Article(id=1276531656047588025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276531538535781212, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.04.020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731340800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1733414400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-12-06, onlineDate=1782278463612, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782278463612, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782278463612, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782278463612, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276531538535781212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='777', pageEnd='1024', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745510400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782278435595, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782278607615, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276532260098675208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276531538535781212, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276532260098675209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276531538535781212, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=978, endPage=986, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276531656538321595, articleId=1276531656047588025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Morphological Development and Biological Characteristics of Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse in Hainan Tea Region, columnId=1236292524264968282, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Protection & Bio-safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse belongs to the genus Helopeltis of the family Miridae of the order Hemiptera, and is one of the most important sap-sucking pests in the tropical tea plantations in Hainan, China. The nymphs and adults of H. theivora mainly damage by piercing and sucking in the young tissues of tea shoots, which causes the black brown spots that necrosis on the leaf and results in the reduction of tea yield and quality. The research on the H. theivora in Hainan tea region is still rare. In this paper, we first investigated the external morphological characteristics of H. theivora, then, the growth and development characteristics such as egg hatching, nymph molting, and adult emergence, as well as the behavioral characteristics including feeding, mating and oviposition were recorded and analyzed, respectively. The results showed that the egg of H. theivora was in a sausage shape, with two respiratory processes on the egg operculum at different length. The color of the freshly laid egg was white. It was then gradually transformed to the orange and ultimately exhibited the orange-red as it approached incubation. The nymphal stage was divided into 5 instars, the color of the freshly hatched nymph was orange-red, and then gradually turned to pale green and green. The adult H. theivora possessed a small head, an elongated beak, and two black compound eyes. The antennae presented filamentous, and the length was twice more than the body. The color of adult H. theivora was brown or yellowish brown. The duration of incubation of H. theivora was (53.25±9.00)min. The hatchability was very low while the rate of egg- hatching was only 69.9% under the laboratory conditions. The moulting of nymphs and the emergence of adults happened mainly on the back of leaves, hanging upside down, and the duration was (6.20±0.97)min and (8.40±1.33)min, respectively. Particularly, as approached to the molting and eclosion, the feeding frequency became significantly less and the activity became weaker. The H. theivora preferred to sucking the saps of the young leaves and stems of tea shoots, and the feeding time was mainly concentrated in the evening. The mating behavior of adults H. theivora mainly happened between 9: 00 and 10: 00 and between 17: 00 and 18: 00, and the duration of each mating was (117.75±18.70) min. In addition, when a female decided to refuse a male’s request for courtship, it generally rolled her abdomen inwards. The stage of the fertilized egg of H. theivora was short. During the oviposition, the female arched itsr abdomen, its head was downward, and the whole body was in a curvedly arched state. The oviposition site was mainly in the epidermis of the tender stems, while a small part of eggs was laid in the petiole and leaf vein. The egg stage was 6-8 days. The results of this study would provide a theoretical basis for the further study on the morphological identification and behavioral ecology of H. theivora in Hainan tea region.

, authors=null, authorsList=Wenhui LI, Yonglin LIAO, Taihui YANG, Xuncong JI, Qi YAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuncong JI, Qi YAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276531657796612807, articleId=1276531656047588025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=海南茶区茶角盲蝽形态发育与生物学特性研究, columnId=1236292524520820846, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=植物保护与生物安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

茶角盲蝽(Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse)属于半翅目(Hemiptera)盲蝽科(Miridae)角盲蝽属(Helopeltis),是海南热区茶园最重要的吸汁类害虫之一。茶角盲蝽主要以若虫和成虫刺吸茶梢幼嫩组织为害,形成黑斑坏死,导致茶叶产量降低、品质下降。针对海南茶区茶角盲蝽的研究报道尚不多见,本研究描述了茶角盲蝽的外部形态,重点记录卵孵化、若虫蜕皮、成虫羽化以及取食、交尾、产卵等生物学特征。结果表明:茶角盲蝽卵呈长椭圆形,顶端具两根长短不一的呼吸突,卵初产白色,后逐渐变橙色,临孵化为橙红色;若虫分为5龄,初孵若虫橘红色,后渐变为淡绿色至绿色;成虫头部较小,复眼为黑色,触角呈丝状,分为柄节、梗节、鞭节Ⅰ和鞭节Ⅱ,触角长度约为体长的2倍,背板以淡黄色或黑色为主,腹部呈绿色或蓝绿色。茶角盲蝽孵化过程的时长为(53.25±9.00)min,在室内条件下,卵孵化率仅为69.9%。茶角盲蝽若虫的蜕皮和成虫的羽化主要在叶片的背面,呈倒挂状态,时长分别为(6.20±0.97)min和(8.40±1.33)min;其中,临近蜕皮和羽化时,取食频率明显变少、活动变弱。茶角盲蝽喜欢吸取茶梢嫩叶和嫩茎的汁液,取食时间主要集中在晚上;成虫交尾则集中在9:00—10:00和17:00—18:00,每次交尾持续时间为(117.75±18.70)min,此外,当雌虫拒绝雄虫求偶要求时,一般会将腹部向身体内侧卷起。茶角盲蝽孕卵期较短,交尾完成24 h后即可产卵。雌虫产卵时,腹部拱起,头朝下,整个身体呈弯弓状态;卵主要产在嫩茎表皮内,少部分在叶柄和叶脉,卵期为6~8 d。本研究结果为海南茶区茶角盲蝽的形态鉴定与行为生态学相关研究提供基础理论依据。

, authors=

李文惠(2001—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:茶树害虫化学生态学。

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* 吉训聪(JI Xuncong),E-mail:
姚其(YAO Qi),E-mail:
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李文惠(2001—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:茶树害虫化学生态学。

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李文惠(2001—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:茶树害虫化学生态学。

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A:卵;B:1龄若虫;C:2龄若虫;D:3龄若虫;E:4龄若虫;F:5龄若虫;G:雌虫;H:雄虫。

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A:取食行为;B:交尾行为(正面);C:交尾行为(侧面);D:雌虫拒绝雄虫求偶行为;E:产卵行为。

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海南茶区茶角盲蝽形态发育与生物学特性研究
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李文惠 1, 2 , 廖永林 3 , 杨太慧 4 , 吉训聪 1, 2, * , 姚其 2, *
热带作物学报 | 植物保护与生物安全 2025,46(4): 978-986
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热带作物学报 |植物保护与生物安全 2025 , 46 (4) : 978 -986
海南茶区茶角盲蝽形态发育与生物学特性研究
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2.海南省农业科学院植物保护研究所/海南省农业科学院农产品质量安全与标准研究中心/海南省植物病虫害防控重点实验室,海南海口 571100, bio={"content":"

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李文惠(2001—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:茶树害虫化学生态学。

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李文惠1, 2, 廖永林3, 杨太慧4, 吉训聪1, 2, * , 姚其2, *
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学热带农林学院,海南儋州 571737
  • 2.海南省农业科学院植物保护研究所/海南省农业科学院农产品质量安全与标准研究中心/海南省植物病虫害防控重点实验室,海南海口 571100
  • 3.广东省农业科学院植物保护研究所,广东广州 510640
  • 4.云南农业大学热带作物学院,云南普洱 665099
通讯作者:
* 吉训聪(JI Xuncong),E-mail:
姚其(YAO Qi),E-mail:
Morphological Development and Biological Characteristics of Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse in Hainan Tea Region
Wenhui LI1, 2, Yonglin LIAO3, Taihui YANG4, Xuncong JI1, 2, * , Qi YAO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
  • 2.Institute of Plant Protection, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Center for Quality, Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Plant Disease and Pest Control, Haikou, Hainan 571100, China
  • 3.Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
  • 4.College of Tropical Crops, Yunnan Agricultural University, Pu’er, Yunnan 665099, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.04.020
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茶角盲蝽(Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse)属于半翅目(Hemiptera)盲蝽科(Miridae)角盲蝽属(Helopeltis),是海南热区茶园最重要的吸汁类害虫之一。茶角盲蝽主要以若虫和成虫刺吸茶梢幼嫩组织为害,形成黑斑坏死,导致茶叶产量降低、品质下降。针对海南茶区茶角盲蝽的研究报道尚不多见,本研究描述了茶角盲蝽的外部形态,重点记录卵孵化、若虫蜕皮、成虫羽化以及取食、交尾、产卵等生物学特征。结果表明:茶角盲蝽卵呈长椭圆形,顶端具两根长短不一的呼吸突,卵初产白色,后逐渐变橙色,临孵化为橙红色;若虫分为5龄,初孵若虫橘红色,后渐变为淡绿色至绿色;成虫头部较小,复眼为黑色,触角呈丝状,分为柄节、梗节、鞭节Ⅰ和鞭节Ⅱ,触角长度约为体长的2倍,背板以淡黄色或黑色为主,腹部呈绿色或蓝绿色。茶角盲蝽孵化过程的时长为(53.25±9.00)min,在室内条件下,卵孵化率仅为69.9%。茶角盲蝽若虫的蜕皮和成虫的羽化主要在叶片的背面,呈倒挂状态,时长分别为(6.20±0.97)min和(8.40±1.33)min;其中,临近蜕皮和羽化时,取食频率明显变少、活动变弱。茶角盲蝽喜欢吸取茶梢嫩叶和嫩茎的汁液,取食时间主要集中在晚上;成虫交尾则集中在9:00—10:00和17:00—18:00,每次交尾持续时间为(117.75±18.70)min,此外,当雌虫拒绝雄虫求偶要求时,一般会将腹部向身体内侧卷起。茶角盲蝽孕卵期较短,交尾完成24 h后即可产卵。雌虫产卵时,腹部拱起,头朝下,整个身体呈弯弓状态;卵主要产在嫩茎表皮内,少部分在叶柄和叶脉,卵期为6~8 d。本研究结果为海南茶区茶角盲蝽的形态鉴定与行为生态学相关研究提供基础理论依据。

茶角盲蝽  /  茶树  /  形态发育  /  生物学  /  行为习性

Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse belongs to the genus Helopeltis of the family Miridae of the order Hemiptera, and is one of the most important sap-sucking pests in the tropical tea plantations in Hainan, China. The nymphs and adults of H. theivora mainly damage by piercing and sucking in the young tissues of tea shoots, which causes the black brown spots that necrosis on the leaf and results in the reduction of tea yield and quality. The research on the H. theivora in Hainan tea region is still rare. In this paper, we first investigated the external morphological characteristics of H. theivora, then, the growth and development characteristics such as egg hatching, nymph molting, and adult emergence, as well as the behavioral characteristics including feeding, mating and oviposition were recorded and analyzed, respectively. The results showed that the egg of H. theivora was in a sausage shape, with two respiratory processes on the egg operculum at different length. The color of the freshly laid egg was white. It was then gradually transformed to the orange and ultimately exhibited the orange-red as it approached incubation. The nymphal stage was divided into 5 instars, the color of the freshly hatched nymph was orange-red, and then gradually turned to pale green and green. The adult H. theivora possessed a small head, an elongated beak, and two black compound eyes. The antennae presented filamentous, and the length was twice more than the body. The color of adult H. theivora was brown or yellowish brown. The duration of incubation of H. theivora was (53.25±9.00)min. The hatchability was very low while the rate of egg- hatching was only 69.9% under the laboratory conditions. The moulting of nymphs and the emergence of adults happened mainly on the back of leaves, hanging upside down, and the duration was (6.20±0.97)min and (8.40±1.33)min, respectively. Particularly, as approached to the molting and eclosion, the feeding frequency became significantly less and the activity became weaker. The H. theivora preferred to sucking the saps of the young leaves and stems of tea shoots, and the feeding time was mainly concentrated in the evening. The mating behavior of adults H. theivora mainly happened between 9: 00 and 10: 00 and between 17: 00 and 18: 00, and the duration of each mating was (117.75±18.70) min. In addition, when a female decided to refuse a male’s request for courtship, it generally rolled her abdomen inwards. The stage of the fertilized egg of H. theivora was short. During the oviposition, the female arched itsr abdomen, its head was downward, and the whole body was in a curvedly arched state. The oviposition site was mainly in the epidermis of the tender stems, while a small part of eggs was laid in the petiole and leaf vein. The egg stage was 6-8 days. The results of this study would provide a theoretical basis for the further study on the morphological identification and behavioral ecology of H. theivora in Hainan tea region.

Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse  /  tea tree  /  morphological development  /  biology  /  behavioral habit
李文惠, 廖永林, 杨太慧, 吉训聪, 姚其. 海南茶区茶角盲蝽形态发育与生物学特性研究. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (4) : 978 -986 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.04.020
Wenhui LI, Yonglin LIAO, Taihui YANG, Xuncong JI, Qi YAO. Morphological Development and Biological Characteristics of Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse in Hainan Tea Region[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (4) : 978 -986 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.04.020
茶角盲蝽(Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse)属于半翅目(Hemiptera)盲蝽科(Miridae)角盲蝽属(Helopeltis[1],是海南茶区主要害虫之一。该虫以成虫、若虫刺吸茶梢幼嫩组织汁液为害,造成嫩芽黑斑坏死,导致茶叶减产,品质和风味下降。已有研究表明,茶角盲蝽可为害多种经济作物,如黑胡椒(Piper nigrum)、腰果(Anacardium occidentale)、金鸡纳(Cinchona spp.)、可可(Theobroma cocoa)等[2]。但是,相比较而言,茶树是茶角盲蝽的首选和主要寄主[3]。茶角盲蝽在我国主要分布在海南、广东、广西和云南等热带地区[4-5],在国外则主要分布于印度、孟加拉国、肯尼亚和澳大利亚等国家[6-7]。半翅目盲蝽科昆虫的危害特点在于种群繁殖速度较快,世代重叠现象严重[8]。在茶园中,吸汁类害虫是破坏力最强、危害性最大的害虫之一[9]。前人研究显示,茶角盲蝽的5龄若虫取食量最大,被称为最贪婪的取食者[10],每头成虫1 d可取食约150个斑点[11]。据报道,茶角盲蝽在印度至少可造成25%~50%的经济损失[12],而在我国海南,受害严重的茶园几乎绝收[13]
目前,国内外针对茶角盲蝽的研究主要集中于形态发育特征和防治策略等方面。如贺蓓等[14]通过调查揭阳生态防治茶园显示,茶角盲蝽在6—7月开始进入大面积爆发期,生态防治茶园比化学防治茶园物种多样性更加丰富。朱茜[15]探讨了可可园茶角盲蝽的发育历期和生物学特性,并应用浸豆法进行了室内毒力测定,发现高效氯氰菊酯对茶角盲蝽成虫的毒力最强。王政等[16]通过室内选择性试验研究茶角盲蝽对可可种质果实的取食偏好性,发现品种STS-17对该虫具有抗性;同时利用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定了茶角盲蝽对一些挥发物的行为反应,表明挥发物成分在茶角盲蝽寄主选择行为过程中具有导向作用。张中润等[17]研究比较了5个不同腰果品系对茶角盲蝽的抗虫性,发现品系HL2-21的抗性最强。潘贤丽等[18]对腰果园中茶角盲蝽的田间分布和防治策略进行了研究,结果显示每年11月至次年1月是茶角盲蝽种群为害扩展的临界期,也是该虫化学防治最有利的时机。此外,在对茶角盲蝽发生与环境的关系以及田间分布型调查中发现,该虫发生数量和危害程度与温湿度、阴蔽度、风雨强度、地形、种植密度有密切关系,在田间以负二项分布和N-核心分布型为主[19]
在国外的研究中,1865年,在印度阿萨姆邦首次发现茶角盲蝽为害,最初被认为是一种真菌病害[20]。目前,在印度共记录了3种茶角盲蝽,即H. antonii Signoret、H. bradyi Waterhouse和H. theivora Waterhouse[6,21]。MADHU等[22]通过采用可可的豆荚和嫩枝饲养茶角盲蝽来比较生物学参数,发现茶角盲蝽在豆荚上的存活率和孵化率最高,此外在2组饲养中雌虫的寿命均大于雄虫。DAS等[23]采集了印度东部茶园茶角盲蝽的10个种群进行杀虫剂抗药性测定,发现所有种群对喹硫磷均无抗性。MANASA等[24]分别选取2株球孢白僵菌菌株BKN20和BKN1/14对茶角盲蝽进行杀虫活性测定,结果表明BKN20分离物可以作为茶角盲蝽的一种替代微生物杀虫剂。MANASA等[25]也采用白僵菌剂对番石榴茶角盲蝽进行了防治试验,结果表明在番石榴坐果期每周喷洒白僵菌剂3~4次能有效控制茶角盲蝽。
综上所述,国内外针对茶角盲蝽已有较为广泛的研究基础。然而,目前国内茶角盲蝽的研究主要集中在可可和腰果,对茶园茶角盲蝽的研究仍较为少见。因此,本研究采用录像技术与超景深三维显微技术相结合,观察比较海南茶区茶角盲蝽的外部形态特征,然后分别对该虫孵化、蜕皮、羽化等生长发育特征以及取食、交尾、产卵等行为学特征进行记录分析,以期为海南茶角盲蝽种群鉴定及其绿色防控技术研究提供基础理论。
茶角盲蝽采自海南省海口市琼山区大坡镇东昌茶园(20°00′N,110°21′E),种植品种为海南大叶种。虫源带回实验室后用茶梢饲养,饲养室环境条件:温度为(26±10)℃,相对湿度为(70±10)%,光周期为12 L∶12 D。
(1)卵。茶角盲蝽主要将卵产于茶梢嫩茎表皮内,2根白色呼吸突伸出表皮外,肉眼清晰可见。雌虫当天产卵后,取出带卵茶梢单独培育,用标签标注产卵日期。选用产后1~2 d的卵,在体式显微镜(Nikon SMZ745)下用解剖刀纵向解刨茶梢,然后用镊子清除周围组织后将卵取出,置于超景深三维显微系统(VHX-7000)中观察卵的形状和颜色,并测量卵的长度以及2根呼吸突的长度,重复4次。
(2)若虫和成虫。分别随机选取健康、有活力的1~5龄若虫、雌雄成虫,每个龄期和虫态各取15头。为方便观察,在试验前先将供试茶角盲蝽若虫和成虫分别置于透明的果蝇管中,然后置于–20 ℃冰箱中使其冻晕,若虫约需1~2 min,成虫约需2~3 min。待虫子冻晕后,用镊子取出,先在体式显微镜下观察不同龄期若虫的体色、翅芽与雌雄虫的体色、斑纹以及其他形态特征,然后利用超景深三维显微系统(VHX-7000)分别测量不同龄期若虫和雌雄成虫的体长。
(1)孵化过程。据前人报道,茶角盲蝽卵期为5~13 d[26]。将带卵的茶梢置于泡水的花泥上单独培育,每天早、中、晚用体式显微镜(Nikon SMZ745)各观察1次。当发现卵逐渐突出嫩茎表皮、卵壳变黑且有液体出现时,即代表准备开始孵化。随即将茶梢置于超景深三维显微系统(VHX-7000)中,观察记录完整的孵化过程,并统计孵化时间,重复4次。此外,利用体式显微镜(Nikon SMZ745)观察记录成功孵化的若虫数量,直至所有若虫孵化完毕,计算茶角盲蝽的卵孵化率。每天早、中、晚各1次,每批调查15粒卵,重复4次。
(2)蜕皮过程。室内以茶角盲蝽3龄若虫作为调查对象。将供试茶角盲蝽置于茶梢上饲养,以花泥保水且每天及时更换新鲜茶梢。为便于捕捉到蜕皮过程,共设置2组茶梢,每组茶梢放3头试虫,白天不间断观察,晚上则采用摄像头辅助观察。待蜕皮发生时,采用照相机(佳能EOS6D)记录完整的蜕皮过程,统计每次蜕皮的持续时间,重复5次。
(3)羽化过程。室内以茶角盲蝽5龄若虫作为调查对象。将供试茶角盲蝽置于茶梢上,饲养方法同1.2.2-(2)。为防止羽化后的成虫飞走,将带有5龄若虫和茶梢的花泥置于透明玻璃圆管(直径28 cm,高30 cm)内,在圆管顶端套上纱网通风透气。为便于捕捉到羽化过程,共设置2组茶梢,每组茶梢放3头5龄若虫,白天不间断观察,晚上采用摄像头辅助观察。羽化过程中采用照相机(佳能EOS6D)记录完整羽化过程,统计羽化的持续时间,重复5次。
(1)取食行为。室内分别将供试茶角盲蝽若虫和成虫置于新鲜茶梢上,利用照相机(佳能EOS6D)跟踪记录茶角盲蝽的取食过程。其中,取食时长以每斑点为准,即从试虫口针刺入叶片表皮开始,至口针拔出为止。统计取食形成每个斑点的时间,若虫与成虫各重复5次。
(2)交尾行为。室内选择较强活力、已性成熟但未进行过交配的雌、雄虫各3头,置于透明的果蝇管中自由求偶。待有交尾行为发生时,利用照相机(佳能EOS6D)观察记录交尾过程,统计每次交尾从开始至结束的时间,重复8次。
(3)产卵行为。将成功交尾的雌虫单独置于装有新鲜茶梢的养虫笼中饲养,待开始产卵时,使用照相机(佳能EOS6D)跟踪记录完整的产卵过程,统计每次产卵的时间、产卵位置及产卵粒数,重复6次。此外,调查茶角盲蝽卵期。每次雌虫产卵结束后,取出带卵茶梢单独培育,并标注日期,最初每隔1 d观察1次,临孵化时早、晚各观察1次,统计从卵产下至若虫孵出的天数,重复20次。
首先用Excel 2019软件对试验数据进行统计整理,然后用IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0软件进行显著性检验和方差分析。其中茶角盲蝽不同龄期体长采用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),以图基法(Tukey)进行事后检验。
长椭圆形,卵壳质地坚硬,卵顶端分布2根呼吸突,长短不一,一般长的在上面,短的在下面(图1A)。卵的长度为(997.93±12.50)μm,2根呼吸突长的为(640.63±23.40)μm,短的为(310.00±12.50)μm。卵初产时为白色,后逐渐变为橙色,临孵化时则变为橙红色。卵的外表分布着白色硬壳,临近孵化时硬壳由白色变为黑色。
茶角盲蝽若虫活动灵敏、善于爬行。若虫一共分为5龄,其中,1龄若虫体色为橘红色,无盾片、无翅芽,体表分布有密密麻麻的刚毛(图1B);2龄若虫体色同为橘红色,无盾片和翅芽,体表的刚毛消失(图1C);3龄若虫体色由橘红色逐渐转变为绿色,开始出现翅芽和盾片(图1D);4龄若虫体色为绿色,翅芽约占体长的1/3,盾片突起(图1E);5龄若虫体色为绿色,翅芽约占体长的1/2,盾片突起(图1F)。茶角盲蝽若虫体长随着龄期的增长逐渐变长,其中,1~5龄若虫的体长分别为(1251±97.49)、(1943.99±139.97)、(2959.98±179.20)、(3548.03±242.43)、(4014.86±133.69)μm,存在显著性差异。
茶角盲蝽成虫头部较小、喙细长,复眼呈黑色,并向两侧突出。触角呈丝状,分为柄节、梗节、鞭节Ⅰ和鞭节Ⅱ共4节,长度约为体长的两倍。胸部分布有三对足和一对翅,足上分布着刚毛和黑色的斑点,翅前端革质,后端膜质。在胸和腹部的中间着生小盾片,盾片底端1/3处为黑色,其余为淡黄色,顶端呈圆形凸起,类似棒槌。雌虫体型较雄虫大,背板颜色以淡黄色为主,产卵管位于腹沟内侧,腹部颜色为绿色,性成熟时腹部尾端的1/3处为灰绿色(图1G)。雄虫体型较小,背板颜色以黑色为主,腹部颜色为蓝绿色(图1H)。雌、雄虫体长分别为(4489.65±110.70)、(3961.79±52.09)μm,无显著性差异。
茶角盲蝽雌虫成功产卵后,随着天数的增加,卵逐渐向茎表皮外突出,呈透明状。在临孵化时,整个卵体开始变色,初为黄色,后转变为橘红色,最后初孵若虫头部顶破卵壳,身体挣扎而出,同时触角从腹部伸出(图2)。茶角盲蝽完成1次孵化过程的时间为(53.25±9.00)min。此外,在实验室条件下茶角盲蝽卵孵化率仅为69.9%。
茶角盲蝽蜕皮主要集中在茶梢叶片背面。若虫在临蜕皮前,取食频率明显变少、活动变弱。蜕皮时,虫体在叶背倒挂,胸部先裂开,新的虫体逐渐钻出来,同时触角从腹部挣扎抽离(图3)。茶角盲蝽若虫完成1次蜕皮的时长约为(6.20±0.97)min。刚蜕完皮的若虫,体色呈淡黄色,体表较为柔软。
茶角盲蝽羽化也主要集中在茶梢叶片的背面(图4)。羽化前,5龄若虫提前找到合适的位置,然后保持静止不动。羽化过程和蜕皮过程较为相似但时间略长,完成1次羽化的平均时长约为(8.40±1.33)min。刚羽化出来的成虫体色呈淡黄色,复眼呈红色。成虫羽化后1~3 h即可开始取食。
茶角盲蝽喜欢吸取茶梢嫩叶和嫩茎的汁液,食量大、频率高。叶片被取食后,叶面呈现近圆形水渍透明状斑点,随着时间推移,边缘开始变为褐色,最后形成黑褐色的斑点,导致叶片干枯脱落(图5A)。茶角盲蝽成虫和若虫白天不间断取食,但是取食高峰期主要集中在晚上。从低龄若虫到高龄若虫,再到成虫,取食斑点由小变大,由紧密变为稀疏,颜色由浅变深。若虫取食1个斑点的时间约为(4.00±0.64)min,成虫约为(2.33±0.20)min,当取食结束,口针拔出后约(4.80±0.63)min即可见黑褐色的斑点。
茶角盲蝽性成熟后,雄虫一般比较活跃,来回爬行寻找适合交尾的雌虫。交尾开始前,雄虫首先爬上雌虫背部,用足抱握雌虫的胸部,调整合适位置,随即将交配器插入雌虫腹部(图5B图5C)。交尾过程中,雌雄虫一般在叶面静止不动,当受到外界干扰时,由雌虫牵引雄虫爬行逃离。此外,当雌虫拒绝雄虫求偶交配,会将腹部向身体内侧卷起(图5D)。茶角盲蝽交尾时间多集中在9:00—10:00和17:00—18:00,完成1次交尾的时间为(117.75±18.70)min。
茶角盲蝽孕卵期较短,雌虫交尾成功后不久即可产卵,产卵位置多数集中在茶梢的嫩茎上,少部分在叶柄和叶脉。在产卵前,雌虫首先在嫩梢上来回爬动,寻找合适的产卵位点。雌虫产卵时,头朝下,腹部拱起,整个身体呈弯弓状态(图5E),然后将产卵器刺入嫩茎的表皮内,产下卵粒。茶角盲蝽产卵方式有2种:一种是直接将产卵器刺入茶梢幼茎表皮内完成产卵;前人在樟颈曼盲蝽的研究中发现了另一种产卵方式,即雌虫先用刺吸式口器在茎上钻出1个小孔,随后将产卵器插入孔内进行产卵[27]。茶角盲蝽完成1次产卵的时长为(2.04±0.22)min,每头雌虫每次平均产卵1~6粒不等,且每产1粒卵后,中间需要休息1~2 min才能进行下一次产卵。此外,茶角盲蝽卵期为6~8 d,平均为(6.75±0.14)d。
过去10 a,茶角盲蝽频繁爆发,已对我国热带地区茶叶生产构成重大威胁[28]。然而,关于该虫的研究报道仍然较少,可供借鉴的资料不多。因此,本研究系统描述了海南茶园茶角盲蝽不同虫态的外部形态特征,并且记录分析卵孵化、若虫蜕皮与成虫羽化等生长发育过程,以及成虫取食、交尾、产卵等行为学特征。半翅目盲蝽科害虫可为害多种作物,如条赤须盲蝽为害禾本科作物[29];樟颈曼盲蝽为害樟树[30];薇甘菊颈盲蝽为害薇甘菊[31];红色拉盲蝽为害桉树[32];烟盲蝽[33]为害烤烟;棉盲蝽[34]、绿盲蝽[35]和牧草盲蝽[36]为害棉花等。但是,不同种类之间,生物学习性不一,为害特征各异,只有准确掌握海南茶园茶角盲蝽的形态特征、生长发育特征以及行为学特征,才能进行准确地鉴定和识别,并进行科学防控[37]
在形态特征方面,茶角盲蝽卵壳顶端分布2根长短不一的呼吸突,LAI等[38]将呼吸突切除之后,发现卵不能正常孵化,表明呼吸突在卵发育过程中发挥着不可或缺的作用。茶角盲蝽若虫分为5龄,不同龄期之间可从体型的大小、体色的差异以及有无翅芽进行划分。雌虫和雄虫的外部形态各异,一是体型大小,雌虫明显比雄虫大;二是前胸背板颜色,雌虫以淡黄色为主,雄虫则以黑色为主;三是腹部颜色,雌虫为绿色,雄虫则是蓝绿色。在生长发育特征方面,本研究室内调查茶角盲蝽卵的孵化率仅为69.9%,王纪文[13]统计茶园茶角盲蝽卵的孵化率为56.0%,朱茜[15]统计腰果园茶角盲蝽的孵化率则为71.6%,表明茶角盲蝽孵化率普遍较低。茶角盲蝽的蜕皮与羽化过程相似,位置大多集中在茶梢叶片的背面,呈倒立状况,可能有利于触角的抽离伸出。
在行为学特征方面,本研究通过调查发现茶角盲蝽若虫和成虫均喜食茶梢嫩叶,同样,ROY等[39]报道印度阿萨姆茶区茶角盲蝽3~4龄若虫和成虫最喜欢取食茶梢第2片叶,而1~2龄若虫则更喜欢在第1片叶取食。因此,茶梢嫩度相关内含物可能在该虫取食定位过程中发挥重要作用。盲蝽类害虫在求偶过程中,性成熟的雄虫一般能够通过感受雌虫释放的性信息素进行定位[40],如SACHIN等[41]发现茶角盲蝽雌虫胸部散发的性信息素对雄虫最有吸引力。在交尾过程中,雌、雄虫一般在叶面保持不动,如受到外界干扰,则由雌虫牵引雄虫迅速躲至叶片背面或顺着茎杆向下逃走。有趣的是,当雌虫拒绝雄虫发出的求偶信号时,通常会将腹部向内侧卷起。一方面可能该雌虫已经进行过交尾,交尾后雌虫体内诱导产生了某种驱避信息素,使其无法再进行正常交尾[42-43],或者先前交尾时雄虫向雌虫体内传递了某种抑性欲素[44]或分泌性信息素拮抗剂[45]等,最终导致雌虫拒绝交配;另一方面可能雌虫未进行过交尾,但拒绝接受该雄虫传递的求偶信号,表明茶角盲蝽雌虫对雄虫求偶具有选择性识别能力。茶角盲蝽雌虫喜欢将卵产在嫩茎表皮内,而非叶片,这与ZHANG等[45]和SANGITA等[46]的研究结果一致。但是,另一种红色拉盲蝽的产卵习性与此不同,该虫主要将卵粒产在植物表皮外面[32]
除此之外,茶角盲蝽具有避光性,当外界施加强光干扰刺激时,若虫将迅速转到叶片的背面躲避,或者顺着茎杆直接自然掉落。RAHMAH等[47]通过调查发现,茶角盲蝽更倾向于在茶树阴凉处活动。WAGIMAN等[48]则研究证实茶园茶角盲蝽的种群密度主要以若虫为主,傍晚密度最大,中午密度较小,表明茶角盲蝽更喜欢避光的环境。因此,在本研究明确海南茶园茶角盲蝽的外部形态特征、生长发育特征以及行为学特征的基础上,下一步可通过深入研究茶园光照对茶角盲蝽行为活动的影响,以期开发和应用更具针对性、更为科学合理的茶角盲蝽绿色防控策略。
  • 海南省重点研发项目(ZDYF2024XDNY245)
  • 海南省农业科学院院本级科研项目(HNZBS202401)
  • 海南省植物病虫害防控重点实验室开放课题(KFS2024HN02)
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2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.04.020
  • 接收时间:2024-11-12
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-12
  • 录用日期:2024-12-06
基金
海南省重点研发项目(ZDYF2024XDNY245)
海南省农业科学院院本级科研项目(HNZBS202401)
海南省植物病虫害防控重点实验室开放课题(KFS2024HN02)
作者信息
    1.海南大学热带农林学院,海南儋州 571737
    2.海南省农业科学院植物保护研究所/海南省农业科学院农产品质量安全与标准研究中心/海南省植物病虫害防控重点实验室,海南海口 571100
    3.广东省农业科学院植物保护研究所,广东广州 510640
    4.云南农业大学热带作物学院,云南普洱 665099

通讯作者:

* 吉训聪(JI Xuncong),E-mail:
姚其(YAO Qi),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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