Article(id=1276862129047208795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276862113658303045, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725465600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1731254400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-11, onlineDate=1782357254516, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782357254516, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782357254516, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782357254516, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276862113658303045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='515', pageEnd='775', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782357250847, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782357480466, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276863076821496476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276862113658303045, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276863076825690781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276862113658303045, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=611, endPage=628, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276862136668259166, articleId=1276862129047208795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Applications and Prospects of Cryogenic Technology in the Conservation of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resources, columnId=1236256430060261740, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Germplasm Resources, Genetics & Breeding, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tropical region is rich in plant genetic diversity with great demand for the safe preservation of plant germplasm resources. Cryopreservation [with liquid nitrogen (LN)] is an important method for the long-term preservation of plant germplasm resources. Although cryopreservation protocol often requires optimization for different species, it ensures the use of minimum space and the regular LN supply to facilitate the long-term preservation of genetic resources once established, thereby greatly reducing the labor input and costs in the long run. The cryogenic technique has been studied for more than half a century and has achieved survival and regeneration of plant materials such as seeds, shoot tips and pollen, as well as cell suspension and callus tissue after cryopreservation. To fully introduce the use of cryopreservation to secure valuable tropical plant species and support the development of tropical agricultural sciences, this review first focuses on the shoot tip and dormant shoot segment cryopreservation to review the research history and technological development of plant cryopreservation. The research advances of cryopreservation in tropical plant species were emphasized using shoot tips, seeds (zygotic embryos), pollen, cell suspension, and callus. The importance of genetic stability analysis after cryopreservation was also introduced before highlighting the importance and prospects of applying cryopreservation for long-term preservation of shoot tips, recalcitrant seeds, and embryogenic tissues and cells of tropical crops.

, authors=null, authorsList=Minrui WANG, Yonglin JING, Langxin CHEN, Xiaobing WANG, Chunyang Meng, Bilan HUANG, Li XU, Zhiying LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li XU, Zhiying LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276862144650019685, articleId=1276862129047208795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=超低温保存技术在热带作物种质资源保存中的应用与展望, columnId=1236256430219645304, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=种质资源与遗传育种, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

热带地区植物资源种类丰富,有极大的种质资源安全保存需求。超低温(液氮)冻存是植物种质资源长期保存的重要手段,虽需针对特定物种进行技术优化,但在实际应用后最为节省空间,且只需定期补充液氮,极大降低了种质资源长期保存过程中的人力物力投入。经过半个多世纪的发展,植物超低温保存技术现已在种子、茎尖、花粉等多种类型材料上实现冷冻后成活与再生。为系统总结并全面介绍超低温保存技术在热带作物种质资源安全保存和农业科技发展中的应用,本综述以休眠茎段和试管苗茎尖的超低温保存为主线,回顾了植物超低温保存的研究历史与技术发展,侧重介绍了超低温保存技术在热带作物茎尖、种子(胚)、花粉、细胞悬浮系和愈伤组织中的研究进展;同时也对热带作物超低温保存后遗传稳定性评价研究进行介绍,展望了超低温保存在热带作物茎尖、顽拗性种子和胚性愈伤组织和细胞等材料长期保存中的重要作用。

, authors=

* 荆永琳(1992—),女,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:热带作物离体保存与鉴定评价。

王敏瑞(1990—),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:热带作物超低温离体保存

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** 徐立(XU Li),E-mail:
李志英(LI Zhiying),E-mail:
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A:包埋干燥法;B:玻璃化法;C:小滴玻璃化法;D:铝盘玻璃化法。

, figureFileSmall=rOIgjNla8vHMXJRaLTxr8Q==, figureFileBig=KJGdBJ4XEK/t/E1AfT50iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862178196063158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862129047208795, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The explants and techniques applied for cryopreservation of tropical crops, figureFileSmall=o1FHeL5i4x86unz8/2KAng==, figureFileBig=tPQ6PeL5EQ+rgyutdXcD5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862178271560631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862129047208795, language=CN, label=图2, caption=热带作物种质资源超低温保存材料来源与方法选择

A:茎尖(左为香蕉茎尖,右为木薯茎尖);B:香蕉种子(b1为香蕉种胚);C:香蕉花粉;D:香蕉胚性细胞悬浮系;E:木薯茎尖PVS2冷冻保护;F:木薯茎尖小滴玻璃化超低温保存所用的冷冻管;G:冷冻管转入冷冻盒中准备长期冷冻;H:超低温长期保存所用的生物液氮储存罐;I:热带作物不同类型种质超低温保存方法选择。

, figureFileSmall=o1FHeL5i4x86unz8/2KAng==, figureFileBig=tPQ6PeL5EQ+rgyutdXcD5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276862180075111352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862129047208795, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Main steps applying Droplet-vitrification and Vitrification cryo-foil for shoot tip cryopreservation of tropical crops

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种名称Species所用材料Explant预培养方式Preculture冷冻保护方式Cryoprotection再生率(测试基因型数)Shoot tip regrowth (Number of tested genotypes)参考文献Reference
芭蕉属和象腿蕉属(Musa spp. and Ensete spp.)试管苗1.0 mm茎尖,带1~2个叶原基2 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖室温预培养不超过7 hPVS2冰上处理30~50 min平均再生率53%(8个芭蕉属和1个象腿蕉属基因组型的56份资源)[29]
芭蕉属(Musa spp.)试管苗1.5~2.5 mm茎尖,带1~2个叶原基2 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖室温预培养20 min~2 hPVS2冰上处理30~50 min42%~78%(5个基因组型15份资源)[41]
木薯(Manihot esculenta Crantz)试管苗0.5 mm茎尖,带1~2个叶原基2 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖室温预培养20~60 minPVS2冰上处理30 min平均79%(9)[42]
试管苗1~2 mm茎尖2 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖室温预培养2 hPVS2冰上处理30 min>30%(97个测试基因型中的76个)[43]
菠萝[Ananas comosus (L.) Mer.]试管苗0.5~1.0 mm茎尖,带1个叶原基0.3 mol/L蔗糖预培养2 dPVS2冰上处理40 min60%~100%(16)[31]
甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum Linn.)试管苗1.5~2.0 mm茎尖0.5 mol/L蔗糖预培养1 d后,将茎尖黏附在铝盘上,接着2 mol/L甘油+1.6 mol/L蔗糖预处理30 minPVS2室温处理30 min(铝盘玻璃化法)56.7%~100%(10)[62]
番薯[Ipomoea batatas (L.)]诱导3~9周的试管苗1.0 mm腋芽茎尖,带2~3个叶原基2 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖室温处理20 minPVS2冰上处理30 min9.5%~83.9%(10)[54]
三角叶薯蓣(Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. Ex Griseb.)试管苗茎尖2.0 mm0.3 mol/L蔗糖预培养16 h,2 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖室温处理20 minPVS2冰上处理90 min30%~54%(Vi);21%~51%(Dr-vi),15个基因型[63]
油梨(Persea americana Mill.)0.3 mol/L蔗糖或10 ℃预处理2周的试管苗茎尖,1.5 mm×1.5 mm大小带2个叶原基2 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖室温处理20 minVSL冷冻保护剂冰上处理品种Velvick 20min; Reed10 min35%(品种Velvick)45%(品种Reed)[61]
), ArticleFig(id=1276862180179968953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862129047208795, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

热带作物茎尖应用小滴玻璃化法和铝盘玻璃化法开展超低温保存的主要步骤

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种名称Species所用材料Explant预培养方式Preculture冷冻保护方式Cryoprotection再生率(测试基因型数)Shoot tip regrowth (Number of tested genotypes)参考文献Reference
芭蕉属和象腿蕉属(Musa spp. and Ensete spp.)试管苗1.0 mm茎尖,带1~2个叶原基2 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖室温预培养不超过7 hPVS2冰上处理30~50 min平均再生率53%(8个芭蕉属和1个象腿蕉属基因组型的56份资源)[29]
芭蕉属(Musa spp.)试管苗1.5~2.5 mm茎尖,带1~2个叶原基2 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖室温预培养20 min~2 hPVS2冰上处理30~50 min42%~78%(5个基因组型15份资源)[41]
木薯(Manihot esculenta Crantz)试管苗0.5 mm茎尖,带1~2个叶原基2 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖室温预培养20~60 minPVS2冰上处理30 min平均79%(9)[42]
试管苗1~2 mm茎尖2 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖室温预培养2 hPVS2冰上处理30 min>30%(97个测试基因型中的76个)[43]
菠萝[Ananas comosus (L.) Mer.]试管苗0.5~1.0 mm茎尖,带1个叶原基0.3 mol/L蔗糖预培养2 dPVS2冰上处理40 min60%~100%(16)[31]
甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum Linn.)试管苗1.5~2.0 mm茎尖0.5 mol/L蔗糖预培养1 d后,将茎尖黏附在铝盘上,接着2 mol/L甘油+1.6 mol/L蔗糖预处理30 minPVS2室温处理30 min(铝盘玻璃化法)56.7%~100%(10)[62]
番薯[Ipomoea batatas (L.)]诱导3~9周的试管苗1.0 mm腋芽茎尖,带2~3个叶原基2 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖室温处理20 minPVS2冰上处理30 min9.5%~83.9%(10)[54]
三角叶薯蓣(Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. Ex Griseb.)试管苗茎尖2.0 mm0.3 mol/L蔗糖预培养16 h,2 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖室温处理20 minPVS2冰上处理90 min30%~54%(Vi);21%~51%(Dr-vi),15个基因型[63]
油梨(Persea americana Mill.)0.3 mol/L蔗糖或10 ℃预处理2周的试管苗茎尖,1.5 mm×1.5 mm大小带2个叶原基2 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖室温处理20 minVSL冷冻保护剂冰上处理品种Velvick 20min; Reed10 min35%(品种Velvick)45%(品种Reed)[61]
), ArticleFig(id=1276862180259660730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862129047208795, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Main steps for cryopreserving seeds and seed embryos of tropical crops

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种名称Species所用材料Explant预培养方式Preculture冷冻保护(脱水)方式Cryoprotection萌发率Germination rate参考文献Reference
香蕉(Musa acuminata, M. balbisiana种胚无菌空气流中干燥2.0 h至含水量11%~14%80%~92%[91]
香蕉(M. balbisiana种胚无菌空气流中干燥5.0 h至含水量5%~10%,环境温度25 ℃,湿度55%>80%[92]
咖啡(Coffea spp.)种子饱和盐溶液中25 ℃下梯度浸泡3周,含水量14%~24%73~81%(3个咖啡种)[70]
咖啡(C. arabica L.)种子硅胶干燥至含水量20%>80%[72]
种胚0.3 mol/L蔗糖预培养18 h,2 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖处理20 min(小滴玻璃化)PVS3溶液23 ℃脱水40 min100%[93]
油棕(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)合子胚带胚乳的种胚,室温下干燥3 d90%[89]
西番莲(Passiflora edulis Sims)种子40 ℃干燥70 min至含水量10%4%~100%[95]
椰子(Cocos nucifera种胚干燥室脱水8 h至含水量20%40%[86]
椰子(Cocos nucifera L.)种胚0.6 mol/L蔗糖室温预培养3 d(玻璃化)PVS3脱水处理16 h20%~25%[96]
凤梨(Vriesea bahiana种子活性硅胶上干燥24 h至含水量5.9%95%[97]
空气凤梨(Tillandsia spp.)种子硅胶3 h至含水量7%20个种中有13个种萌发率≥80%[73]
番木瓜(Carica papaya L.)种子干燥至含水量5%~30%>70%(解冻后2 mmol/L GA3处理15 min)[98]
兰花(白芨)[Bletilla formosana (Hayata) Schltr.]成熟种子(玻璃化)2.0 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖中脱水10~30 min,PVS2冰上处理30 min91%[81]
兰花(五唇兰)(Doritis pulcherrima Lindl.)种子(玻璃化)PVS2室温下处理50 min62%[99]
兰花(白芨)(Bletilla striata Rchb. f.)未成熟种子(玻璃化)0.3 mol/L蔗糖室温预培养3 d(玻璃化)PVS2冰上处理2 h92%(存活率)[79]
成熟种子和发芽种子0.3 mol/L蔗糖室温预培养3 h,2 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖处理15 min(小滴玻璃化)PVS2室温下处理60 min93%(成熟种子)91%(发芽种子)[100]
), ArticleFig(id=1276862180372906939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862129047208795, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

重要热带作物种子(胚)超低温保存主要步骤

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种名称Species所用材料Explant预培养方式Preculture冷冻保护(脱水)方式Cryoprotection萌发率Germination rate参考文献Reference
香蕉(Musa acuminata, M. balbisiana种胚无菌空气流中干燥2.0 h至含水量11%~14%80%~92%[91]
香蕉(M. balbisiana种胚无菌空气流中干燥5.0 h至含水量5%~10%,环境温度25 ℃,湿度55%>80%[92]
咖啡(Coffea spp.)种子饱和盐溶液中25 ℃下梯度浸泡3周,含水量14%~24%73~81%(3个咖啡种)[70]
咖啡(C. arabica L.)种子硅胶干燥至含水量20%>80%[72]
种胚0.3 mol/L蔗糖预培养18 h,2 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖处理20 min(小滴玻璃化)PVS3溶液23 ℃脱水40 min100%[93]
油棕(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)合子胚带胚乳的种胚,室温下干燥3 d90%[89]
西番莲(Passiflora edulis Sims)种子40 ℃干燥70 min至含水量10%4%~100%[95]
椰子(Cocos nucifera种胚干燥室脱水8 h至含水量20%40%[86]
椰子(Cocos nucifera L.)种胚0.6 mol/L蔗糖室温预培养3 d(玻璃化)PVS3脱水处理16 h20%~25%[96]
凤梨(Vriesea bahiana种子活性硅胶上干燥24 h至含水量5.9%95%[97]
空气凤梨(Tillandsia spp.)种子硅胶3 h至含水量7%20个种中有13个种萌发率≥80%[73]
番木瓜(Carica papaya L.)种子干燥至含水量5%~30%>70%(解冻后2 mmol/L GA3处理15 min)[98]
兰花(白芨)[Bletilla formosana (Hayata) Schltr.]成熟种子(玻璃化)2.0 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖中脱水10~30 min,PVS2冰上处理30 min91%[81]
兰花(五唇兰)(Doritis pulcherrima Lindl.)种子(玻璃化)PVS2室温下处理50 min62%[99]
兰花(白芨)(Bletilla striata Rchb. f.)未成熟种子(玻璃化)0.3 mol/L蔗糖室温预培养3 d(玻璃化)PVS2冰上处理2 h92%(存活率)[79]
成熟种子和发芽种子0.3 mol/L蔗糖室温预培养3 h,2 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖处理15 min(小滴玻璃化)PVS2室温下处理60 min93%(成熟种子)91%(发芽种子)[100]
), ArticleFig(id=1276862180452598716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862129047208795, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Main steps for cryopreserving pollens of tropical crops

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种名称Species冷冻保护(脱水)方式Cryoprotection萌发率/成活率Germination or survival rate参考文献Reference
椰子(Cocos nucifera L.)干燥至含水量7.5%26%~32%[103]
油棕(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)37 ℃下干燥2~8 h未表明[108]
干燥1 h至含水量23.3%49%[104]
芒果(Mangifera indica L.)干燥器中干燥1 h未表明[107]
火龙果(Hylocereus undatus干燥器中干燥2 h71.26%[105]
番石榴(Psidium guajava无需干燥1.78%~81.67%(7个基因型)[109]
菠萝蜜(Artocarpus heterophyllus干燥器中干燥2 h未表明[110]
菠萝(Ananas spp.)硅胶干燥6 h至含水量25~30%8.24%~94.25%(3个基因型10份资源)[111]
番木瓜(Carica papaya L.)明胶胶囊包裹,于含硅胶冻存管中-20 ℃预冷2 h54.33%~56.51%[112]
), ArticleFig(id=1276862180528096189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862129047208795, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

重要热带作物花粉超低温保存主要步骤

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种名称Species冷冻保护(脱水)方式Cryoprotection萌发率/成活率Germination or survival rate参考文献Reference
椰子(Cocos nucifera L.)干燥至含水量7.5%26%~32%[103]
油棕(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)37 ℃下干燥2~8 h未表明[108]
干燥1 h至含水量23.3%49%[104]
芒果(Mangifera indica L.)干燥器中干燥1 h未表明[107]
火龙果(Hylocereus undatus干燥器中干燥2 h71.26%[105]
番石榴(Psidium guajava无需干燥1.78%~81.67%(7个基因型)[109]
菠萝蜜(Artocarpus heterophyllus干燥器中干燥2 h未表明[110]
菠萝(Ananas spp.)硅胶干燥6 h至含水量25~30%8.24%~94.25%(3个基因型10份资源)[111]
番木瓜(Carica papaya L.)明胶胶囊包裹,于含硅胶冻存管中-20 ℃预冷2 h54.33%~56.51%[112]
), ArticleFig(id=1276862180599399358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862129047208795, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Main steps for cryopreserving cell suspensions and callus of tropical crops

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种名称Species所用材料Explant预培养方式Preculture冷冻保护(脱水)方式Cryoprotection成活率Survival rate参考文献Reference
油棕(Elaeis guineensis悬浮细胞0.3 mol/L蔗糖预培养12 hPVS2冰上处理5 min68%[89]
甘蔗(Saccharum sp.)悬浮细胞0.33 mol/L山梨醇预培养3 d0.5 mol/L甘油+0.5 mol/L山梨醇+1 mol/L蔗糖冷冻保护1 h92%[118]
香蕉(Musa spp.)悬浮细胞甘油和5% DMSO混合液冷冻保护64%[119]
0.13 mol/L蔗糖与0.39 mol/L蔗糖预培养依次15 min,0.5 mol/L蔗糖预培养30 min室温下加入DMSO,占总体积7.5%冷冻保护30 min未表明[120]
25% PVS2室温处理30 min,100% PVS2冰上处理5 min90%左右(3份AAA基因组型资源)[121]
荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)悬浮细胞0.4 mol/L山梨醇预培养2 dPVS2冰上处理15~20 min27.1%[122]
芒果(Mangifera indica L. var Zi-hua)悬浮细胞PVS3处理30 min,更换新鲜冷冻保护剂94.7%[123]
甘蔗(Saccharum sp.)愈伤组织N6培养基继代10~15 d0.5 mol/L山梨糖醇+10% DMSO处理30~45 min97%[127]
0.2 mol/L蔗糖+3.8 µmol/L脱落酸预培养3 dPVS2冰上处理20~40 min55%[128]
橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)愈伤组织5%蔗糖+5% DMSO预培养3 dPVS2冰上处理40 min71.7%[130]
龙眼(Dimocarpus longan Lour.)愈伤组织20 g/L蔗糖预培养12 dPVS2冰上处理60 min13.5%~43.6%(2个基因组型)[131]
荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)愈伤组织20 g/L蔗糖+5% DMSO 5 ℃下预培养2 dPVS2冰上处理40 min78.61%[133]
), ArticleFig(id=1276862180670702527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276862129047208795, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

重要热带作物悬浮细胞和愈伤组织超低温保存主要步骤

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种名称Species所用材料Explant预培养方式Preculture冷冻保护(脱水)方式Cryoprotection成活率Survival rate参考文献Reference
油棕(Elaeis guineensis悬浮细胞0.3 mol/L蔗糖预培养12 hPVS2冰上处理5 min68%[89]
甘蔗(Saccharum sp.)悬浮细胞0.33 mol/L山梨醇预培养3 d0.5 mol/L甘油+0.5 mol/L山梨醇+1 mol/L蔗糖冷冻保护1 h92%[118]
香蕉(Musa spp.)悬浮细胞甘油和5% DMSO混合液冷冻保护64%[119]
0.13 mol/L蔗糖与0.39 mol/L蔗糖预培养依次15 min,0.5 mol/L蔗糖预培养30 min室温下加入DMSO,占总体积7.5%冷冻保护30 min未表明[120]
25% PVS2室温处理30 min,100% PVS2冰上处理5 min90%左右(3份AAA基因组型资源)[121]
荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)悬浮细胞0.4 mol/L山梨醇预培养2 dPVS2冰上处理15~20 min27.1%[122]
芒果(Mangifera indica L. var Zi-hua)悬浮细胞PVS3处理30 min,更换新鲜冷冻保护剂94.7%[123]
甘蔗(Saccharum sp.)愈伤组织N6培养基继代10~15 d0.5 mol/L山梨糖醇+10% DMSO处理30~45 min97%[127]
0.2 mol/L蔗糖+3.8 µmol/L脱落酸预培养3 dPVS2冰上处理20~40 min55%[128]
橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)愈伤组织5%蔗糖+5% DMSO预培养3 dPVS2冰上处理40 min71.7%[130]
龙眼(Dimocarpus longan Lour.)愈伤组织20 g/L蔗糖预培养12 dPVS2冰上处理60 min13.5%~43.6%(2个基因组型)[131]
荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)愈伤组织20 g/L蔗糖+5% DMSO 5 ℃下预培养2 dPVS2冰上处理40 min78.61%[133]
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超低温保存技术在热带作物种质资源保存中的应用与展望
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王敏瑞 1, 2 , 荆永琳 1, 2 , 陈浪欣 1, 2 , 王小冰 1, 2 , 孟春阳 1, 2, 3 , 黄碧兰 1, 2, 3 , 徐立 1, 2, 3, ** , 李志英 1, 2, 3, **
热带作物学报 | 种质资源与遗传育种 2025,46(3): 611-628
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热带作物学报 |种质资源与遗传育种 2025 , 46 (3) : 611 -628
超低温保存技术在热带作物种质资源保存中的应用与展望
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王敏瑞(1990—),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:热带作物超低温离体保存

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王敏瑞1, 2, 荆永琳1, 2, 陈浪欣1, 2, 王小冰1, 2, 孟春阳1, 2, 3, 黄碧兰1, 2, 3, 徐立1, 2, 3, ** , 李志英1, 2, 3, **
作者信息
  • 1.中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所,海南海口 571101
  • 2.农业农村部华南作物基因资源与种质创制重点实验室/农业农村部中药材生物学与栽培重点实验室,海南海口 571101
  • 3.国家热带作物中期库/海南省热带作物离体资源库/海南省热带作物资源遗传改良与创新重点实验室,海南儋州 571737
通讯作者:
** 徐立(XU Li),E-mail:
李志英(LI Zhiying),E-mail:
Applications and Prospects of Cryogenic Technology in the Conservation of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resources
Minrui WANG1, 2, Yonglin JING1, 2, Langxin CHEN1, 2, Xiaobing WANG1, 2, Chunyang Meng1, 2, 3, Bilan HUANG1, 2, 3, Li XU1, 2, 3, ** , Zhiying LI1, 2, 3, **
Affiliations
  • 1.Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China / Key Laboratory of Biological and Cultivation of Herb Medicine (Haikou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 3.National Gene Bank of Tropical Crops / Hainan in vitro Gene Bank of Tropical Crops / Hainan Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.010
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热带地区植物资源种类丰富,有极大的种质资源安全保存需求。超低温(液氮)冻存是植物种质资源长期保存的重要手段,虽需针对特定物种进行技术优化,但在实际应用后最为节省空间,且只需定期补充液氮,极大降低了种质资源长期保存过程中的人力物力投入。经过半个多世纪的发展,植物超低温保存技术现已在种子、茎尖、花粉等多种类型材料上实现冷冻后成活与再生。为系统总结并全面介绍超低温保存技术在热带作物种质资源安全保存和农业科技发展中的应用,本综述以休眠茎段和试管苗茎尖的超低温保存为主线,回顾了植物超低温保存的研究历史与技术发展,侧重介绍了超低温保存技术在热带作物茎尖、种子(胚)、花粉、细胞悬浮系和愈伤组织中的研究进展;同时也对热带作物超低温保存后遗传稳定性评价研究进行介绍,展望了超低温保存在热带作物茎尖、顽拗性种子和胚性愈伤组织和细胞等材料长期保存中的重要作用。

热带作物  /  超低温保存  /  种质资源  /  遗传稳定性

Tropical region is rich in plant genetic diversity with great demand for the safe preservation of plant germplasm resources. Cryopreservation [with liquid nitrogen (LN)] is an important method for the long-term preservation of plant germplasm resources. Although cryopreservation protocol often requires optimization for different species, it ensures the use of minimum space and the regular LN supply to facilitate the long-term preservation of genetic resources once established, thereby greatly reducing the labor input and costs in the long run. The cryogenic technique has been studied for more than half a century and has achieved survival and regeneration of plant materials such as seeds, shoot tips and pollen, as well as cell suspension and callus tissue after cryopreservation. To fully introduce the use of cryopreservation to secure valuable tropical plant species and support the development of tropical agricultural sciences, this review first focuses on the shoot tip and dormant shoot segment cryopreservation to review the research history and technological development of plant cryopreservation. The research advances of cryopreservation in tropical plant species were emphasized using shoot tips, seeds (zygotic embryos), pollen, cell suspension, and callus. The importance of genetic stability analysis after cryopreservation was also introduced before highlighting the importance and prospects of applying cryopreservation for long-term preservation of shoot tips, recalcitrant seeds, and embryogenic tissues and cells of tropical crops.

tropical crops  /  cryopreservation  /  germplasm resources  /  genetic integrity
王敏瑞, 荆永琳, 陈浪欣, 王小冰, 孟春阳, 黄碧兰, 徐立, 李志英. 超低温保存技术在热带作物种质资源保存中的应用与展望. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (3) : 611 -628 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.010
Minrui WANG, Yonglin JING, Langxin CHEN, Xiaobing WANG, Chunyang Meng, Bilan HUANG, Li XU, Zhiying LI. Applications and Prospects of Cryogenic Technology in the Conservation of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resources[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (3) : 611 -628 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.010
植物种质资源保存是种质创制和作物育种工作的基础,目前主要有栖息地原位保存、种质圃和种子库保存、离体试管保存和离体超低温保存等方式[1-3]。我国十分重视作物种质资源的安全保存工作,现已建立一系列的国家级自然保护区、植物园和种质资源圃(库)以安全保存作物及其野生资源[3]。热带地区植物遗传多样性丰富,其多样的种质资源经过人类数千年的驯化和传播,形成众多全球性的重要作物。2022年全球产量最高的十大作物中有6种(甘蔗、玉米、水稻、油棕、木薯和番茄)起源于热带地区[4]。这些作物的产业发展在保障全球粮食安全和助力消除贫困上具有极大的发展前景[5-6]。然而传统的热带作物资源田间保存受到极端天气和病虫害的威胁;其野生资源也受到耕地开垦和土地开发等人为因素的影响,亟需加强重要热带作物资源的离体保存工作[1]
种子冻存是最为简单的作物离体资源保存方式[7]。然而多数热带作物种子不耐低温和脱水干燥,无法干燥后直接冻存;甘蔗、香蕉和甘薯等重要热带作物资源主要依赖无性繁殖,难以获得种子进行冻存[8],因此,试管苗保存和超低温保存是热带作物资源离体保存的2种主要方式[8-9]
超低温保存技术可将种质资源冻存在液氮(-196 ℃)或液氮蒸汽(-196~-150 ℃)中,该温度下细胞分裂和代谢等生命活动停滞,由此降低离体组织培养长期继代导致的遗传变异风险,是长期保存种质资源的理想方式[7-8,10]。植物离体材料超低温保存工作开展前需要建立和优化超低温冷冻再生体系,经过60余年的发展,目前已在植物上实现种子(胚)、冬季休眠茎段、茎尖、花粉、悬浮细胞和胚性愈伤组织等材料的冷冻后再生[11]。超低温保存体系主要依赖于植物组织培养,虽体系优化耗费一定时间和人力物力,但体系建立后只需定期补充液氮,可大大降低后续人力物力投入,是国际公认最为经济的种质资源长期保存方式[8]
面对种质资源安全保存技术的实际需求,本研究将对植物超低温保存技术的发展与应用进行综述,并介绍该技术在重要热带作物种质资源安全保存的研究和实际应用,有利于促进超低温保存技术更好地服务于热带作物种质资源安全保存和科研育种工作。
20世纪中叶,温带木本作物冬季休眠枝条的液氮超低温保存首次获得成功[12]。随后超低温保存技术在试管苗茎尖上的发展极大地促进了植物无性繁殖材料的超低温保存,也影响了其他类型植物材料的超低温保存方式。
20世纪50年代末,超低温保存首先在温带桑树冬季休眠枝条上开展优化[12]。该研究切取直径0.8 cm、长度为2~15 cm的休眠茎段,在程序降温仪中以0.5 ℃/min的速率降温至-30 ℃后迅速投入液氮中进行保存。茎段超低温保存结束后移入-30 ℃保持4 h,随后转入0 ℃环境进一步恢复[12]。该体系应用扦插技术对茎段恢复培养,并成功获得柳树(Salix sp.)和杨树(Populus sp.)的超低温保存再生植株[12]。该技术后续应用芽接等技术对超低温保存后的休眠茎段进行恢复再生,并在苹果、梨、树莓等木本作物的超低温保存中获得成功[13]。美国农业部的作物种质资源保存中心应用超低温保存技术保存超过2100份的苹果资源(Malus spp.),超过90%的基因型材料能够达到40%的再生率[14]。然而该技术仅适用于温带耐寒作物的超低温保存,且需要在休眠期取材,无法应用于热带作物的安全保存。
基于植物组织培养技术的发展,20世纪70年代后期有学者开始研究植物离体资源的超低温保存,并在马铃薯(Solanum goniocalyx)试管苗茎尖上获得植株再生[15]。该方法切取马铃薯带2~4片叶原基的试管苗茎尖,在含有1.0 mg/L Benzyladenien(BA)的培养基上稳定培养3 d后置于10%的二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)溶液进行1 h冷冻保护,随后投入液氮进行冷冻保存。解冻时将茎尖快速转入35 ℃的液体培养基中浸没1 min,随后转入再生培养基中恢复培养,得到11%的茎尖再生率。早期的试管苗茎尖超低温保存体系多用DMSO进行冷冻保护,且多参照休眠茎段超低温保存方法应用两步法进行冷冻,在马铃薯[16]、草莓(Fragaria×ananassa Duch. cv. Redcoat)[17]和木薯(Manihot esculenta Crantz)[18]等作物上获得冷冻后再生。然而两步冷冻法需将茎尖缓慢降温至-30~-20 ℃,会给非休眠状态的茎尖组织带来极大的低温伤害,因此,在热带作物超低温保存中的实际应用极其有限。
受20世纪80年代应用海藻酸钙包埋植物组织制作人工种子的启示[19],FABRE等[20]在马铃薯茎尖超低温保存中先将浸有茎尖的3%海藻酸钠溶液滴入0.1 mol/L的氯化钙溶液,生成包裹着茎尖的海藻酸钙小球。随后应用0.5 mol/L蔗糖对包埋后的茎尖进行预培养,接着在无菌空气流中干燥4 h后将包埋有茎尖的小球转入冷冻管中投入液氮进行冻存,由此建立包埋干燥法。在随后的十多年间,此方法在苹果、柑橘(Citrus spp.)、葡萄(Vitis spp.)和菊花(Chrysanthemum mori-folium)等作物的茎尖、愈伤组织、体胚等材料上获得成功[21]。该方法应用物理干燥的方式对材料进行冷冻保护,不适合对脱水干燥敏感的物种。包埋干燥法在热带作物如木薯[22]和咖啡(Coffea spp.)[23]茎尖的超低温保存中也有报道,但获得较低再生率并表现很强的基因型差异性。
1990年,一种名为植物玻璃化溶液(plant vitrification solution, PVS)的冷冻保护剂首次应用于柑橘悬浮细胞的超低温保存[24]。该溶液包含有甘油(30%,W/V)、乙二醇(15%,W/V)、二甲基亚砜(15%,W/V)和0.4 mol/L的蔗糖,且冷冻和解冻过程中在-115 ℃附近表现明显的玻璃态转变[24]。应用该溶液作为冷冻保护剂可极大地减少冷冻和解冻中植物细胞内外的自由水结晶,降低冷冻伤害[24]。在茎尖超低温保存中,PVS2溶液于1991年首次应用于康乃馨(Diathus caryophyllus L.)的茎尖,该方法将茎尖使用海藻酸钙包埋后进行PVS2冷冻保护,被称为包埋玻璃化法(encapsulation-vitrification)[25]。一年后,PVS2溶液成功应用于甘薯[Ipomoea batatas(L.)Lam.]非包埋茎尖的超低温保存中并获得64%的再生率,该方法被称为玻璃化法(vitrification)[26]
CHAROENSUB等[27]在木薯上建立了较为成熟的玻璃化法茎尖超低温保存体系。该体系在冷冻保护前首先将茎尖预培养在含有0.3 mol/L蔗糖的固体培养基上16 h,随后使用含2 mol/L甘油和0.4 mol/L蔗糖的加载液处理茎尖20 min。冷冻保护应用PVS2溶液在常温下进行45 min的处理,该方法在木薯茎尖超低温保存后获得75%的再生率。CHAROENSUB等[28]还建立了包埋玻璃化法木薯茎尖超低温保存体系。包埋后的茎尖较直接处理相比,往往需要更长的预培养和冷冻保护时间,对于PVS2耐受性差的茎尖,延缓PVS2的渗透速率有助于减轻冷冻保护时所受的渗透胁迫。
玻璃化法克服了许多物种不耐物理干燥的缺点,至今仍是种子、愈伤组织和胚性细胞悬浮系等材料超低温保存的主要方法之一[10]
由于玻璃化溶液在茎尖超低温保存获得巨大成功,加之应用铝箔条为载体实现快速“冷冻—解冻”能够获得更高的茎尖冷冻后再生率,PANIS等[29]以铝箔条为载体与PVS2冷冻保护相结合,在香蕉(Musa spp.)上优化建立了广谱性更高的香蕉超低温保存体系,并将其命名为小滴玻璃化法(droplet vitrification)。该方法应用1.0 mm的香蕉试管苗茎尖为材料,经过30 min含有2 mol/L甘油和0.4 mol/L蔗糖的加载液预处理后,在冰上应用PVS2进行30 min冷冻保护,随后将茎尖转至铝箔条上预先准备好的PVS2小液滴中并快速投入液氮进行冷冻[29]。冷冻保存结束后将茎尖同铝箔条一起快速装入充分预冷的冷冻管后在液氮中进行长期保存[29]。解冻时在液氮表面拧开冷冻管后将带有茎尖的铝箔条快速转入预先备好的1.2 mol/L蔗糖卸载液中快速解冻,并短暂浸泡20 min以稀释茎尖中的PVS2冷冻保护剂,之后将茎尖转至恢复培养基上再生培养[29]。小滴玻璃化法可基于已有的玻璃化和包埋玻璃化体系进行快速优化,操作简便,现已广泛应用于马铃薯、大蒜(Allium sativum)、苹果等试管苗茎尖的超低温保存[30],在热带作物木薯、甘蔗(Saccharum spp.)、菠萝(Ananas comosus)等作物也有研究和应用[31-32]
为提高茎尖冷冻保护过程的简便性,降低冷冻保护操作中对茎尖造成的机械损伤,HIRAI[33]将茎尖应用海藻酸钙包埋的技术粘附在铝箔条上,随后进行冷冻保护的各项操作,该方法被命名为gelled droplet-vitrification。该研究团队随后定制有凹槽的铝片,以方便茎尖更好地粘附在铝盘上。茎尖粘附后可参照小滴玻璃化和包埋玻璃化法的体系进行冷冻保护,并由此建立铝盘玻璃化法(vitrification Cryo-plate,V Cryo-plate)[34];也可冷冻保护时采用空气流干燥的方式,由此建立了铝盘干燥法(dehydration Cryo-plate,D Cryoplate)[35]。2种方法都能实现快速冷冻和解冻操作,并在马铃薯上获得80%~100%的超低温保存再生率[36]。热带作物茎尖超低温保存主要应用V Cryo-plate的方式进行。VIANNA等[37]应用铝盘玻璃化法建立了细柱西番莲(Passiflora suberosa)的茎尖超低温保存体系:该方法从萌发40 d腋芽上切取茎尖,经过0.3 mol/L蔗糖预培养对茎尖进行粘附。茎尖先转入添加有3%海藻酸钠溶液的凹槽中,随后在凹槽中滴入0.1 mol/L的氯化钙溶液与海藻酸钠发生反应,由此完成粘附并进行后续的冷冻保护操作[37]。经过优化,该研究在PVS3溶液常温下冷冻保护45~90 min后获得最高再生率(50%~60%)[37]
铝盘玻璃化法可基于小滴玻璃化法进行建立,且能获得更加一致的再生率[38]。包埋干燥和应用玻璃化溶液进行冷冻保护和茎尖超低温保存的主要流程见图1
植物茎尖是植物生长与发育的重要器官,具有较高的遗传稳定性,保存有特定的植物性状,是植物开展超低温保存的重要材料来源,尤其适用于以无性繁殖为主作物的超低温保存。茎尖超低温保存依赖成熟的茎尖离体培养和再生体系,目前已在香蕉、木薯、菠萝、甘蔗等重要热带作物上获得成功应用。
香蕉是目前开展超低温保存最为成功的热带作物。早期香蕉茎尖的冷冻保护主要在高浓度蔗糖预培养后通过空气流干燥进行[39]。随后有研究者将此方法与PVS2冷冻保护做对比,结果表明结合PVS2冷冻保护与快速冷冻/解冻的操作步骤获得最高的再生率[40]。该方法随后经过优化并命名为小滴玻璃化法[29],并在香蕉种质资源的实际保存中获得极大成功[41]。国际香蕉交换中心(International Musa Transit Center)应用小滴玻璃化法开展香蕉茎尖超低温保存工作近20年,截至2020年已成功保存1100份香蕉资源[8]
木薯是开展茎尖超低温保存研究最早的作物之一,早期先后试验了DMSO两步冷冻法[18]和包埋干燥法[22],在部分木薯基因型上获得冷冻后再生。随着玻璃化溶液在香蕉茎尖超低温保存上的成功应用,DUMET等[42]参照香蕉小滴玻璃化体系,应用PVS2冰上处理30 min对木薯试管苗茎尖进行“快速冷冻—超低温保存—快速解冻”试验,获得38%~48%再生率,高于包埋干燥法7%~14%的再生率。国际热带农业研究中心CIAT随后应用小滴玻璃化法对100份经包埋干燥法冷冻再生率低于30%的基因型进行超低温保存,超过70个木薯基因型材料获得高于30%的再生率[43]。上述研究表明小滴玻璃化法在木薯茎尖超低温保存上有极大的应用潜力。然而上述方法借鉴香蕉茎尖超低温保存技术,并未针对木薯进行优化,在木薯上还有极大的提升潜力。
茎尖超低温保存对菠萝的特异种质保存具有重要的意义。GONZÁLEZ-ARNAO等[44]于20世纪90年代末对比了包埋干燥法与PVS2玻璃化法对菠萝茎尖的保存效果,结果表明只有玻璃化法能够获得稳定的茎尖再生。随后冷冻保护液PVS3也成功应用于菠萝茎尖的超低温保存[45],且应用PVS3建立的包埋玻璃化法在菠萝上获得更高的超低温保存再生率[46]。应用最新的小滴玻璃化超低温保存方法,SOUZA等[31]应用0.5~1 mm的菠萝茎尖为外植体,在共计16个菠萝栽培和野生种中得到90%的平均再生率,表明小滴玻璃化法在菠萝茎尖超低温保存中具有广谱性,可以应用于菠萝种质资源的实际保存[31]
20世纪90年代初,在法国、意大利和古巴等国家科研人员的合作下,应用包埋干燥法的甘蔗茎尖在超低温保存中获得成功再生[47-48]。该体系应用3%的海藻酸钠包埋茎尖,在5个基因型上获得38%~91%的再生率[47-48]。参照香蕉小滴玻璃化法的流程,BARRACO等[49]在2份甘蔗资源上对PVS2和PVS3的冷冻保护时间进行优化后获得20%~37%的再生率,低于包埋干燥法的53%~60%。为了提高小滴玻璃化法甘蔗茎尖超低温保存后的再生率,VOLK等[50]在冷冻保护中添加谷胱甘肽、抗坏血酸等物质,但没有进一步提升再生率。KAYA等[51]在甘蔗茎尖超低温保存上对比了包埋玻璃化法与小滴玻璃化法,结果表明小滴玻璃化法能够获得更高的再生率。VOLK等[50]还应用包埋干燥法[49]和铝盘玻璃化法对甘蔗茎尖进行超低温保存试验,获得0~50%的再生率。上述研究表明现有的甘蔗茎尖超低温保存体系存在明显的基因型差异性,除继续对冷冻保护步骤进行优化外,还需加强在蔗糖预培养、加载等步骤的优化工作。
甘薯主要依赖无性繁殖,也是开展茎尖超低温保存研究最早的作物之一。最新的甘薯茎尖超低温保存主要应用小滴玻璃化法[52]:国际马铃薯中心的研究团队在2014年首次报道了甘薯小滴玻璃化法超低温保存体系的构建与优化,该体系应用30~45 min PVS2冰上冷冻保护,在24份甘薯资源中获得1.7%~66%的再生率[53]。WILMS等[54]应用甘薯诱导的腋芽进行体系优化,茎尖在短暂加载液(2 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖)处理后,进行PVS2冷冻保护,在10个甘薯基因型上获得10%~84%的再生率,其中7份资源的冷冻后再生率达到40%以上[54]。小滴玻璃化法由于其操作更为简便,是热带作物茎尖超低温保存应用最多的技术手段,已在山药、芋头等根茎类作物[52],牛大力(Millettia speciosa Champ.)[55]、巴戟天(Morinda officinalis How.)[56]等热带药用和濒危物种,兰花(Orchidaceae)[57]、巢蕨(Neottopteris nidus[58]和红掌(Anthurium andraeanum Lind.)[59-60]等热带花卉资源,油梨等热带木本作物[61]上获得成功。小滴玻璃化法和铝盘玻璃化法在重要热带作物茎尖超低温保存中的主要步骤详见表1
种子是植物种质资源保存主要的材料来源之一[64],根据种子的贮藏行为可分为3类:(1)正常型种子,可干燥至含水量低于7%,并能在-10 ℃下长期保存[65];(2)顽拗型种子,不耐干燥且对低温非常敏感,无法直接干燥后冷冻保存[66];(3)中间型种子,可以干燥至含水量为6%~12%,但与正常型种子相比,其活力丧失相对较快[67]。据估计,全世界8%的开花植物的种子为顽拗型种子,但在热带地区,这一比例高达50%[65,68]。液氮超低温保存可以延长传统型种子的冻存期限,也是目前顽拗性种子长期保存唯一可行的技术手段[69]。种子冷冻保存后的存活率与含水量密切相关,因而需在冷冻保存前确定种子的最佳含水量[70]
咖啡是种子超低温保存研究较多的热带作物,BECWAR等[71]研究表明咖啡(Coffea arabica)种子能够耐受8%的水分含量,但直接液氮冻存后无法萌发[71]。该研究还表明缓慢冷却能够提高咖啡种子超低温保存后的萌发率。DUSSERT等[70]随后在9份咖啡资源上开展种子保存试验,同样发现咖啡C. arabica缓慢冷却比快速冷却获得更高的再生率,而C. racemosa等3个咖啡种应用2种冷冻方式均能获得较高再生率(67%~81%)。该研究还发现咖啡种子中的结合水含量与脂质含量呈负相关,脂质含量较高的种子更容易在冷冻中受到伤害。针对咖啡C. arabica保存需缓慢冷却带来的操作不便,COELHO等[72]优化了该种咖啡种子快速冷冻保存体系,使该种子缓慢干燥至20%含水量后可直接投入液氮保存。
为对空气凤梨资源(Tillandsia spp.)开展长期保存,OLIVEIRA等[73]将20种空气凤梨种子放入冷冻管中,并于活性硅胶上干燥至7%的种子含水量后快速浸入液氮进行450 d的冷冻保存,13种空气凤梨的种子获得80%的再生率。多数兰科植物的种子能够忍受一定程度的脱水干燥[74],PRITCHARD[75]将兰花7个属的成熟种子干燥至5%~11%后直接投入液氮冷冻处理,解冻后种子萌发率没有下降,其中Anacamptis morio(蓝紫倒距兰)的种子超低温保存后获得更高的萌发率[74-78]。此外包埋干燥与玻璃化等茎尖超低温保存技术也应用于兰科种子的超低温保存,为无法直接干燥的兰科种子提供了新的冷冻保护方法[79-80]。HU等[81]将台湾本地兰(Bletilla formosana)的种子应用玻璃化法于PVS2中脱水处理30 min,经超低温保存后获得91%的萌发率,且保存1 a的种子萌发率维持不变。
种胚承载种子的遗传信息,体积小,与其他材料相比耐脱水和耐低温能力强,是影响种子成功保存的关键[82-84]。一些热带作物的种子体积过大或者种皮过厚,无法对种子内的种胚进行有效干燥,因而需在冻存前将种胚取出,对其干燥后冷冻保存。
椰子种子体积过大,为了长期保存其种质资源,SISUNANDAR等[85]将其种胚取出,直接干燥后进行液氮冻存。该研究表明种胚8 h快速干燥后经快速冷冻—解冻处理获得最高的萌发率,此外新鲜种胚的冷冻后萌发率(40%)也高于与经过12 d运输的离体种胚(20%)。基于此干燥方法,SISUNANDAR等[86]对不同成熟度的椰子种胚进行超低温保存试验,结果表明11月龄的种胚冷冻后再生率最高(60%),但椰子采摘后需在3周内分离种胚。在咖啡和菠萝蜜的冷冻保存中,与未成熟或完全成熟的种胚相比,成熟中期收获的种胚更适合超低温保存[87-88]。棕榈科植物的种胚对直接干燥耐受性较强,相似的种胚超低温保存技术也实现了油棕(Elaeis guineensis)和布迪椰属(Butia capitata)种胚的长期保存[89-90]
芭蕉属植物种皮较为坚硬,为更有效地干燥脱水,ESQUIVEL等[91]将2种不同基因型的野蕉种胚在超净工作台中干燥后浸入液氮进行保存,解冻后得到最低80%的萌发率。SINGH等[92]研究了野蕉(Musa balbisiana)种子的冷冻保存特性,结果表明种胚可以在超低温保存前干燥脱水至5%~10%的相对含水量,该研究还发现种胚离体培养是野蕉种子冷冻后萌发的必须手段。
对于种胚无法直接干燥的顽拗型种子,参照茎尖冷冻保护方式对种胚进行脱水干燥能够提高种胚超低温保存后的成活与萌发率。在咖啡种胚超低温保存研究中,VALDÉS等[93]应用PVS3玻璃化冷冻保护液对咖啡(Coffea arabica)种胚脱水干燥后进行冷冻,获得了100%的种胚萌发率。为对鳞花木属(Lepisanthes fruticosa)植物种子实现长期保存,BUSTAM等[94]应用PVS2冷冻保护液优化建立了玻璃化法种胚超低温保存体系,获得67%的萌发率。超低温保存技术在重要热带作物种子(胚)保存中的研究成果见表2
花粉是单细胞雄配子体,包含了物种单倍体基因组的所有信息,使其成为种质资源保存和交换的重要材料[101]。花粉保存不仅有效地克服了亲本在不同时间和不同地理位置杂交的障碍,也是保护植物遗传多样性的有效手段。在各种花粉冷冻保存方法中,含水量高低是影响保存成功的关键要素,且超低温保存能够极长地延长花粉保存时间[102]
在热带作物花粉保存中,KARUN等[103]将椰子2个品种的花粉干燥至含水量7.5%后,用铝箔进行包裹直接浸入液氮中,解冻后获得26%~32%花粉萌发率;长期保存试验表明花粉活力连续3 a保持25%以上,由此验证了椰子花粉超低温长期保存的可行性。在重要热带油料作物油棕上,TANDON等[104]将新鲜开放的雄花序花粉干燥1 h至含水量23.3%后投入液氮进行超低温保存,保存8 a后解冻获得54%的花粉萌发率,与对照相比没有显著变化。花粉超低温保存的成功受到花期和花粉的成熟度的影响。ANILKUMAR等[105]发现在火龙果花朵完全开放时采集的新鲜花粉超低温保存后萌发率最高,达到71.26%,而在开花前2 h和开花后10 h采集的花粉冷冻后无法萌发。CHAUDHURY等[106]于晴天上午8:00—10:00间的花药开裂时收集芒果与荔枝花粉并用环己烷对花粉在运输过程中进行短暂保存,超低温保存前将保存液滤除后进行干燥,随后投入液氮超低温保存。该方法现已应用于180份芒果资源花粉与19份荔枝资源花粉的长期保存,且超低温保存4 a后的花粉未发现活力下降[106]。VEENA等[107]发现芒果花粉存活力短、对干燥敏感性高的特点,可考虑到基因型、季节和区域的差异,适当延长干燥时间。超低温保存技术在重要热带作物花粉保存中的研究成果详见表3
植物悬浮细胞是一种能够持续增殖、保持均一分散的细胞团,由多个未分化的单细胞组成,是遗传转化的良好受体[113-114]。细胞悬浮系的建立花费大量时间,且需不断地继代以保持细胞活力,对胚性悬浮细胞开展超低温保存,能够降低其在长期继代培养过程中导致胚性特征丧失以及发生遗传变异的风险[115-116]。悬浮细胞冷冻保存前主要应用冷冻保护液对细胞脱水干燥[117-118]。早期的冷冻保护液种类较多,在甘蔗细胞悬浮系的低温保存中FINKLE等[117]发现含有8%葡萄糖、10% DMSO与10% PEG(均为w/V)的冷冻保护液能使悬浮细胞忍受冷冻保存。GNANAPRAGASAM等[118]在甘蔗悬浮细胞超低温保存研究中发现细胞经0.33 mol/L山梨醇预培养3 d后,应用添加0.5 mol/L甘油、0.5 mol/L山梨醇和1.0 mol/L蔗糖的冷冻保护剂能够获得最高的冷冻后成活率。在香蕉悬浮系的超低温保存研究中,PANIS等[119]采用甘油和DMSO混合液进行低温保护,结果显示DMSO占5%时效果最好。在此基础上GEORGET等[120]对香蕉悬浮系超低温保存的预培养步骤进行优化,最终在冷冻保护前采用三步蔗糖预培养。上述香蕉悬浮系的超低温保存均采用两步冷冻法进行冷冻[119-120]
目前在植物上冷冻保护应用最广的PVS2玻璃化溶液同样适用于热带作物悬浮系超低温保存。李艳娜等[121]应用两步梯度PVS2冷冻保护对巴西蕉、北大矮蕉和粤优抗1号的香蕉悬浮细胞进行超低温保存,获得较高的再生率。谢玉明等[122]在荔枝上建立了玻璃化法胚性悬浮细胞超低温保存体系,该体系采用山梨醇预培养结合两步PVS2冷冻保护,获得27.1%的超低温保存成活率。为了对油棕细胞悬浮系进行超低温保存,WEI等[89]应用蔗糖预培养结合PVS2冷冻保护的方式进行超低温保存,获得68.33%成活率。李运合等[123]应用30 min PVS3玻璃化溶液冷冻保护对芒果胚性培养物细胞和愈伤组织细胞进行超低温保存,存活率分别为94.7%和0,表明胚性培养物细胞较普通愈伤组织相比具有更强的耐脱水和冷冻能力。
愈伤组织由薄壁细胞组成,一般被分为非胚性愈伤和胚性愈伤[124]。胚性愈伤组织可能会因长期继代而造成体细胞变异,或致使体胚潜力下降甚至彻底丧失[125]。超低温保存可以有效遏制愈伤组织变异的发生,降低长期保存带来再生能力丧失的风险。早在1979年,ULRICH等[126]已对甘蔗愈伤组织超低温保存开展研究,发现复合冷冻保护剂(8%葡萄糖+10% DMSO+10% PEG)能够获得较好的冷冻保护作用。简令成等[127]将上述冷冻保护剂与0.5 mol/L山梨糖醇+10% DMSO溶液在甘蔗愈伤组织超低温保存中进行对比,发现后者冷冻保护效果更好,这可能与试验材料基因型的不同有关。MARTÍNEZ-MONTERO等[128]还应用0.3~0.75 mol/L蔗糖+10% DMSO为冷冻保护剂成功保存了3个甘蔗杂交种的胚性愈伤组织。MARTÍNEZ-MONTERO等[129]随后对甘蔗胚性愈伤组织诱导的体胚团进行超低温保存试验,并应用小滴玻璃化法获得了55%的成活率。除甘蔗之外,应用PVS2玻璃化溶液还建立了橡胶[130]、龙眼[131-132]、荔枝[133]等热带作物愈伤组织的超低温保存体系(表4)。
茎尖与体胚等无性繁殖材料携带原始母株的遗传信息,超低温保存可降低上述材料长期继代培养带来的遗传变异风险,但保存操作中的脱水干燥和冷冻解冻分别给细胞带来渗透胁迫和冷冻伤害,给DNA带来损伤,对再生植株的遗传稳定性造成不利影响[134]。因而对超低温保存后的再生植株开展遗传稳定性检测十分必要。
由于茎尖的遗传稳定性强,目前绝大多数经过优化的茎尖超低温保存体系能够维持冻存资源的遗传稳定性[30,135]。AGRAWAL等[136]对超低温保存后的香蕉Sommarani Monthan(AAB基因型)开展农艺性状评价和遗传稳定性检测,研究表明除1棵再生植株果皮颜色更绿外,其余植株与对照相比表现相同的生长和产量特性;同时应用SSR分子标记进行遗传稳定性检测并未发现多态性位点。AGRAWAL等[137]随后还对香蕉田间吸芽、试管苗单芽和丛芽超低温保存后的再生植株应用SSR分子标记进行遗传稳定性检测,并未发现超低温保存过程带来的变异率增加。在菠萝和三角叶薯蓣(Dioscorea deltoidea)上应用分子标记技术进行遗传稳定性检测同样表明玻璃化法超低温保存体系能够保持资源的遗传稳定性[63,138]。然而在甘蔗中的研究表明茎尖超低温保存获得的再生植株遗传稳定性存在基因型差异,其中基因型NG 57-024超低温冷冻后表现98.5%的基因一致性,且变异差异发生在PVS2冷冻保护之后,而其余两份甘蔗基因型Halaii与H83-6179中未检测到DNA多态性[51]
胚性愈伤组织的诱导经历脱分化过程,该过程可能给组织带来更高的遗传变异风险[139],因而更需关注其超低温保存后的遗传稳定性。GANTAIT等[140]对油棕胚性悬浮系诱导获得的多胚体超低温保存后,应用RAPD和ISSR分子标记进行遗传稳定性测定,未发现多态性条带。WELEWANNI等[141]对椰子花序诱导所得的胚性愈伤组织在超低温保存前后进行遗传稳定性评估,该研究对11个SSR分子标记的位点进行检测,同样未发现变异位点。SISUNANDAR等[142]还对4个椰子品种的合子胚进行超低温保存,并对保存后得到的再生植株与保存前后的材料进行对比,未发现在形态学和染色体数上的变异;应用SSR分子标记和基因组甲基化水平检测同样未发现保存前后的明显差异。
然而超低温保存过程中胁迫处理会给组织带来表观遗传水平的变化,且变化具有一定的可逆性[135],可能会对再生植株性状产生影响[143],但在热带作物的研究上十分缺乏。ADU-GYAMFI等[144]在可可(Theobroma cacao L.)上的研究发现其体胚经超低温保存后得到的再生植株形态发生变化,且该变化与表观遗传水平的变化有关,但其变化部分可逆。综上所述,虽然超低温保存不会明显提高保存材料的遗传变异水平,但其带来的表观遗传变化值得深入研究。
随着国家对植物种质资源安全保存的重视和种业振兴工作的开展,植物野生资源、作物育种中间材料和优良商业品种的安全保存变得尤为重要。许多发达国家的农业科研单位和重要国际农业组织已经开展植物资源的超低温保存工作,以减少种质资源长期保存的人力物力投入。热带作物与温带作物相比耐冷性和干燥耐受性较差,超低温保存体系建立的难度更大。
茎尖由于遗传稳定性高,取材较为方便,是香蕉、甘蔗、木薯等以无性繁殖为主的热带作物开展超低温保存的重要材料来源。目前最有效的茎尖超低温保存技术应用PVS2等冷冻保护液进行脱水干燥,并结合小滴玻璃化、铝盘玻璃化法等快速冷冻—解冻手段冷冻保存。茎尖超低温保存体系依赖成熟的茎尖和茎段组织培养再生技术(图2),虽然在香蕉和菠萝等作物上获得成功,但在甘蔗、木薯等重要热带作物上还需优化。此外咖啡、可可和芒果等热带木本作物超低温保存工作的开展还需克服组织离体再生困难带来的挑战。
超低温保存是热带植物顽拗型种子实现长期保存的唯一手段,为更有效地对种子进行冷冻保护,往往需将种胚取出进行干燥后和超低温保存。许多热带作物的种胚能够耐受直接空气干燥后超低温保存。当种胚无法直接干燥时,可参照茎尖应用玻璃化溶液进行冷冻保护。目前种胚超低温保存技术已在咖啡、野蕉和棕榈科等植物上建立,在橡胶、可可等重要热带木本作物长期安全保存和育种上还有更广阔的研究应用前景。种胚超低温保存同样依赖种胚离体培养技术,以促进种胚解冻后的萌发生长。
超低温保存还可应用于热带作物花粉、胚性悬浮系、愈伤组织等高价值组织细胞的长期保存。热带作物花粉可直接干燥后超低温保存,操作较为简单;而胚性愈伤组织、悬浮系和普通愈伤的超低温保存依赖冷冻保护溶液进行脱水干燥(图2)。胚性愈伤组织和悬浮系的超低温保存技术已在香蕉、甘蔗、荔枝等热带作物上成功建立,可降低上述材料长期继代导致的变异和活力下降问题,在其他重要热带作物上也有极高的研究价值。
综上所述,超低温保存技术虽然需要根据不同材料类型选用不同的方案进行优化,但体系建立后是最有效的种质资源长期保存手段。热带地区作为全球生物多样性水平最高的区域,有更多植物种质安全保存的实际需求。超低温保存体系在热带作物上的研究和应用能更好地支持热带作物品种、野生濒危资源和高价值组织细胞长期安全保存,支撑热带农业产业和科技的可持续发展。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2600603)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630032023011)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.03.010
  • 接收时间:2024-09-05
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-05
  • 录用日期:2024-11-11
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国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2600603)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1630032023011)
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    1.中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所,海南海口 571101
    2.农业农村部华南作物基因资源与种质创制重点实验室/农业农村部中药材生物学与栽培重点实验室,海南海口 571101
    3.国家热带作物中期库/海南省热带作物离体资源库/海南省热带作物资源遗传改良与创新重点实验室,海南儋州 571737

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** 徐立(XU Li),E-mail:
李志英(LI Zhiying),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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