Article(id=1276862361164186611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276862113658303045, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727107200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1731859200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-18, onlineDate=1782357309857, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782357309857, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782357309857, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782357309857, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276862113658303045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='515', pageEnd='775', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782357250847, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782357480466, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276863076821496476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276862113658303045, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276863076825690781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276862113658303045, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=705, endPage=715, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276862361445204981, articleId=1276862361164186611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Effects of Extraction Methods on Effective Constituents, Antioxidant Activities, α-glycosidase Inhibition of Guava Leaves, columnId=1236256434120348225, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Guava leaf (Psidium guajava Linn.) is a common folk medicine in China. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed its remarkable antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities, which has broad prospects in the development of natural antioxidants and hypoglycemic agents. The release of non-volatile active components of plants or herbs were greatly affected by extraction ways. The extraction effects on guava leaves of macerated extraction (ME), heat reflux extraction (HRE), ultrasound-assisted alcohol extraction (UAAE) and ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents extraction (UADEE), microstructure were evaluated. The content of total saponins, total flavonoids, total phenols in the extract was respectively determined by vanillin-glacial acetic acid colorimetric method, NaNO2-Al(NO3)3 colorimetric method and folin phenol method. The content of flavonoid components was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS). In vitro antioxidant activity and α-glycosidase inhibitory ability of the extract were also evaluated. In UADEE group, internal structure of guava leaves was most completely damaged, the content of total saponins, total flavonoids, total phenols and guaijaverin, avicularin, reynoutrin was respectively determined to be 79.28 mg/g, 80.51 mg/g, 120.52 mg/g,7.96 mg/g, 7.74 mg/g and 3.99 mg/g, which significantly higher than those of the other three groups (P<0.05). Flavonoids, triterpenoids and phenols accounted for 9.830%, 27.267% and 1.013% of all metabolites in the extract, respectively. The IC50 value of scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and inhibiting α-glycosidase in UADEE group was 45.18 μg/mL and 904.67 μg/mL, respectively, significantly superior than those of the other three groups (P<0.05). In summary, UADEE has the best effect on the extraction of active components in the extract, attributed to the mechanical and chemical effects of ultrasound and the polarity tunability and solubilization of solvents. The results would provide experimental basis for the efficient extraction of effective components from guava leaves and the development of processed products.

, authors=null, authorsList=Chaodan LUO, Qiuju WANG, Jianqiang LI, Chunmei FENG, Erfang REN, Yanting HUANG, Lin NING, Xiaojie LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianqiang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276862365048111110, articleId=1276862361164186611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=不同提取方法对番石榴叶有效成分、抗氧化及α-糖苷酶抑制活性的影响, columnId=1236256434313286224, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=作物栽培与生理生化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了联合评价浸渍法、热回流法、超声辅助乙醇和超声辅助低共溶试剂法(UADEE)对番石榴叶的提取效果,通过扫描电镜观察番石榴叶样品的显微结构,以香草醛-冰醋酸比色法、NaNO2-Al(NO3)3比色法、福林酚法分别测定番石榴叶提取液的总皂苷、总黄酮、总酚含量,采用HPLC法测定番石榴叶中黄酮单体的含量,LC-MS法分析其代谢物,并评估其抗氧化与α-糖苷酶抑制活性。结果表明:UADEE对番石榴叶细胞内部结构的破坏性最强,样品总皂苷、总黄酮与总酚含量分别为79.28、80.51、120.52 mg/g,黄酮成分番石榴苷、萹蓄苷、瑞诺苷含量分别为7.96、7.74、3.99 mg/g,显著高于其他3组(P<0.05);UADEE处理组中黄酮类、三萜类、酚类成分在番石榴叶总代谢物中分别占9.830%、27.267%、1.013%。UADEE组样品清除DPPH自由基的IC50值和抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的IC50值分别为45.18、904.67 μg/mL,活性显著强于其他3组(P<0.05)。本研究结果为番石榴叶有效成分的高效提取及其加工产品的开发提供实验依据。

, authors=

罗朝丹(1994—),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向:活性成分提取与功能评价。

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* 李建强(LI Jianqiang),E-mail:
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不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=NC552fICDgLCLU5cgqq4iw==, figureFileBig=4+JnRCxmG8G7Tsw6TCAmLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862376238514254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862361164186611, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Separate LC-MS spectra of guava leaves extract, figureFileSmall=v6dgOGVoUUq1FNS+XeHH8A==, figureFileBig=EAUzLQU83n+apr2lgg2LIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862376322400335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862361164186611, language=CN, label=图4, caption=番石榴叶提取液LC-MS谱图, figureFileSmall=v6dgOGVoUUq1FNS+XeHH8A==, figureFileBig=EAUzLQU83n+apr2lgg2LIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862376527921232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862361164186611, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Contents of flavonoids, triterpenoids and phenolic metabolites in guava leaves by different extraction methods, figureFileSmall=TLisyfIvOsMg8w+rafuppw==, figureFileBig=EdbMDNyeis8cdZyF2VtAfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862376599224401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862361164186611, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同提取方法番石榴叶黄酮类、三萜类和酚类代谢物相对含量, figureFileSmall=TLisyfIvOsMg8w+rafuppw==, figureFileBig=EdbMDNyeis8cdZyF2VtAfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862376666333266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862361164186611, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Effects of different extraction methods on functional activities of guava leaves, figureFileSmall=6Sx3Bc0VBObaF67qU8jC2g==, figureFileBig=1xg9egkwB3tITKLY8KRWxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862376729247827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862361164186611, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同提取方法对番石榴叶功能活性的影响

不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=6Sx3Bc0VBObaF67qU8jC2g==, figureFileBig=1xg9egkwB3tITKLY8KRWxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862378385997908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862361164186611, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Effects of different extract methods on main components of guava leaves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方法Extract methods总皂苷Total saponins总黄酮Total flavonoids总酚Total phenols
ME46.61±0.20c18.74±0.12c86.45±3.11b
HRE57.23±0.21b28.22±0.18bc61.34±4.32c
UAAE65.21±0.85b37.08±0.58b92.88±5.71b
UADEE79.28±0.33a80.51±0.29a120.52±5.14a
), ArticleFig(id=1276862378453106773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862361164186611, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同提取方法对番石榴叶中主要有效成分的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方法Extract methods总皂苷Total saponins总黄酮Total flavonoids总酚Total phenols
ME46.61±0.20c18.74±0.12c86.45±3.11b
HRE57.23±0.21b28.22±0.18bc61.34±4.32c
UAAE65.21±0.85b37.08±0.58b92.88±5.71b
UADEE79.28±0.33a80.51±0.29a120.52±5.14a
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不同提取方法对番石榴叶有效成分、抗氧化及α-糖苷酶抑制活性的影响
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罗朝丹 1, 2 , 王秋菊 3 , 李建强 1, * , 冯春梅 1, 2 , 任二芳 1 , 黄燕婷 1 , 宁琳 1 , 罗小杰 1
热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2025,46(3): 705-715
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热带作物学报 |作物栽培与生理生化 2025 , 46 (3) : 705 -715
不同提取方法对番石榴叶有效成分、抗氧化及α-糖苷酶抑制活性的影响
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Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276862365333323786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862361164186611, companyId=1276862365312352264, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.广西壮族自治区亚热带作物研究所/广西亚热带水果加工工程技术研究中心,广西南宁 530001)])])]
罗朝丹1, 2, 王秋菊3, 李建强1, * , 冯春梅1, 2, 任二芳1, 黄燕婷1, 宁琳1, 罗小杰1
作者信息
  • 1.广西壮族自治区亚热带作物研究所/广西亚热带水果加工工程技术研究中心,广西南宁 530001
  • 2.广西亚热带特色水果质量安全控制重点实验室,广西南宁 530001
  • 3.桂林日盛食品有限责任公司,广西桂林 541300
通讯作者:
* 李建强(LI Jianqiang),E-mail:
Effects of Extraction Methods on Effective Constituents, Antioxidant Activities, α-glycosidase Inhibition of Guava Leaves
Chaodan LUO1, 2, Qiuju WANG3, Jianqiang LI1, * , Chunmei FENG1, 2, Erfang REN1, Yanting HUANG1, Lin NING1, Xiaojie LUO1
Affiliations
  • 1.Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute / Guangxi Subtropical Fruits Processing Research Center of Engineering Technology, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
  • 2.Guangxi Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruits, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
  • 3.Guilin Risheng Food Co., Ltd., Guilin, Guangxi 541300, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.018
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为了联合评价浸渍法、热回流法、超声辅助乙醇和超声辅助低共溶试剂法(UADEE)对番石榴叶的提取效果,通过扫描电镜观察番石榴叶样品的显微结构,以香草醛-冰醋酸比色法、NaNO2-Al(NO3)3比色法、福林酚法分别测定番石榴叶提取液的总皂苷、总黄酮、总酚含量,采用HPLC法测定番石榴叶中黄酮单体的含量,LC-MS法分析其代谢物,并评估其抗氧化与α-糖苷酶抑制活性。结果表明:UADEE对番石榴叶细胞内部结构的破坏性最强,样品总皂苷、总黄酮与总酚含量分别为79.28、80.51、120.52 mg/g,黄酮成分番石榴苷、萹蓄苷、瑞诺苷含量分别为7.96、7.74、3.99 mg/g,显著高于其他3组(P<0.05);UADEE处理组中黄酮类、三萜类、酚类成分在番石榴叶总代谢物中分别占9.830%、27.267%、1.013%。UADEE组样品清除DPPH自由基的IC50值和抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的IC50值分别为45.18、904.67 μg/mL,活性显著强于其他3组(P<0.05)。本研究结果为番石榴叶有效成分的高效提取及其加工产品的开发提供实验依据。

番石榴叶  /  超声辅助低共熔溶剂法  /  有效成分  /  DPPH自由基清除率  /  α-糖苷酶抑制活性

Guava leaf (Psidium guajava Linn.) is a common folk medicine in China. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed its remarkable antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities, which has broad prospects in the development of natural antioxidants and hypoglycemic agents. The release of non-volatile active components of plants or herbs were greatly affected by extraction ways. The extraction effects on guava leaves of macerated extraction (ME), heat reflux extraction (HRE), ultrasound-assisted alcohol extraction (UAAE) and ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents extraction (UADEE), microstructure were evaluated. The content of total saponins, total flavonoids, total phenols in the extract was respectively determined by vanillin-glacial acetic acid colorimetric method, NaNO2-Al(NO3)3 colorimetric method and folin phenol method. The content of flavonoid components was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS). In vitro antioxidant activity and α-glycosidase inhibitory ability of the extract were also evaluated. In UADEE group, internal structure of guava leaves was most completely damaged, the content of total saponins, total flavonoids, total phenols and guaijaverin, avicularin, reynoutrin was respectively determined to be 79.28 mg/g, 80.51 mg/g, 120.52 mg/g,7.96 mg/g, 7.74 mg/g and 3.99 mg/g, which significantly higher than those of the other three groups (P<0.05). Flavonoids, triterpenoids and phenols accounted for 9.830%, 27.267% and 1.013% of all metabolites in the extract, respectively. The IC50 value of scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and inhibiting α-glycosidase in UADEE group was 45.18 μg/mL and 904.67 μg/mL, respectively, significantly superior than those of the other three groups (P<0.05). In summary, UADEE has the best effect on the extraction of active components in the extract, attributed to the mechanical and chemical effects of ultrasound and the polarity tunability and solubilization of solvents. The results would provide experimental basis for the efficient extraction of effective components from guava leaves and the development of processed products.

guava leaves  /  ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents extraction  /  active constituents  /  1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging ability  /  α-glycosidase inhibitory ability
罗朝丹, 王秋菊, 李建强, 冯春梅, 任二芳, 黄燕婷, 宁琳, 罗小杰. 不同提取方法对番石榴叶有效成分、抗氧化及α-糖苷酶抑制活性的影响. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (3) : 705 -715 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.018
Chaodan LUO, Qiuju WANG, Jianqiang LI, Chunmei FENG, Erfang REN, Yanting HUANG, Lin NING, Xiaojie LUO. Effects of Extraction Methods on Effective Constituents, Antioxidant Activities, α-glycosidase Inhibition of Guava Leaves[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (3) : 705 -715 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.018
番石榴(Psidium guajava Linn.)为桃金娘科番石榴属植物,番石榴叶片可入药,具清热解毒、生津止渴、涩肠止泻等功效。现代药理研究证实了其显著的抗氧化和降血糖等活性[1],在天然抗氧化剂和降糖剂等开发中具有广阔前景。有效成分是中草药发挥药效的物质基础,番石榴叶中主要有效成分包括三萜、黄酮、鞣质、多糖等,其中三萜类物质主要有齐墩果酸、乌苏酸和积雪草酸等[2],黄酮类成分主要有槲皮素、番石榴苷、萹蓄苷、瑞诺苷等[3]
提取工艺是影响有效成分提取率的关键因素,目前番石榴叶有效成分的提取多采用浸提法[4]、回流提取法[5]、超声辅助法[6]等方法。提取溶剂的极性极大地影响了其对有效成分的提取率,而低共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvents, DES)具有极性可调谐性,对各种极性的化合物均具有增溶作用。DES作为绿色溶剂提取和分离天然产物中多酚类[7]、黄酮类、皂苷类[8]、三萜酸[9]等不同极性的化合物,在中药提取分离领域具有很大潜力,目前已应用于番石榴叶总黄酮(total flavonoids)的提取[10],但未见用于总酚(total phenols)和总皂苷(total saponins)的提取。此前通过提取分离纯化的方式,从番石榴叶醇提取物及乙酸乙酯萃取物中,主要鉴定出混源萜类化合物[11],以及黄酮类成分如山奈酚、槲皮素等[12-13]。但这一分离纯化过程耗时耗力,且难以发现其中痕量成分。近年来,液质联用技术(liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer,LC-MS)已成为探究化学成分的有效手段,但目前未见采用LC-MS技术进行番石榴叶成分的研究。
为了对番石榴叶的有效成分进行高效提取,本研究以总黄酮、总皂苷、总酚及黄酮成分槲皮素、番石榴苷、萹蓄苷、瑞诺苷与主要代谢物的含量为定量评价指标,结合功能活性DPPH自由基清除能力与α-糖苷酶抑制率,探究不同提取方法对番石榴叶主要有效成分含量的影响,为番石榴叶食疗产品的开发提供理论基础,从而促进番石榴副产物的综合利用。
供试植物材料番石榴叶片采集于广西壮族自治区亚热带作物研究所,经水果研究中心陈豪军正高级农艺师鉴定,叶片长8~10 cm,宽3~5 cm。
试验所用仪器:Thermo Vanquish高效液相色谱仪、Orbitrap Exploris 120质谱仪(Thermo Fisher Scientific,USA)、SU8100扫描电子显微镜、MC1000离子溅射仪(Hitachi,Japan)、UV-1800PC紫外可见光分光光度计、DHG-9070A恒温鼓风干燥箱(上海精宏实验设备有限公司)、L3.5TB1热泵干燥机(威尔信)、H1850-R型冷冻离心机(湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司)、CP214电子分析天平(奥豪斯仪器有限公司)、XL-30C型万能高速粉碎机(济南欧莱博科学仪器有限公司)、RE-5210A旋转蒸发仪(上海亚荣生化仪器厂)、GTSONIC-T20超声波清洗仪(广东固特超声股份有限公司)、FlexiVap氮吹仪(维根技术(北京)有限公司)、恒温水浴锅(北京市永光明医疗仪器有限公司)、Milli-Q超纯水仪(美国Millipore公司)。
试验所用试剂:芦丁(批号:Y2411Y17051)、熊果酸(批号:L03A6Y1)、番石榴苷(批号:P09J7F8764)、萹蓄苷(批号:P21S10S98394)、瑞诺苷(批号:P25J10S91433)、槲皮素(批号:C01J10Y91727)、没食子酸(批号:J01IB218870)、对硝基苯基-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(PNPG)(批号:JS239376)、α-葡萄糖苷酶(批号:S07HS193826)、阿卡波糖(批号:S25M11X109783,上海源叶生物科技有限公司)、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)[西格玛奥德里奇贸易有限公司(上海)]、2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚(BHT)(上海麦克林生化科技有限公司)、乙腈(Thermo Fisher Scientific)、甲酸(TCL,色谱纯)、甲酸铵(Sigma-Aldrich,纯度≥99.0%);氯化胆碱[HOC2H4N(CH3)3Cl,ChCl]、乙二醇[(CH2OH)2,EG]、香草醛、冰醋酸、高氯酸、福林酚溶液、硝酸铝、亚硝酸钠、磷酸、甲醇、乙醇均为分析纯。
(1)浸渍法(macerated extraction,ME)。将番石榴叶洗净、去除枝梗泥沙等杂质后经50 ℃烘干,粉碎,过40目筛,得粉末备用。精密称取2.00 g番石榴叶粉末,以50 mL体积分数为70%的乙醇为提取溶剂,置于锥形瓶中旋涡搅拌均匀,静置15 h,提取3次。
(2)热回流法(heat reflux extraction,HRE)。精密称取2.00 g番石榴叶粉末,以50 mL体积分数为70%的乙醇为提取溶剂,置于圆底烧瓶中旋涡搅拌均匀,90 ℃水浴下加热回流1.5 h,提取3次。
(3)超声辅助乙醇法(ultrasound-assisted alcohol extraction,UAAE)。称取2.00 g番石榴叶粉末放入锥形瓶中,以50 mL体积分数为70%的乙醇为提取溶剂,旋涡搅拌后,50 ℃下以465 W超声功率提取1.5 h,提取3次。
(4)超声辅助低共熔溶剂法(ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents extraction,UADEE)。
参考王慧[14]的试验方法,氯化胆碱(ChCl)经80 ℃恒温干燥24 h后,按物质的量浓度比例1∶1与乙二醇(EG)于圆底烧瓶中混合,90 ℃恒温水浴搅拌,直至DES体系变得透明、均一、稳定。将所配DES温度降至室温,密封干燥14 d以上后,溶解于去离子水中,充分摇匀、静置,配制得含水率为40%(按体积分数计)的均一透明DES水溶液(ChCl:EG)。
称取2.00 g番石榴叶粉末放入锥形瓶中,以50 mL配制的DES水溶液为提取溶剂,旋涡搅拌,50 ℃下以465 W超声功率提取1.5 h,提取3次。
参照陈红惠等[15]的方法,利用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)观察提取前后的番石榴叶样品。称取适量干燥番石榴叶粉末进行ME、HRE、UAAE和UADEE处理,过滤后收集滤渣,60 ℃热风干燥箱中烘干至粉末状。将处理后样品用导电胶粘于样品台喷金30 s,在3.0 kV电压,高真空条件下,进行SEM观察。
番石榴叶总黄酮含量通过NaNO2-Al(NO3)3比色法[16]测定,以芦丁为对照品,在505 nm处测定其吸光度。拟合标准曲线为Y=3.9184X+0.0043(R2=0.9983);总皂苷含量通过香草醛-冰醋酸比色法[17]测定,以熊果酸为对照品,在548 nm处测定吸光度,拟合标准曲线为Y=0.0098X+0.0517(R2=0.9905);总酚含量采用福林酚法[18]测定,以没食子酸为对照品,在765 nm处测定吸光度,拟合标准曲线为Y=0.0107X+0.003(R2=0.9975)。
(1)色谱条件。参照方皓等[3]的方法进行测定,色谱柱:Agilent eclipse plus C18柱(4.6 mm×100 mm,3.5 μm);流动相:乙腈(A)-0.2%磷酸水溶液(B);梯度洗脱程序:起始为11% A,89% B;15 min时A为13.5%,B为86.5%;30 min时A为18%,B为82%,保持至40 min;65 min时A为49%,B为51%;70 min时A为11%,B为89%;检测波长:360 nm;进样量:10 μL;流速:1.0 mL/min;柱温:35 ℃。
(2)对照品溶液的制备。分别精密称定各对照品适量,加甲醇制成浓度为1 mg/mL的番石榴苷、萹蓄苷、瑞诺苷、槲皮素对照品储备溶液,依次精密吸取各对照品储备溶液200、150、100、50、25、10 μL于6个10 mL容量瓶中,加甲醇定容,摇匀,即得系列混合对照品溶液。
(3)标准曲线建立。根据标准品的峰面积(Y)与进样质量浓度(X)进行线性回归,得到标准品回归方程,番石榴苷:Y=7.345X+0.052(R2=0.999,线性范围为0.330~10.530 mg/L);萹蓄苷:Y=3.396X-62.936(R2=0.999,线性范围为0.324~10.940 mg/L);瑞诺苷Y=7.613X+0.075(R2=0.999,线性范围为0.334~10.190 mg/L);槲皮素:Y=11.599X~0.344(R2=0.999,线性范围为0.366~10.480 mg/L)。根据标准曲线方程分别计算样品中4种黄酮成分的含量。
(1)色谱条件。Thermo Vanquish超高效液相系统,使用ACQUITY UPLC® HSS T3色谱柱(2.1×150 mm,1.8 µm,Waters,Milford,MA,USA),流速为0.25 mL/min,柱温为40 ℃,进样量为2 μL。正离子模式,流动相为0.1%甲酸水(A2)和0.1%甲酸乙腈(B2);负离子模式,流动相为5 mol/L甲酸铵水(A3)和乙腈(B3),梯度洗脱程序为:正离子模式起始为98% A2,2% B2,负离子模式起始为98% A3,2% B3,保持至1 min;9 min时A2为50%,B2为50%,A3为50%,B3为50%;12 min时A2为2%,B2为98%,A3为2%,B3为98%,保持至13.5 min;14 min时A2为98%,B2为2%,A3为98%,B3为2%;保持至20 min。
(2)质谱条件。Thermo Orbitrap Exploris 120质谱检测器,电喷雾离子源(ESI)。正负离子喷雾电压分别为3.50 kV、-2.50 kV,毛细管温度为325 ℃,一级全扫描分辨率为60000,离子扫描范围为m/z 100~1000,二级裂解分辨率为15000。
取不同处理组的番石榴叶提取液各1 mL,用氮气吹干,分别复溶于一定体积的80%乙醇溶液中,制成待测样品溶液。参照JIANG等[19]的方法测定:于酶标板中分别加入100 µL样品溶液与100 µL 0.15 mmol/L的DPPH-乙醇溶液,混匀,室温避光反应30 min,517 nm处测定吸光度(As1)。以100 µL体积分数为80%的乙醇溶液分别代替DPPH-乙醇溶液作为样品对照(Ab1)、代替样品溶液作为空白对照(Ac1),以BHT和Vc作为阳性对照。样品DPPH自由基清除率计算方式见公式(1),绘制清除率与样品溶液的质量浓度关系曲线,根据曲线计算样品的IC50值。以IC50值表示样品的DPPH自由基清除能力。计算公式:
式中,As1为样品组吸光度;Ab1为样品对照组吸光度;Ac1为空白对照组吸光度。
取不同处理组的番石榴叶提取液各1 mL,用氮气吹干后,分别复溶于一定体积的蒸馏水中,制成待测样品溶液。参照李云嵌等[18]的方法测定:取样品溶液50 µL与α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液25 µL混合,于37 ℃水浴反应10 min后加入5 mmol/L PNPG溶液50 µL,37 ℃下恒温水浴15 min,加入0.2 mol/L Na2CO3溶液100 µL终止反应,于405 nm下测定吸光值(As2)。以25 µL蒸馏水代替α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液作为样品对照(Ab2),以50 µL蒸馏水代替样品溶液作为空白对照(Ac2),阿卡波糖为阳性对照。样品溶液的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率通过公式(2)计算,绘制抑制率与样品溶液的质量浓度关系曲线,根据曲线计算样品的IC50值。以IC50值表示样品的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制能力。计算公式:
式中,As2为样品组吸光度;Ab2为样品对照组吸光度;Ac2为空白对照组吸光度。
实验数据以平均值±标准差表示,采用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件作图,应用SPSS 20.0软件进行单因素ANOVA分析。
样品结构的破坏程度与不同提取方式有直接关系。由图1可知,对照组样品(干燥番石榴叶粉末)细胞壁结构完整,均匀致密;ME组样品表面呈现疏松结构,但细胞壁结构大部分完整;HRE组样品表面有少数部位穿孔,形成小的空穴,说明HRE对物料结构破坏力较小,有效成分从物料中溶出有限;UAAE和UADEE组样品表面出现更大的空穴结构。
本研究中不同组别番石榴叶有效成分如表1所示。UADEE组番石榴叶总皂苷、总黄酮、总酚含量显著高于ME、HRE、UAAE组(P<0.05)。在总皂苷和总黄酮的提取中,UAAE与HRE组的提取效果差异不显著,均显著优于ME组(P<0.05);但在总酚提取中,UAAE与ME组差异不显著,提取效果显著优于HRE组(P<0.05)。
本研究中各组样品的HPLC色谱图如图2所示,4种黄酮成分含量如图3所示。UADEE组4种黄酮成分总含量(21.57 mg/L)显著高于其他3组(P<0.05)。ME组的番石榴苷、萹蓄苷、瑞诺苷含量分别为1.88、1.82、0.87 mg/L,UAAE和UADEE组中这3种黄酮成分含量均显著高于ME组(P<0.05)。其中番石榴苷含量在UAAE、UADEE组中分别为4.03、7.96 mg/L,萹蓄苷含量分别为3.94、7.74 mg/L,瑞诺苷含量分别为1.92、3.99 mg/L。ME、UADEE组中槲皮素含量最高,分别为2.05、1.86 mg/L,显著高于HRE组(1.49 mg/L)和UAAE组(0.51 mg/L)(P<0.05)。
为探讨提取方式对番石榴叶主要有效成分黄酮、皂苷和酚类物质的影响,基于LC-MS对番石榴叶提取液进行非靶向检测,得到提取液的正负离子采集谱图(图4)。代谢物的鉴定首先根据精确分子量进行确认,后续将MS/MS碎片模式与Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) (http://www.hmdb.ca)、LipidMaps (http://www.lipidmaps.org)、mzClound (https://www.mzcloud.org)以及帕诺米克自建标准品数据库确认注释获得代谢物。从番石榴叶提取液中鉴定出黄酮类代谢物44种,三萜类代谢物10种,酚类代谢物13种。采用峰面积归一法计算黄酮类成分、三萜类成分和酚类成分相对含量,如图5所示,ME、HRE、UAAE和UADEE处理组中黄酮类成分在番石榴叶总代谢物中分别为9.830%、9.714%、11.493%和12.208%;三萜类成分分别为15.815%、21.706%、26.286%和27.267%;酚类成分分别为0.731%、0.930%、0.773%和1.013%。番石榴叶中相对含量最高的10种黄酮类成分为槲皮素、木犀草素、杨梅苷、染料木素、异牡荆素、水飞蓟素、表儿茶素、黄芩素、去甲基陈皮素和芦丁,最主要的三萜类物质为熊果酸、山楂酸、黄柏酮、雷公藤红素和Fasciculic acid B,主要的酚类物质为鞣花酸、香兰素、羟基酪醇、高原儿茶酸和姜酮酚。不同提取方法对番石榴叶不同代谢物的提取效果具有明显差异,UADEE处理的提取液中槲皮素、染料木素、芦丁、熊果酸的含量高于其他3种处理方法,而杨梅苷、异牡荆素和山楂酸的含量则较低。
番石榴叶提取物DPPH清除率和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率的IC50值如图6所示,各组样品DPPH清除率和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率差异显著。4个提取处理中,UADDE组DPPH自由基的清除能力和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性均最强(P<0.05),IC50值分别为45.18 μg/mL和904.67 μg/mL,DPPH清除能力与阳性对照组Vc水平相当,但弱于抗氧化剂BHT,α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性显著弱于阳性降糖药物阿卡波糖。
本研究结合内部显微结构、功能成分及其生物活性,联合评价ME、HRE、UAAE与UADEE四种提取方法对番石榴叶的提取效果。结果表明UAAE与UADEE两种处理极大地破坏了细胞内部结构,这是由于植物细胞壁在超声的机械效应和化学效应下发生破裂,使物料结构疏松,从而加速植物中有效成分的扩散和溶出[20]。超声波的空化效应,促使溶剂更大程度地渗入细胞中,不断刺激胞内腺体,增加传质速率[21]。皂苷、黄酮和酚类物质是番石榴叶的主要有效成分,提取溶剂对目标成分的溶解度是影响提取率的关键因素之一。黄酮和酚类的提取通常采用回流法或超声辅助有机试剂法,皂苷的提取通常采用超声波辅助表面活性剂增溶技术[15,22-23],如薯蓣皂苷、三七花总皂苷和苦瓜皂苷等。本研究中UADEE组的总黄酮提取率为8.05%,高于目前研究中回流或超声提取等方法的番石榴叶总黄酮提取率(0.497%~5.12%[5,24-25]),但低于蒋利荣等[10]研究中UADEE法的总黄酮提取率(15.97%~22.06%)。马连荣等[26]、鄢文等[27]测定番石榴叶中总皂苷含量为7.08 mg/mL和15.14 mg/mL,本研究中各组总皂苷含量为46.61~79.28 mg/g,其中UADEE组提取率比ME组提高70.09%,比UAAE组提高21.58%,而陈冉等[8]利用UADEE提取鸡骨草总皂苷,提取率比传统有机试剂提取法提高96.4%,这些差异可能与DES氢键配体受体的组成及DES溶剂含水率等因素有关。
番石榴叶中的代表性黄酮类成分为槲皮素、番石榴苷、萹蓄苷(广寄生苷)和瑞诺苷等,其含量是衡量番石榴叶药材品质优劣的一个重要指标。方皓等[3]以60%乙醇超声提取30 min后测到这4种黄酮成分的总含量约为58.3 mg/g,本研究UADEE组4种黄酮成分总含量为21.57 mg/L,显著高于其他3组(P<0.05),与总黄酮测定结果趋势一致;其中番石榴苷和萹蓄苷总含量为15.70 mg/g,高于朱晓艾等[28]采用64.6%乙醇提取81 min的含量,测出的番石榴苷和萹蓄苷最高总含量为6.74 mg/g。ME组提取体系缺乏浓度差,HRE组较高的提取温度则会导致皂苷发生脱羧、脱糖、脱水反应而转化;某些稳定性差的酚类、黄酮类物质也易受温度的影响,发生氧化、聚合或分解等反应,从而影响提取率[29-30];而组成DES的组分间协同效应使其对番石榴叶有效成分具有增溶作用,因而造成提取效果的差异。此前研究者们从番石榴叶分离得到一系列黄酮及其各类糖苷与苷元,包括槲皮素、芹菜素、杨梅素、儿茶素、胶藤素、去甲氧基荚果蕨素、山奈酸、萹蓄苷、金丝桃苷、异槲皮苷等[13,31-32]。本研究基于LC-MS非靶向测定出黄酮类成分44种,三萜类成分10种、酚类成分13种。槲皮素是多种黄酮苷的苷元,据报道,芦丁、槲皮素等代谢物在DES中的溶解度是在水中的十倍至数十万倍[33],本实验中UADEE组提取到的芦丁和槲皮素含量显著高于UAAE组。熊果酸是番石榴叶中主要的三萜类成分,被证实是番石榴叶主要的降血糖活性成分,本研究中UADEE对熊果酸的效果最优;多酚成分鞣花酸具有与槲皮素相当或更高的抗氧化活性[34],其可能也是番石榴叶发挥抗氧化活性的有效成分。以上研究进一步丰富了番石榴叶的药效物质基础。此外,本研究结果表明提取方法对番石榴叶不同代谢物的溶出具有重要影响,为番石榴叶特定成分的提取与利用提供参考。
DPPH目前被广泛用于抗氧化剂清除自由基能力的快速评价,α-葡萄糖苷酶被认为是Ⅱ型糖尿病的重要靶标[35]。此前赵玉静等[12]发现番石榴叶醇提液中的6个黄酮类化合物,均具有显著抗氧化活性。张婷婷[2]研究中表明三萜皂苷类物质为番石榴叶降血糖活性物质。本研究发现各组番石榴叶提取物DPPH清除率和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率差异显著,HRE组DPPH的清除能力最弱,ME组的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率最低,UADDE组DPPH自由基的清除能力和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性均最强(P<0.05)。这与番石榴叶有效成分总皂苷、总黄酮和总酚含量测定结果趋势一致,表明这3种成分可能是番石榴叶抗氧化和降糖功能的发挥的活性成分。综上,不同提取方式下(ME、HRE、UAAE、UADEE)番石榴叶有效成分含量与生物活性差异显著,综合而言,UADEE法对番石榴叶的有效成分提取效果最佳,研究结果可为提高番石榴副产物的综合利用率提供实验依据。
  • 广西农业科学院科技发展基金项目(桂农科2022JM92)
  • 广西农业科学院基本科研业务专项(桂农科2025YP140; 桂农科2021YT144)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.018
  • 接收时间:2024-09-24
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-24
  • 录用日期:2024-11-18
基金
广西农业科学院科技发展基金项目(桂农科2022JM92)
广西农业科学院基本科研业务专项(桂农科2025YP140; 桂农科2021YT144)
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    1.广西壮族自治区亚热带作物研究所/广西亚热带水果加工工程技术研究中心,广西南宁 530001
    2.广西亚热带特色水果质量安全控制重点实验室,广西南宁 530001
    3.桂林日盛食品有限责任公司,广西桂林 541300

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* 李建强(LI Jianqiang),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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