Article(id=1276862267350192732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276862113658303045, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729353600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1732204800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-22, onlineDate=1782357287490, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782357287490, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782357287490, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782357287490, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276862113658303045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='515', pageEnd='775', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782357250847, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782357480466, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276863076821496476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276862113658303045, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276863076825690781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276862113658303045, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=725, endPage=733, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276862267715097182, articleId=1276862267350192732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=First Report of Allocarsidara malayensis (Crawford) in China, an Important Durian Pest and Prediction of Potential Suitable Habitats, columnId=1236292524264968282, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Protection & Bio-safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper reported the detailed morphological characteristics and the external genitalia of Allocarsidara malayensis, the COI sequence of A. malayensis was amplified and sequenced, its damages characteristic in the field were provided and potential suitable habitats in China was predicted. Based on 25 effective distribution points and 19 climate environmental factors, maximum entropy niche-based modeling (MaxEnt) combined with geographic information system (ArcGIS) was used to predict the potential suitable habitats for A. malayensis under historic climatic conditions. ROC curve analysis method was used to validate, knife-edge method was used to analyze the major environmental variables influencing the distribution of the A. malayensis. The potential suitable habitats of A. malayensis was mainly in the tropical areas near the equator of Southeast Asia, South Asia, Africa, South America and North America. In China, there was potential suitable habitats in Hainan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan, Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces for A. malayensis. The key environmental variables that had the greatest impact on the potential suitable habitats of A. malayensis were the precipitation of wettest month (Bio13) and precipitation of wettest quarter (Bio16). The investigation showed that A. malayensis had occurred in some durian gardens in Sanya and Baoting of Hainan, and the damage was serious in some of the gardens. The adults lay eggs in the unopened leaves at the shoot apex, and both adults and nymphs pierce the young leaf and suck the cell sap, that may cause leaves twisting, discoloration and small. Both adults and nymphs secrete honeydew, which induces sooty mould and reduces the photosynthesis. If no control measure applied, severe infestation may cause leaves drop in advance, stunted growth or even cause tree death. As the potential suitable habitats of A. malayensis was almost consistent with the durian planted region, in order to prevent the pest further spread to other regions, provide guarantee for the healthy development of durian industry in China, it is recommended to strengthen the monitoring of A. malayensis, study its biological characteristics and the population dynamics, which would provide a theoretical basis for further development of economical and efficient control strategy for A. malayensis.

, authors=null, authorsList=Haiyan QIU, Jianyun WANG, Jing ZHAO, Fan SONG, Zhixin HE, Dongyin HAN, Yueguan FU, Lei LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lei LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276862271267672688, articleId=1276862267350192732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=榴梿重要害虫——马来异裂木虱[Allocarsidara malayensis(Crawford)]在中国的发现及其潜在适生区预测, columnId=1236292524520820846, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=植物保护与生物安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究报道了榴梿重要害虫——马来异裂木虱[Allocarsidara malayensis (Crawford)]在海南的发现,详细描述了其形态特征,克隆了其COI基因,描述了其对榴梿的危害情况,并预测了该害虫在我国的潜在适生区。通过25个有效分布点位和19个气候环境因素,采用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型结合地理信息系统(ArcGIS),预测马来异裂木虱的潜在适生区,并使用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析法进行验证,同时运用刀切法分析影响马来异裂木虱分布的主要环境因素。结果表明:马来异裂木虱的潜在分布区主要在东南亚、南亚、非洲、南美州和北美洲的赤道附近的热带地区。我国海南、广西、广东、福建、台湾、云南、四川、贵州均存在马来异裂木虱的适生区,且海南全省及台湾部分沿海地区为高适生区。在影响马来异裂木虱潜在地理分布的环境因素中,最湿月份的降水量(Bio13)和最湿季度的降水量(Bio16)为最重要影响变量。由于马来异裂木虱的适生区与榴梿的种植区较为一致,为防止马来异裂木虱的进一步传播和扩散,保障我国榴梿产业的健康发展,应加强马来异裂木虱的监测,同时开展该害虫的生物学、生态学特性及消长规律研究,研究结果为该虫经济高效防治策略的制定提供理论依据。

, authors=

* 王建赟(1989—),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:天敌昆虫与生物防治。

邱海燕(1985—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:果蔬害虫防治

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** 李磊(LI Lei),E-mail:
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邱海燕(1985—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:果蔬害虫防治

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Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 1987, 10(2): 243-246., articleTitle=The biology of the durian carsidarid Tenaphalara malayensis Crawf. (Homoptera: Carsidaridae), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276862289831662324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862267350192732, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1990, volume=18, issue=null, pageStart=152, pageEnd=159, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=47, authorNames=TIGVATTNANONT S, PRAMUAL C, journalName=Kaen Kaset, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TIGVATTNANONT S, PRAMUAL C. Economic importance of the durio psyllid, Tenaphalara malayensis Crawford in Thailand[J]. Kaen Kaset, 1990, 18: 152-159., articleTitle=Economic importance of the durio psyllid, Tenaphalara malayensis Crawford in Thailand, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276862289902965493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862267350192732, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=20, issue=4, pageStart=1709, pageEnd=1728, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=48, authorNames=WIANGSAMUT B, THONGKAMNGAM T, MAKHONPAS C, AMLOY P, WIANGSAMUT M E L, ANUTRAKINCHAI S, journalName=International Journal of Agricultural Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WIANGSAMUT B, THONGKAMNGAM T, MAKHONPAS C, AMLOY P, WIANGSAMUT M E L, ANUTRAKINCHAI S. The management practice methods for Allocarsidara malayensis (Crawford) by spraying insecticide with AI drone and long hose pump sprayers in durian orchards[J]. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 2024, 20(4): 1709-1728., articleTitle=The management practice methods for Allocarsidara malayensis (Crawford) by spraying insecticide with AI drone and long hose pump sprayers in durian orchards, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276862284756554436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862267350192732, awardId=ZDYF2023XDNY178; ZDYF2024XDNY281, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省重点研发项目(ZDYF2023XDNY178; ZDYF2024XDNY281), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276862271489970802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862267350192732, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276862271498359411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862267350192732, companyId=1276862271489970802, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276862271506748020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862267350192732, companyId=1276862271489970802, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所/农业农村部热带作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室,海南海口 571101)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276862271573856885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862267350192732, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276862271582245494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862267350192732, companyId=1276862271573856885, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100093, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276862271590634103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862267350192732, companyId=1276862271573856885, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国农业大学植物保护学院,北京 100093)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276862271653548665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862267350192732, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276862271661937274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862267350192732, companyId=1276862271653548665, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276862271670325883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862267350192732, companyId=1276862271653548665, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国热带农业科学院三亚研究院,海南三亚 572025)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276862281896039092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862267350192732, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Structural anatomy map of A. malayensis, figureFileSmall=7U+QdkUw/1kwXT+vvRhmGw==, figureFileBig=l7OJdUydxGpNUjmnSBeWFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862282000896693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862267350192732, language=CN, label=图1, caption=马来异裂木虱结构解剖图

A:头部;B:前翅;C:雄性生殖节;D:阳茎端节;E:阳茎侧突;F:雌性生殖节。

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A:卵;B:1龄若虫;C:2龄若虫;D:3龄若虫;E:4龄若虫;F:5龄若虫;G:雌成虫;H:雄成虫。

, figureFileSmall=SIZ2vue1Byr6Vw0KSVUGPw==, figureFileBig=zHI5IiQJT/QVkPdU3InFRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862283917693624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862267350192732, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=COI universal primers PCR amplification of of A. malayensis, figureFileSmall=KrL0In6/06Iu4JSmJ3RrHw==, figureFileBig=T26IZxPZeirq/Bxbe+BnQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862283988996793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862267350192732, language=CN, label=图3, caption=A. malayensis COI通用引物PCR扩增

M:DNA marker Ⅲ(100~5000 bp);1~3:样品。

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A:产卵痕迹;B:若虫取食嫩叶汁液;C:分泌蜜露引起煤烟病;D:为害引起秃梢。

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榴梿重要害虫——马来异裂木虱[Allocarsidara malayensis(Crawford)]在中国的发现及其潜在适生区预测
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邱海燕 1 , 王建赟 1 , 赵菁 1 , 宋凡 2 , 何志新 2 , 韩冬银 1 , 符悦冠 1, 3 , 李磊 1, **
热带作物学报 | 植物保护与生物安全 2025,46(3): 725-733
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热带作物学报 |植物保护与生物安全 2025 , 46 (3) : 725 -733
榴梿重要害虫——马来异裂木虱[Allocarsidara malayensis(Crawford)]在中国的发现及其潜在适生区预测
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邱海燕1, 王建赟1, 赵菁1, 宋凡2, 何志新2, 韩冬银1, 符悦冠1, 3, 李磊1, **
作者信息
  • 1.中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所/农业农村部热带作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室,海南海口 571101
  • 2.中国农业大学植物保护学院,北京 100093
  • 3.中国热带农业科学院三亚研究院,海南三亚 572025
通讯作者:
** 李磊(LI Lei),E-mail:
First Report of Allocarsidara malayensis (Crawford) in China, an Important Durian Pest and Prediction of Potential Suitable Habitats
Haiyan QIU1, Jianyun WANG1, Jing ZHAO1, Fan SONG2, Zhixin HE2, Dongyin HAN1, Yueguan FU1, 3, Lei LI1, **
Affiliations
  • 1.Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 2.College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100093, China
  • 3.Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.020
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本研究报道了榴梿重要害虫——马来异裂木虱[Allocarsidara malayensis (Crawford)]在海南的发现,详细描述了其形态特征,克隆了其COI基因,描述了其对榴梿的危害情况,并预测了该害虫在我国的潜在适生区。通过25个有效分布点位和19个气候环境因素,采用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型结合地理信息系统(ArcGIS),预测马来异裂木虱的潜在适生区,并使用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析法进行验证,同时运用刀切法分析影响马来异裂木虱分布的主要环境因素。结果表明:马来异裂木虱的潜在分布区主要在东南亚、南亚、非洲、南美州和北美洲的赤道附近的热带地区。我国海南、广西、广东、福建、台湾、云南、四川、贵州均存在马来异裂木虱的适生区,且海南全省及台湾部分沿海地区为高适生区。在影响马来异裂木虱潜在地理分布的环境因素中,最湿月份的降水量(Bio13)和最湿季度的降水量(Bio16)为最重要影响变量。由于马来异裂木虱的适生区与榴梿的种植区较为一致,为防止马来异裂木虱的进一步传播和扩散,保障我国榴梿产业的健康发展,应加强马来异裂木虱的监测,同时开展该害虫的生物学、生态学特性及消长规律研究,研究结果为该虫经济高效防治策略的制定提供理论依据。

榴梿  /  马来异裂木虱  /  形态特征  /  COI基因  /  MaxEnt模型  /  适生区

This paper reported the detailed morphological characteristics and the external genitalia of Allocarsidara malayensis, the COI sequence of A. malayensis was amplified and sequenced, its damages characteristic in the field were provided and potential suitable habitats in China was predicted. Based on 25 effective distribution points and 19 climate environmental factors, maximum entropy niche-based modeling (MaxEnt) combined with geographic information system (ArcGIS) was used to predict the potential suitable habitats for A. malayensis under historic climatic conditions. ROC curve analysis method was used to validate, knife-edge method was used to analyze the major environmental variables influencing the distribution of the A. malayensis. The potential suitable habitats of A. malayensis was mainly in the tropical areas near the equator of Southeast Asia, South Asia, Africa, South America and North America. In China, there was potential suitable habitats in Hainan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan, Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces for A. malayensis. The key environmental variables that had the greatest impact on the potential suitable habitats of A. malayensis were the precipitation of wettest month (Bio13) and precipitation of wettest quarter (Bio16). The investigation showed that A. malayensis had occurred in some durian gardens in Sanya and Baoting of Hainan, and the damage was serious in some of the gardens. The adults lay eggs in the unopened leaves at the shoot apex, and both adults and nymphs pierce the young leaf and suck the cell sap, that may cause leaves twisting, discoloration and small. Both adults and nymphs secrete honeydew, which induces sooty mould and reduces the photosynthesis. If no control measure applied, severe infestation may cause leaves drop in advance, stunted growth or even cause tree death. As the potential suitable habitats of A. malayensis was almost consistent with the durian planted region, in order to prevent the pest further spread to other regions, provide guarantee for the healthy development of durian industry in China, it is recommended to strengthen the monitoring of A. malayensis, study its biological characteristics and the population dynamics, which would provide a theoretical basis for further development of economical and efficient control strategy for A. malayensis.

Durio zibethinus  /  Allocarsidara malayensis  /  morphological characteristics  /  COI gene  /  MaxEnt model  /  potential suitable habitats
邱海燕, 王建赟, 赵菁, 宋凡, 何志新, 韩冬银, 符悦冠, 李磊. 榴梿重要害虫——马来异裂木虱[Allocarsidara malayensis(Crawford)]在中国的发现及其潜在适生区预测. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (3) : 725 -733 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.020
Haiyan QIU, Jianyun WANG, Jing ZHAO, Fan SONG, Zhixin HE, Dongyin HAN, Yueguan FU, Lei LI. First Report of Allocarsidara malayensis (Crawford) in China, an Important Durian Pest and Prediction of Potential Suitable Habitats[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (3) : 725 -733 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.020
榴梿(Durio zibethinus Rumph. ex Murray)俗名榴莲,属锦葵科(Malvaceae)榴梿属(Durio),原产于马来西亚、印度尼西亚、文莱,现主要种植于泰国、马来西亚、印度尼西亚等地,其果肉营养丰富、味道浓郁且风味独特,享有“热带果王”的美誉[1-3]。我国自1958年开始从马来西亚、泰国、越南等东南亚国家引进榴梿种苗进行试种,但少有开花结果的报道[4]。2019年在我国海南保亭成功挂果,表明海南部分地区存在榴梿大面积推广种植的可能[5]。2024年在西双版纳成功挂果,使榴梿成为海南乃至我国热区高度关注的水果,并在海南、云南、广东、广西等地掀起了种植热潮[6-7]
2024年4月,在开展海南榴梿害虫调查中,笔者在保亭什玲镇的榴梿园发现一种严重危害榴梿嫩梢的木虱,通过形态特征和雌雄虫外生殖器的鉴定,确认其为马来异裂木虱[Allocarsidara malayensis (Crawford)]。马来异裂木虱分布于马来西亚、泰国、新加坡、印度、印度尼西亚,为榴梿的重要害虫之一,在泰国、马来西亚和新加坡是榴梿害虫防治的主要对象,澳大利亚将其列为榴梿检疫对象之一,此前的文献记载中尚无该虫在中国的分布记录[8-13]。为快速、准确地识别马来异裂木虱,本研究详细描述了马来异裂木虱的形态特征、为害特点,并对其COI基因序列进行了研究。
外来入侵生物潜在分布预测是制定物种防控策略以阻止其蔓延的重要途径之一[14]。最大熵(MaxEnt)模型可通过已知物种分布点数据和环境变量,精确地预测物种的潜在分布,且具有操作简便、所需样本量少、运行结果稳定、与实际分布更相符等特点,是目前最常用的物种分布预测模型之一,广泛应用于动植物保护、病虫害防治指导、入侵物种风险评估等研究中[15-19]。本研究通过采集和收集的马来异裂木虱分布数据,结合相关环境因素,利用MaxEnt模型和地理信息系统(ArcGIS)预测马来异裂木虱在我国的潜在适生区域,以期为预防其进一步扩散和制定合理的控制措施提供科学依据。
从保亭县什玲镇、保亭县南茂农场、三亚市育才生态区优旗大嘴鸟榴梿一号基地采回带木虱的嫩叶,靠接于养虫笼内的抽梢榴梿苗中,露天继续培养,获得成虫用于形态鉴定和分子检测。成虫接入抽梢的榴梿苗中,使其自由交配、产卵,用于卵、若虫形态观察。
Olympus SZ61光学体式显微镜,M205FA全视角摄像显微镜,LABGIC TH-Mini微型手持均质仪,数显恒温水浴锅,湘仪CHT210R高速离心机,赛默飞NANODROP 2000c超微量分光光度计,伯乐C1000 PCR扩增仪,伯乐电泳仪,SAGECREATION凝胶成像系统。
乙酸乙酯,血液/细胞/组织基因组DNA提取试剂盒[天根生化科技(北京)有限公司],2×Es Taq MasterMix(康为世纪生物科技股份有限公司);6×DNA上样缓冲液(北京索莱宝科技有限公司);绿色荧光核酸染料(10 000×)(北京索莱宝科技有限公司);DNA Marker Ⅲ分子量标准(100~5000 bp)(北京兰杰柯科技有限公司);50×TAE缓冲液(北京索莱宝科技有限公司);琼脂糖(Biowest)。
马来异裂木虱的分布数据通过以下方式获得:(1)实地考察。2024年4—6月,调查三亚、保亭、五指山、琼海等地的榴梿园,发现马来异裂木虱即采用GPS记录经纬度,为其分布预测提供数据支持。(2)数据库查询物种分布。查询的数据库包括全球生物多样性信息网络(Global Biodiversity Information Facility, GBIF, http://www.Gbif.org/)和自然爱好者社区数据库(iNaturalist, http://www.inaturalist.org/)。将收集到的马来异裂木虱分布数据,去除无效数据后,最终获得25个马来异裂木虱的有效分布点位,并将点位数据转换成.csv格式保存。
环境数据来自WorldClim网站(http://www.world.org/)1970—2000年的气候变量,得到19个分辨率为5 m的气候因子,即年平均温度(Bio1)、平均温度日较差(Bio2)、等温性(Bio3)、气温季节性变动系数(Bio4)、最热月份的最高温度(Bio5)、最冷月份的最低温度(Bio6)、年温度变化范围(Bio7)、最湿季度的平均温度(Bio8)、最干季度的平均温度(Bio9)、最热季度的平均温度(Bio10)、最冷季度的平均温度(Bio11)、年降水量(Bio12)、最湿月份的降水量(Bio13)、最干月份的降水量(Bio14)、降水量季节性变化(Bio15)、最湿季度的降水量(Bio16)、最干季度的降水量(Bio17)、最暖季度的降水量(Bio18)、最冷季度的降水量(Bio19)。
木虱成虫样品采用乙酸乙酯毒杀后,粘于三角纸片上保存于标本盒中。若虫样品浸泡于95%酒精中。在处理雌雄虫生殖器、后足和头部等重要结构时,先使用10%氢氧化钠溶液溶解肌肉组织,然后用蒸馏水漂洗干净,最后置于乙醇和甘油混合液中,便于镜检。使用Olympus SZ61光学体式显微镜观察成虫和若虫;成虫、若虫使用M205FA全视角摄像显微镜拍照,并用Leica LAS X1软件测量体长、体宽。物种鉴定和分类的依据主要为形态学,在分类地位上依据Daniel Burckhardt的最新分类系统[20]
用组织基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取采集的木虱样本DNA,然后利用无脊椎动物COI基因通用引物(LCO1490 5′-GGTCAAATCATAAAGATATTGG-3′,HCO2198 5′-TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA-3′)[21]进行PCR扩增,PCR反应体系:6 μL Template DNA(10 ng/μL),25 μL 2×Es Tag PCR MasterMix(Dye),2 μL L-Primer(10 μmol/L),2 μL R-Primer(10 μmol/L),15 μL ddH2O。PCR扩展程序:94 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性30 s,50 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,30个循环;72 ℃延伸2 min。PCR产物用1.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,并将PCR产物送生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行测序。
MaxEnt模型预测能力验证:MaxEnt模型预测的准确度和可靠性采用训练集和测试集数据的受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线进行检验。ROC曲线与横坐标围成的面积为曲线下面积(area under curve, AUC),AUC值越大表示与随机分布相距越远,环境变量与预测的物种地理分布模型之间相关性越大,即模型预测效果越好[22]。当AUC≥0.9,表示模型预测结果优秀;当0.7≤AUC<0.9,表示模型预测结果良好;当0.5≤AUC<0.7,表示模型预测结果可接受;当AUC<0.5,表示模型预测无效[23]
采用MaxEnt 3.4.3模型软件结合地理信息系统(ArcGIS 10.8),预测马来异裂木虱的潜在适生区域。利用ArcGIS 10.8软件中的SDMtoolbox插件Conversion Tools将生物气候因子环境图层转换成MaxEnt软件可用的ASCII格式。将处理的气候因子栅格数据以及分布点位导入MaxEnt 3.4.3软件,以bootstrap模式运行10次,模拟结果取平均值,得到历史气候条件下马来异裂木虱在全球范围内的潜在适生区数据。将MaxEnt运行的结果导入ArcGIS 10.8软件,在图层属性的符号系统中,将栅格数据进行分类:0~0.1为非适生区、0.1~0.4为低适生区、0.4~0.7为中适生区、0.7~1.0为高适生区,并以不同颜色标记,得到历史气候条件下全球范围内马来异裂木虱的适生区分布图。在ArcGIS 10.8软件中,将马来异裂木虱适生区数据进行裁切,并导入中国标准地图,得到马来异裂木虱在我国的适生区分布图。
头约与胸等宽。头顶宽略大于长,近方形。头两侧侧单眼与触角基部间各具一明显的角状凸起。触角窝下颊面膨凸,超过头顶,略圆,覆盖额。唇基长,端部窄圆(图1A)。触角约为头宽的4倍,第3节明显粗于其他节。胸部窄。足细长。后足胫节端距5枚。
体黄绿色至黄褐色,体长2.79~3.47 mm,体宽0.67~0.77 mm。前翅长卵形,顶角略尖,具翅痣。第1径脉(R1)在中部弯折成一钝角,其后半段与径分脉(Rs)前半段平行;一条横脉(rs-m)连接Rs脉与中脉(M),与M脉相连处位于M脉分支处;缘纹2条,分别位于m1室和m2室(图1B)。下生殖板腹缘基部稍平,端部稍突,背缘膨突(图1C);阳基侧突侧视端部平截,近端部处向后膨突;载肛突后叶发达;阳茎端节稍呈波形,端部弯起似勺状(图1D图1E)。
体黄绿色至黄褐色,体长3.40~4.04 mm,体宽0.71~0.79 mm。生殖节约为腹部长度的2/3;载肛突末端钝圆稍上翘,环肛孔长度超过载肛突的1/2;亚生殖板窄锥状,末端尖细;腹瓣基突长锥形,基部钝而端部尖;产卵瓣基本等长,但背瓣端钝,而腹瓣端尖(图1F图2)。
呈椭圆形,表面光滑,顶端尖削,基部较圆顿(图2)。
若虫共5个龄期(图2),体型和体色随龄期的变化而变化。5龄若虫长2.02~3.00 mm,全身覆白色蜡粉,头、胸、腹、翅芽、足近黄褐色透明,侧缘橙黄色,头至尾部具1条橙色背中线。触角10节,梗节和柄节短而粗壮,鞭节除末端2节为黑褐色,其余各节从基部黄褐色逐渐加深到浅黑褐色。翅芽末端长至第2腹节,腹部侧缘分泌白色蜡丝,且以靠近腹部末端的第2对蜡丝最长。
利用COI通用引物对木虱样品的DNA进行PCR扩增,电泳检测显示清晰的单一条带(图3)。比对3地样品的COI序列,相似性为99.39%~99.85%,表明采集到的标本为同一物种。去除引物与低质量序列,获得645 bp的COI序列(GenBank登录号为PQ550000)。
最初置于乔木虱属(Tenaphalara),为Tenaphalara malayensis,此后的学者均按此学名进行重新描述[24]。但在1985年,YANG等[12]在新发现了乔木虱属的4个新种后,通过形态学分析,对其原分类地位产生了质疑,认为其应为一个新属。1987年HOLLIS[25]正式将其归为新建立的Allocarsidara属,属征为头顶侧缘及后缘为圆形,位于头顶前方的侧单眼与触角基之间各具一发达的瘤凸。世界共有Allocarsidara属6种,A. malayensis为该属在中国分布的首次发现,根据其拉丁词词源含义拟中文名为“马来异裂木虱”。
马来异裂木虱主要在榴梿的抽梢期为害,成虫将卵散产在尚未展开的嫩叶叶肉中,叶表面可见黄色光滑小鼓包,卵孵化后形成凹陷的黄褐色斑。成虫和若虫取食榴梿嫩梢汁液,导致叶片出现黄色斑点,叶片发育不良、偏小,甚至扭曲变形,严重时叶片干枯,提前脱落,影响榴梿长势。此外,成虫、若虫均会分泌蜜露,引起煤污病,影响榴梿光合作用(图4)。
利用ROC曲线AUC值对模型预测结果进行检验。AUC值越接近1说明模拟精确性越高,一般认为AUC>0.9,预测效果可信。且AUC值越大,标准差越小,模型的稳定性越高,且随机取样对模型影响小[26]。对MaxEnt模型预测马来异裂木虱适生区分布结果进行检验(图5),结果表明,历史气候条件下,模型的AUC平均值为0.991±0.003,表明该模型预测结果的可信度与稳定性较高,可用于预测马来异裂木虱的潜在地理分布。
基于MaxEnt模型正则化训练增益的刀切法检验结果表明(图6),仅此变量中正则化训练增益最高的4个环境因素是最冷月份的最低温度(Bio6)、年温度变化范围(Bio7)、最湿月份的降水量(Bio13)和最湿季度的降水量(Bio16),表明马来异裂木虱对这些因子具有较高的依赖性。且最湿季度的降水量(Bio16)和最湿月份的降水量(Bio13)对模型的贡献最高,贡献率分别为25.3%和15.5%。除此变量中正则化训练增益值最短的是最暖季度的降水量(Bio18)和平均温度日较差(Bio2),表明这2个环境因素对马来异裂木虱分布的影响具有最多其他变量所没有的信息,即这2个环境因素在马来异裂木虱适生区的预测中具有更多独有信息。
马来异裂木虱在全球的适生区预测结果如图7所示,马来异裂木虱潜在世界分布区主要在东南亚、南亚、非洲、南美州和北美洲的赤道附近的热带地区。我国南方一些省份存在马来异裂木虱的适生区,其中云南、四川、贵州的部分地区为马来异裂木虱的低适生区;广西、广东、福建的大部地区为马来异裂木虱的低适生区,小部地区为中适生区;海南省全境为高适生区;台湾沿海地区存在高适生区(图8)。
通过形态分类鉴定,确定了严重危害海南榴梿嫩叶的木虱为马来异裂木虱,是该物种在我国的首次记录。MaxEnt模型预测结果表明,我国海南、台湾、广东、广西、福建、云南、贵州和四川均存在马来异裂木虱的适生区。
木虱是一类寄主专一性强的昆虫,寄主通常限定在某一植物科甚至属之内[27-28]。已有报道表明,马来异裂木虱分布于马来西亚、泰国、新加坡、印度、印度尼西亚,但尚无文献记载该虫在中国的分布记录[8,10-13]。马来异裂木虱仅在榴梿嫩梢上取食和产卵,且常将卵产在尚未展开的榴梿嫩叶叶肉中,尚未展开的榴梿叶叶面紧贴,且叶背布满青铜色的贴生鳞片[4,29],难以发现叶片上的卵,由此推测该虫可能是随引进的榴梿种苗进入我国。
生态位模型是利用物种已知的分布信息和相关环境变量,根据一定的算法运算构建模型,判断物种的生态需求,并将运算结果投射至不同的时间和空间以预测物种的分布[30]。常见的物种生态模型包括规则集遗传算法(GARP)、生态位因子分析(EnFA)、生物气候模型(BIOCLIM)、区域环境模型(DOMAIN)和最大熵模型(MaxEnt)等[31]。MaxEnt是一种基于最大熵原理的生态位评价模型,即使在物种分布数据较少的情况下,仍有较高的准确率[32]。本研究采用MaxEnt模型预测马来异裂木虱在我国的适生区,结果表明,海南、台湾、广东、广西、福建、云南、四川均存在马来异裂木虱的适生区,这与我国榴梿的种植区分布较为一致,表明马来异裂木虱在这些地区具有较大的分布空间和扩散潜力。目前的调查结果表明马来异裂木虱仅在海南少数榴梿园内发现,为防止马来异裂木虱在我国的进一步扩散蔓延,建议在进行榴梿种苗引进和调运时需加强对马来异裂木虱的检测。
尽管马来异裂木虱在泰国、马来西亚等国家是榴梿的重要害虫,但目前仅查询到有关药剂筛选、施药方式和生物学研究的报道,且不同地区的马来异裂木虱在发育历期、成虫寿命、产卵量等有所差异[2,11,13,29,33-35]。因此建议开展马来异裂木虱生物学及生态学特性的研究,挖掘本地天敌资源,掌握其扩散机制和发生规律,建立适合我国榴梿生产实际的马来异裂木虱防控措施。
  • 海南省重点研发项目(ZDYF2023XDNY178; ZDYF2024XDNY281)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.020
  • 接收时间:2024-10-20
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-20
  • 录用日期:2024-11-22
基金
海南省重点研发项目(ZDYF2023XDNY178; ZDYF2024XDNY281)
作者信息
    1.中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所/农业农村部热带作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室,海南海口 571101
    2.中国农业大学植物保护学院,北京 100093
    3.中国热带农业科学院三亚研究院,海南三亚 572025

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** 李磊(LI Lei),E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rdzwxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.020
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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