Article(id=1276204650193875393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276204178091413862, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722787200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-05, revisedDate=1723478400000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782200499342, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782200499342, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782200499342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782200499342, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276204178091413862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='2487', pageEnd='2737', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1735056000000', pubDateStr='2024-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782200386783, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782200456354, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276204470308565242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276204178091413862, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276204470308565243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276204178091413862, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2709, endPage=2718, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276204653561901507, articleId=1276204650193875393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Analysis of Lipids Affecting Latex Coagulation in the Bottom Fractions of the Latex of Hevea brasiliensis, columnId=1236286112713470633, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Post-harvest Treatment & Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The bottom fraction of the latex from the Brazilian rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), specifically the biological membranes that includes lutoids and the Frey-Wyssling complex, may undergo changes in its membrane lipids and membrane proteins. The changes could affect the coagulation rate of the latex during the tapping process and the speed of blockage of the incision of the latex vessels, thereby preventing the flow of latex and reducing yield. Two types of rubber trees with rapid and normal coagulation rates of latex were selected. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technology (with both positive and negative ion detection modes) was used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the lipids in the bottom fraction of the two types of latex, obtaining information on differential lipids. In the bottom fraction of the latex from trees with normal coagulation rates, phosphatidylethanolamine was the most abundant phospholipid subclass (accounting for about 22% of total lipids in negative ion mode and about 5.9% in positive ion mode); it was greater than phosphatidylcholine (about 12% in positive ion mode and about 4% in negative ion mode); phosphatidic acid had a high abundance (about 4% in positive ion mode and about 12% in negative ion mode), comparable to phosphatidylcholine; cardiolipin was abundant in the bottom fraction (about 6% in negative ion mode) and may be present in the Frey-Wyssling complex. In the rubber trees prone to rapid coagulation, cardiolipin in the bottom fraction significantly decreased to about 3.4% in negative ion mode. The phospholipids in the bottom fraction accounted for 31%-56%, neutral lipids 35%-54%, and glycolipids only 1%-2%. The bottom fraction contained a high abundance and quantity of non-bilayer phospholipids, namely phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, and cardiolipin, showing a highly dynamic nature of the latex bottom fraction. The significant downregulation of cardiolipin in the latex prone to rapid coagulation may affect the stability of the bottom fraction, thereby affecting latex coagulation, laticifer blockage, and latex flow. The discovery of high abundant non-bilayer phospholipids in bottom fraction in this study introduces a new perspective into the research of latex coagulation and laticifer blockage mechanisms.

, authors=null, authorsList=Longjun DAI, Hong YANG, Bingbing GUO, Mingyang LIU, Lifeng WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276204658242744777, articleId=1276204650193875393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=巴西橡胶树胶乳底部成分中影响胶乳凝固的脂质成分分析, columnId=1236286112877048492, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=采后处理与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)胶乳底部成分生物膜(包括黄色体和Frey-Wyssling复合体)的生物化学组成(膜脂与膜蛋白)变化可能影响排胶过程中的胶乳凝固和乳管切口的堵塞速度,进而阻止排胶并降低产量。本研究旨在发现底部成分中影响胶乳稳定性/凝固速度的脂质种类。选取胶乳快速凝固和正常速度凝固2种橡胶树,采用液质联用技术(正、负离子2种检测模式),对2种胶乳底部成分的脂质进行定性和定量分析,获得差异脂质信息。正常排胶树胶乳底部成分中,磷脂酰乙醇胺是丰度最高的甘油磷脂亚类(负离子模式下约占总脂的22%,正离子模式下约占总脂的5.9%),高于磷脂酰胆碱(正离子模式下约12%,负离子模式下约4%);磷脂酸有较高丰度(正离子模式下约4%,负离子模式下约12%),与磷脂酰胆碱相当;心磷脂在底部成分中丰度较高(约6%,负离子模式),可能存在于Frey-Wyssling复合体中。胶乳易凝橡胶树底部成分心磷脂显著下降(降至约3.4%,负离子模式)。底部成分的磷脂占比在31%~56%之间,中性脂占35%~54%,糖脂仅占1%~2%。底部成分存在丰度和数量较高的非双层磷脂,即磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酸和心磷脂,显示胶乳底部成分的高度动态性质。易凝胶乳心磷脂的大幅下调可能影响底部成分的稳定性,进而影响胶乳凝固、乳管堵塞和排胶。本研究关于底部成分高丰度非双层磷脂的发现,为胶乳凝固、乳管堵塞机制的研究提供新视角。

, authors=

代龙军(1976—),男,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:橡胶树分子生物学与生理学;E-mail:

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代龙军(1976—),男,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:橡胶树分子生物学与生理学;E-mail:

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Boca Raton, London, New York: CRC Press, 1989: 3-14., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276204719458611746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1992, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=67, pageEnd=87, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=PREMAKUMARI D, PANIKKAR A O N, journalName=Developments in crop science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PREMAKUMARI D, PANIKKAR A O N. Chapter 4-anatomy and ultracytology of latex vessels[M]//Developments in crop science, Elsevier, 1992: 67-87., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276204719903207971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1989, volume=4, issue=2, pageStart=75, pageEnd=85, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=GOMEZ J B, HAMZAH S, journalName=Journal of Natural Rubber Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GOMEZ J B, HAMZAH S. Frey-Wyssling complex in Hevea latex-uniqueness of the organelle[J]. Journal of Natural Rubber Research, 1989, 4(2): 75-85., articleTitle=Frey-Wyssling complex in Hevea latex-uniqueness of the organelle, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276204699711828485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, awardId=322RC785, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(322RC785), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276204700965925382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, awardId=31870577, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(31870577), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276204660302148043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276204660335702476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, companyId=1276204660302148043, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops / Rubber Research Institute / Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276204660700606925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, companyId=1276204660302148043, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=农业农村部橡胶树生物学与遗传资源利用重点实验室/省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地-海南省热带作物栽培生理学重点实验室/中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南海口 571101)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276204686852092403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) of control group and prone-to-coagulation group, figureFileSmall=1ojz+4tDqxLAisBNCkcWRg==, figureFileBig=b5grZtr8DtvTI07HsVvwkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204687623844340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, language=CN, label=图1, caption=对照组和易凝组的正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA), figureFileSmall=1ojz+4tDqxLAisBNCkcWRg==, figureFileBig=b5grZtr8DtvTI07HsVvwkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204689217679861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Lipid counts and abundances of lipids in latex bottom fraction, figureFileSmall=MatsmhiZCGxdWrVVc+X7oA==, figureFileBig=lr5ie5MvE7/C+9SHAQfdMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204689674858998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, language=CN, label=图2, caption=底部成分的脂质数量与丰度

A:正、负离子模式下鉴定的脂质数量;B:差异脂质在8个脂质类别中的分布;C:正离子模式下的脂质大类丰度分布;D:负离子模式下的脂质大类丰度分布。不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=MatsmhiZCGxdWrVVc+X7oA==, figureFileBig=lr5ie5MvE7/C+9SHAQfdMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204690060734967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Abundances and lipid counts of glycerophospholipid subclasses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂质Lipid正离子模式Positive ion mode负离子模式Negative ion mode
对照样丰度Abundance in control sample/%易凝样丰度Abundance in prone-to-coagulation sample/%PP value数量Quantity对照样丰度Abundance in control sample/%易凝样丰度Abundance in prone-to-coagulation sample/%PP value数量Quantity
PC11.26±3.59a13.72±2.97a2.7E-01824.01±0.40d4.16±0.40c5.8E-0187
PE5.88±0.69b5.99±0.72b8.1E-0110221.84±2.86a22.50±3.02a7.3E-01148
PA4.27±0.64bc4.08±0.90c7.1E-0110212.45±1.58b12.41±3.14b9.8E-0173
PI3.30±0.31cd3.32±0.37cd9.2E-01842.08±0.51e2.99±0.94c9.5E-0254
PG2.52±0.22d2.64±0.26cde4.5E-01833.92±0.65d4.64±2.56c5.6E-0197
CL2.26±0.74d2.28±0.83de9.7E-01716.02±1.07c3.42±0.63c1.6E-03**61
PS1.59±0.05de1.63±0.10e4.8E-01823.17±0.31de3.50±0.58c2.9E-01135
PT0.06±0.01e0.03±0.01f2.9E-03**20.00±0.00f0.01±0.00d6.1E-011
), ArticleFig(id=1276204691394523640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

甘油磷脂亚类脂质的丰度与数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂质Lipid正离子模式Positive ion mode负离子模式Negative ion mode
对照样丰度Abundance in control sample/%易凝样丰度Abundance in prone-to-coagulation sample/%PP value数量Quantity对照样丰度Abundance in control sample/%易凝样丰度Abundance in prone-to-coagulation sample/%PP value数量Quantity
PC11.26±3.59a13.72±2.97a2.7E-01824.01±0.40d4.16±0.40c5.8E-0187
PE5.88±0.69b5.99±0.72b8.1E-0110221.84±2.86a22.50±3.02a7.3E-01148
PA4.27±0.64bc4.08±0.90c7.1E-0110212.45±1.58b12.41±3.14b9.8E-0173
PI3.30±0.31cd3.32±0.37cd9.2E-01842.08±0.51e2.99±0.94c9.5E-0254
PG2.52±0.22d2.64±0.26cde4.5E-01833.92±0.65d4.64±2.56c5.6E-0197
CL2.26±0.74d2.28±0.83de9.7E-01716.02±1.07c3.42±0.63c1.6E-03**61
PS1.59±0.05de1.63±0.10e4.8E-01823.17±0.31de3.50±0.58c2.9E-01135
PT0.06±0.01e0.03±0.01f2.9E-03**20.00±0.00f0.01±0.00d6.1E-011
), ArticleFig(id=1276204692178858489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Abundance of neutral lipids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式Mode对照样中的丰度Abundance in control sample/%易凝样中的丰度Abundance in prone-to-coagulation sample/%PP value
正离子模式54.08±3.1151.97±2.010.24
负离子模式35.37±3.7635.38±4.271.00
), ArticleFig(id=1276204692610871802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中性脂质的丰度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式Mode对照样中的丰度Abundance in control sample/%易凝样中的丰度Abundance in prone-to-coagulation sample/%PP value
正离子模式54.08±3.1151.97±2.010.24
负离子模式35.37±3.7635.38±4.271.00
), ArticleFig(id=1276204693042885115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Abundance ratio of unsaturated fatty chains to saturated fatty chains in positive and negative ion modes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式Mode不饱和/饱和Unsaturated/saturated数量Quantity
对照样Control sample易凝样Prone-to-coagulation samplePP-value不饱和链Unsaturated饱和链Saturated
正离子模式2.93±0.062.81±0.072.0E-02*16081574
负离子模式4.87±0.415.27±0.421.7E-0112211091
), ArticleFig(id=1276204693474898428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

正、负离子检测模式下不饱和脂肪链与饱和脂肪链丰度之比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式Mode不饱和/饱和Unsaturated/saturated数量Quantity
对照样Control sample易凝样Prone-to-coagulation samplePP-value不饱和链Unsaturated饱和链Saturated
正离子模式2.93±0.062.81±0.072.0E-02*16081574
负离子模式4.87±0.415.27±0.421.7E-0112211091
), ArticleFig(id=1276204693906911741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Abundance ratio of unsaturated fatty chains to saturated fatty chains in major lipid classes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂质Lipid正离子模式Positive ion mode负离子模式Negative ion mode
对照样Control sample易凝样Prone-to-coagulation samplePP value数量Quantity对照样Control sample易凝样Prone-to-coagulation samplePP value数量Quantity
甘油脂类2.25±0.05a2.25±0.10a1.0E+00132221.69±1.13b20.86±2.46b5.1E-01614
固醇脂类1.41±0.12b1.38±0.13b7.3E-016828.06±6.95b16.99±3.36b1.3E-02*18
甘油磷脂类1.03±0.02c1.00±0.03c4.8E-02*11941.24±0.05b1.34±0.04b6.0E-03**1363
脂肪酰类0.20±0.02d0.20±0.02d7.7E-01108958.93±184.92a756.72±203.13a1.4E-0112
鞘脂类0.07±0.01e0.06±0.01e1.8E-03**4150.25±0.03b0.26±0.06b8.4E-01258
), ArticleFig(id=1276204694334730750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

脂质大类不饱和脂肪链与饱和脂肪链丰度之比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂质Lipid正离子模式Positive ion mode负离子模式Negative ion mode
对照样Control sample易凝样Prone-to-coagulation samplePP value数量Quantity对照样Control sample易凝样Prone-to-coagulation samplePP value数量Quantity
甘油脂类2.25±0.05a2.25±0.10a1.0E+00132221.69±1.13b20.86±2.46b5.1E-01614
固醇脂类1.41±0.12b1.38±0.13b7.3E-016828.06±6.95b16.99±3.36b1.3E-02*18
甘油磷脂类1.03±0.02c1.00±0.03c4.8E-02*11941.24±0.05b1.34±0.04b6.0E-03**1363
脂肪酰类0.20±0.02d0.20±0.02d7.7E-01108958.93±184.92a756.72±203.13a1.4E-0112
鞘脂类0.07±0.01e0.06±0.01e1.8E-03**4150.25±0.03b0.26±0.06b8.4E-01258
), ArticleFig(id=1276204694737383935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Abundance ratio of the of unsaturated fatty chains to saturated fatty chains in glycerophospholipid subclasses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂质Lipid正离子模式Positive ion mode负离子模式Negative ion mode
对照样Control sample易凝样Prone-to-coagulation samplePP value数量Quantity对照样Control sample易凝样Prone-to-coagulation samplePP value数量Quantity
PI2.07±0.13a2.04±0.21a8.1E-011491.32±0.07c1.19±0.06c1.4E-02*108
PE1.86±0.09b1.79±0.07b2.0E-011592.20±0.13a2.33±0.17a2.0E-01283
PC1.11±0.16c1.15±0.10c6.3E-011321.60±0.23b1.48±0.20b4.2E-01144
PT1.03±0.02c1.05±0.04c1.7E-014----
PG1.01±0.08c0.90±0.09d7.0E-021330.72±0.02d0.83±0.28d4.1E-01183
PA0.82±0.02d0.80±0.02d1.9E-011761.56±0.13b1.50±0.10b3.8E-01134
PS0.81±0.09d0.83±0.09d7.6E-011510.30±0.09f0.23±0.06f1.7E-01262
CL0.33±0.12e0.21±0.07e8.9E-022840.56±0.05e0.62±0.07e1.4E-01243
), ArticleFig(id=1276204696763232768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

甘油磷脂亚类的不饱和脂肪链与饱和脂肪链丰度之比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂质Lipid正离子模式Positive ion mode负离子模式Negative ion mode
对照样Control sample易凝样Prone-to-coagulation samplePP value数量Quantity对照样Control sample易凝样Prone-to-coagulation samplePP value数量Quantity
PI2.07±0.13a2.04±0.21a8.1E-011491.32±0.07c1.19±0.06c1.4E-02*108
PE1.86±0.09b1.79±0.07b2.0E-011592.20±0.13a2.33±0.17a2.0E-01283
PC1.11±0.16c1.15±0.10c6.3E-011321.60±0.23b1.48±0.20b4.2E-01144
PT1.03±0.02c1.05±0.04c1.7E-014----
PG1.01±0.08c0.90±0.09d7.0E-021330.72±0.02d0.83±0.28d4.1E-01183
PA0.82±0.02d0.80±0.02d1.9E-011761.56±0.13b1.50±0.10b3.8E-01134
PS0.81±0.09d0.83±0.09d7.6E-011510.30±0.09f0.23±0.06f1.7E-01262
CL0.33±0.12e0.21±0.07e8.9E-022840.56±0.05e0.62±0.07e1.4E-01243
), ArticleFig(id=1276204697270743553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Most abundant differential lipids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号No.脂质名称Lipid分类Category对照样中的丰度Abundance in control sample/%易凝样中的丰度Abundance in prone-to-coagulation sample/%log2FCPP-value
1CL(1'-[16:0/18:0],3'-[18:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)])甘油磷脂1.62±0.360.22±0.14-2.803.3E-04***
2CL(1'-[18:0/18:1(9Z)],3'-[18:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)])甘油磷脂0.64±0.210.10±0.08-2.614.0E-03**
31alpha-fluoro-25-hydroxy-16,17,23,23,24,24-hexadehydrovitamin D3固醇脂类0.34±0.030.16±0.09-1.001.0E-02*
4CL(1'-[16:0/18:0],3'-[16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)])甘油磷脂0.26±0.100.09±0.06-1.432.3E-02*
5DAT(16:0/24:0(2Me[S],4Me[S]))糖脂类0.23±0.040.09±0.03-1.227.3E-04***
6CL(1'-[18:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)],3'-[18:1(9Z)/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)])甘油磷脂0.18±0.040.08±0.01-1.082.7E-03**
7PG(18:2(9Z,12Z)/20:0)甘油磷脂0.17±0.100.42±0.181.362.4E-02*
8PC(O-18:2(9Z,12Z)/2:0)甘油磷脂0.17±0.060.08±0.02-1.062.7E-02*
9PE(O-18:0/17:2(9Z,12Z))甘油磷脂0.17±0.060.05±0.04-1.687.9E-03**
10TG(13:0/14:1(9Z)/14:1(9Z))[iso3]糖脂类0.16±0.040.32±0.091.131.3E-02*
11CerP(d18:1/26:0)鞘脂类0.16±0.060.08±0.05-1.024.8E-02*
12CerP(d18:1/22:0)鞘脂类0.15±0.040.06±0.03-1.222.2E-03**
13methyl 5R,6R-epoxy-7-eicosynoate脂肪酰类0.13±0.010.06±0.01-1.001.3E-04***
141-O-hexadecyl-2-O-tetradecanoyl-3-O-beta-D-(3'-sulfo)-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol糖脂类0.12±0.020.04±0.01-1.419.3E-04***
15GlcAbeta-Cer(d18:1/18:0)鞘脂类0.10±0.040.05±0.01-1.103.8E-02*
), ArticleFig(id=1276204698013135362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

丰度最高的差异脂质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号No.脂质名称Lipid分类Category对照样中的丰度Abundance in control sample/%易凝样中的丰度Abundance in prone-to-coagulation sample/%log2FCPP-value
1CL(1'-[16:0/18:0],3'-[18:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)])甘油磷脂1.62±0.360.22±0.14-2.803.3E-04***
2CL(1'-[18:0/18:1(9Z)],3'-[18:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)])甘油磷脂0.64±0.210.10±0.08-2.614.0E-03**
31alpha-fluoro-25-hydroxy-16,17,23,23,24,24-hexadehydrovitamin D3固醇脂类0.34±0.030.16±0.09-1.001.0E-02*
4CL(1'-[16:0/18:0],3'-[16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)])甘油磷脂0.26±0.100.09±0.06-1.432.3E-02*
5DAT(16:0/24:0(2Me[S],4Me[S]))糖脂类0.23±0.040.09±0.03-1.227.3E-04***
6CL(1'-[18:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)],3'-[18:1(9Z)/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)])甘油磷脂0.18±0.040.08±0.01-1.082.7E-03**
7PG(18:2(9Z,12Z)/20:0)甘油磷脂0.17±0.100.42±0.181.362.4E-02*
8PC(O-18:2(9Z,12Z)/2:0)甘油磷脂0.17±0.060.08±0.02-1.062.7E-02*
9PE(O-18:0/17:2(9Z,12Z))甘油磷脂0.17±0.060.05±0.04-1.687.9E-03**
10TG(13:0/14:1(9Z)/14:1(9Z))[iso3]糖脂类0.16±0.040.32±0.091.131.3E-02*
11CerP(d18:1/26:0)鞘脂类0.16±0.060.08±0.05-1.024.8E-02*
12CerP(d18:1/22:0)鞘脂类0.15±0.040.06±0.03-1.222.2E-03**
13methyl 5R,6R-epoxy-7-eicosynoate脂肪酰类0.13±0.010.06±0.01-1.001.3E-04***
141-O-hexadecyl-2-O-tetradecanoyl-3-O-beta-D-(3'-sulfo)-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol糖脂类0.12±0.020.04±0.01-1.419.3E-04***
15GlcAbeta-Cer(d18:1/18:0)鞘脂类0.10±0.040.05±0.01-1.103.8E-02*
), ArticleFig(id=1276204698088632835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=

Abundance and lipid count of differential glycerophospholipid subclasses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂质Lipid正离子模式Positive ion mode负离子模式Negative ion mode
对照样丰度Abundance in control sample/%易凝样丰度Abundance in sample prone-to-coagulation/%PP-value数量Quantity对照样丰度Abundance in control sample/%易凝样丰度Abundance in sample prone-to-coagulation/%PP-value数量Quantity
CL0.21±0.04a0.10±0.02a2.9E-04***102.73±0.66a0.46±0.26a9.6E-05***13
PA0.07±0.02b0.10±0.01a1.4E-02*52.4E-03±7.3E-04c1.6E-03±1.7E-04d3.4E-02*4
PT0.06±0.01bc0.03±0.01c2.2E-03**1
PG0.05±0.01cd0.11±0.03a3.0E-03**70.27±0.10bc0.47±0.18a6.0E-0217
PE0.03±0.01de0.04±0.01bc2.1E-0170.49±0.11b0.27±0.08bc8.2E-03**27
PC0.02±0.02de0.05±0.02b4.5E-02*30.22±0.08bc0.10±0.03cd1.2E-02*8
PS0.02±0.01ef0.03±0.01c6.7E-03**80.06±0.01c0.07±0.02d3.6E-0116
PI8.2E-04±7.7E-04f2.9E-03±1.4E-03d1.9E-02*30.14±0.04c0.39±0.16ab1.1E-02*6
), ArticleFig(id=1276204698533229060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204650193875393, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

差异甘油磷脂亚类的丰度与脂质数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂质Lipid正离子模式Positive ion mode负离子模式Negative ion mode
对照样丰度Abundance in control sample/%易凝样丰度Abundance in sample prone-to-coagulation/%PP-value数量Quantity对照样丰度Abundance in control sample/%易凝样丰度Abundance in sample prone-to-coagulation/%PP-value数量Quantity
CL0.21±0.04a0.10±0.02a2.9E-04***102.73±0.66a0.46±0.26a9.6E-05***13
PA0.07±0.02b0.10±0.01a1.4E-02*52.4E-03±7.3E-04c1.6E-03±1.7E-04d3.4E-02*4
PT0.06±0.01bc0.03±0.01c2.2E-03**1
PG0.05±0.01cd0.11±0.03a3.0E-03**70.27±0.10bc0.47±0.18a6.0E-0217
PE0.03±0.01de0.04±0.01bc2.1E-0170.49±0.11b0.27±0.08bc8.2E-03**27
PC0.02±0.02de0.05±0.02b4.5E-02*30.22±0.08bc0.10±0.03cd1.2E-02*8
PS0.02±0.01ef0.03±0.01c6.7E-03**80.06±0.01c0.07±0.02d3.6E-0116
PI8.2E-04±7.7E-04f2.9E-03±1.4E-03d1.9E-02*30.14±0.04c0.39±0.16ab1.1E-02*6
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巴西橡胶树胶乳底部成分中影响胶乳凝固的脂质成分分析
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代龙军 , 杨洪 , 郭冰冰 , 刘明洋 , 王立丰
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与质量安全 2024,45(12): 2709-2718
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热带作物学报 |采后处理与质量安全 2024 , 45 (12) : 2709 -2718
巴西橡胶树胶乳底部成分中影响胶乳凝固的脂质成分分析
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代龙军 , 杨洪, 郭冰冰, 刘明洋, 王立丰
作者信息
  • 农业农村部橡胶树生物学与遗传资源利用重点实验室/省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地-海南省热带作物栽培生理学重点实验室/中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南海口 571101
Analysis of Lipids Affecting Latex Coagulation in the Bottom Fractions of the Latex of Hevea brasiliensis
Longjun DAI , Hong YANG, Bingbing GUO, Mingyang LIU, Lifeng WANG
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops / Rubber Research Institute / Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.023
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巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)胶乳底部成分生物膜(包括黄色体和Frey-Wyssling复合体)的生物化学组成(膜脂与膜蛋白)变化可能影响排胶过程中的胶乳凝固和乳管切口的堵塞速度,进而阻止排胶并降低产量。本研究旨在发现底部成分中影响胶乳稳定性/凝固速度的脂质种类。选取胶乳快速凝固和正常速度凝固2种橡胶树,采用液质联用技术(正、负离子2种检测模式),对2种胶乳底部成分的脂质进行定性和定量分析,获得差异脂质信息。正常排胶树胶乳底部成分中,磷脂酰乙醇胺是丰度最高的甘油磷脂亚类(负离子模式下约占总脂的22%,正离子模式下约占总脂的5.9%),高于磷脂酰胆碱(正离子模式下约12%,负离子模式下约4%);磷脂酸有较高丰度(正离子模式下约4%,负离子模式下约12%),与磷脂酰胆碱相当;心磷脂在底部成分中丰度较高(约6%,负离子模式),可能存在于Frey-Wyssling复合体中。胶乳易凝橡胶树底部成分心磷脂显著下降(降至约3.4%,负离子模式)。底部成分的磷脂占比在31%~56%之间,中性脂占35%~54%,糖脂仅占1%~2%。底部成分存在丰度和数量较高的非双层磷脂,即磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酸和心磷脂,显示胶乳底部成分的高度动态性质。易凝胶乳心磷脂的大幅下调可能影响底部成分的稳定性,进而影响胶乳凝固、乳管堵塞和排胶。本研究关于底部成分高丰度非双层磷脂的发现,为胶乳凝固、乳管堵塞机制的研究提供新视角。

巴西橡胶树  /  胶乳底部成分  /  Frey-Wyssling复合体  /  脂质  /  心磷脂

The bottom fraction of the latex from the Brazilian rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), specifically the biological membranes that includes lutoids and the Frey-Wyssling complex, may undergo changes in its membrane lipids and membrane proteins. The changes could affect the coagulation rate of the latex during the tapping process and the speed of blockage of the incision of the latex vessels, thereby preventing the flow of latex and reducing yield. Two types of rubber trees with rapid and normal coagulation rates of latex were selected. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technology (with both positive and negative ion detection modes) was used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the lipids in the bottom fraction of the two types of latex, obtaining information on differential lipids. In the bottom fraction of the latex from trees with normal coagulation rates, phosphatidylethanolamine was the most abundant phospholipid subclass (accounting for about 22% of total lipids in negative ion mode and about 5.9% in positive ion mode); it was greater than phosphatidylcholine (about 12% in positive ion mode and about 4% in negative ion mode); phosphatidic acid had a high abundance (about 4% in positive ion mode and about 12% in negative ion mode), comparable to phosphatidylcholine; cardiolipin was abundant in the bottom fraction (about 6% in negative ion mode) and may be present in the Frey-Wyssling complex. In the rubber trees prone to rapid coagulation, cardiolipin in the bottom fraction significantly decreased to about 3.4% in negative ion mode. The phospholipids in the bottom fraction accounted for 31%-56%, neutral lipids 35%-54%, and glycolipids only 1%-2%. The bottom fraction contained a high abundance and quantity of non-bilayer phospholipids, namely phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, and cardiolipin, showing a highly dynamic nature of the latex bottom fraction. The significant downregulation of cardiolipin in the latex prone to rapid coagulation may affect the stability of the bottom fraction, thereby affecting latex coagulation, laticifer blockage, and latex flow. The discovery of high abundant non-bilayer phospholipids in bottom fraction in this study introduces a new perspective into the research of latex coagulation and laticifer blockage mechanisms.

Hevea brasiliensis  /  latex bottom fraction  /  Frey-Wyssling complex  /  lipid  /  cardiolipin
代龙军, 杨洪, 郭冰冰, 刘明洋, 王立丰. 巴西橡胶树胶乳底部成分中影响胶乳凝固的脂质成分分析. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (12) : 2709 -2718 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.023
Longjun DAI, Hong YANG, Bingbing GUO, Mingyang LIU, Lifeng WANG. Analysis of Lipids Affecting Latex Coagulation in the Bottom Fractions of the Latex of Hevea brasiliensis[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (12) : 2709 -2718 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.023
巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)是生产天然橡胶的主要植物。底部成分(bottom fraction)是橡胶树胶乳经高速离心后形成的3层结构的底层[1],主要包含黄色体(lutoid)和Frey-Wyssling复合体(FW复合体),分别为胶乳的第二和第三大亚细胞组分[2]。黄色体被认为与胶乳凝固关系密切,而FW复合体与胶乳凝固的关系则较少有文献提及。黄色体是橡胶树特有的亚细胞结构,类似于植物的液泡或动物的溶酶体,在胶乳中体积占比为10%~20%[3];FW复合体的功能尚未明确,其体积占比为2%~3%。除了黄色体和FW复合体,底部成分还包含少量的线粒体、核糖体和高密度橡胶粒子[3]
本研究发现,不同的橡胶树个体的胶乳凝固速度与凝固物形态存在差异:有些橡胶树的胶乳采集后1 h内即发生凝固,有些则需3~4 h或更长时间才发生凝固;易凝胶乳静置后会析出颗粒状物体,而正常排胶的橡胶树离心后的胶乳底部成分则光滑如凝脂。上述差异与底部成分的生物化学成分(主要是蛋白质与脂质)变化的相关性值得深入探究。黄色体破裂并释放其内容物,导致蛋白质网形成和胶乳凝固[4](FW复合体可能也存在类似情况),而黄色体(及FW复合体)生物化学成分的变化可能影响其自身稳定性,从而可能导致排胶速度及排胶时长的变化,并最终造成产量变化。早在1978年,SHERIEF等[5]发现黄色体的不稳定性与胶乳底部组分的磷脂含量呈负相关。研究者也注意到橡胶粒子脂质与浓缩胶乳机械稳定性的关系[6]。胶乳中的非胶组分影响天然橡胶的性能,尤其是脂质与抗拉伸性能密切相关[7-10]。除了橡胶粒子中的脂质,底部成分的脂质也可能影响天然橡胶性能。有研究者从非胶组分影响天然橡胶性能的角度出发,分析了不同橡胶树无性系黄色体蛋白质组成的差异[11],比较了橡胶粒子与底部成分的脂质及蛋白组成差异[9-10]。然而,目前尚无采用最新的脂质组学技术,针对黄色体或底部成分的脂质组成与黄色体(及FW复合体)稳定性及胶乳凝固/乳管堵塞之间相关性的研究。
本研究以胶乳底部成分作为研究对象,采用液质联用技术对正常排胶和胶乳易凝2种橡胶树的胶乳底部成分进行差异脂质组分析,探寻影响胶乳凝固的脂质因素,为胶乳凝固及乳管堵塞机制的研究提供新视角。
橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis Willd. ex A. Juss. Müll. Arg.)为无性系热研7-33-97,选自中国热带农业科学院实验场二队,树龄16 a(割龄9 a)。用离心管收集胶乳,置于冰上带回实验室。在4 ℃下,以16 000 r/min(26 400×g)离心1 h后,将C-乳清/底部成分界面清晰的设为对照组,底部成分表面明显破损的设为易凝组。经过3次采样和观察后,确定对照组和易凝组的试验树各15株。
氨水、NaF(氟化钠)、Tris、蔗糖为国药集团(上海)产品。脂质提取和液质联用分析所用的试剂:甲醇、乙腈、乙酸铵、二氯甲烷、异丙醇均为默克公司(Darmstadt, Germany)产品;甲酸为梯希爱上海化成工业发展有限公司产品;甲基叔丁基醚为德国CNW Technologies产品;L-2-氯苯丙氨酸和二氯甲烷为Sigma-Aldrich公司(St. Louis, MO, USA)产品。
采集胶乳前,在50 mL离心管内装入0.5 mL含5%氨水和0.5 mol/L NaF的溶液,收集时离心管置于盛有冰块的胶杯中。氨水使胶乳保持偏碱pH避免凝固;NaF抑制胶乳中的脂酶活性。收集满胶乳的离心管,混匀后置于冰盒,带回实验室。在4 ℃,16 000 r/min(26 400×g)下离心1 h,在C-乳清层适当位置切割离心管,释出C-乳清和小橡胶粒子,用洗涤溶液(10 mmol/L Tris,250 mmol/L蔗糖,5 mmol/L NaF,pH 7.4)清洗底部成分表面残留的小橡胶粒子。每3棵树的底部成分混合为一个样本,共得对照组和易凝组各5个生物学重复样本。在收集的底部成分中加入10 mL上述洗涤溶液并分散,置于-80 ℃冰箱中备用。
脂质提取与质谱分析均由百迈客公司完成。脂质提取流程描述如下。在10个平行样本中等比例加入内标L-2-氯苯丙氨酸(2-chloro-L-phenylalanine, CAS 103616-89-3)并混匀。16 000 r/min(26 400×g)离心10 min,去除上层液体。称取200 μg胶乳底部成分样本置于离心管,加入200 μL水和500 μL提取液(体积比,甲基叔丁基醚∶甲醇=5∶1)。加入瓷珠,在45 Hz下研磨12 min,涡旋30 s,超声15 min(冰水浴中),-40 ℃静置1 h。4℃,13 000 r/min(15 871× g)离心15 min,取上清300 μL至新离心管,使用真空浓缩仪浓缩至干粉状。加入200 μL溶液(体积比,二氯甲烷∶甲醇=1∶1),涡旋30 s,置冰水浴超声10 min溶解。4 ℃,12 000 r/min(13 523×g)离心15 min,取140 μL上清至2 mL进样瓶。
液质联用系统为Acquity I-Class PLUS超高压液相色谱仪串联Xevo G2-XS QTof高分辨质谱仪。色谱柱为Waters Acquity UPLC CSH C18(1.7 μm, 2.1mm×100 mm)。以上均为Waters公司(Milford, MA, USA)产品。
对照组与易凝组的10个脂质样本分别以正离子模式和负离子模式分析。正、负离子模式使用相同的流动相、进样体积、柱温、流速和洗脱梯度。流动相配制方法如下:流动相A为60%乙腈水溶液,含10 mmol/L乙酸铵和0.1%甲酸;流动相B为90%异丙醇和10%乙腈的混合溶液,含10 mmol/L乙酸铵和0.1%甲酸。进样体积为5 μL,柱温为55 ℃,流速为0.4 mL/min。洗脱梯度为:0.0 min,40% B;2.0 min,43% B;2.1 min,50% B;12.0 min,54% B;12.1 min,70% B;18.0 min,99% B;18.1 min,40% B;20.0 min,40% B。
Xevo G2-XS QTof质谱仪在采集软件(MassLynx V4.2, Waters)的控制下,采用MSe模式进行一级、二级质谱数据采集。在每个采集循环中,同时采集低碰撞能及高碰撞能数据。低碰撞能设定为2 eV,高碰撞能区间为10~40 eV,扫描频率为每0.2 s 1张质谱图。ESI离子源参数如下:毛细管电压为2500 V(正离子模式)或-2000 V(负离子模式);锥孔电压为30 V;离子源温度为120 ℃;脱溶剂气温度为550 ℃;反吹气流速为50 L/h;脱溶剂气流速为900 L/h;质荷比(m/z)采集范围为50~2000。
使用MassLynx V4.2软件(Waters公司)采集质谱数据,通过Progenesis QI软件(Waters公司)进行峰提取和峰对齐,并基于在线人类代谢物数据库(Human Metabolome Database, HMDB)、脂质代谢途径研究计划(lipid metabolites and pathways strategy, LIPID MAPS)及百迈客公司自建的脂质库进行理论碎片的识别和鉴定。母离子质量数偏差小于1/104,碎片离子质量数偏差小于5/104。以内标L-2-氯苯丙氨酸校准进样量。
在统计分析前,删除含有空值的数据行,然后以单次进样分析的总定量值为基准,计算每个脂质的比例,获得归一化的定量值(下文简称“丰度”)。编写Excel VBA宏代码以提取数据,并使用R语言内置函数进行统计分析(包括独立样本t检验和单因素方差分析),显著性水平设为0.05。t检验用于分析对照样与易凝样间的差异;单因素方差分析则用于脂质大类间或甘油磷脂亚类间的多数据比较。结果以平均值±标准差表示。
依据LIPID MAPS分类系统,将脂质分为8大类。采用正、负离子2种模式进行质谱分析,并平行列出。由于2种模式的离子化效率不同,即使同种物质和相同上样量在2种模式下的响应值(丰度)也不一定相同。
将脂肪酸衍生物、甘油衍生的脂质和类固醇3大类归为中性脂,其中甘油衍生的脂质包括单酰基甘油(MG)、二酰基甘油(DG)和三酰基甘油(TG),并排除名称含有ate和acid字样的脂质。鞘脂类亦含中性脂[12],将名称中含神经酰胺(Cer,无极性基团)及葡萄糖基神经酰胺(GlcCer)的脂质亦归为中性脂。
基于Waters LC-QTOF平台,对10个样本进行了脂质的定性和定量分析。在正离子模式下,注释了3856个脂质;在负离子模式下,注释了2139个脂质,共注释了5995个脂质(2种模式下鉴定的脂质无重叠)。统计分析在不含空值的脂质(共有5637个)中进行。
对照组和易凝组10个样本的正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)显示,Q2Y=0.84,组间差异明显(图1)。当差异倍数为2倍,且P<0.05时,共有370个差异脂质(剔除空值前为406个)。对这些差异脂质进行主成分分析,结果显示PC1=71.27%,PC2=10.36%。
鉴定的脂质数量如图2A所示,甘油磷脂类和脂肪酰类最多,甘油脂类和鞘脂类次之。图2B显示了8大类脂质上下调脂质的数量,多数种类下调脂质的数量多于上调脂质,如甘油磷脂类、脂肪酰类、甘油脂类、固醇脂类;鞘脂类、孕烯醇酮脂类、多聚乙烯类上调脂质的数量略多;糖脂类没有符合阈值(2倍差异,P<0.05)的差异脂质。
从对照组到易凝组丰度变化(图2C~图2D)来看,正、负离子模式下丰度同向变化的类别有甘油磷脂(上升)、甘油脂(下降),但统计学上不显著。统计学上的变化包括:正离子模式下孕烯醇酮脂类丰度上升(P=2.0E-02),负离子模式下的糖脂类丰度下降(P=4.7E-03)。
胶乳底部成分中,无论是脂质数量还是丰度,甘油磷脂类均最高。甘油磷脂是生物体丰度最高的一类磷脂,是细胞膜双层膜结构的重要组成成分之一,并参与细胞膜上的蛋白质识别和信号传导[13]
糖脂类在对照样中正离子模式下丰度约为0.96%,负离子模式下约为1.98%。
极性脂质对于维持膜的脂双层结构至关重要,甘油磷脂是膜成分中的主要极性脂质;鞘磷脂的数量和丰度较低。表1列出了甘油磷脂亚类的脂质数量与丰度。综合正、负离子模式的数据,甘油磷脂亚类中丰度前4位的是PE、PA、PC、CL。除PC外,其他3类均可归入非双层磷脂(即该类脂质不可单独形成脂双层结构)类别[14]。负离子模式下,对照样的非双层磷脂总丰度为40.3%。在负离子模式下,易凝样心磷脂的丰度出现大幅度下降(约为对照样的56.8%)。
多项研究强调了中性脂质对维持橡胶粒子稳定的重要性[5,9,15],因此也对底部成分中的中性脂质进行了分析。从表2可见,无论正离子模式还是负离子模式,对照样与易凝样间中性脂质的丰度均无显著差异。
不饱和脂肪链越多,不饱和程度越高,生物膜的流动性越大,因此不饱和度可用于表征生物膜流动性。通过对脂肪链归一化的丰度与不饱和度(即双键的数量)的乘积所进行的统计分析,得出全体脂质的不饱和脂肪链与饱和脂肪链的丰度比值(表3)。在正离子模式下检测的脂质不饱和度有所下降(下降4%,P<0.05),但在负离子模式下不饱和度有所上升(上升8.2%,差异不显著)。
脂质大类中不饱和脂肪链与饱和脂肪链的比值见表4。在正、负离子模式下,甘油脂类的不饱和度较高;鞘脂类的不饱和度较低;而脂肪酰类,在正离子模式下不饱和度较低(小于1),在负离子模式下不饱和度极高(远大于1)。固醇类(在负离子模式下)的不饱和度出现了较大幅度的下降,不利于膜的流动性,可能使胶乳更易于凝固。
甘油磷脂亚类不饱和脂肪链与饱和脂肪链的丰度比值见表5。与对照样相比,易凝样中仅在负离子模式下PI的不饱和度出现了显著降低,不饱和度的降低(饱和度的增加)将促进胶乳凝固。在甘油磷脂亚类中,CL和PS具有较低的不饱和度,并且底部成分中CL丰度较高,这可能导致底部成分的膜结构缺少流动性和韧性。
表6为丰度最高的差异脂质(差异倍数≥2,且正或负离子模式下丰度>0.1%),对照样或易凝样中丰度>0.1%的15个差异脂质中13个在易凝样本中下调,2个上调。变化最大的2个均为CL,其中丰度最高为序号1,在对照样中负离子模式下丰度为1.68%,在所有差异脂质中丰度最高。
表7呈现了发生显著变化的磷脂个体(倍数变化≥2,P<0.05)在各亚类中的丰度之和以及数量。PE亚类差异脂质个体数量最多。在差异甘油磷脂亚类中,CL在正、负离子模式下的丰度均最高,且在这2种模式下均显著下调。PG在正离子模式下显著上调,在负离子模式下也上调,但不显著。PI在正、负离子模式下均显著上调,但涉及的脂质个体较少。
甘油磷脂是底部成分中数量及丰度最高的大类。甘油磷脂的丰度在易凝样中未减少,反而略有上升。前人的研究表明,磷脂与黄色体破裂指数呈负相关,即磷脂含量高时,黄色体更稳定[5,16]。高产且生产优质天然橡胶的橡胶树无性系的磷脂含量高于低产且生产低质天然橡胶的橡胶树无性系[17]。但在本研究中,甘油磷脂的总丰度在对照组与易凝组间无显著变化。
LIENGPRAYOON等[7]报道了胶乳糖脂的丰度为27%~37%,而2个无性系底部成分糖脂分别占胶乳糖脂的21%(PB235)和35%(RRIM600)[10],即底部成分糖脂约为胶乳总脂的6.7%或11.2%(以胶乳糖脂丰度中间值32%计算)。这些数据是基于固相亲和柱(SPE)对脂质的分离与分类得出。在本研究中,底部成分糖脂的丰度仅为1%~2%。糖脂的糖链可能被hevein等凝集素识别并参与胶乳凝集反应[18]。在负离子模式下,糖脂类丰度在易凝样中下调,未出现有利于凝固的上调现象。
8大类脂质的丰度中,仅正离子模式下的孕烯醇酮脂类和负离子模式下的糖脂类有显著变化,这2类都是8大类脂质中丰度较低的类别;其他脂质类别的丰度基本稳定。
本研究在底部成分中测定了较高丰度的非脂双层甘油磷脂,包括CL、PE、PA。非双层磷脂是锥形分子,它们在双层膜中引入曲率应力以改变膜的结构(如出芽、形成管状膜、裂变和融合等)并调节蛋白质的活性[14]。其中,PE在所有类型的双层膜中都存在,也可存在于非双层膜中[13]。非双层磷脂在底部成分中以高丰度存在(对照样的PE、PA和CL在负离子模式下的总丰度为40.3%),这可能导致底部成分的膜结构不稳定。
根据正、负离子模式下的检测结果,底部成分中数量与丰度最高的甘油磷脂亚类均为PE。通常,在质膜、线粒体、内质网和高尔基体等膜结构中,PC具有最高的含量,但酵母质膜的PE丰度高于PC,尽管PE被归为非双层磷脂[13]。本研究中,底部成分PC的丰度远低于PE,仅与PA相当。尚缺少对胶乳底部成分各甘油磷脂亚类定量分析的报道,但据报道橡胶树胶乳中PC约占总磷脂的80%[8],与本研究底部成分中较低的PC丰度形成鲜明对比。
底部成分中PA丰度相对较高(负离子模式下,对照样中丰度为12.2%,仅次于PE的22%)。早期的研究发现黄色体所含PA占黄色体总磷脂的82%[16],这应是实验技术的局限(如未避免磷脂酶D催化的水解反应或不准确的定量方法)导致的偏差,因为后来测定的磷脂丰度均远低于82%[9,10,19]。在本研究中,因采样时即向胶乳中加入脂酶抑制剂氟化钠,正、负离子模式下均未检测到溶血磷脂,说明未发生磷脂酶A1、A2、B等催化的降解反应,磷脂酶活性被有效抑制;同样,磷脂酶D所致的磷脂水解亦可能被有效抑制。因此,本研究测定的PA丰度可能是生理丰度,而非酶促降解所致。
CL在总脂和差异脂质中均占有较大比例:在负离子模式下,对照样中CL的丰度为6.02%,差异CL的丰度为2.73%。在负离子模式下,易凝样中CL的丰度下降至约为对照样的56.8%。
CL具有特殊的磷脂酰二聚体结构,具有1个极性头部与4个疏水尾部,可在线粒体内膜上形成嵴状构造,不参与构成单位膜(脂双层),是线粒体内膜的特有磷脂[20]。据报道,CL也存在于过氧化物酶体中[21]。本研究在胶乳底部成分中发现大量CL,然而底部成分中几乎不存在线粒体,而CL又是线粒体的特有脂质,这就引发一个问题:底部成分的CL来自何种非线粒体的亚细胞结构?成熟橡胶树胶乳底部成分主要是黄色体和FW复合体,分别占胶乳体积的10%~20%和2%~3%[2];成熟乳管中的线粒体已被挤向细胞壁,切割乳管时不随胶乳排出[22]。底部成分的主要亚细胞结构黄色体具有单层膜,类似于液泡或溶酶体,不属于质体[22-23]。另一方面,FW复合体与线粒体都属于质体,内部都包含皱缩的膜性结构[24],推测CL可能定位于FW复合体的膜性结构中。
CL丰度的变化可能影响胶乳凝固,因为CL可形成特殊的膜结构,其丰度的剧烈变化将打破原有平衡,从而引发更大范围的变化。来自FW复合体的膜成分具有较高的多酚氧化酶活性[19],因此FW复合体被认为可能在胶乳凝固及乳管堵塞中发挥作用[10],这是关于FW复合体功能的一种猜测。CL是否定位于FW复合体值得进一步研究,这或可为阐明FW复合体的功能提供新思路。
研究指出,排胶的流畅程度与黄色体稳定性及橡胶粒子的中性脂质含量呈正相关[5]。橡胶粒子膜含有大量的酸性蛋白(如橡胶延伸因子和小橡胶粒子蛋白等,在生理pH下带负电荷),同时磷脂也带负电荷,可能需要中性脂质填充其间,使膜上的电荷密度处于合理范围。同样,底部成分可能也需要中性脂质填充于膜的带负电荷分子间。本研究中易凝样与对照样的中性脂质含量差异不显著,表明在本研究涉及的样本中,胶乳易凝现象不是由底部成分中性脂质的丰度变化所致。
脂肪链是脂质的主要结构单元。脂肪链的不饱和度越高,其流动性越好。从理论上推测,易凝样中的黄色体或FW复合体,其膜结构相对脆弱,应具有较低的脂肪链不饱和度。负离子模式下,固醇类和1个甘油磷脂亚类PI的不饱和度出现了显著降低,这不利于膜的流动性,可能使胶乳更易于凝固。另外,CL的脂肪链不饱和度低,其以较高丰度存在于底部成分中,可能与底部成分膜结构的低流动性、易破裂等性质相关。
相对于正常排胶样本,易凝样本底部成分的中性脂质丰度差别不明显。易凝样本固醇类(在负离子模式下)的不饱和度出现了较大幅度下降,这不利于膜的流动性,可能使胶乳更易于凝固。底部成分存在丰度可观的非双层磷脂,即磷脂酰乙醇胺、心磷脂和磷脂酸,显示出胶乳底部成分的高度动态性质。易凝胶乳中心磷脂的大幅下调可能影响FW复合体的稳定性,从而影响胶乳凝固、乳管堵塞和排胶。心磷脂在胶乳凝固和乳管堵塞中的作用值得进一步研究。关于橡胶树胶乳底部成分含有高丰度非双层磷脂的发现,为橡胶树胶乳凝固、乳管堵塞和排胶等相关研究提供了新的视角。
  • 海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(322RC785)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(31870577)
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2024年第45卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.023
  • 接收时间:2024-08-05
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-05
  • 修回日期:2024-08-13
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海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(322RC785)
国家自然科学基金项目(31870577)
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    农业农村部橡胶树生物学与遗传资源利用重点实验室/省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地-海南省热带作物栽培生理学重点实验室/中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南海口 571101
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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