mlQ==, figureFileBig=34SgePaX8pgagoh7lNqhIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529961330671987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, language=CN, label=图4, caption=MaGASA家族蛋白的三级结构预测, figureFileSmall=uUVuLEtfpaSZbTMojF+mlQ==, figureFileBig=34SgePaX8pgagoh7lNqhIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529961418752372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Expression analysis of GASA gene family in different parts of mulberry, figureFileSmall=raMUqHFUlT4lk/hg5D2xyg==, figureFileBig=F75pzb0TVn/t6K5lhsN84g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529961561358709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, language=CN, label=图5, caption=GASA基因家族在桑树不同部位的表达分析

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=raMUqHFUlT4lk/hg5D2xyg==, figureFileBig=F75pzb0TVn/t6K5lhsN84g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529961620078966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Expression analysis of GASA gene family in buds of different mulberry varieties, figureFileSmall=JB4LwYId0TuWfdzZ+/fmwA==, figureFileBig=OFWbdG8p+K2oWaqPMqnLSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529961678799223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, language=CN, label=图6, caption=GASA基因家族在桑树不同品种芽中的表达分析

A:四季果72;B:强桑5号;C:冀桑;D:嘉陵105;E:嘉陵106;F:大十;G:拐桑;H:黄金桑;I:红玛瑙;J:黑珍珠;K:川桑;L:283。不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=JB4LwYId0TuWfdzZ+/fmwA==, figureFileBig=OFWbdG8p+K2oWaqPMqnLSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529961745908088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Expression trends of GASA gene family at different time after sodium cyanamide treatment, figureFileSmall=3vZqRMoFnxkTqtzJoowlzQ==, figureFileBig=0So42WqKE4fXgELKvvLQcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529961838182777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, language=CN, label=图7, caption=单氰胺处理后GASA基因家族在不同时间的表达趋势, figureFileSmall=3vZqRMoFnxkTqtzJoowlzQ==, figureFileBig=0So42WqKE4fXgELKvvLQcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529961976594810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Expression validation of RT-qPCR for selected genes, figureFileSmall=LcXMR58RyO9y2LvXZRTdUw==, figureFileBig=sXhCSelDZaigapQl+V81Tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529962060480891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, language=CN, label=图8, caption=挑选基因的RT-qPCR表达验证, figureFileSmall=LcXMR58RyO9y2LvXZRTdUw==, figureFileBig=sXhCSelDZaigapQl+V81Tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276529962127589756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Primers for RT-qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物Primer正向引物(5′–3′)Forward primer (5′–3′)反向引物(5′–3′)Reverse primer (5′–3′)扩增片段长度Amplicon size/bp
MaGASA1CTTCCCCAAGAGTGCCCAATGTGCCTGAGGGAACGC134
MaGASA2AGGTGCTCGAACACGCAAGTCCCTGGAGGCACACAC86
MaGASA3GTGCCTCGCCTCTGCAATTTGGTTACCGGCTGTCCC81
MaGASA4CCTCCGAATCCACTGCGGAGCTTTGGCCTCGACGAC80
MaGASA5TCAGTGCGTTCCTTCTGGGGGCACTTGGATTGGCCCT88
MaGASA6CTGCCAGAAGTGTTGCGCTGGGGCCTCCTCTCTTGG107
MaGASA7CGAGCAATGCATGTGCGTaaGGGCACTTGGGTTTGC103
MaGASA8TGCACAAGGAGATGCAGCAAGGGGCACACAGCTTTGT121
MaGASA9CCAGCAGCTCCTGTGGTCCCACAGGAGCTGTCGGTG135
MaGASA10CTCACGGGCATGGAGGTCTGCAGCACTTCTGGCAGA147
MaGASA11CCGTGGTCGTGGAAAGCTCGCAGAGACATTTGGCGC125
MaGASA12ATGTGGGACGTGCTGCAAGCACTTGGGTCTGTTGCC115
ActinGAGGGCCGTGTTCCCCAGCATCGTCTCTTTTTGATTGAGCCTCATCCCCT106
), ArticleFig(id=1276529962203087229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RT-qPCR引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物Primer正向引物(5′–3′)Forward primer (5′–3′)反向引物(5′–3′)Reverse primer (5′–3′)扩增片段长度Amplicon size/bp
MaGASA1CTTCCCCAAGAGTGCCCAATGTGCCTGAGGGAACGC134
MaGASA2AGGTGCTCGAACACGCAAGTCCCTGGAGGCACACAC86
MaGASA3GTGCCTCGCCTCTGCAATTTGGTTACCGGCTGTCCC81
MaGASA4CCTCCGAATCCACTGCGGAGCTTTGGCCTCGACGAC80
MaGASA5TCAGTGCGTTCCTTCTGGGGGCACTTGGATTGGCCCT88
MaGASA6CTGCCAGAAGTGTTGCGCTGGGGCCTCCTCTCTTGG107
MaGASA7CGAGCAATGCATGTGCGTaaGGGCACTTGGGTTTGC103
MaGASA8TGCACAAGGAGATGCAGCAAGGGGCACACAGCTTTGT121
MaGASA9CCAGCAGCTCCTGTGGTCCCACAGGAGCTGTCGGTG135
MaGASA10CTCACGGGCATGGAGGTCTGCAGCACTTCTGGCAGA147
MaGASA11CCGTGGTCGTGGAAAGCTCGCAGAGACATTTGGCGC125
MaGASA12ATGTGGGACGTGCTGCAAGCACTTGGGTCTGTTGCC115
ActinGAGGGCCGTGTTCCCCAGCATCGTCTCTTTTTGATTGAGCCTCATCCCCT106
), ArticleFig(id=1276529963872420222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Properties of MaGASA proteins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称Gene name基因编号Gene ID氨基酸数量Number of amino acid分子量Molecular weight/kD理论等电点Theoretical pI不稳定指数Instability index脂肪族指数Aliphatic index亲水性平均系数Grand average of hydropathicity
MaGASA1ZZB_Hap1.00281612614 163.205.0260.1583.65–0.103
MaGASA2ZZB_Hap1.00344311813 090.179.1745.9343.81–0.447
MaGASA3ZZB_Hap1.007998879232.878.6631.9090.690.141
MaGASA4ZZB_Hap1.00799911612 321.337.4659.4975.780.030
MaGASA5ZZB_Hap1.008472879518.288.8235.5564.94–0.075
MaGASA6ZZB_Hap1.00954011312 616.039.4844.3462.21–0.254
MaGASA7ZZB_Hap1.0123139110 165.049.0145.0141.87–0.224
MaGASA8ZZB_Hap1.01391310411 670.939.1644.2958.17–0.199
MaGASA9ZZB_Hap1.01670827228 043.8210.1065.1175.81–0.062
MaGASA10ZZB_Hap1.01687110812 026.189.3337.2142.50–0.301
MaGASA11ZZB_Hap1.0180789710 806.969.5232.2063.40–0.231
MaGASA12ZZB_Hap1.02305910711 835.948.8646.9573.74–0.218
), ArticleFig(id=1276529963960500607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

桑树GASA蛋白基本理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称Gene name基因编号Gene ID氨基酸数量Number of amino acid分子量Molecular weight/kD理论等电点Theoretical pI不稳定指数Instability index脂肪族指数Aliphatic index亲水性平均系数Grand average of hydropathicity
MaGASA1ZZB_Hap1.00281612614 163.205.0260.1583.65–0.103
MaGASA2ZZB_Hap1.00344311813 090.179.1745.9343.81–0.447
MaGASA3ZZB_Hap1.007998879232.878.6631.9090.690.141
MaGASA4ZZB_Hap1.00799911612 321.337.4659.4975.780.030
MaGASA5ZZB_Hap1.008472879518.288.8235.5564.94–0.075
MaGASA6ZZB_Hap1.00954011312 616.039.4844.3462.21–0.254
MaGASA7ZZB_Hap1.0123139110 165.049.0145.0141.87–0.224
MaGASA8ZZB_Hap1.01391310411 670.939.1644.2958.17–0.199
MaGASA9ZZB_Hap1.01670827228 043.8210.1065.1175.81–0.062
MaGASA10ZZB_Hap1.01687110812 026.189.3337.2142.50–0.301
MaGASA11ZZB_Hap1.0180789710 806.969.5232.2063.40–0.231
MaGASA12ZZB_Hap1.02305910711 835.948.8646.9573.74–0.218
), ArticleFig(id=1276529964077941120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Cis-acting elements of MaGASA gene family

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因Gene顺式作用元件数量Number of cis acting components
ABREABRE2ABRE3aABRE4GARE-motifERELTRP-boxTCT-motifTGA-boxTGACG-motif
MaGASA137111
MaGASA2111
MaGASA3212
MaGASA43112113
MaGASA57334
MaGASA62111311
MaGASA62511
MaGASA7112
MaGASA821121
MaGASA921121
MaGASA10411523
MaGASA11511113
MaGASA1221131
), ArticleFig(id=1276529964178604417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

MaGASA基因家族顺式作用元件分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因Gene顺式作用元件数量Number of cis acting components
ABREABRE2ABRE3aABRE4GARE-motifERELTRP-boxTCT-motifTGA-boxTGACG-motif
MaGASA137111
MaGASA2111
MaGASA3212
MaGASA43112113
MaGASA57334
MaGASA62111311
MaGASA62511
MaGASA7112
MaGASA821121
MaGASA921121
MaGASA10411523
MaGASA11511113
MaGASA1221131
), ArticleFig(id=1276529964249907586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276529946768048407, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Prediction of secondary structure of MaGASA proteins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白Proteinα-螺旋Alpha helix延伸链Extended strand无规卷曲Random coil
数目Number占比Proportion/%数目Number占比Proportion/%数目Number占比Proportion/%
MaGASA14031.7575.557962.70
MaGASA23731.3600.008168.64
MaGASA32731.0300.006068.97
MaGASA44337.0700.007362.93
MaGASA52427.5922.306170.11
MaGASA63833.6300.007566.37
MaGASA72830.7700.006369.23
MaGASA83634.6200.006865.38
MaGASA993.3103.3125493.38
MaGASA104037.0400.006862.96
MaGASA113536.0800.006263.92
MaGASA123230.1900.007469.81
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MaGASA蛋白的二级结构预测

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白Proteinα-螺旋Alpha helix延伸链Extended strand无规卷曲Random coil
数目Number占比Proportion/%数目Number占比Proportion/%数目Number占比Proportion/%
MaGASA14031.7575.557962.70
MaGASA23731.3600.008168.64
MaGASA32731.0300.006068.97
MaGASA44337.0700.007362.93
MaGASA52427.5922.306170.11
MaGASA63833.6300.007566.37
MaGASA72830.7700.006369.23
MaGASA83634.6200.006865.38
MaGASA993.3103.3125493.38
MaGASA104037.0400.006862.96
MaGASA113536.0800.006263.92
MaGASA123230.1900.007469.81
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桑树GASA基因家族全基因组鉴定及表达模式分析
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皇晶晶 1 , 王树昌 2, 3 , 林培群 2, 3 , 娄德钊 2, 3 , 耿涛 2, 3 , 武华周 1, 2, 3, * , 余文刚 1, *
热带作物学报 | 组学与生物技术 2025,46(6): 1341-1353
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热带作物学报 |组学与生物技术 2025 , 46 (6) : 1341 -1353
桑树GASA基因家族全基因组鉴定及表达模式分析
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皇晶晶1, 王树昌2, 3, 林培群2, 3, 娄德钊2, 3, 耿涛2, 3, 武华周1, 2, 3, * , 余文刚1, *
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228
  • 2.热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室,海南三亚 572024
  • 3.中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所/农业农村部热带作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室/海南省热带农业有害生物监测与控制重点实验室,海南海口 571101
通讯作者:
* 余文刚(YU Wengang),E-mail:
武华周(WU Huazhou),E-mail:
Genome-wide Identification and Expression Pattern Analysis of the GASA Gene Family in Mulberry
Jingjing HUANG1, Shuchang WANG2, 3, Peiqun LIN2, 3, Dezhao LOU2, 3, Tao GENG2, 3, Huazhou WU1, 2, 3, * , Wengang YU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Bio-breeding, Sanya, Hainan 572024, China
  • 3.Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Hainan Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.007
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GASA(gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis)是植物体内广泛存在的小分子多肽,在植物生长发育等过程中起重要作用,尤其在桑树芽休眠调控方面具有潜在价值,但目前对桑树中MaGASA基因在芽休眠过程中的功能了解有限。本研究旨在鉴定桑树GASA基因家族成员,解析其在芽休眠中的作用。采用生物信息学方法鉴定GASA成员,并分析其理化性质等特征,同时利用实时荧光定量PCR和转录组数据分析其表达模式。结果表明:在桑树中存在12个MaGASA家族成员(MaGASA1~MaGASA12),分布在8条染色体上;成员间酸碱存在差异、亲水性平均系数有正有负,但均含GASA保守结构域;进化树显示其与桃具有较近的亲缘关系;共线性分析显示,在MaGASA基因家族中存在3条共线性关系;MaGASAs启动子区域含响应光照、低温及多种激素的顺式作用元件;MaGASA家族成员具有组织和品种特异性,其中MaGASA12在桑芽中的表达量显著高于其他部位;转录组分析表明,在解除休眠过程中,MaGASA12表达量显著降低,推测该基因是桑树芽解除休眠的负调控基因;而MaGASA10表达量急剧上调,推测该基因可能是桑芽解除休眠的关键基因。通过实时荧光定量PCR技术对MaGASA10MaGASA12在不同休眠阶段的样本表达量进行检测,结果进一步验证了转录组分析的结论,表明MaGASA10MaGASA12可能与桑属冬芽休眠过程相关。研究结果为桑树MaGASA生物功能的深入研究及遗传育种提供理论参考。

桑树  /  GASA基因家族  /  休眠解除  /  生物信息学  /  转录组

GASA (gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis) is a small molecule polypeptide widely presented in plants, playing an important role in plant growth and development processes. It has potential value especially in the regulation of mulberry bud dormancy. However, currently, the understanding of the functions of MaGASA genes in mulberry during the bud dormancy process is limited. The study aimed to identify the members of the mulberry GASA gene family and analyze the roles in bud dormancy. Bioinformatics methods were used to identify the members and analyze the physicochemical properties and other characteristics. Meanwhile, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and transcriptome data were utilized to analyze the expression patterns. The results showed that there were 12 MaGASA family members (MaGASA1-MaGASA12) in mulberry, which were distributed on eight chromosomes. There were differences in acidity and alkalinity among the members, and the average hydrophilicity coefficients were positive or negative, but all contained the GASA conserved domain. The phylogenetic tree showed that they had a close genetic relationship with peach. Collinearity analysis revealed that there were three collinear relationships in the MaGASA gene family. The promoter regions of MaGASAs contained cis-acting elements that respond to light, low temperature, and various hormones. The MaGASA family members showed tissue-variety specific expression. Among them, the expression level of MaGASA12 in mulberry buds was significantly higher than that in other parts. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the expression level of MaGASA12 decreased significantly during the dormancy breaking process, while the expression level of MaGASA10 increased sharply during the dormancy breaking process. The expression levels of MaGASA10 and MaGASA12 at different dormancy stages were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR technology, and the results further verified the conclusions of the transcriptome analysis, indicating that they may be related to the winter bud dormancy process of Morus. The research results would provide a theoretical reference for the in-depth study of the biological functions of MaGASA in mulberry and genetic breeding.

Morus sp.  /  GASA gene family  /  dormancy release  /  bioinformatics  /  transcriptome
皇晶晶, 王树昌, 林培群, 娄德钊, 耿涛, 武华周, 余文刚. 桑树GASA基因家族全基因组鉴定及表达模式分析. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (6) : 1341 -1353 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.007
Jingjing HUANG, Shuchang WANG, Peiqun LIN, Dezhao LOU, Tao GENG, Huazhou WU, Wengang YU. Genome-wide Identification and Expression Pattern Analysis of the GASA Gene Family in Mulberry[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (6) : 1341 -1353 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.007
GASA(gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis)基因家族最初在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中被发现,现已在多种植物中被鉴定,包括番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)、葡萄(Vitis vinifera)和桃(Prunus persica)等[1-4]。该家族编码的富含半胱氨酸的小分子蛋白质主要定位于细胞壁,在植物的生长发育、激素信号转导以及生物和非生物胁迫响应等过程中发挥重要作用[5]
GASA基因家族参与作物生长和发育过程的调节,包括茎伸长[6]、成花诱导[5]、种子萌发[7]、侧根形成[8]和果实发育[9]。还与多种植物激素关系极为密切,尤其是与赤霉素(GA)、脱落酸(ABA)共同构成了复杂的激素调控网络[10]。例如,拟南芥中的GASA4GASA6通过调节活性氧(ROS)水平和氧化还原状态来促进种子萌发和茎伸长[6]。在葡萄和桃树中,GASA基因家族成员对激素的响应会因植物的发育阶段以及组织类型的不同而表现出差异[4,7]
赤霉素是一类四环二萜类植物激素,在种子萌发、细胞伸长和细胞分裂等多个植物生长发育过程及逆境胁迫响应中发挥重要功能[11-12]。外源GA4处理能够加速青梅(Prunus mume)休眠的解除,而在葡萄藤的芽休眠解除期间检测到GA1的增加[13-14]。因此,GA参与果树冬芽休眠解除,具有正向作用[13-14]。而GASA基因家族作为DELLA蛋白下游的重要靶基因,与赤霉素信号传导路径紧密相连,极有可能在植物的休眠起始、维持以及解除等过程中发挥着至关重要的功能[11]
桑树(Morus sp.)不仅是传统养蚕业的主要饲料来源,同时也是药食同源的重要植物资源,具有极高的经济价值和生态价值。随着“北桑南移”“立桑为业,多元发展”的产业结构调整,果桑在乡村振兴和人们健康食品来源中发挥重要作用,但随着全球温度升高和产业南移,低温不足引起的冬芽萌芽率低和不整齐成为果桑产业发展的主要障碍之一。前期研究发现,引种至热带地区的桑树无法正常萌发,利用单氰胺涂抹休眠芽可以使其在同一时间萌芽并结果[15]。已有研究表明,桑树的DAM基因、ABA合成与分解相关基因等具有调控桑树休眠的功能[16-17]。然而,可能参与休眠调控的GASA基因在桑树中仍未被鉴定和分析。这限制了我们在桑树品种改良中充分利用GASA基因的潜力——即通过调控其表达、挖掘功能等方式,来提升桑树抗逆性、改善桑叶品质及优化休眠特性等重要农艺性状。因此,本研究在全基因组范围内对桑树MaGASA家族成员进行鉴定,对其基因和蛋白结构、蛋白特性、系统进化关系、启动子顺式作用元件等进行分析,并探究MaGASA基因家族在不同组织、不同品种以及单氰胺处理桑芽解除休眠过程中的表达模式,探讨桑树MaGASA基因家族可能的生物学功能,旨在为后续深入研究桑树MaGASA基因家族在冬芽休眠中的功能提供参考,同时为桑树分子育种提供候选基因及分子理论基础。
基于NCBI官网(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)获取的桑树基因组数据,使用hmmer软件鉴定基因家族。在InterPro数据库(https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/)直接搜索关键词,得到相应的pfam号(PF03106),下载hmm文件。用hmmsearch工具鉴定基因家族,提取结构域序列后截取结构域,使用muscle工具对结构域进行比对后建立物种特异性hmm模型,再次搜索。筛选hmmsearch结果中E-value<0.001的记录。获得初步基因家族的基因列表,利用seqkit软件得到对应基因的蛋白序列,通过在线数据库确认结构域是否存在,同时确认结构域长度。最后共鉴定出12个桑树GASA基因。
取桑树品种四季果72的茎、叶、果、芽不同部位,四季果72、大十、拐桑等12个桑树品种的休眠芽,以及单氰胺处理0、72、120、168、216 h的无籽大10的休眠芽,每个样品设置3个重复,液氮研磨后使用CTAB法分别提取RNA,利用HiScript Ⅲ RT SuperMix for qPCR(+gDNA wiper)反转录得到cDNA。
利用TBtools软件对得到的蛋白序列文件进行理化性质分析,得到GASA基因家族中12个基因的氨基酸、理论等电点及分子量等信息。
从数据库中得到GASA家族成员的染色体位置信息,利用MapChart软件(https://www.wur.nl/en/show/Mapchart.htm)绘制GASA在染色体中的位置。
采用邻接法(neighbor-joining,NJ),使用MEGA软件构建桑树、拟南芥、杨树、桃、葡萄GASA蛋白家族的系统进化树,检验参数bootstrap重复为1000次,其他参数均为默认值。
利用NCBI网站获得GASA家族各成员起始密码子上游2000 bp的序列,将获得的序列提交至Plant Care网站(http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/)进行顺式作用元件预测。
利用MEME、GSDS 2.0(http://gsds.gao-lab.org/)在线工具分析桑树GASA家族结构域及保守motif。
分别利用SOPMA(https://npsa.lyon.inserm.fr/cgi-bin/npsa_automat.pl?page=/NPSA/npsa_sopma.html)及swiss-model在线工具(https://swissmodel.expasy.org/)预测GASA蛋白的二级结构和三级结构。
试验采样前1 d,对桑树田进行漫灌,直至土壤充分湿润,表面可见少量积水。选择桑树品种大十树龄一致的12株植株作为试材,每株植株选取6根生长状况相近的枝条,先取各枝条上的休眠芽作为0 h(CK0h)的样本,采后迅速置于液氮中保存;然后将每株植株的6根枝条平均分为2组,其中3根枝条使用2%单氰胺溶液均匀涂抹休眠芽,其余3根枝条使用等量的清水进行涂抹。涂抹处理后,分别在72、120、216 h,从各处理组的枝条上采集休眠芽样本。用清水处理分别为CK72h、CK120h、CK216h,单氰胺溶液处理分别为HC72h、HC120h、HC216h。样本采集后,在液氮环境下迅速进行研磨,样品送至武汉迈维代谢生物科技股份有限公司进行转录组检测。
根据GASA各基因序列,设计特异定量引物(表1),利用南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司的定量试剂盒(ChamQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix),每个样品设置3个重复,参照说明书进行GASA的特异扩增,以桑树的Actin基因作为内参,使用荧光定量PCR仪(Thermo Fisher Scientific)扩增。反应程序:95 ℃预变性15 min;95 ℃变性10 s,60 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,40个循环。采用2–∆∆CT进行数据分析,并使用IBM SPSS Statistics 27软件进行差异显著性分析,利用origin 2021软件作图。
在InterPro网站下载hmm模型,使用hmmsearch工具鉴定基因家族,通过2次比对,筛选到桑树12个GASA基因家族成员,使用TBtools软件进行理化性质分析。根据chr1~chr14染色体从上到下的位置,将其命名为MaGASA1~MaGASA12。从表2中可以看出,GASA基因家族成员间氨基酸数量与分子量存在明显差异,氨基酸数从87~272不等,分子量相应在9232.87~28 043.82 kD之间变化,暗示其功能多样性。理论等电点范围为5.02~10.10,MaGASA1等电点为5.02,呈酸性,MaGASA9等电点为10.10,呈碱性,其余成员的等电点分布在二者之间,显示出成员酸碱性质的差异。不稳定指数高低有别,高指数成员MaGASA1(60.15)可能更易降解,低指数成员则相对稳定,不稳定指数较高的成员可能在体内更容易降解,其半衰期较短,可能需要更频繁地合成来维持其功能;而不稳定指数低的成员相对更稳定,可能在细胞内长期存在并持续发挥作用。脂肪族指数的差异意味着热稳定性和柔韧性不同。亲水性平均系数反映了成员的亲疏水特性,有正有负,MaGASA3的亲水性平均系数为0.141,相对疏水,MaGASA2为–0.447,相对亲水。亲水性强的可能更多存在于细胞质等水环境,疏水性稍强的可能与细胞膜等疏水结构关联更紧密。
通过NCBI检索得到GASA基因家族成员在染色体中的起始位置和基因长度,并利用Map Chart软件绘制染色体分布图(图1)。与苹果[18]、大豆[19]及莴苣[20]类似,GASA基因在桑树14条染色体上分布不均匀。发现GASA基因家族成员分别分布于2号、3号、5号、6号、7号、8号、10号、14号等8条染色体上;MaGASA1MaGASA7MaGASA3MaGASA4位于染色体中位区,其中MaGASA3MaGASA4可能属于大片段复制基因对;MaGASA2MaGASA8MaGASA6MaGASA9MaGASA10MaGASA12位于染色体上端,其中MaGASA9MaGASA10基因不仅处于同一染色体上,且二者距离很近,这种紧密的毗邻关系强烈暗示它们构成了基因簇;MaGASA5MaGASA11位于染色体下端。
对拟南芥、桃、葡萄、毛果杨和桑树共计77个GASA蛋白进行进化树分析。根据序列相似性聚类,系统发育关系可分为3类:Ⅰ类(18个基因)、Ⅱ类(25个基因)、Ⅲ类(34个基因)。系统进化树显示,桑树与桃出现了相对频繁的基因共支特征。具体表现为:MaGASA11和桃的PRUPE 3G161500处于同一分支,MaGASA9PRUPE 3G279500在另一分支上汇聚,MaGASA3PRUPE 1G365600也在另一分支上汇聚(图2A)。鉴于这些基因在进化树上的紧密聚类,从进化角度推测,这些处于同一分支的基因很可能具有相似的功能。与本研究所选的其他物种相比,桑树与桃相关基因的共支情况表明,这可能是由于二者都是蔷薇目植物,也暗示了二者在这些基因所代表的遗传层面上拥有比本研究所选其他物种更近的亲缘关系以及更为相似的亲缘演变轨迹。这意味着在漫长的进化历程中,这2个物种在这些基因相关的遗传信息传递与演化上,可能经历了较为相似的选择压力和遗传漂变过程。
基因复制驱动着基因组和遗传系统的进化,并促成了基因家族中基因结构和功能的多样性。MaGASA基因的3个全基因组重复(WGD)对(MaGASA5/7MaGASA8/10MaGASA9/12)分布在5条染色体上(图2B)。
通过创建多个物种共线性图揭示MaGASA基因与拟南芥、毛果杨、桃和葡萄的进化关系(图2C)。共线性分析显示,MaGASA基因的多个拷贝存在于其他物种中,其中在桑树基因组中发现了6个拷贝,在拟南芥基因组中发现了7个拷贝,在毛果杨基因组中发现了11个拷贝,桃基因组中发现7个拷贝。这表明不同物种间MaGASA基因拷贝数的差异可能反映了它们在进化历程中经历了不同的选择压力和基因复制事件。桑树、拟南芥、毛果杨、桃以及葡萄中拷贝数的不同或许暗示着该基因在各物种中的功能分化和适应性变化。特别是桑树的6个拷贝中有3个在5个物种中均存在同源基因,这可能代表着这些拷贝在物种进化过程中具有相对保守的功能和重要的生物学意义。
保守motif的存在可以进一步用于对基因家族进行分类。在桑树MaGASA基因结构域及蛋白保守motif分析中,由于motif 1普遍存在于所有MaGASA基因中,推测motif 1所对应的氨基酸序列可能执行GASA基因家族最基础和保守的功能;motif 2和motif 4在除MaGASA1之外的所有基因中发现;而motif 9仅在MaGASA2MaGASA7中存在(图3),说明这2个基因在功能上可能存在紧密联系,拥有一些区别于其他成员的特殊功能,或许与特定的生理过程或细胞环境响应有关。含相同保守motif的蛋白,或形成相似结构域,具备相似功能,参与类似生化反应或信号通路[21]。例如,motif 6和motif 8在MaGASA1MaGASA2中被发现,可能表明这2个基因在结构和功能上具有相似性。根据motif的分布和差异,进一步推测基因家族内不同亚组的motif差异可能导致它们在生物学功能上的多样性。这与已有研究一致,已有研究表明,具有相同motif的基因在同一亚组内可能执行相似的功能,而不同亚组之间的motif差异可能使其具有不同的功能[22]。motif 3仅存在于MaGASA9,这暗示MaGASA9可能在进化过程中获得了独特的功能,与其他家族成员有所差异。值得注意的是,4个MaGASA家族蛋白成员同时含有4个motif,这些motif可能共同构成特定的蛋白结构域。结构域往往具有特定的空间结构和功能,推测这些蛋白在结构上具有相似性,可能在细胞内参与类似的生化反应或信号通路[23]。不同的motif组合可能决定了MaGASA蛋白与其他蛋白之间的相互作用特异性,不同motif组合的蛋白与另一组蛋白相互作用,从而构建起复杂的细胞内相互作用网络,共同调控生物学过程。这类似于拟南芥中fruitfull(ful)亚家族的MADS结构域转录因子通过一个关键的氨基酸motif决定其与agamous和sepallata蛋白的相互作用特异性[24]
基因的转录表达高度依赖于该基因的上游启动子区,选取MaGASA上游2000 bp序列作为启动子,分析其顺式作用元件。结果显示,12个MaGASA基因启动子区包含多种顺式作用元件(表3)。选取与桑树休眠现象相关的激素类顺式作用元件作为研究对象,发现其中含有脱落酸响应元件(ABRE、ABRE2、ABRE3a、ABRE4)、赤霉素响应元件(GARE-motif、P-box)、乙烯响应元件(ERE),以及其他参与植物激素信号转导的一类顺式作用元件(TGA-box、TGACG-motif)。此外,还发现了与桑树休眠相关的低温响应元件(LTR)、光响应元件(TCT-motif),这和其他物种中GASA基因启动子中顺式作用元件基本一致[25]。GASA基因启动子上的顺式作用元件分析表明,桑树可能经过低温春化后,通过调控激素相关作用元件,特别是赤霉素响应元件,使桑芽萌动伸长。通过进一步研究,如使用CRISPR/Cas基因组编辑系统和过表达等手段,可以阐明这些顺式调节元件的作用[26]
蛋白质的三级结构有助于蛋白质功能的准确表征[27]。基于对MaGASA基因家族的二级空间结构的预测(表4),发现MaGASA基因家族的蛋白质结构主要由无规卷曲和α-螺旋组成,但也存在延伸链。在葡萄[4]、苹果[18]、白菜[25]和谷子[28]的GASA蛋白中也发现了类似的结构特征,并且由于α-螺旋的存在,GASA基因的所有蛋白质均具有柔性结构,MaGASA的三级结构如图4所示。
图5中可以看出,MaGASA基因家族成员的组织表达模式存在差异。MaGASA1MaGASA2MaGASA4MaGASA6在叶片中表达量最高,其中MaGASA1MaGASA2MaGASA6在叶片的相对表达量显著高于其他部位,MaGASA4显著高于除芽外的其他部位,值得注意的是,这几个基因均含有光响应顺式作用元件,这暗示它们可能在桑树叶片的发育和光合作用中发挥重要功能。MaGASA3MaGASA5MaGASA7MaGASA8MaGASA10在茎中的表达量最高,其中MaGASA3MaGASA7MaGASA8MaGASA10的相对表达量显著高于其他部位,MaGASA5显著高于除叶片外的其他部位。MaGASA11MaGASA12在芽中的相对表达量显著高于其他部位,结合转录组结果表明,MaGASA12可能在调控芽活动状态中发挥重要作用,也暗示MaGASA11MaGASA12在芽发育或生理活动中具有重要意义。MaGASA基因家族成员在桑树不同组织部位呈现显著的差异表达模式,这种组织特异性表达为深入了解MaGASA基因家族在桑树不同器官生长发育中的功能提供线索。
通过对四季果72、大十、拐桑等12个具有代表性的桑树品种展开GASA基因家族成员的表达量分析,结果显示,MaGASA基因家族成员在各品种中呈现出丰富多样的表达模式(图6)。MaGASA1在强桑5号中的表达量显著高于其他品种;MaGASA2在强桑5号和四季果72中的表达量显著高于其他品种;MaGASA3在冀桑和红玛瑙中的表达量显著高于其他品种;MaGASA4在黄金桑中的表达量最高,显著高于其他品种;MaGASA5在川桑和红玛瑙中的表达量最高,显著高于其他品种;MaGASA6在黑珍珠中的基因表达量显著高于其他品种;MaGASA7在川桑中的表达量显著高于除大十外的其他品种;MaGASA8在大十和拐桑中的表达量最高;MaGASA9在红玛瑙中的表达量最高;MaGASA10在黑珍珠和拐桑中的表达量显著高于其他品种,其他品种间则无显著差异;MaGASA11在冀桑中的表达量显著高于其他品种,除冀桑外,其他品种之间无显著差异;MaGASA12在川桑中的表达量显著高于其他品种。
GASA基因家族各成员转录组热图表明,在休眠芽经单氰胺处理不同时间后,其表达量发生了明显变化(图7)。与对照(CK)相比,经单氰胺处理(HC)不同时间后其整体表达量呈现下调趋势,MaGASA12MaGASA10明显响应休眠信号的解除。通过RT-qPCR分析(图8),单氰胺处理后MaGASA12的表达量明显下调,这种变化模式与番茄成熟过程中SiGASA1表达量的下调相似[29],表明该基因可能使桑芽维持休眠状态。但MaGASA10的表达量在经过单氰胺处理后急剧上调,对休眠解除信号的响应最为强烈,这与梅花的PmGASA16在花芽休眠解除后的高表达情况一致[30],这充分表明MaGASA10极有可能是桑树休眠解除过程的重要基因。
赤霉素主要通过降解DELLA蛋白,释放PIFs转录因子与GASA基因家族成员的启动子位点相结合,从而推进细胞伸长进程[11-12]。GASA蛋白在植物生长发育、逆境胁迫、激素信号转导等方面起着非常重要的作用[12,25,28]
本研究在桑树基因组中鉴定了12个GASA基因,并对这些基因的生物信息学和表达模式进行了分析。与其他物种相比,可能由于桑树与桃均为蔷薇目植物,具有更近的亲缘关系,出现了相对频繁的基因共支特征。部分学者认为果树休眠受低温调控,需要满足一定的冷量才可解除其休眠状态,在解除休眠过程中激素发挥着重要作用[31]。同时钙网蛋白被认为是GA信号通路中的关键蛋白,因为其在激素信号通路中具有重要意义,而激素信号通路又可能参与山毛榉种子休眠的解除及其萌发[32]。基于对激素信号基因表达模式的研究,其被认为是休眠调控的关键因素[33]。在桑树的MaGASA启动子区域筛选出与激素相关以及低温和光响应顺式作用元件,其中赤霉素相关顺式作用元件同样在其启动子区域中被发现,这和其他物种GASA基因启动子的顺式作用元件基本一致[25]。通过研究GASA基因启动子的顺式作用元件表明,桑树可能经过低温春化后,通过调控激素相关作用元件,特别是赤霉素响应元件,使芽萌动伸长。
单氰胺在解除果树休眠中被广泛应用,在打破桑树休眠上同样具有良好效果。其中MaGASA10表达变化剧烈,暗示其在单氰胺诱导的桑芽休眠解除中起关键作用,PmGASA16在梅花花芽休眠解除后具有较强的诱导作用,表明PmGASA16在梅花花芽休眠解除中可能具有促进作用[30]。这或许表明单氰胺激活了这些基因,推动休眠解除相关生理进程。MaGASA12在单氰胺处理后显著下调,伴随休眠芽的萌动其表达量持续下降,这表明它极有可能是单氰胺打破桑树休眠的关键调控基因;在ZHANG等[34]的研究中,AtGASA4促进拟南芥开花,而AtGASA5延迟或抑制拟南芥开花的情况相符。表明GASA基因家族成员在休眠解除过程中的引导通路较为复杂,而非单一途径,可能引发多种信号通路互作,从而调整基因表达网络,启动休眠解除关键生理过程。
本研究系统鉴定了桑树MaGASA基因家族成员,分析了其理化性质、系统发育、基因复制和共线性,并对不同组织、品种和解除休眠过程的表达模式等进行了分析。结果显示,12个MaGASA基因成员均包含保守的GASA结构域,大多数基因表现出相似的理化特性,且在系统发育分析中分为3个类群,表明该基因家族在桑树中具有较高的多样性。基因复制和共线性分析揭示了MaGASA基因在基因组中的扩增,可能通过基因重复事件推动了基因家族的多样性。此外,组织特异性表达模式的分析表明,MaGASA12在芽中表达量显著高于其他部位,提示其在芽发育过程中可能具有重要作用。同时,结合转录组数据,显示该基因的表达可能与桑芽休眠有关。因此,今后将考虑通过敲除或沉默该基因以探究其作用。此外,MaGASA10在单氰胺处理后的表达量急剧上调,该基因可能是促进桑树萌芽的关键基因之一。未来的研究可以通过过表达MaGASA10来验证其功能,以进一步阐明该基因在休眠解除中的作用。
综上所述,本研究为桑树MaGASA基因家族的功能研究提供了系统的生物信息学分析,揭示了基因家族成员在基因组中的扩增、进化以及组织特异性表达的特点,并重点关注了MaGASA10MaGASA12基因表达量的变化,为今后的研究提供研究思路。
  • 热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室科研项目(NKLTCBCXTD15)
  • 国家蚕桑产业技术体系项目(CARS-18)
  • 海南省自然科学基金项目(321QN293)
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2025年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.007
  • 接收时间:2025-02-06
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-06
  • 录用日期:2025-02-27
基金
热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室科研项目(NKLTCBCXTD15)
国家蚕桑产业技术体系项目(CARS-18)
海南省自然科学基金项目(321QN293)
作者信息
    1.海南大学热带农林学院,海南海口 570228
    2.热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室,海南三亚 572024
    3.中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所/农业农村部热带作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室/海南省热带农业有害生物监测与控制重点实验室,海南海口 571101

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* 余文刚(YU Wengang),E-mail:
武华周(WU Huazhou),E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rdzwxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.06.007
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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