Article(id=1276204387768864880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276204178091413862, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722182400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-29, revisedDate=1723478400000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782200436774, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782200436774, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782200436774, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782200436774, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276204178091413862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='2487', pageEnd='2737', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1735056000000', pubDateStr='2024-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782200386783, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782200456354, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276204470308565242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276204178091413862, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276204470308565243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276204178091413862, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2719, endPage=2727, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276204388603531378, articleId=1276204387768864880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Preparation and Characterization of Tapioca Starch Sodium Octenyl Succinate with Non-alcohol Esterification, columnId=1236286112713470633, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Post-harvest Treatment & Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Starch sodium octenyl succinate is a food additive produced by the process of esterification using starch and octenyl succinic anhydride. In this study, the tapioca starch sodium octenyl succinate was prepared and characterized with non-alcohol esterification by substituting the organic reagent-dispersed OSA with the OSA emulsification technique. The results showed that OSA emulsion prepared with soybean phospholipid (SP) as an emulsifier had good stability and dispersibility. The octenyl succinic acid group content, degree of substitution, and substitution efficiency of 1.00% SP-SSOS made using OSA emulsions with 1.00% SP emulsifiers were found to be greater compared to IPA-SSOS made using isopropanol-dispersed OSA. FT-IR showed that 1.00% SP-SSOS and IPA-SSOS had two new characteristic peaks at 1572 cm–1 and 1726 cm–1, with 1.00% SP-SSOS having a stronger peak intensity. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed that the fluorescence intensity of the fluorescence-labeled OS group was slightly stronger in 1.00% SP-SSOS, and a few starch particles contained OS groups inside. The results indicated that the use of high-pressure homogenization and emulsifiers to disperse OSA into micron-sized oily droplets for esterification could increase the contact area between OSA and starch, improving the efficiency of the esterification reaction. To summarize, it is possible to produce SSOS by utilizing the OSA emulsification technique as an alternative to organic reagents for dispersing OSA. This study would provide a reference for the application of an alcohol-free esterification reaction system in the large-scale industrial production of SSOS.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yuanyuan GAO, Ruyi LI, Yingying LI, Wei ZHOU, Xiaobing HUANG, Shaodan PENG, Jihua LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ruyi LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276204397357043844, articleId=1276204387768864880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=辛烯基琥珀酸木薯淀粉钠无醇酯化制备与表征, columnId=1236286112877048492, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=采后处理与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉钠(starch sodium octenyl succinate, SSOS)是以淀粉与辛烯基琥珀酸酐(octenyl succinic anhydride, OSA)酯化制得的食品添加剂。本研究采用OSA乳化法替代有机试剂分散OSA对木薯淀粉进行酯化制备辛烯基琥珀酸木薯淀粉钠(tapioca starch sodium octenyl succinate, TSSOS)并对其进行表征。结果表明:大豆卵磷脂(soybean phospholipid, SP)为乳化剂制备的OSA乳液体系具有较好的稳定性和分散性,SP添加量为1.00%制备的SSOS(1.00% SP-SSOS)比异丙醇分散OSA制备的SSOS(IPA-SSOP)具有更高的辛烯基琥珀酸基团(OS基团)含量、取代度(DS)以及取代效率(SE)。傅里叶红外光谱显示,1.00% SP-SSOS和IPA-SSOS均在1572 cm–1和1726 cm–1处出现了2个新的特征峰,其中1.00% SP-SSOS的特征峰强度更强。激光共聚焦扫描显微镜分析也证实了荧光标记的OS基团在1.00% SP-SSOS中荧光强度略强,少部分淀粉颗粒内部显示亦有OS基团,这说明利用高压均质以及SP乳化剂将OSA分散为微米级乳液再进行酯化,可以提高OSA与淀粉的接触面积从而提高酯化反应效率。综上所述,采用OSA乳化法替代有机试剂分散OSA制备SSOS的方法可行,本研究为无醇酯化反应体系应用在SSOS大规模工业化生产中提供参考依据。

, authors=

高媛媛(1985—),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向:特色作物加工。

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* 李如一(LI Ruyi),E-mail:
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高媛媛(1985—),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向:特色作物加工。

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高媛媛(1985—),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向:特色作物加工。

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不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

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A:未酯化淀粉;B:IPA-SSOS;C:1.00% SP-SSOS。

, figureFileSmall=dQt1SmNT0ObNr6O5ta2Myg==, figureFileBig=UWrcg2sFvKRxuImg28LQXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204428055154901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204387768864880, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Content of OS group, DS and SE

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品SampleOS基团含量OS group content/%DSSE/%
0.00% SP-SSOS1.62±0.09a0.0127±0.0007a53.84±2.94a
0.25% SP-SSOS2.39±0.04c0.0189±0.0004c79.50±1.21c
0.50% SP-SSOS2.80±0.01d0.0222±0.0001d93.07±0.34d
1.00% SP-SSOS2.80±0.06d0.0222±0.0005d93.10±2.11d
2.00% SP-SSOS2.26±0.11c0.0179±0.0009c75.33±3.82c
3.00% SP-SSOS2.27±0.10c0.0180±0.0008c75.62±3.19c
4.00% SP-SSOS1.96±0.19b0.0154±0.0016b65.24±6.24b
IPA-SSOS1.93±0.11b0.0152±0.0009b64.32±3.95b
), ArticleFig(id=1276204428134846678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204387768864880, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

辛烯基琥珀酸基团含量、取代度及取代效率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品SampleOS基团含量OS group content/%DSSE/%
0.00% SP-SSOS1.62±0.09a0.0127±0.0007a53.84±2.94a
0.25% SP-SSOS2.39±0.04c0.0189±0.0004c79.50±1.21c
0.50% SP-SSOS2.80±0.01d0.0222±0.0001d93.07±0.34d
1.00% SP-SSOS2.80±0.06d0.0222±0.0005d93.10±2.11d
2.00% SP-SSOS2.26±0.11c0.0179±0.0009c75.33±3.82c
3.00% SP-SSOS2.27±0.10c0.0180±0.0008c75.62±3.19c
4.00% SP-SSOS1.96±0.19b0.0154±0.0016b65.24±6.24b
IPA-SSOS1.93±0.11b0.0152±0.0009b64.32±3.95b
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辛烯基琥珀酸木薯淀粉钠无醇酯化制备与表征
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高媛媛 1 , 李如一 1, * , 李莹莹 1 , 周伟 1 , 黄晓兵 1 , 彭芍丹 1 , 李积华 1, 2
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与质量安全 2024,45(12): 2719-2727
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热带作物学报 |采后处理与质量安全 2024 , 45 (12) : 2719 -2727
辛烯基琥珀酸木薯淀粉钠无醇酯化制备与表征
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高媛媛(1985—),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向:特色作物加工。

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高媛媛1, 李如一1, * , 李莹莹1, 周伟1, 黄晓兵1, 彭芍丹1, 李积华1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所/农业农村部热带作物产品加工重点实验室,广东湛江 524001
  • 2.中国热带农业科学院,海南海口 524091
通讯作者:
* 李如一(LI Ruyi),E-mail:
Preparation and Characterization of Tapioca Starch Sodium Octenyl Succinate with Non-alcohol Esterification
Yuanyuan GAO1, Ruyi LI1, * , Yingying LI1, Wei ZHOU1, Xiaobing HUANG1, Shaodan PENG1, Jihua LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute / Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
  • 2.Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 524091, China
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.024
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辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉钠(starch sodium octenyl succinate, SSOS)是以淀粉与辛烯基琥珀酸酐(octenyl succinic anhydride, OSA)酯化制得的食品添加剂。本研究采用OSA乳化法替代有机试剂分散OSA对木薯淀粉进行酯化制备辛烯基琥珀酸木薯淀粉钠(tapioca starch sodium octenyl succinate, TSSOS)并对其进行表征。结果表明:大豆卵磷脂(soybean phospholipid, SP)为乳化剂制备的OSA乳液体系具有较好的稳定性和分散性,SP添加量为1.00%制备的SSOS(1.00% SP-SSOS)比异丙醇分散OSA制备的SSOS(IPA-SSOP)具有更高的辛烯基琥珀酸基团(OS基团)含量、取代度(DS)以及取代效率(SE)。傅里叶红外光谱显示,1.00% SP-SSOS和IPA-SSOS均在1572 cm–1和1726 cm–1处出现了2个新的特征峰,其中1.00% SP-SSOS的特征峰强度更强。激光共聚焦扫描显微镜分析也证实了荧光标记的OS基团在1.00% SP-SSOS中荧光强度略强,少部分淀粉颗粒内部显示亦有OS基团,这说明利用高压均质以及SP乳化剂将OSA分散为微米级乳液再进行酯化,可以提高OSA与淀粉的接触面积从而提高酯化反应效率。综上所述,采用OSA乳化法替代有机试剂分散OSA制备SSOS的方法可行,本研究为无醇酯化反应体系应用在SSOS大规模工业化生产中提供参考依据。

木薯淀粉  /  无醇酯化  /  辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉钠  /  取代度  /  激光共聚焦扫描显微镜

Starch sodium octenyl succinate is a food additive produced by the process of esterification using starch and octenyl succinic anhydride. In this study, the tapioca starch sodium octenyl succinate was prepared and characterized with non-alcohol esterification by substituting the organic reagent-dispersed OSA with the OSA emulsification technique. The results showed that OSA emulsion prepared with soybean phospholipid (SP) as an emulsifier had good stability and dispersibility. The octenyl succinic acid group content, degree of substitution, and substitution efficiency of 1.00% SP-SSOS made using OSA emulsions with 1.00% SP emulsifiers were found to be greater compared to IPA-SSOS made using isopropanol-dispersed OSA. FT-IR showed that 1.00% SP-SSOS and IPA-SSOS had two new characteristic peaks at 1572 cm–1 and 1726 cm–1, with 1.00% SP-SSOS having a stronger peak intensity. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed that the fluorescence intensity of the fluorescence-labeled OS group was slightly stronger in 1.00% SP-SSOS, and a few starch particles contained OS groups inside. The results indicated that the use of high-pressure homogenization and emulsifiers to disperse OSA into micron-sized oily droplets for esterification could increase the contact area between OSA and starch, improving the efficiency of the esterification reaction. To summarize, it is possible to produce SSOS by utilizing the OSA emulsification technique as an alternative to organic reagents for dispersing OSA. This study would provide a reference for the application of an alcohol-free esterification reaction system in the large-scale industrial production of SSOS.

tapioca starch  /  non-alcohol esterification  /  starch sodium octenyl succinate  /  degree of substitution  /  confocal laser scanning microscopy
高媛媛, 李如一, 李莹莹, 周伟, 黄晓兵, 彭芍丹, 李积华. 辛烯基琥珀酸木薯淀粉钠无醇酯化制备与表征. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (12) : 2719 -2727 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.024
Yuanyuan GAO, Ruyi LI, Yingying LI, Wei ZHOU, Xiaobing HUANG, Shaodan PENG, Jihua LI. Preparation and Characterization of Tapioca Starch Sodium Octenyl Succinate with Non-alcohol Esterification[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (12) : 2719 -2727 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.024
酯化改性是淀粉化学改性常用的方法之一,通过向淀粉分子中引入化学基团,形成特定的酯化淀粉,以改善淀粉糊化、冻融稳定性等加工特性,扩大淀粉的应用范围[1]。辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉钠(starch sodium octenyl succinate,SSOS)是以淀粉与辛烯基琥珀酸酐(octenyl succinic anhydride,OSA)经酯化,以及结合酶处理、糊精化、酸处理、漂白处理、预糊化中1种或几种方法加工后制得的食品添加剂[2]。SSOS因其具有两亲性,既是具有表面活性的高分子乳化剂,又具有增稠、稳定和一定的保湿性,且因其植物来源,受到了日益关注,在食品、药品以及化工产业中均具有广泛的应用[3-4]
制备SSOS一般有3种方法:湿法、有机溶剂法和干法生产[5]。有机溶剂法是将淀粉悬浮在惰性有机溶剂中再加入OSA进行反应,湿法和干法中加入OSA时需要利用有机溶剂,如乙醇、异丙醇将酸酐稀释后再与淀粉进行反应[6-8]。利用有机试剂对酸酐进行稀释是因为OSA在水中的溶解度低,需要利用乙醇或异丙醇对OSA进行稀释并分散到反应体系中的淀粉颗粒表面以提高反应效率。但因为淀粉结构,酯化反应效率普遍不高,为了解决这个问题,目前研究多集中在通过超声波辅助、酶解、机械活化等技术对淀粉进行预处理以提高SSOS的产品性能[9]。对酯化反应过程中的OSA需要有机试剂分散这一步骤少有研究,在大规模生产过程中因为环保要求需要对有机试剂进行回收,不仅增加生产工序还会提高生产成本。
针对这一问题,本研究采用OSA乳化法替代有机试剂分散OSA,基于OSA乳液稳定性对乳化剂进行筛选,并以木薯淀粉为原料利用OSA乳液体系无醇酯化制备SSOS,通过与常规方法制备的产品性质进行比较,以期为无醇酯化体系在SSOS大规模工业化生产中应用提供参考依据。
木薯淀粉购自佛山市国农淀粉有限公司;OSA购自南京古田化工有限公司;单/双甘油脂肪酸酯(mono-and diglycerides of fatty acids,MDFA)购自丹尼斯克(中国)有限公司;皂树皮提取物(quillaja extract,QE)购自宜瑞安食品配料有限公司;大豆卵磷脂(soybean phospholipid,SP)购自杜邦中国集团有限公司。
异丙醇购自上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;盐酸购自广州化学试剂厂;硝酸银购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司;氢氧化钠购自西陇科学股份有限公司。
T-25 digital高速剪切机购自德国IKA公司;AMF-5微射流高压均质机购自ATS安拓思纳米技术(苏州)有限公司;ZETASIZER PRO马尔文粒度仪购自英国马尔文仪器公司;LUMIIFUGE 111稳定性分析仪购自罗姆(江苏)仪器有限公司;自动电位滴定仪购自瑞士万通中国有限公司;注射泵购自度科工业科技(上海)有限公司;Nicolet iN10傅里叶变换显微红外光谱购自美国Thermo Scientifific;AX-R激光共聚焦显微镜购自日本Nikon公司。
具体操作步骤如下:分别称取一定质量的OAS和5倍质量的去离子水置于烧杯中,水浴加热至60 ℃,MDFA或SP加入到OSA中完全融化,缓慢将OSA倒入剪切状态下的水相中,剪切12 000 r/min分散2 min,混合液再经过高压均质30 MPa循环3次得到OSA乳液。QE加入到去离子水中,OSA倒入水相中,其余相同操作。不同乳化剂均质压力一致。
选择常用的乳化剂MDFA、QE和SP对OSA与水进行乳化,MDFA添加量按照OSA质量分数的0、0.25%、0.50%、1.00%、2.00%、3.00%、4.00%加入OSA中,SP添加量按照OSA质量分数的0%、0.25%、0.50%、1.00%、2.00%、3.00%、4.00%加入OSA中,QE添加量按照OSA质量分数的0%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%、4.0%、8.0%加入水相中,制备的OSA乳液通过离心稳定性分析检测其稳定性,进而对OSA乳液体系的乳化剂及其添加量进行初步筛选。
通过LUMIIFUGE 111稳定性分析仪进行分析。2 mm的PC管中加入乳液至刻度线,设置转速为2000 r/min,每间隔30 s进行1次测量,记录150次数据绘制稳定性图谱。
采用激光衍射粒度分析仪测定新制备的OSA乳液的粒径及粒径分布,用水作为分散剂,设置折光率为1.47,待遮光率为10%~15%时,滴加至样品池中25 ℃下测定。每个样品重复测定3次,取平均值。
采用纳米激光粒度仪测定OSA乳液的Zeta电位。测定前将样品充分混匀后用去离子水稀释100倍,稀释后的样品置于DTS1070样品池中25 ℃下进行测定,温度平衡时间为120 s,每个样品重复测定3次,取平均值。
参考张玉杰[10]的方法并稍作改进,具体如下:将一定质量的木薯淀粉(前期经过预处理)配制成40%(w/w)的淀粉悬液,利用自动电位滴定仪自动滴加功能调整淀粉悬液的pH至8.5,保持悬液35 ℃,0.5 h,使用注射泵逐滴均匀滴加添加乳化剂分散的OSA乳液(或常规方法:OSA与异丙醇比例为1∶5),滴加时间2 h,添加的OSA占淀粉干基的3%,用2%(w/w)NaOH溶液保持体系pH为8.5,酯化反应保持4 h。反应体系pH完全稳定后,用1 mol/L稀盐酸调节体系pH在6.5左右。酯化后淀粉用纯水反复抽滤2次,于45 ℃烘箱干燥。
参考国标的方法[2]对无醇酯化的SSOS以及异丙醇分散OSA制备的SSOS(IPA-SSOP)进行检测,结果以OS基团的质量分数计。取代度的测定方法与国标方法一致,按以下公式进行计算:
式中,162是葡萄糖残基的摩尔质量(g/mol);210是辛烯基琥珀酸酐的摩尔质量(g/mol);A为消耗0.1 mol/L NaOH标准溶液的体积(mL);V2是滴定试样消耗的氢氧化钠溶液的体积(mL);V0是滴定空白消耗的氢氧化钠溶液的体积(mL);c2是氢氧化钠溶液的浓度(mol/L);m2是待测样品的质量(g);w0是待测样品实际测得的干燥减量(%)。
将优化后的无醇酯化SSOS(1% SP-SSOS)与IPA-SSOP置于反射载样片上,红外光谱仪的波长宽度设定为4000~400 cm–1。分析前,样品需进行干燥以避免湿气的干扰。
参考王婵[11]的方法并稍作改进,分别称取未酯化的木薯淀粉、1% SP-SSOS与IPA-SSOP 3个样品各0.5 g于50 mL离心管中,加入30 mL蒸馏水和2滴0.1%亚甲基蓝溶液,用0.1 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液调节pH为8.0,室温震荡染色3 h。用无水乙醇洗涤并离心样品悬浮液3次,离心条件为4000 r/min、10 min。取少量沉淀样品置于干净的玻璃载玻片上并加入1滴水,盖上盖玻片,在514 nm激发波长下观察。
离心稳定性分析法是一种将光投射与离心法相结合的,测定乳液聚结稳定性的方法[12]。其工作原理类似于浊度的测量,只是在离心状态下较短时间内完成,投射光谱的曲线表示样品长度中油滴浓度随时间的变化[13]。样品在离心过程中,透过率的变化越小,样品的稳定性就越高[14]
乳状液是1种或几种液体以微粒(液滴或液晶)形式分散在另一种不相混溶的液体中构成具有相当稳定性的多相分散体系,由于它们外观往往呈乳状,所以称为乳状液或乳化液[15]。但因为油水体系不稳定,需要添加乳化剂提高乳液的稳定性。MDFA是食品工业需求量较大的一种多元醇脂肪酸酯类,其安全无毒,使用量不受限制[16]。MDFA对OSA乳液离心稳定性的影响如图1所示,随着添加量的增加,离心稳定性呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,MDFA添加量1.00%时OSA乳液相对稍好,但仍出现分层现象,乳液聚集在上层,水相聚集在下层。添加量超过2.00%时,OSA乳液分为3层,OSA乳液发生破乳,这可能是因为MDFA亲油性较强,添加量过多会形成油包水(W/O)结构,破坏乳液稳定性[17]
SP是一种从大豆中提取出来的复杂混合物,由甘油、磷酸和脂肪酸等成分组成。磷脂因其两亲性(亲水性和亲脂性),作为一种性能良好的天然离子型表面活性剂和乳化剂被广泛应用在食品工业中[18-19]。SP对OSA乳液离心稳定性的影响如图2所示,SP对OSA乳液离心稳定性有较明显的影响,随着添加量的增加稳定性逐渐增强,但添加量超过1.00%后,OSA乳液整体均匀,但表面产生少部分聚凝,这与图2中图谱表现一致。
QE是指含有皂素(以干基计)20%~90%,以皂树(Quillajasa ponaria Molina)的树皮、树干或枝条为原料,磨碎后使用水溶剂(一般也称为皂素提取法)提取出来经净化、精制等工艺生产的食品添加剂[20]。皂素也称为皂苷,研究表明皂树皂苷具有较高的表面活性,能够形成颗粒尺寸较小的乳液液滴,并且其界面性质与非离子表面活性剂Tween 80相似,具有替代吐温的潜力[21]。QE对OSA乳液离心稳定性的影响如图3所示,图谱出现了较稀疏的红色线条,表明样品离心较短时间即出现了油水分离,透光率增大较快,乳液离心稳定性差。添加量≥2.0%时乳液仍出现了较明显的分层,这可能是因为QE为天然乳化剂,结构复杂,乳化能力相对较弱。
图1图2图3比较可知,添加SP制备的OSA乳液离心稳定性投射图谱相对于MDFA、QE更加密集,说明SP对OSA乳液具有较好的稳定效果,初步筛选SP作为稳定OSA乳液的乳化剂。为了明确SP添加量对OSA乳液形成的影响,进一步分析SP对OSA乳液粒径、Zeta电位及微观结构的影响。
SP不同添加量对OSA乳液粒径分布的影响如图4所示,随着SP添加量的增加,OSA乳液平均粒径逐渐减小,但添加量超过1.00%后,粒径的范围逐渐变宽,这可能是因为SP稳定OSA乳液的原理是因为磷脂的疏水基团可以覆盖在OSA油滴表面将其包裹,磷脂的亲水基团可以延伸进入水中,形成双亲结构,使乳液稳定性提高;但SP添加量达到一定程度后,SP会形成部分与乳液大小不同的液滴,使OSA乳液液滴分布不均匀、粒径不同,出现聚集、迁移等现象,从而导致粒径范围变宽[22]。根据图4所示,SP添加量0.25%~1.00%具有较好的粒径分布。
一般来说,Zeta电位绝对值越大,说明OSA乳液越稳定,因为它提供了一个高能静电屏障来阻止颗粒聚集和絮凝[23]。随着SP添加量的增加,Zeta电位绝对值逐渐增大,但添加量超过1.00%后,Zeta电位绝对值逐渐降低,超过3.00%后显著减低,SP添加量为0.50%和1.00%时,OSA乳液液滴间具有较强的静电斥力,有助于乳液的稳定(图5)。
SP-SSOS与IPA-SSOS中OS基团含量、取代度以及取代效率进行比较,如表1所示。随着SP添加量的增加,OS基团含量、DS以及SE均呈现先增加后降低的趋势。SP添加量在0.50%~1.00%范围内,OS基团含量、DS以及SE最高。这与SP制备的OSA乳液的稳定性表现一致。而IPA-SSOS各项指标均低于SP-SSOS,这可能是因为OSA即使分散在异丙醇中,但滴加到淀粉浆中的OSA存在形式为大量不溶的油状液滴和少量溶解的OSA混合物,颗粒形态的淀粉与OSA之间的反应十分不均匀,颗粒间取代基的分布也不均匀,导致取代度相对较低[24]。无醇酯化体系可能是因为通过高压均质以及乳化剂将OSA分散为微米级的油状液滴,加大了OSA与淀粉颗粒的接触面积,较小的OSA油状液滴也更容易进入淀粉颗粒内部,淀粉与OSA的反应效率有所提升[25]。因此,筛选SP添加量为1.00%进行结构分析。
红外光对特定的官能团具有选择性吸收的能力,可以通过红外光谱扫描定性来分析OS基团在酯化淀粉上的接枝情况和短程有序结构受改性的影响程度[7]图6表示未酯化淀粉、1.00% SP-SSOS与IPA-SSOS的傅里叶红外光谱图,从图6中可以看出,1.00% SP-SSOS与IPA-SSOS均在1572 cm–1和1726 cm–1处出现了2个新的特征峰,这主要是由羧基的不对称拉伸振动和C=O拉伸振动的伸缩振动引起。新特征峰的出现说明淀粉中羰基被OSA的酯羰基和羧基取代,OSA被成功引入到淀粉中[26]图6显示,1.00% SP-SSOS与IPA-SSOS相比,在相同OSA添加量的情况下,1.00% SP-SSOS比IPA-SSOS具有更强的峰强度,这与取代度等指标检测结果一致。
CLSM已成为检测淀粉颗粒形态的一种常用手段,已有较多研究利用CLSM揭示淀粉的内部结构[27-28]。亚甲基蓝(MB+)作为一种可标记负离子的荧光染色剂,可对带负电荷的OS基团进行染色标记,从而研究OS基团在SSOS中的分布[11]图7显示了用MB+染色后获得的未酯化淀粉、IPA-SSOS和1.00% SP-SSOS样品颗粒的CLSM图。未酯化淀粉未被激发出荧光(图7A)。IPA-SSOS与1.00% SP-SSOS检测到不同程度的荧光强度,这表明MB+可特异性标记OS基团的-COO-,大部分荧光反映在淀粉颗粒的外围,可能是因为使用有机试剂分散OSA,酯化反应在颗粒表面进行,无法深入淀粉的无定形区(图7B),这与文献[29]记载一致。图7C荧光强度略强,荧光点分布对比图7B相对均匀,少部分淀粉颗粒显示内部亦有OSA基团。这表明在不改变淀粉颗粒的情况下,利用高压均质和乳化剂将OSA分散为微米级的油状液滴再进行酯化,可以提高OSA与淀粉的接触面积,从而提高酯化反应效率,这与之前的取代度、傅里叶红外光谱的分析结果一致。
SSOS因其特殊的亲水亲油结构,除了具有良好的乳化性和增稠性,还可作为膳食功能因子的载运体[9]。近年来,为了缩短反应时间,提高反应效率,对传统制备工艺的替代和改进受到越来越多的关注。但研究主要集中在淀粉的处理以及反应方法的改进,对OSA酯化体系方法改进少有研究。
本研究从减少有机试剂使用量、降低生产成本角度出发,采用OSA水乳化法替代有机试剂分散OSA,通过研究OSA乳液离心稳定性、粒径、电位筛选出合适的乳化剂,以木薯淀粉为原料制备SSOS,通过测定SP-SSOS和IPA-SSOS的OS基团含量、DS、SE对酯化淀粉进行初步表征及确定乳化剂的添加量,并通过傅里叶红外光谱研究酯化淀粉的官能团和化学结构以及激光共聚焦扫描显微镜分析OS基团在酯化淀粉颗粒中的分布情况。结果表明,采用OSA水乳化法替代有机试剂分散OSA制备SSOS具有可行性。通过比较乳化剂MDFA、QE和SP不同添加量对OSA乳液离心稳定性的影响,初步筛选出SP作为稳定OSA乳液的添加剂。进一步分析SP不同添加量对OSA乳液粒径、电位、酯化木薯淀粉的OS基团含量、DS以及SE的影响,确定SP添加量为1.00%。且SP-SSOS的结果高于IPA-SSOS,说明OSA乳液与淀粉颗粒的接触面积更大,较小的OSA油状液滴也更容易进入淀粉颗粒内部。利用傅里叶红外光谱检测1.00% SP-SSOS与IPASSOS,二者均在1572 cm–1和1726 cm–1处出现了2个新的特征峰,1.00% SP-SSOS具有更强的峰强度,说明OS基团接枝的更多。激光共聚焦扫描显微镜分析也证实了1.00% SP-SSOS具有略强的荧光强度,少部分淀粉颗粒显示其内部亦有OSA基团,这表明在不改变淀粉颗粒的情况下,利用高压均质和乳化剂将OSA分散为微米级的油状液滴再进行酯化,可以提高OSA与淀粉的接触面积,从而提高酯化反应效率。
本研究初步研究了OSA乳液中乳化剂的筛选及对SSOS的影响,证实了采用OSA水乳化法替代有机试剂分散OSA制备SSOS具有可行性,且1.00% SP-SSOS与IPA-SSOS相比具有更高的取代度和酯化效率,可为SSOS大规模生产降本增效提供一定的数据支持。但本研究未对高压均质不同参数对OSA乳液稳定性的影响和OSA在水乳化体系中的自身水解进行深入的研究,后续还需要进一步的试验,以期为无醇酯化制备SSOS提供更详细的数据支撑。
  • 海南省自然科学基金项目(321QN0925)
  • 海南省重点研发计划项目(ZDYF2023XDNY073)
  • 湛江市创新创业团队引育“领航计划”项目(211207157080998)
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2024年第45卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.024
  • 接收时间:2024-07-29
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-29
  • 修回日期:2024-08-13
基金
海南省自然科学基金项目(321QN0925)
海南省重点研发计划项目(ZDYF2023XDNY073)
湛江市创新创业团队引育“领航计划”项目(211207157080998)
作者信息
    1.中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所/农业农村部热带作物产品加工重点实验室,广东湛江 524001
    2.中国热带农业科学院,海南海口 524091

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* 李如一(LI Ruyi),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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