Article(id=1276862349453684887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276862113658303045, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723219200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1727798400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-10-02, onlineDate=1782357307065, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782357307065, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782357307065, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782357307065, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276862113658303045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='515', pageEnd='775', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782357250847, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782357480466, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276863076821496476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276862113658303045, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276863076825690781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276862113658303045, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=638, endPage=647, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276862351940907161, articleId=1276862349453684887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Effects of Fertilization Measures on Manganese Content in Soil-Rubber Tree System and Rubber Properties, columnId=1236256434120348225, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Manganese (Mn) is a crucial element influencing the performance of natural rubber. This study investigated the effects of different fertilization strategies on Mn content in soil, rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) roots and leaves, latex and raw rubber, and the subsequent impact on rubber properties in rubber plantations. The aim was to provide theoretical insights for optimizing rubber tree fertilization and enhancing natural rubber properties. Field experiments were conducted from 2022 to 2023 in a RY 73397 variety rubber plantation. Quantitative fertilization was applied to individual rubber trees using a composite approach involving hole application and tapping panel. The control group received no fertilizer treatment (CK), while five different fertilization treatments were implemented: 2 kg sodium silicate (T1), 0.5% zinc molybdate fertilizer (T2), 5 kg biochar (T3), 5 kg biochar+0.5% zinc molybdate fertilizer (T4) and 5 kg biochar+0.5% zinc molybdate fertilizer+2 kg sodium silicate (T5). Samples were collected during various months of latex production period to determine dry rubber yield, Mn content in various samples (soil, roots, leaves, latex, raw rubber), and rubber properties under different fertilization strategies, analyzing their effects on Mn content and rubber properties within the soil-rubber tree system. The rubber yield from different treatments ranged from 44.96 g to 62.90 g. Treatments T1, T3, T4 and T5 increased soil pH value, and effectively transformed bioavailable forms of Mn into less available forms for rubber trees in soil, with treatment T5 being most effective. Treatment T5 also significantly reduced Mn content in rubber tree roots. The application of T4 and T5 treatments significantly reduced Mn content in latex. Treatment T1 was effective in enhancing the plasticity retention, while treatments T2, T3, T4 and T5 were capable of improving the initial plasticity of raw rubber. Treatments T4 and T5 significantly increased the Mooney viscosity. Following the implementation of T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments, the initial plasticity, plasticity retention, and Mooney viscosity of natural rubber all complied with the General Specifications for Natural Rubber Used in Aircraft Tires. The number-average molecular weight and weight-average molecular weight of raw rubber under different treatments ranged from 35.25×104 to 39.57×104 and from 161.84×104 to 167.32×104, respectively, while also decreasing the molecular weight distribution. To summary, the combined application of biochar, sodium silicate, and zinc-molybdenum fertilizers can enhance soil conditions, affecting the yield of rubber trees and the manganese (Mn) content in both latex and raw rubber, which in turn influences the properties of raw rubber. Based on this study, the T5 treatment (5 kg biochar+0.5% zinc molybdate fertilizer+2 kg sodium silicate per individual tree) is recommended for comprehensive enhancement of dry rubber yield and rubber properties.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yipeng KONG, Wanxin WANG, Dongqi JIN, Hailin LIU, Jianhong LI, Qingjie ZHAO, Qinghuo LIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingjie ZHAO, Qinghuo LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276862357787766947, articleId=1276862349453684887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=复合施肥措施对土壤-橡胶树系统中锰含量及生胶性能的影响, columnId=1236256434313286224, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=作物栽培与生理生化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

锰(Mn)元素是影响天然橡胶性能的重要因素之一,探究不同施肥措施对橡胶园土壤、橡胶树根系和叶片、胶乳和生胶中Mn含量以及生胶性能的影响,以期对橡胶树合理施肥及提高天然橡胶生胶性能提供理论依据。于2022—2023年选用热研73397橡胶品种进行大田试验,采用单株橡胶树定量施肥,主要为穴施与割面涂施的复合施肥措施,以不施肥为对照(CK),设置5个施肥处理:2 kg硅酸钠(T1)、0.5%锌钼肥(T2)、5 kg生物炭(T3)、5 kg生物炭+0.5%锌钼肥(T4)、5 kg生物炭+0.5%锌钼肥+2 kg硅酸钠(T5)。在产胶期不同月份采集样品,通过测定不同施肥模式下的干胶产量、各样品(土壤、根系、叶、胶乳、生胶)Mn含量和生胶性能,分析不同施肥措施对土壤-橡胶树系统中Mn含量及生胶性能的影响。结果表明:不同处理的橡胶树干胶产量在44.96~62.90 g之间;T1、T3、T4、T5处理可提升土壤pH,把土壤中易被植物利用的Mn形态转变成难利用的形态,其中T5处理的效果更好,且T5处理能显著降低橡胶树根系中的Mn含量;T4、T5处理能显著降低胶乳中的Mn含量;T1处理能提高塑性保持率,T2、T3、T4、T5处理能提高生胶塑性初值,T4、T5处理能提高门尼黏度,T2、T3、T4、T5处理后的生胶塑性初值、塑性保持率、门尼黏度均达到航空轮胎用天然橡胶通用规范;不同处理生胶的数均分子量和重均分子量分别在35.25×104~39.57×104和161.84×104~167.32×104之间,各施肥处理均降低了分子量分散程度。综上所述,生物炭、硅酸钠和锌钼肥配施能改善土壤环境,能够影响橡胶树的产量、胶乳和生胶中的Mn含量,进而影响生胶性能。基于本研究结果,对于综合提高橡胶树产量和生胶性能而言,可推荐T5处理,即单株施用5 kg生物炭+0.5%锌钼肥+2 kg硅酸钠。

, authors=

孔意鹏(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:橡胶树养分资源管理。

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* 赵庆杰(ZHAO Qingjie),E-mail:
林清火(LIN Qinghuo),E-mail:
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孔意鹏(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:橡胶树养分资源管理。

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孔意鹏(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:橡胶树养分资源管理。

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不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

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不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

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*表示显著相关(P<0.05);**表示极显著相关(P<0.01)。

, figureFileSmall=rT9sN5UrLe4rq7ORxe5aDw==, figureFileBig=nNBcPb55nNYtHrwHs1z1Tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862388376826092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862349453684887, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Different fertilization treatments and mothods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号No.单株年施肥量Annual fertilization rate per plant施肥方式Fertilization method
CK不施肥
T12 kg硅酸钠穴施
T20.5%锌钼肥割面涂施
T35 kg生物炭穴施
T45 kg生物炭+0.5%锌钼肥穴施+割面涂施
T55 kg生物炭+0.5%锌钼肥+2 kg硅酸钠穴施+割面涂施
), ArticleFig(id=1276862388800450797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862349453684887, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同施肥处理及施肥方式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号No.单株年施肥量Annual fertilization rate per plant施肥方式Fertilization method
CK不施肥
T12 kg硅酸钠穴施
T20.5%锌钼肥割面涂施
T35 kg生物炭穴施
T45 kg生物炭+0.5%锌钼肥穴施+割面涂施
T55 kg生物炭+0.5%锌钼肥+2 kg硅酸钠穴施+割面涂施
), ArticleFig(id=1276862389295378670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862349453684887, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Dry rubber yield and latex concentration under different fertilization treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment单株干胶产量Dry rubber yield of per plant总固形物Total solids干胶Dry rubber
单株产量Yield of per plant/g相对增幅Relative increase/%含量Content/%相对增幅Relative increase/%含量Content/%相对增幅Relative increase/%
CK48.39±11.56ab35.86±4.58a31.05±4.84a
T151.09±18.31ab5.5836.51±3.90a1.8132.22±4.69a3.77
T244.96±15.22b-7.0935.98±4.56a0.3332.25±5.87a3.86
T357.59±18.73ab19.0136.80±4.48a2.6232.34±5.17a4.15
T454.33±23.05ab12.2837.34±5.20a4.1331.58±5.37a1.71
T562.90±18.47a29.9936.53±5.02a1.8732.74±7.19a5.44
), ArticleFig(id=1276862389626728687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862349453684887, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同施肥处理的干胶产量和胶乳浓度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment单株干胶产量Dry rubber yield of per plant总固形物Total solids干胶Dry rubber
单株产量Yield of per plant/g相对增幅Relative increase/%含量Content/%相对增幅Relative increase/%含量Content/%相对增幅Relative increase/%
CK48.39±11.56ab35.86±4.58a31.05±4.84a
T151.09±18.31ab5.5836.51±3.90a1.8132.22±4.69a3.77
T244.96±15.22b-7.0935.98±4.56a0.3332.25±5.87a3.86
T357.59±18.73ab19.0136.80±4.48a2.6232.34±5.17a4.15
T454.33±23.05ab12.2837.34±5.20a4.1331.58±5.37a1.71
T562.90±18.47a29.9936.53±5.02a1.8732.74±7.19a5.44
), ArticleFig(id=1276862390092296432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862349453684887, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Mn content of rubber tree parts, latex and raw rubber under different fertilization treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treat mentMn含量Mn Content/(mg·kg-1)
根系Root叶片Leaf胶乳Latex生胶Raw rubber
CK88.37±19.82ab68.11±11.92b1.30±0.31a0.66±0.31a
T174.05±22.84b95.99±60.75ab1.09±0.12ab0.58±0.11a
T293.91±22.64a73.41±17.41b1.26±0.31ab0.65±0.35a
T352.34±14.48c129.32±40.02a0.99±0.13ab0.63±0.20a
T445.24±7.54c130.69±35.70a0.80±0.27b0.56±0.15a
T545.32±8.71c123.56±21.46a0.75±0.16b0.51±0.12a
), ArticleFig(id=1276862391837126897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862349453684887, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同施肥处理橡胶树各部位、胶乳及生胶的Mn含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treat mentMn含量Mn Content/(mg·kg-1)
根系Root叶片Leaf胶乳Latex生胶Raw rubber
CK88.37±19.82ab68.11±11.92b1.30±0.31a0.66±0.31a
T174.05±22.84b95.99±60.75ab1.09±0.12ab0.58±0.11a
T293.91±22.64a73.41±17.41b1.26±0.31ab0.65±0.35a
T352.34±14.48c129.32±40.02a0.99±0.13ab0.63±0.20a
T445.24±7.54c130.69±35.70a0.80±0.27b0.56±0.15a
T545.32±8.71c123.56±21.46a0.75±0.16b0.51±0.12a
), ArticleFig(id=1276862392139116786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862349453684887, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Molecular weight and distribution of raw rubber under different fertilization treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment数均分子量MN/×104MN相对增幅Relative increase of MN/%重均分子量MW/×104MW相对增幅Relative increase of MW/%MW/MN
CK35.25a161.84a4.64
T136.95a4.84164.37a1.564.47
T238.15a8.24167.32a3.394.39
T339.57a12.27166.38a2.804.28
T436.35a3.13165.22a2.094.58
T536.62a3.91163.72a1.164.49
), ArticleFig(id=1276862392294306035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862349453684887, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同施肥处理的生胶分子量及分子量分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment数均分子量MN/×104MN相对增幅Relative increase of MN/%重均分子量MW/×104MW相对增幅Relative increase of MW/%MW/MN
CK35.25a161.84a4.64
T136.95a4.84164.37a1.564.47
T238.15a8.24167.32a3.394.39
T339.57a12.27166.38a2.804.28
T436.35a3.13165.22a2.094.58
T536.62a3.91163.72a1.164.49
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复合施肥措施对土壤-橡胶树系统中锰含量及生胶性能的影响
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孔意鹏 1, 2 , 王万新 2 , 金东奇 2 , 刘海林 2, 3 , 李建宏 2, 3 , 赵庆杰 1, * , 林清火 2, 3, *
热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2025,46(3): 638-647
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热带作物学报 |作物栽培与生理生化 2025 , 46 (3) : 638 -647
复合施肥措施对土壤-橡胶树系统中锰含量及生胶性能的影响
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孔意鹏1, 2, 王万新2, 金东奇2, 刘海林2, 3, 李建宏2, 3, 赵庆杰1, * , 林清火2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学热带农林学院,海南儋州 571737
  • 2.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南海口 571101
  • 3.儋州橡胶林土壤环境海南省野外科学观测站,海南儋州 571737
通讯作者:
* 赵庆杰(ZHAO Qingjie),E-mail:
林清火(LIN Qinghuo),E-mail:
Effects of Fertilization Measures on Manganese Content in Soil-Rubber Tree System and Rubber Properties
Yipeng KONG1, 2, Wanxin WANG2, Dongqi JIN2, Hailin LIU2, 3, Jianhong LI2, 3, Qingjie ZHAO1, * , Qinghuo LIN2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
  • 2.Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 3.Danzhou Soil Environment of Rubber Plantation, Hainan Observation and Research Station, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.012
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锰(Mn)元素是影响天然橡胶性能的重要因素之一,探究不同施肥措施对橡胶园土壤、橡胶树根系和叶片、胶乳和生胶中Mn含量以及生胶性能的影响,以期对橡胶树合理施肥及提高天然橡胶生胶性能提供理论依据。于2022—2023年选用热研73397橡胶品种进行大田试验,采用单株橡胶树定量施肥,主要为穴施与割面涂施的复合施肥措施,以不施肥为对照(CK),设置5个施肥处理:2 kg硅酸钠(T1)、0.5%锌钼肥(T2)、5 kg生物炭(T3)、5 kg生物炭+0.5%锌钼肥(T4)、5 kg生物炭+0.5%锌钼肥+2 kg硅酸钠(T5)。在产胶期不同月份采集样品,通过测定不同施肥模式下的干胶产量、各样品(土壤、根系、叶、胶乳、生胶)Mn含量和生胶性能,分析不同施肥措施对土壤-橡胶树系统中Mn含量及生胶性能的影响。结果表明:不同处理的橡胶树干胶产量在44.96~62.90 g之间;T1、T3、T4、T5处理可提升土壤pH,把土壤中易被植物利用的Mn形态转变成难利用的形态,其中T5处理的效果更好,且T5处理能显著降低橡胶树根系中的Mn含量;T4、T5处理能显著降低胶乳中的Mn含量;T1处理能提高塑性保持率,T2、T3、T4、T5处理能提高生胶塑性初值,T4、T5处理能提高门尼黏度,T2、T3、T4、T5处理后的生胶塑性初值、塑性保持率、门尼黏度均达到航空轮胎用天然橡胶通用规范;不同处理生胶的数均分子量和重均分子量分别在35.25×104~39.57×104和161.84×104~167.32×104之间,各施肥处理均降低了分子量分散程度。综上所述,生物炭、硅酸钠和锌钼肥配施能改善土壤环境,能够影响橡胶树的产量、胶乳和生胶中的Mn含量,进而影响生胶性能。基于本研究结果,对于综合提高橡胶树产量和生胶性能而言,可推荐T5处理,即单株施用5 kg生物炭+0.5%锌钼肥+2 kg硅酸钠。

天然橡胶  /  施肥措施  /  土壤-橡胶树系统  /  锰含量  /  生胶性能

Manganese (Mn) is a crucial element influencing the performance of natural rubber. This study investigated the effects of different fertilization strategies on Mn content in soil, rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) roots and leaves, latex and raw rubber, and the subsequent impact on rubber properties in rubber plantations. The aim was to provide theoretical insights for optimizing rubber tree fertilization and enhancing natural rubber properties. Field experiments were conducted from 2022 to 2023 in a RY 73397 variety rubber plantation. Quantitative fertilization was applied to individual rubber trees using a composite approach involving hole application and tapping panel. The control group received no fertilizer treatment (CK), while five different fertilization treatments were implemented: 2 kg sodium silicate (T1), 0.5% zinc molybdate fertilizer (T2), 5 kg biochar (T3), 5 kg biochar+0.5% zinc molybdate fertilizer (T4) and 5 kg biochar+0.5% zinc molybdate fertilizer+2 kg sodium silicate (T5). Samples were collected during various months of latex production period to determine dry rubber yield, Mn content in various samples (soil, roots, leaves, latex, raw rubber), and rubber properties under different fertilization strategies, analyzing their effects on Mn content and rubber properties within the soil-rubber tree system. The rubber yield from different treatments ranged from 44.96 g to 62.90 g. Treatments T1, T3, T4 and T5 increased soil pH value, and effectively transformed bioavailable forms of Mn into less available forms for rubber trees in soil, with treatment T5 being most effective. Treatment T5 also significantly reduced Mn content in rubber tree roots. The application of T4 and T5 treatments significantly reduced Mn content in latex. Treatment T1 was effective in enhancing the plasticity retention, while treatments T2, T3, T4 and T5 were capable of improving the initial plasticity of raw rubber. Treatments T4 and T5 significantly increased the Mooney viscosity. Following the implementation of T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments, the initial plasticity, plasticity retention, and Mooney viscosity of natural rubber all complied with the General Specifications for Natural Rubber Used in Aircraft Tires. The number-average molecular weight and weight-average molecular weight of raw rubber under different treatments ranged from 35.25×104 to 39.57×104 and from 161.84×104 to 167.32×104, respectively, while also decreasing the molecular weight distribution. To summary, the combined application of biochar, sodium silicate, and zinc-molybdenum fertilizers can enhance soil conditions, affecting the yield of rubber trees and the manganese (Mn) content in both latex and raw rubber, which in turn influences the properties of raw rubber. Based on this study, the T5 treatment (5 kg biochar+0.5% zinc molybdate fertilizer+2 kg sodium silicate per individual tree) is recommended for comprehensive enhancement of dry rubber yield and rubber properties.

natural rubber  /  fertilization practices  /  soil-rubber tree system  /  Mn content  /  raw rubber properties
孔意鹏, 王万新, 金东奇, 刘海林, 李建宏, 赵庆杰, 林清火. 复合施肥措施对土壤-橡胶树系统中锰含量及生胶性能的影响. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (3) : 638 -647 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.012
Yipeng KONG, Wanxin WANG, Dongqi JIN, Hailin LIU, Jianhong LI, Qingjie ZHAO, Qinghuo LIN. Effects of Fertilization Measures on Manganese Content in Soil-Rubber Tree System and Rubber Properties[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (3) : 638 -647 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.012
橡胶是重要的战略物资以及四大基础工业原料之一[1],按其来源可分为天然橡胶和合成橡胶,世界上约有三分之一的橡胶制品必须用天然橡胶制造才能符合使用要求[2]。巴西三叶橡胶树产量占天然橡胶总产量的99%以上,因此通常也以天然橡胶代指巴西三叶橡胶树,巴西三叶橡胶树主要种植于东南亚地区[3-4]。与东南亚其他产胶国家相比,我国由于温度、气候等因素导致生产的天然橡胶品质不佳,力学性能指标偏低,只能满足中低端大众化普通橡胶制品的要求[5]。研究发现,锰(Mn)、铁(Fe)以及铜(Cu)等变价金属离子对橡胶的老化有自动氧化催化的作用,从而降低橡胶的性能[6-7];Mn对天然橡胶的起始分解温度影响最大,与其他金属产生的协同效应能严重破坏天然橡胶的热稳定性[8]。由于施肥措施能改变金属元素在土壤中的形态,进而影响植物的吸收利用,因此,施肥措施是自然条件下人工调控天然橡胶性能的一项重要手段[9]
目前对于钝化土壤金属元素的方法有很多,王晓琦等[10]发现生物炭的施入能显著提高土壤pH,显著降低土壤有效态Cu的含量;刘冲等[11]在研究生物炭以及炭基肥料的施用对油麦菜吸收重金属的影响时发现,油麦菜各部位的镉(Cd)、Cu、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)等含量均与生物炭以及炭基肥料的施用量呈负相关;黄宗鸿等[12]研究发现,硅酸盐作为一种金属钝化剂通过改变土壤中的pH来降低金属的生物利用度,从而提高植物抗氧化能力来减少重金属对植物的毒害;黄巧云等[13]研究发现,施用硅(Si)能够降低铝(Al)的活性,升高土壤pH,有利于麦苗根部吸收矿物元素。Zn元素可通过拮抗作用抑制有毒元素在植物体内的累积,减少其对植物的毒害作用[14-15],在油菜叶面喷施Zn肥能显著降低油菜可食用部位的Cd含量[16]。钼(Mo)元素与多种元素均存在一定的交互作用,在多种植物中证实了Mo与Mn具有拮抗关系[17]
虽然现有的研究表明,通过施用生物炭、硅酸钠以及涂施锌钼肥等可以减少作物体内重金属含量,但通过施肥措施调控土壤-天然橡胶体系中重金属含量及生胶性能的研究相对匮乏。假设不同施肥模式下施用生物炭、硅酸钠以及锌钼肥可对橡胶树的生长和胶乳产量及品质产生积极的影响,本研究拟设置5种施肥处理,研究复合施肥措施对橡胶树干胶产量、土壤-橡胶树系统中各部位Mn含量和生胶Mn含量及其生胶性能等方面的影响,以期达到调控胶乳和生胶中Mn含量并提高生胶性能的目的。
试验地位于海南省儋州市中国热带农业科学院试验场六队(109.29ʹ43ʺE, 9.28ʹ41ʺN),属于热带湿润季风气候,年平均气温和降水量分别为23.5 ℃和1815 mm。
供试土壤类型为花岗岩发育的砖红壤,土壤基础理化性质:pH为5.00、电导率为60.40 µs/cm、有机质为16.43 g/kg、速效磷为90.27 mg/kg、速效钾为141.24 mg/kg、铵态氮为41.49 mg/kg、硝态氮为13.66 mg/kg。试验区橡胶树品系为热研73397,定植于2004年,株行距为3 m×7 m,树龄18 a,开割年限11 a。
以不施肥为对照(CK),设置5个施肥处理(表1)。每个小区共5行5列包含25株正常开割的橡胶树,其中外围16株作为保护行,中间9株作为采样区,每个处理设置3次重复。生物炭与硅酸钠采用穴施的方式,施肥于离树干1.5 m处的施肥穴底部(施肥穴长宽深为200 cm×60 cm×40 cm)。于2022年4月28日施用1次生物炭,硅酸钠分别在2022年4月28日和8月25日均分2次施用;利用EDTA锌和钼酸氨配制0.5%锌钼肥,开割后每隔15 d涂施1次,采用割面涂施的方式均匀涂施在橡胶树当年割胶面,全年共涂施14次。生物炭材料为小麦秸秆生物炭,购自三利新能源有限公司淮北分公司;硅酸钠材料购自山东金润梓生物科技有限公司;EDTA锌和钼酸氨购自山东绿陇作物营养有限公司。试验期间橡胶树施肥、打药等按照常规管理。
于2022年9月22日、10月11日、11月2日、12月6日采集4次胶乳、土壤及植物样品,结果均采用4次的平均值。
(1)土壤:各处理施肥区随机选取3个点,取施肥穴底部面向橡胶树的侧壁深度40~60 cm土壤样品500 g左右,将样本置于阴凉处风干,磨碎过2 mm筛,备用。
(2)根系:各处理施肥区随机选取3个点,取施肥穴底部面向橡胶树的侧壁深度40~60 cm土壤中直径小于2 mm的橡胶树吸收根系,用去离子水洗涤后杀青、烘干,磨成粉末。
(3)叶片:各处理施肥区随机选取5株植株,采集30片稳定的第2蓬叶作为样本,用去离子水洗涤后杀青、烘干,磨成粉末。
(4)胶乳和生胶:割胶3 h后开始收集胶乳样品,采集9株橡胶树的胶乳混匀,取10 g左右直接烘干为总固形物,加2 mL 5%乙酸摇匀,泡水3 d再烘干,用于测量干胶含量,剩余胶乳加入5%乙酸摇匀,经过机械压制制作生胶片。
采用Tessier五步连续提取法分析土壤中Mn各形态组分含量,采用电位法测定土壤pH。参考GB/T 33324—2016的方法测定橡胶根、叶片、胶乳、生胶中的Mn含量。参考GB/T 3510—2006的方法测定生胶塑性初值(P0),参考GB/T 3517—2014的方法测定生胶塑性保持率(PRI),参考GB/T1232.1—2016的方法测定生胶门尼黏度(Mv),使用美国Agilent公司生产的Agilent 100型凝胶渗透色谱仪测定橡胶分子量分布。
应用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据整理与分析,采用Duncan's法进行多重比较(P<0.05),使用Origin 2021 Pro软件绘制图表及进行线性回归相关性分析。
干胶产量是反映橡胶树产能的重要指标,总固形物含量和干胶含量是影响橡胶树产量和品质的重要指标。由表2可知,不同处理橡胶树单刀单株干胶产量在44.96~62.90 g之间,T5处理较T2处理有显著增加,但各施肥处理与CK相比无显著差异。不同处理总固形物含量在35.86%~37.34%之间,干胶含量在31.05%~32.74%之间,各处理的总固形物和干胶含量均无显著差异。
pH是土壤重要指标之一,与土壤理化性质和金属离子形态有密切关系[18]。如图1所示,与CK(pH 5.12)相比,T1、T3、T4、T5处理均显著提高土壤pH,其中T5处理的pH提高了2.41,达到7.53。由此可见,施用硅酸钠和生物炭均能显著提高土壤pH,二者组合施用效果更好。
土壤中的金属形态及其植物有效性直接影响作物对金属元素的吸收[19]。不同施肥处理土壤中不同形态的Mn含量如图2所示,与CK相比,各施肥处理的土壤Mn可交换态含量均有所降低。通常可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态是容易被植物利用的Mn形态,CK中这3种形态的Mn含量之和占比为57.2%,T1、T4和T5处理的这3种形态的Mn含量之和分别降低至51.2%、48.3%和52.3%。而从残余态Mn含量来看,与CK(42.1%)相比,T1、T4和T5处理的残余态Mn分别增加至48.3%、51.0%和47.1%。
不同施肥处理下各目标样品中的Mn含量如表3所示,在根系的Mn含量中,与CK相比,T3、T4、T5处理的Mn含量显著降低,降幅分别为40.77%、48.81%、48.72%;在叶片的Mn含量中,与CK相比,T3、T4、T5处理的Mn含量均显著增加,增幅分别为89.87%、91.88%、81.41%,其中T4处理的Mn含量最高为130.69 mg/kg;各处理的胶乳Mn含量在0.75~1.30 mg/kg之间,其中T4、T5处理较CK显著降低,降幅分别为38.46%和42.31%;各处理的生胶Mn含量在0.51~0.66 mg/kg之间,不同施肥处理均有所下降,但无显著差异。综上所述,T3、T4、T5处理能显著降低根系的Mn含量,而提高叶片的Mn含量,T4、T5处理能显著降低胶乳Mn含量,各施肥处理的生胶Mn含量无显著差异。
塑性初值(P0)是指生胶在一定温度和压力下的初始塑性特征;门尼黏度(Mv)是表征特定温度下测量生胶流动性的指标,越高的门尼黏度意味着橡胶越黏稠;塑性保持率(PRI)表示经过一段时间老化后的塑性保持能力,一般用来评价生胶的抗氧化性能。由图3A可知,T2、T3、T4、T5处理的塑性初值显著高于CK,增幅分别为20.15%、24.63%、29.85%、26.87%。且不同施肥处理后的生胶均符合GB/T 8081—2018中天然生胶P0≥30和GJB 7269—2011航空轮胎用天然橡胶通用规范中P0≥36的标准。塑性保持率方面(图3B),与CK相比,T1处理的塑性保持率有显著提高,增幅为7.13%,其他处理较CK无显著差异,但所有处理的塑性保持率均达到GB/T 8081—2018中PRI≥60和GJB 7269—2011中PRI≥60的标准。在门尼黏度方面(图3C),与CK相比,T4、T5处理的门尼黏度有显著提高,增幅分别为23.85%和21.93%,T2、T3、T4、T5处理的生胶门尼黏度均达到GJB 7269—2011中73≤门尼黏度≤93的标准。综上所述,T1处理对提高生胶塑性保持率效果较好,T2、T3、T4、T5处理提高了生胶塑性初值,T4、T5处理能提高生胶门尼黏度,并且T2、T3、T4、T5处理的生胶塑性初值、塑性保持率、门尼黏度均符合航空轮胎用天然橡胶通用规范。
橡胶分子量反映橡胶分子的分散程度,低分子量的部分与高分子量的部分分别对数均分子量(MN)与重均分子量(MW)有较大影响,由于天然橡胶的分子量存在分布不均或多分散的现象,因此以分子量分布的宽度系数(MW/MN)表示分散程度,MW/MN值越大表示分子量分布范围越宽,反之越窄。如表4所示,不同处理的生胶数均分子量在35.25×104~39.57×104之间,重均分子量在161.84×104~167.32×104之间,各处理间均无显著差异。在分子量分布的宽度系数方面,与CK相比,各施肥处理均降低了分子量分散程度。
通过相关性与回归分析表明,胶乳Mn含量与生胶塑性初值呈极显著负相关,胶乳Mn含量每降低1 mg/kg,生胶塑性初值增加7.95(图4A);生胶塑性保持率随着胶乳Mn含量的增加而增加,但相关性未达显著水平(图4B);胶乳Mn含量与生胶门尼黏度呈极显著负相关,胶乳Mn含量每降低1 mg/kg,生胶门尼黏度增加11.4(图4C)。在生胶Mn含量方面,生胶Mn含量与生胶塑性初值呈显著负相关,生胶Mn含量每降低1 mg/kg,生胶塑性初值增加8.7(图4D);生胶Mn含量与生胶塑性保持率、门尼黏度均呈负相关,但相关性未达到显著水平(图4E图4F)。结果表明,降低胶乳Mn含量能显著提高生胶塑性初值和门尼黏度,同时会降低塑性保持率,降低生胶Mn含量能显著提高生胶塑性初值,同时有利于提高生胶塑性保持率和门尼黏度。
干胶产量、总固形物含量和干胶含量是构成橡胶产量的重要指标。本研究发现,单施生物炭和生物炭配施锌钼肥与硅肥处理对橡胶树的干胶产量、总固形物和干胶含量有一定影响。其原因可能是生物炭中含有大量的矿质养分、丰富的有机官能团、较高的比表面积和阳离子交换量、疏松多孔结构等特性[20],将生物炭添加至土壤中,可提高土壤碳库,降低土壤酸度,提升土壤pH。黄超等[21]研究发现,在肥力水平较低的土壤中,速效磷、速效钾和有效氮均随生物炭施用量的增加而提高,同时提高了土壤水稳定性团聚体数量,从而增强土壤保肥能力,改善植物生长环境和营养供给,在生物炭添加量为200 g/kg时,黑麦草产量增加53%。ZHANG等[22]研究发现,施用生物炭提高了水稻生物量和产量;硅酸钠的施用可提高土壤pH,减轻污染土壤中重金属对植物生长的毒害[23],增强植物对生物和非生物胁迫的抵抗能力[24]。TIAN等[25]研究发现,适量添加硅酸钠能促进植物对养分的吸收和利用。
本研究表明,配施生物炭和硅酸钠能提高土壤pH,减少土壤中可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Mn含量,增加残余态Mn含量,使易被植物利用的Mn形态转化为难被利用的形态,从而降低了Mn的有效性和流动性。由于锌钼肥涂施在割面上,对土壤pH的影响不显著,且割面涂施0.5%锌钼肥处理对土壤中的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态Mn含量影响较小。土壤pH与重金属的化学形态及重金属的迁移具有显著的相关性[26]。已有研究发现,植物通过根系从土壤中吸收金属元素,所吸收的金属元素总量主要受元素的化学形态的影响[27]
Mn是参与植物新陈代谢的必需营养元素之一,对植物的光合作用有重要影响[28];植物对金属元素的吸收与土壤中金属元素的生物有效性存在较强的相关性[19]。本研究发现,施用生物炭和硅酸钠降低了土壤中可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Mn的总含量,减少了土壤中植物可利用的Mn含量,从而降低了橡胶树根系中的Mn含量。同时,与CK相比,T4、T5处理的胶乳中Mn含量显著降低,可能是因为生物炭与锌钼肥以及硅酸钠配施增强了土壤对Mn的固定,减少了橡胶树对Mn的吸收,使转运到胶乳中的Mn含量降低。另外,因为T4、T5处理的干胶产量有少量增加,可能会导致胶乳中Mn出现“稀释效应”,从而呈现出Mn含量显著降低的趋势。孙蕊卿等[29]研究发现,高产量区的小麦受“稀释效应”的影响,籽粒和面粉Fe含量有所降低。前人研究表明,Zn元素可通过拮抗作用抑制有毒元素在植物体内的累积,且已证实Mo元素与Mn之间亦存在拮抗作用[30-31]。本研究中的涂施锌钼肥处理下,根系、叶片、胶乳中的Mn含量无明显变化,其影响效果还有待进一步开展研究。
门尼黏度大小主要受到生胶非胶组分和分子量大小的影响[32]P0反映天然橡胶可塑性的好坏,P0的大小与天然橡胶分子量有关,P0越大,橡胶的相对分子量也大,生胶在贮存、加工过程中变异性就越小。PRI反映橡胶耐老化性能,可用于评估天然生胶耐氧化程度,PRI愈高,生胶的耐热老化性能越好[33]。本研究表明,T2、T3、T4、T5处理的生胶能提高塑性初值,T4、T5处理能提高门尼黏度;由于胶乳和生胶Mn含量与生胶塑性初值和门尼黏度均呈负相关,因此可能是减少了胶乳和生胶Mn等非胶组分含量,进而提高了橡胶分子量而影响了生胶的塑性初值和门尼黏度。硅酸钠处理能提高生胶塑性保持率,可能是施用硅酸钠减轻了污染土壤中金属对植物生长毒害的影响[34],降低了生胶中Mn等非胶组分含量,提高了生胶的塑性保持率,但仍需进一步验证。
合理进行生物炭、硅酸钠和锌钼肥的配施能改善胶园土壤环境,影响橡胶树的干胶产量,同时能降低胶乳中的Mn含量,改善生胶性能。研究发现,0.5%锌钼肥(T2)、5 kg生物炭(T3)、5 kg生物炭+0.5%锌钼肥(T4)和5 kg生物炭+0.5%锌钼肥+2 kg硅酸钠(T5)4种施肥措施均能使生胶性能达到航空轮胎用天然橡胶通用规范(GJB 7269—2011)。在海南热带砖红壤地区,施用5 kg生物炭+0.5%锌钼肥或5 kg生物炭+0.5%锌钼肥+2 kg硅酸钠对综合提高橡胶树干胶产量、生胶塑性初值、门尼黏度等具有较好效果。
  • 海南省重大科技项目(ZDKJ2021004)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2301201)
  • 中国热带农业科学院国家热带农业科学中心科技创新团队项目(CATASCXTD202303)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.012
  • 接收时间:2024-08-10
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-10
  • 录用日期:2024-10-02
基金
海南省重大科技项目(ZDKJ2021004)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2301201)
中国热带农业科学院国家热带农业科学中心科技创新团队项目(CATASCXTD202303)
作者信息
    1.海南大学热带农林学院,海南儋州 571737
    2.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南海口 571101
    3.儋州橡胶林土壤环境海南省野外科学观测站,海南儋州 571737

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* 赵庆杰(ZHAO Qingjie),E-mail:
林清火(LIN Qinghuo),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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