Article(id=1276238259789369449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276238094940639467, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.02.024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721836800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-25, revisedDate=1723651200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782208512493, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782208512493, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782208512493, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782208512493, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276238094940639467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='247', pageEnd='489', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740412800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782208473191, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782208527160, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276238321386909890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276238094940639467, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276238321386909891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276238094940639467, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=503, endPage=513, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276238260053610603, articleId=1276238259789369449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Characteristics of Heavy Metal Enrichment in Soil of Urban and Rural Environmental Gradient Zone in Haikou, Hainan, China, columnId=1236318328365577171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Agricultural Ecology & Environmental Protection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the enrichment characteristics of heavy metals in soil of different urban-rural environmental gradient zones in Haikou, agricultural surface soil samples were collected from four different urban-rural environmental gradient zones in Haikou, including the urban center, urban-rural transitional zone, rural area, and natural area. The concentration of eight heavy metals were measured, including Cd, Hg, As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn. The enrichment characteristics of heavy metals in soil of Haikou were analyzed through the vertical distribution and migration characteristics of heavy metals, the correlation between heavy metals and physicochemical indicators, and the enrichment coefficient of heavy metals. The results showed that the average contentration of Cd, Pb, and Zn in surface soil was higher than that in deep soil, and heavy metals had varying degrees of cumulative effects. There was a significant positive correlation between soil pH and Cd content, and soil pH had a significant impact on the degree of Cd heavy metal enrichment. Soil organic matter (SOM) was positively correlated with the content of Hg, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ni. The correlation between layer A and layer B was stronger than that of layer C. Surface soil SOM had a significant impact on heavy metal enrichment. The proportion of sites with heavy metal enrichment coefficients greater than 1.2 ranged from high to low was Cd (70.0%), Hg (41.7%), As (36.7%), Pb (28.3%), Zn (21.7%), Cu (18.3%), Ni (18.3%), and Cr (15.0%). The enrichment degree of heavy metals in agricultural land soil in Haikou showed a certain distance gradient variation feature, with the increase of distance from the urban center, the enrichment degree of eight soil heavy metals showed a gradually decreasing trend. Only Cd showed enrichment in the natural area, and no enrichment points were found for the other 7 heavy metals. The enrichment coefficients of Cd, Hg, and As soil heavy metals involved a wide range. The points with enrichment coefficients greater than 8 for Cd in urban central areas far exceeded that in urban-rural and rural areas. The points with enrichment coefficients greater than 2 for Hg were only located in urban central areas and urban-rural transitional areas. The proportion of points with Cd enrichment coefficients greater than 1.2 far exceeded the other seven heavy metal projects. The coverage of Cd enrichment in urban and rural environmental gradients was the highest, and the regional enrichment characteristics were obvious. In addition, the enrichment coefficient of 30% Cd points was greater than 4, indicating a strong soil Cd enrichment degree, which should be paid attention to.

, authors=null, authorsList=Ji WU, Jing WANG, Shijin FU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276238261760692347, articleId=1276238259789369449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=海口市城乡环境梯度带土壤重金属富集特征, columnId=1236292523270918153, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=农业生态与环境保护, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为开展海口市城乡环境梯度带不同区域土壤重金属富集特征,采集海口市城市中心区、城乡交错区、农村区、自然区等4个不同区域的农用地土壤剖层样品,测定Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn等8种重金属含量,通过剖面土壤重金属的垂直分布迁移特征、重金属与理化指标相关性、重金属富集系数等分析海口市土壤重金属富集特点。结果表明:表层土壤Cd、Pb、Zn含量平均值均大于深层土壤,重金属存在不同程度的累积效应。土壤pH与Cd含量呈显著正相关,土壤pH对Cd重金属富集程度影响较大。土壤有机质(SOM)与Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni含量呈正相关,表层、中层相关性强于底层,表层土壤SOM对重金属富集有明显影响。各重金属富集系数大于1.2的点位比例从高到低为Cd(70.0%)、Hg(41.7%)、As(36.7%)、Pb(28.3%)、Zn(21.7%)、Cu(18.3%)、Ni(18.3%)、Cr(15.0%)。海口市农用地土壤重金属富集程度表现出一定的距离梯度变化特征,即随着距离城市中心区距离的增加,8项土壤重金属富集程度呈逐渐下降的趋势。自然区仅Cd呈现富集现象,其他7项重金属未发现富集点位。Cd、Hg、As土壤重金属富集系数涉及范围大,Cd城市中心区富集系数大于8的点位数量远超城乡交错区和农村区,Hg富集系数大于2的点位仅位于城市中心区和城乡交错区。Cd富集系数大于1.2的点位比例远超其他7个重金属项目,城乡环境梯度的覆盖度最大,区域性富集特点明显,且有30%点位富集系数大于4,土壤富集程度较强,应引起关注。

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吴姬(1983—),女,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:土壤环境质量监测评价及污染物源解析;E-mail:

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吴姬(1983—),女,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:土壤环境质量监测评价及污染物源解析;E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Spatial distribution of heavy metals in roadside soils based on Kriging interpolation: a case study of Zhengzhou-Kaifeng section along the 310th national highway, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276238272615551205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238259789369449, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=44, issue=5, pageStart=1062, pageEnd=1071, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=61, authorNames=吴姬, 伍成成, 王婧, journalName=热带作物学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴姬, 伍成成, 王婧. 海口市农用地土壤重金属生态风险评价及源解析[J]. 热带作物学报, 2023, 44(5): 1062-1071., articleTitle=海口市农用地土壤重金属生态风险评价及源解析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276238272703631590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238259789369449, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=44, issue=5, pageStart=1062, pageEnd=1071, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=62, authorNames=WU J, WU C C, WANG J, journalName=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU J, WU C C, WANG J. Ecological risk assessment and source analysis of heavy metals in agricultural soil of Haikou city[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2023, 44(5): 1062-1071. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Ecological risk assessment and source analysis of heavy metals in agricultural soil of Haikou city, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276238268035371175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238259789369449, awardId=421QN0970, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省自然科学基金项目(421QN0970), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276238261987184765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238259789369449, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276238261995573374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238259789369449, companyId=1276238261987184765, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hainan Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Haikou, Hainan 571126, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276238262003961983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238259789369449, companyId=1276238261987184765, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=海南省生态环境监测中心,海南海口 571126)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276238265556537495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238259789369449, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Distribution map of soil sampling sites, figureFileSmall=Jp3GTNLZ0ryVgHK4So7y0g==, figureFileBig=NmHu40unAAXnDqxLdXekmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238265892081816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238259789369449, language=CN, label=图1, caption=土壤采样点位分布, figureFileSmall=Jp3GTNLZ0ryVgHK4So7y0g==, figureFileBig=NmHu40unAAXnDqxLdXekmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238266307317913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238259789369449, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Vertical migration and distribution characteristics of heavy metals in soil profiles of Haikou, figureFileSmall=WWk9J1dE5SUayNFcE4+OQg==, figureFileBig=VoRhUKhGSiS9+1b+JcdO0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238266387009690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238259789369449, language=CN, label=图2, caption=海口市土壤剖面重金属垂直迁移分布特征, figureFileSmall=WWk9J1dE5SUayNFcE4+OQg==, figureFileBig=VoRhUKhGSiS9+1b+JcdO0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276238266462507163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238259789369449, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Correlation between soil hHeavy metals and soil physicochemical indicators in Haikou

* indicates significant correlation (P<0.05).

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*表示显著相关(P<0.05)。

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Statistical characteristics of soil physicochemical indicators in different soil layers of Haikou soil profile

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index表层Surface/(mg·kg-1)中层Middle level/(mg·kg-1)底层Bottom/(mg·kg-1)
最小值Minimum value最大值Maximum value平均值Average value标准差Standard deviationCV/%最小值Minimum value最大值Maximum value平均值Average value标准差Standard deviationCV/%最小值Minimum value最大值Maximum value平均值Average value标准差Standard deviationCV/%
pH4.275.20.6124.47.35.40.81547.55.50.917.2
SOM2.9642312511.447159.3640.140118.475.6
), ArticleFig(id=1276238267708215460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238259789369449, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海口土壤剖面各土层土壤基本理化性质统计分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index表层Surface/(mg·kg-1)中层Middle level/(mg·kg-1)底层Bottom/(mg·kg-1)
最小值Minimum value最大值Maximum value平均值Average value标准差Standard deviationCV/%最小值Minimum value最大值Maximum value平均值Average value标准差Standard deviationCV/%最小值Minimum value最大值Maximum value平均值Average value标准差Standard deviationCV/%
pH4.275.20.6124.47.35.40.81547.55.50.917.2
SOM2.9642312511.447159.3640.140118.475.6
), ArticleFig(id=1276238267846627493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238259789369449, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Statistical characteristics of soil heavy metal content in different soil layers of Haikou soil profile

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index表层Surface/(mg·kg–1)中层Middle level/(mg·kg–1)底层Bottom/(mg·kg–1)土壤污染风险筛选值Risk screening values of soil contamination
最小值Minimum value最大值Maximum value平均值Average value标准差Standard deviationCV/%最小值Minimum value最大值Maximum value平均值Average value标准差Standard deviationCV/%最小值Minimum value最大值Maximum value平均值Average value标准差Standard deviationCV/%
Cd0.010.480.070.071100.010.140.040.03830.010.250.040.051310.3
Hg0.010.190.070.04520.010.410.070.05840.010.130.060.03500.5
As0.0421.203.823.931030.0122.603.703.901060.0424.903.854.4311520.0
Pb9.9082.9026.4012.604711.4055.3024.408.21349.7069.4024.8010.504270.0
Cr17.10587.00258.60151.805922.20590.00253.00150.005920.90930.00260.00159.0061150.0
Cu4.00151.0064.4037.90594.10144.0062.5038.10614.00141.0066.6040.906150.0
Zn13.40544.00120.7073.506123.40191.00110.0045.404125.40208.00111.0045.1041200.0
Ni2.90343.00141.8094.20667.20345.00143.0094.90666.70380.00154.00103.006760.0
), ArticleFig(id=1276238267922124966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276238259789369449, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

海口土壤剖面各土层土壤重金属含量特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index表层Surface/(mg·kg–1)中层Middle level/(mg·kg–1)底层Bottom/(mg·kg–1)土壤污染风险筛选值Risk screening values of soil contamination
最小值Minimum value最大值Maximum value平均值Average value标准差Standard deviationCV/%最小值Minimum value最大值Maximum value平均值Average value标准差Standard deviationCV/%最小值Minimum value最大值Maximum value平均值Average value标准差Standard deviationCV/%
Cd0.010.480.070.071100.010.140.040.03830.010.250.040.051310.3
Hg0.010.190.070.04520.010.410.070.05840.010.130.060.03500.5
As0.0421.203.823.931030.0122.603.703.901060.0424.903.854.4311520.0
Pb9.9082.9026.4012.604711.4055.3024.408.21349.7069.4024.8010.504270.0
Cr17.10587.00258.60151.805922.20590.00253.00150.005920.90930.00260.00159.0061150.0
Cu4.00151.0064.4037.90594.10144.0062.5038.10614.00141.0066.6040.906150.0
Zn13.40544.00120.7073.506123.40191.00110.0045.404125.40208.00111.0045.1041200.0
Ni2.90343.00141.8094.20667.20345.00143.0094.90666.70380.00154.00103.006760.0
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海口市城乡环境梯度带土壤重金属富集特征
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吴姬 , 王婧 , 符式锦
热带作物学报 | 农业生态与环境保护 2025,46(2): 503-513
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热带作物学报 |农业生态与环境保护 2025 , 46 (2) : 503 -513
海口市城乡环境梯度带土壤重金属富集特征
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吴姬 , 王婧, 符式锦
作者信息
  • 海南省生态环境监测中心,海南海口 571126
Characteristics of Heavy Metal Enrichment in Soil of Urban and Rural Environmental Gradient Zone in Haikou, Hainan, China
Ji WU , Jing WANG, Shijin FU
Affiliations
  • Hainan Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Haikou, Hainan 571126, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.02.024
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为开展海口市城乡环境梯度带不同区域土壤重金属富集特征,采集海口市城市中心区、城乡交错区、农村区、自然区等4个不同区域的农用地土壤剖层样品,测定Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn等8种重金属含量,通过剖面土壤重金属的垂直分布迁移特征、重金属与理化指标相关性、重金属富集系数等分析海口市土壤重金属富集特点。结果表明:表层土壤Cd、Pb、Zn含量平均值均大于深层土壤,重金属存在不同程度的累积效应。土壤pH与Cd含量呈显著正相关,土壤pH对Cd重金属富集程度影响较大。土壤有机质(SOM)与Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni含量呈正相关,表层、中层相关性强于底层,表层土壤SOM对重金属富集有明显影响。各重金属富集系数大于1.2的点位比例从高到低为Cd(70.0%)、Hg(41.7%)、As(36.7%)、Pb(28.3%)、Zn(21.7%)、Cu(18.3%)、Ni(18.3%)、Cr(15.0%)。海口市农用地土壤重金属富集程度表现出一定的距离梯度变化特征,即随着距离城市中心区距离的增加,8项土壤重金属富集程度呈逐渐下降的趋势。自然区仅Cd呈现富集现象,其他7项重金属未发现富集点位。Cd、Hg、As土壤重金属富集系数涉及范围大,Cd城市中心区富集系数大于8的点位数量远超城乡交错区和农村区,Hg富集系数大于2的点位仅位于城市中心区和城乡交错区。Cd富集系数大于1.2的点位比例远超其他7个重金属项目,城乡环境梯度的覆盖度最大,区域性富集特点明显,且有30%点位富集系数大于4,土壤富集程度较强,应引起关注。

城乡环境梯度带  /  土壤  /  重金属  /  富集

In order to investigate the enrichment characteristics of heavy metals in soil of different urban-rural environmental gradient zones in Haikou, agricultural surface soil samples were collected from four different urban-rural environmental gradient zones in Haikou, including the urban center, urban-rural transitional zone, rural area, and natural area. The concentration of eight heavy metals were measured, including Cd, Hg, As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn. The enrichment characteristics of heavy metals in soil of Haikou were analyzed through the vertical distribution and migration characteristics of heavy metals, the correlation between heavy metals and physicochemical indicators, and the enrichment coefficient of heavy metals. The results showed that the average contentration of Cd, Pb, and Zn in surface soil was higher than that in deep soil, and heavy metals had varying degrees of cumulative effects. There was a significant positive correlation between soil pH and Cd content, and soil pH had a significant impact on the degree of Cd heavy metal enrichment. Soil organic matter (SOM) was positively correlated with the content of Hg, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ni. The correlation between layer A and layer B was stronger than that of layer C. Surface soil SOM had a significant impact on heavy metal enrichment. The proportion of sites with heavy metal enrichment coefficients greater than 1.2 ranged from high to low was Cd (70.0%), Hg (41.7%), As (36.7%), Pb (28.3%), Zn (21.7%), Cu (18.3%), Ni (18.3%), and Cr (15.0%). The enrichment degree of heavy metals in agricultural land soil in Haikou showed a certain distance gradient variation feature, with the increase of distance from the urban center, the enrichment degree of eight soil heavy metals showed a gradually decreasing trend. Only Cd showed enrichment in the natural area, and no enrichment points were found for the other 7 heavy metals. The enrichment coefficients of Cd, Hg, and As soil heavy metals involved a wide range. The points with enrichment coefficients greater than 8 for Cd in urban central areas far exceeded that in urban-rural and rural areas. The points with enrichment coefficients greater than 2 for Hg were only located in urban central areas and urban-rural transitional areas. The proportion of points with Cd enrichment coefficients greater than 1.2 far exceeded the other seven heavy metal projects. The coverage of Cd enrichment in urban and rural environmental gradients was the highest, and the regional enrichment characteristics were obvious. In addition, the enrichment coefficient of 30% Cd points was greater than 4, indicating a strong soil Cd enrichment degree, which should be paid attention to.

urban and rural environmental gradient zone  /  soil  /  heavy metals  /  enrichment
吴姬, 王婧, 符式锦. 海口市城乡环境梯度带土壤重金属富集特征. 热带作物学报, 2025 , 46 (2) : 503 -513 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.02.024
Ji WU, Jing WANG, Shijin FU. Characteristics of Heavy Metal Enrichment in Soil of Urban and Rural Environmental Gradient Zone in Haikou, Hainan, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2025 , 46 (2) : 503 -513 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.02.024
土壤是人类生存的重要物质基础,随着城市化进程加快、工业生产、农业生产活动导致大量污染物进入土壤系统,重金属污染日益凸显[1]。重金属易在土壤中富集,当土壤中重金属累积到一定程度时,会对土壤造成污染[2]。近年来,国内学者围绕不同区域土壤重金属富集状况进行评价研究。张小敏等[3]研究发现中国农田土壤Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的含量均有不同程度的富集,Cd、Pb的富集程度高于其他重金属项目。陈梓杰等[4]提出重庆城口县农田土壤中Cd、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni和Pb存在不同程度的富集,其中Cd的富集程度最高。李建国等[5]指出江苏无锡市主城区土壤与建设用地距离越近,土壤自然特性对重金属富集影响越小,人类活动对重金属富集影响越大。
海口市是海南省省会城市,工业和农业发展势头迅猛。海口工业主要包括采矿业、水电气供应业、汽车及运输设备制造业、食品及农副产品加工业、医药制造业、电气机械和器材制造业、印刷塑料及纸制品业、非金属矿物制品业等。采矿业、医药制造业和纸制品业属于土壤污染重点行业企业,工业企业排放污染物中涉及重金属,对周边环境土壤重金属可能产生潜在影响。2022年全市工业总产值820.38亿元,工业增加值276.7亿元,增长16.7%[6]。海口市作为热带农作物种植的重要基地,种植业稳步发展,热带特色农业大幅增长,农业经济总体平稳,农业总产值163.48亿元,比2021年增长6%[6]。工业活动和农业生产等快速发展及其叠加影响下,海口市土壤重金属富集影响日益受到关注。但是,目前针对海口市不同区域或不同土层农用地土壤重金属富集及垂直分布迁移等研究不多。城乡环境梯度演化带是不同时期城市化进程的结果,记录自然、农耕、工业化时代人类活动逐渐加强的过程。因此,本研究采集海口市城乡环境梯度带不同区域农用地土壤分层垂直样品,分析土壤Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn等8种重金属垂直分布特征,并结合富集系数法研究海口市农用地土壤富集特点,以期为海口市农用地土壤重金属富集状况评估、土壤重金属污染防治提供科学依据。
海口市位于海南岛北部,地形略呈长心形,地势平缓,地貌类型大致分为滨海平原、河流阶地、丘陵及熔岩台地三部分[6]。基性火山岩、第四纪松散沉积物、中酸性侵入岩、变质岩、沉积岩等为区域主要成土母岩类型。砖红壤、水稻土、滨海沙土、滨海盐土、石质土等为区域主要土壤类型。
本研究划定城乡环境梯度带4个(城市中心区、城乡交错区、农村区、自然区)。城市中心区、城乡交错区通过2 km×2 km网格法分别布设15、19个点位;农村区通过4 km×4 km网格法布设20个点位;自然区通过0.5 km×0.5 km网格法布设6个点位,共布设农用地点位60个(图1)。其中,点位1~15为城市中心区点位,点位16~34为城乡交错区点位,点位35~54为农村区点位,点位55~60为自然区点位。60个点位中,成土母岩为基性火山岩的点位45个,成土母岩为第四纪松散沉积物的点位15个。耕地点位25个,园地点位28个,林地点位7个。60个土壤点位样品采集时,自下而上在底层(60~100 cm)、中层(20~60 cm)、表层(0~20 cm)逐层采集,土壤各层无机项目测试样品采样量不少于1500 g。
样品采集后进行自然风干、粗磨、细磨、分样等工作。pH粗磨过筛孔径为2 mm(10目),有机质细磨过筛孔径为0.25 mm(60目),Cd、Hg、As等3个项目细磨过筛孔径为0.15 mm(100目),Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn和Zr等6个项目细磨过筛孔径为0.075 mm(200目)。
土壤pH采用HJ 962—2018电位法的方法进行测定[7],有机质采用NY/T 1121.6—2006土壤有机质的测定方法进行测定[8],土壤Cd参照GB/T 17141—1997石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法进行测定[9],Hg和As参照HJ 680—2013微波消解/原子荧光法进行测定[10],Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni和Zr参照HJ 780—2015波长色散X射线荧光光谱法进行测定[11]
本研究采用土壤富集系数(soil enrichment coefficient,SEC)评价土壤富集程度。由于ZrO2的矿物具有高度抗风化性和难以迁移性,在土壤中含量较高,容易测定以及较少受到外来污染影响等特点,因此可根据ZrO2含量判断土壤是否被其他元素污染[12]。方法是以ZrO2含量作为参比,计算其他元素的富集系数,公式为:
式中,CP为土壤中元素含量,Ci为土壤中ZrO2含量,Cs为成土母质中元素含量,Cn为成土母质中ZrO2含量。
若富集系数大于1.2,一般判断该元素有外来污染。富集系数法要求每个土壤剖面的上层和底层成土母质同源,只适用于无机元素。本研究分别采用同一土壤剖面表层、底层元素含量,分别作为土壤和成土母质中元素含量进行统计分析。
本研究使用WPS 2019软件开展土壤理化指标和重金属浓度的统计分析,使用Origin 2021软件开展相关性分析,使用ArcGIS 10.8软件完成统计学分析和空间分布图的制作。
分析海口市农用地土壤剖面各土层土壤理化性质指标(表1)可知,土壤pH<5.5,呈强酸性,表层至底层土壤pH逐渐升高。土壤有机质(SOM)从表层到底层逐渐下降,各层土壤SOM含量均低于全国农田土壤SOM含量平均值24.65 g/kg[13],说明海口市农用地土壤肥力不够高。海口市农用地土壤剖面各土层土壤重金属含量分析结果(表2)表明,表层、中层、底层3层土壤Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Zn含量均值低于GB15618—2018《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》中规定的农用地土壤重金属污染最严风险筛选值,Cr、Cu、Ni含量均值超过农用地土壤重金属污染最严风险筛选值。表层土壤重金属含量均值与2004—2005年开展的多目标区域地球化学调查项目中海口市表层土壤含量比较[14],As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni含量均值分别是多目标区域地球化学调查项目重金属含量(2.6、15.5、231.4、56.0、98.0、109.2 mg/kg)的1.47倍、1.70倍、1.12倍、1.15倍、1.23倍、1.30倍。8项重金属含量变化范围大,各层变异系数(CV)集中于34%~131%,除中层的重金属Pb外,其他CV均属于强变异,CV均大于36%[15],特别是表层、底层的Cd、As的CV值均超过100%,呈现明显的空间变异性,受区域土壤背景或人为因素等空间差异影响大。
Cd、Hg含量随土层深度的增加呈减小的趋势(图2)。Pb、Zn、As、Cr、Cu含量随土层深度的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,Pb、Zn含量深层土壤小于表层土壤,As、Cr、Cu含量深层土壤大于表层土壤。Ni含量随土层深度的增加而增加。8个重金属中,表层土壤中的Cd、Pb、Zn重金属含量平均值大于深层土壤,表明重金属存在不同程度的累积效应。
土壤中重金属含量受多种因素影响,与土壤pH、粒径组成等土壤性质密切相关[16]。分析土壤理化指标与重金属含量相关性(图3)发现,各层pH与Cd含量呈显著正相关,但表层、中层、底层与Cd含量相关系数逐步减小,说明表层pH变化对Cd含量影响最大,pH与Cu含量呈显著负相关,中层pH与Hg、As含量呈显著负相关,底层pH与Hg、Cr含量呈显著负相关。各层SOM与Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni含量呈正相关,表层、中层相关系数为0.6左右,大于底层相关系数;中层、底层SOM与Pb含量呈显著负相关。各层Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni重金属含量之间呈正相关,其中Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni重金属含量之间相关系数均大于0.6,属于强相关,说明这4项重金属可能同源。表层Pb与Cu、Ni重金属含量之间呈负相关,中层、底层Pb与Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni重金属含量之间呈负相关,表明Pb与Cu、Ni等重金属具有异源性。
分析海口市各采样点位土壤重金属富集系数分布(图4)发现,Cd富集系数范围为0.1~19.3,Hg富集系数范围为0.1~17.6,As富集系数范围为0.1~21.0,Pb富集系数范围为0.1~2.1,Cr富集系数范围为0.1~1.9,Cu富集系数范围为0.1~2.9,Zn富集系数范围为0.04~3.60,Ni富集系数范围为0.04~2.30。Cd、Hg、As富集系数范围大,个别点位富集程度较高,可能受到较多外来人为活动影响。
各重金属富集系数大于1.2的点位数量占比从高到低为Cd>Hg>As>Pb>Zn>Cu>Ni>Cr(图5),比例分别为70.0%、41.7%、36.7%、28.3%、21.7%、18.3%、18.3%、15.0%。Cd富集系数大于1.2的点位分布最广,分布于城市中心区、城乡交错区、农村区、自然区等4个城乡环境梯度带(图6),4个梯度带富集系数大于1.2的点位数量分别为12个、13个、12个、4个,占该区域布设点位数量比例为80.0%、68.4%、60.0%、66.7%,富集系数大于4的点位在4个城乡环境梯度带均有分布,涉及三门坡镇、大致坡镇、三江镇、红旗镇、龙泉镇、永兴镇、演丰镇、长流镇、西秀镇等乡镇,说明Cd呈现区域性富集现象。城市中心区富集系数大于8的点位数量远超城乡交错区和农村区,位于三门坡、永兴镇、演丰镇、西秀镇、长流镇等乡镇。Cd富集系数大于1.2的点位比例远超其他7个重金属项目,城乡环境梯度的覆盖度最大,共有18个点位富集系数大于4,土壤富集程度较强,应引起关注。
Hg、As、Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr共7个重金属富集系数大于1.2的点位分布在城市中心区、城乡交错区、农村区,自然区无富集系数大于1.2的点位,说明自然区受人为活动、工业生产干扰少,因而自然区点位未出现富集现象。
Hg富集系数大于1.2的点位在城市中心区、城乡交错区、农村区分布的数量相当,分别为10、8、8个,占该区域布设点位数量比例分别为66.7%、42.1%、40.0%,Hg富集系数大于2的点位仅位于城市中心区和城乡交错区,数量分别为5、3个点位,占比分别为33.3%、15.8%,位于龙泉镇、石山镇、演丰镇、灵山镇、府城镇、城西镇、西秀镇等乡镇。城市中心区、城乡交错区、农村区As富集系数大于1.2的点位数量分别为11、8、4个,占该区域布设点位数量比例分别为73.3%、42.1%、20.0%,富集程度逐渐减弱。As富集系数大于2的点位共5个,主要位于大坡镇、三门坡镇、龙泉镇、演丰镇、灵山镇等乡镇。Hg、As富集系数大于1.2的点位比例呈现城市中心区明显高于城乡交错区和农村区的特点。
城市中心区、城乡交错区、农村区Pb富集系数大于1.2的点位数量分别为7、8、4个,占该区域布设点位数量比例分别为46.7%、42.1%、20.0%。
Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn富集系数大于1.2的点位相对一致,主要分布在大坡镇、红旗镇、龙泉镇、云龙镇、西秀镇、府城镇、演丰镇、灵山镇等乡镇。城市中心区、城乡交错区、农村区Cr富集系数大于1.2的点位数量占该区域布设点位数量比例分别为26.7%、26.3%、10.0%,Cu富集系数大于1.2的点位占比分别为33.3%、21.1%、15.0%,Ni富集系数大于1.2的点位占比分别为33.3%、21.1%、20.0%,Zn富集系数大于1.2的点位占比分别为40.0%、21.1%、20.0%。总体上,城市中心区Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn富集系数大于1.2的点位占比略高于城乡交错区、农村区。
海口市农用地土壤表层、中层、底层3层土壤Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Zn的含量均值低于GB 15618—2018中土壤污染最严风险筛选值,Cr、Cu、Ni的含量均值超过农用地土壤污染最严风险筛选值,是海口市主要土壤重金属污染因子。除中层的Pb,其他变异系数都属于强变异,表层和底层的Cd、As呈现明显的空间变异性,受区域土壤背景或人为因素等空间差异影响大。
海口农用地土壤剖面的垂直分布特征表现为Cd、Hg含量随土层深度的增加而减小,Cd含量的变化趋势与窦韦强等[17]的研究结果一致。Hg含量的下降趋势主要反映了土壤长期发育过程中来自土壤底层的低浓度汞的混合和随径流的汞损失[18]。Cd、Pb、Zn含量平均值表层土壤大于深层土壤,表明重金属存在不同程度的累积效应。
本研究土壤pH与Cd含量呈显著正相关,说明土壤pH对Cd重金属富集程度影响较大。SOM与Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni含量呈正相关,表层、中层相关性强于底层,表层土壤SOM对重金属富集有明显影响,是重金属富集的主要因素。已有研究表明,土壤有机质(SOM)含量的增加有助于土壤重金属的富集[5]。土壤Hg浓度在很大程度上受有机质含量的影响,土壤总Hg浓度与有机质之间存在显著正相关[19]。Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni共4项重金属含量强相关,与郭跃品等[20]、傅杨荣[21]、李佳桐等[22]的研究结果一致,Pb与Cu、Ni重金属具有异源性。
各重金属富集系数大于1.2的点位数量占比从高到低为Cd(70.0%)、Hg(41.7%)、As(36.7%)、Pb(28.3%)、Zn(21.7%)、Cu(18.3%)、Ni(18.3%)、Cr(15.0%)。分析海口市不同城乡环境梯度带分布情况发现,Cd富集系数大于1.2的点位分布最广,分布于城市中心区、城乡交错区、农村区、自然区4个城乡环境梯度带,Hg、As、Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr共7个重金属富集系数大于1.2的点位在自然区没有分布,位于城市中心区、城乡交错区、农村区等3个梯度带,自然区人为活动少,无工业企业生产干扰,未呈现土壤重金属富集现象。
不同重金属富集系数分布结果表明,Cd、Hg、As土壤重金属富集系数范围大,个别点位富集程度较高,可能受到较多外来人为活动影响。Cd城市中心区富集系数大于8的点位数量远超城乡交错区和农村区。Hg富集系数大于2的点位仅位于城市中心区和城乡交错区。As随着与城市中心区的距离增加,在城市中心区、城乡交错区、农村区3个梯度带上富集程度明显逐渐减弱。
Cd富集系数大于1.2的点位比例远超其他7个重金属,城乡环境梯度的覆盖度最大,区域性富集特点明显,且有18个点位富集系数大于4,土壤富集程度较强,应引起关注。Hg、As富集系数大于1.2的点位比例呈现城市中心区明显高于城乡交错区和农村区的特点,Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn呈现城市中心区占比略高于城乡交错区、农村区的特点。海口市土壤重金属富集程度表现出一定的距离梯度变化特征,即随着距离城市中心区距离的增加,8项土壤重金属富集程度呈逐渐下降的趋势,自然区除Cd外,其他7项重金属未发现富集点位。
本研究土壤重金属垂直迁移结果表明,Cd、Pb、Zn含量平均值表层土壤大于深层土壤,表明重金属存在不同程度的累积效应。不同环境梯度带土壤重金属富集结果显示,Cd、Hg、As、Pb系数大于1.2的点位比例高于其他4项重金属。不少研究表明Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn主要来源于自然源,受基性火山岩成土母质影响[20-22],Cd、Hg、As、Pb是主要受工业企业生产、交通出行、农业生产影响的重金属元素。研究表明,大气中Cd的干湿沉降、农药化肥施用、塑料薄膜使用、污水灌溉、污泥施用、含重金属废弃物堆积、金属矿山废水排放等是造成Cd污染的主要途径[23]。Cd被土壤中的粘土矿物和有机物吸附或固定后,富集于土壤表层,或被植物吸收而转入土壤,造成土壤镉浓度上升[23]。汞污染主要来源于燃煤、水泥制造[24]、有色金属冶炼[25]、交通污染[26]、垃圾场废旧电池、废旧荧光灯、废旧医疗器械和电子设备等堆放填埋[27]。大气中的汞通过干湿沉降进入地表土壤,被有机质吸附,富集于土壤表层[28]。As作为农业活动标识元素,化肥农药施用量多、利用率低也是造成As和Cd在土壤中的大量富集的重要原因[29]。Pb主要来源于含铅肥料和污泥施用、汽油添加剂使用、铅矿开采冶炼、含铅化合物工业企业污染物排放、铅蓄电池堆放等[30]。Pb常作为交通运输源的标志污染元素,仝致琦等[31]研究证实,Cd和Pb为交通源重金属。城市中心区、城乡交错区、农村区属于受自然和人为因素双重影响区域,海口市的城市中心区布局了药谷工业园、海口综合保税区、海马工业园等园区,涉及30个土壤重点行业企业,100多条城市一级道路及7条高速公路、省道、国道等主要交通干道,城市交错区布局了云龙产业园、美安科技新城、海口桂林洋经济开发区等园区,涉及1个土壤重点行业企业及7条高速公路、省道、国道等主要交通干道,农村区无工业园和土壤重点行业企业,涉及7条高速公路、省道、国道等主要交通干道。城市中心区工业生产、交通出行、居民生活等人为影响大于城市交错区、农村区、自然区。研究表明,海口市农用地土壤Pb、Cd、As、Hg主要来自工业交通源,贡献率分别为78.1%、61.8%、60.2%、57.8%,As同时受到农业源影响[32]。基于土壤Cd、Hg、As、Pb主要污染来源,发现海口市重金属富集特点与人类活动关系较大,而城市中心区高强度的人类活动是土壤重金属富集梯度变化的主导性因子。因此,在推进城市发展建设和工业、农业生产的同时,需要加强城市土壤环境管理,重点关注城市中心区土壤重金属富集变化,保障农产品安全生产,降低人体健康潜在风险。
  • 海南省自然科学基金项目(421QN0970)
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2025年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2025.02.024
  • 接收时间:2024-07-25
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-25
  • 修回日期:2024-08-15
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海南省自然科学基金项目(421QN0970)
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    海南省生态环境监测中心,海南海口 571126
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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