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Mikania micrantha is one of the first invasive species in China, which poses a big threat to the ecological security of subtropical regions. Soil enzyme activity inhibitors and plant growth regulators play central roles in plant growth regulation. In this paper, the effects of different concentrations of soil enzyme activity inhibitors [1 g/L and 15 g/L NBPT, N-(N-butyl) thiophosphate triamide, 1 g/L and 15 g/L nitrification inhibitor DMPP] and exogenous plant regulators (25 mg/L and 50 mg/L ABA, abscisic acid, 1 g/L and 10 g/L CCC, chlormequat) on the growth of M. micrantha during its vigorous growth period, budding period, flowering period, peak flowering period, and seed setting period were studied through a 7-month continuous pot culture experiment. The results showed that high and low concentrations of soil enzyme activity inhibitors and plant growth regulators had different effects on the growth status of chamomile and the content of alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen and available phosphorus in the soil. Among them, chloramphenicol and DMPP had a significant inhibitory effect on chamomile, while 15 g/L NBPT had a promoting effect on chamomile growth. In summary, 10 g/L chloramphenicol had an inhibitory effect on the vigorous growth of chamomile, while 15 g/L DMPP had an inhibitory effect on the vigorous flowering period of chamomile. The combined application of the two could provide a theoretical basis for the comprehensive prevention and control of chamomile throughout its lifecycle.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jialong WU, Ting LI, Chunmei LIANG, Juntao ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Juntao ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276204379262808208, articleId=1276204364188479616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=土壤酶活抑制剂和外源植物调节剂对薇甘菊的抑制效应, columnId=1236292524520820846, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=植物保护与生物安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)是中国首批外来入侵物种,对亚热带地区生态安全的危害极大,土壤酶活抑制剂和植物生长调节剂在植物生长调控中发挥至关重要的作用。本研究通过7个月的盆栽连续培养试验,研究不同浓度土壤酶活抑制剂和外源植物调节剂对旺长期、现蕾期、开花期、盛花期和结籽期薇甘菊生长的影响,浓度设置为:1、15 g/L脲酶抑制剂[N-(N-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide, NBPT],1、15 g/L硝化抑制剂(nitrification inhibitor, DMPP),25、50 mg/L脱落酸(abscisic acid, ABA),1、10 g/L矮壮素(chlormequat, CCC)。结果表明:高、低浓度的土壤酶活抑制剂和植物生长调节剂对薇甘菊生长及土壤碱解氮、速效磷含量的影响有一定差异,其中,矮壮素和DMPP对薇甘菊的抑制作用明显,而15 g/L NBPT对薇甘菊生长具有促进作用。总之,10 g/L矮壮素对旺长期薇甘菊生长具有抑制作用,而15 g/L DMPP则对盛花期薇甘菊生长具有抑制作用,二者联合施用可为薇甘菊全生命周期的综合防治提供理论依据。

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吴家龙(1989—),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:园林绿地土壤修复和园林绿废资源化利用。

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* 张俊涛(ZHANG Juntao),E-mail:
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吴家龙(1989—),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:园林绿地土壤修复和园林绿废资源化利用。

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Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2002: 23. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276204422850015431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204364188479616, awardId=202005000002, language=CN, fundingSource=广州市科技计划项目“海珠湿地薇甘菊综合防控技术研究与示范”(202005000002), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276204381355765906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204364188479616, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276204381364154515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204364188479616, companyId=1276204381355765906, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Guangzhou Institute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture / Guangzhou Collaborative Innovation Center on Science-tech of Ecology and Landscape, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276204381401903252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204364188479616, companyId=1276204381355765906, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=广州市林业和园林科学研究院/广州市生态园林科技协同创新中心,广东广州 510405)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276204404495741109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204364188479616, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Changes in SPAD values of chamomile leaves under different treatments with culture time, figureFileSmall=tcbACHoZmYL1seQ4FvGvaA==, figureFileBig=VzP93zCgQfvTpFVawdFQjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204405254910134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204364188479616, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同处理薇甘菊叶片SPAD值随培养时间的变化, figureFileSmall=tcbACHoZmYL1seQ4FvGvaA==, figureFileBig=VzP93zCgQfvTpFVawdFQjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204407331090616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204364188479616, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Changes in stem length of chamomile under different treatments with culture time, figureFileSmall=vJ8oorl4bVtBLuakVfh7Xg==, figureFileBig=ZXz12rqvskC/AqnDa2H67Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204409461797050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204364188479616, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同处理薇甘菊茎长随培养时间的变化, figureFileSmall=vJ8oorl4bVtBLuakVfh7Xg==, figureFileBig=ZXz12rqvskC/AqnDa2H67Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204410317435067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204364188479616, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=SPAD, stem length and rhizome of chamomile under different treatments, figureFileSmall=FUYzkqgk/UiJ2HNiNtOZFA==, figureFileBig=eQso3F+0K3ZOiaDVkKnUPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204411185655996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204364188479616, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同处理的薇甘菊叶片SPAD、茎长和地茎

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=FUYzkqgk/UiJ2HNiNtOZFA==, figureFileBig=eQso3F+0K3ZOiaDVkKnUPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204411642835133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204364188479616, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Biomass of chamomile under different treatments, figureFileSmall=Gg0RKH+SkTmi9nY8bZ7U2Q==, figureFileBig=mteVD6sQLLY1h6afP3Vj7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204414050365630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204364188479616, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同处理的薇甘菊生物量

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Gg0RKH+SkTmi9nY8bZ7U2Q==, figureFileBig=mteVD6sQLLY1h6afP3Vj7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204414545293503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204364188479616, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Soil alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen (A) and available phosphorus (B) content under different treatments, figureFileSmall=jZiwNKJURSajAgNoxvOV8A==, figureFileBig=ztseWisT5Sxo3g78wASM6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204414985695424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204364188479616, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同处理土壤碱解氮(A)和速效磷(B)含量

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=jZiwNKJURSajAgNoxvOV8A==, figureFileBig=ztseWisT5Sxo3g78wASM6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204415363182785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204364188479616, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Principal component analysis of growth status, biomass, and soil nutrient content of chamomile under different treatments, figureFileSmall=BNtdftAPhkXbsURiqpJF3Q==, figureFileBig=+uRNL2kd3Tw2/D9tLq3PRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204415807779010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204364188479616, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各处理薇甘菊生长状况、生物量和土壤养分含量的主成分分析

A:主成分载荷图;B:主成分得分图。

, figureFileSmall=BNtdftAPhkXbsURiqpJF3Q==, figureFileBig=+uRNL2kd3Tw2/D9tLq3PRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276204416604696771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204364188479616, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Different concentration settings for soil enzyme activity inhibitors and plant growth regulators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号No.处理剂Agent浓度Concentration施加量Application amount/mL施用方式Application method
CK蒸馏水灌施
TINBPT1 g/L
T2NBPT15 g/L灌施
T3DMPP1 g/L
T4DMPP15 g/L100
T5脱落酸25 mg/L
T6脱落酸50 mg/L喷施
T7矮壮素1 g/L
T8矮壮素10 g/L
), ArticleFig(id=1276204418315972804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204364188479616, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土壤酶活抑制剂和植物生长调节剂不同浓度设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号No.处理剂Agent浓度Concentration施加量Application amount/mL施用方式Application method
CK蒸馏水灌施
TINBPT1 g/L
T2NBPT15 g/L灌施
T3DMPP1 g/L
T4DMPP15 g/L100
T5脱落酸25 mg/L
T6脱落酸50 mg/L喷施
T7矮壮素1 g/L
T8矮壮素10 g/L
), ArticleFig(id=1276204419561681093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204364188479616, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Root diameter distribution of chamomile under different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment等级Level
一级First level二级Second level三级Third level
CK-++++
T1++- -+++
T2-+++++
T3++++-
T4++++- - -
T5+++-
T6++- --
T7++- -
T8+++- - -
), ArticleFig(id=1276204420442484934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204364188479616, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同处理的薇甘菊根直径分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment等级Level
一级First level二级Second level三级Third level
CK-++++
T1++- -+++
T2-+++++
T3++++-
T4++++- - -
T5+++-
T6++- --
T7++- -
T8+++- - -
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土壤酶活抑制剂和外源植物调节剂对薇甘菊的抑制效应
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吴家龙 , 李铤 , 梁春梅 , 张俊涛 *
热带作物学报 | 植物保护与生物安全 2024,45(12): 2670-2677
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热带作物学报 |植物保护与生物安全 2024 , 45 (12) : 2670 -2677
土壤酶活抑制剂和外源植物调节剂对薇甘菊的抑制效应
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吴家龙(1989—),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:园林绿地土壤修复和园林绿废资源化利用。

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吴家龙(1989—),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:园林绿地土壤修复和园林绿废资源化利用。

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吴家龙, 李铤, 梁春梅, 张俊涛*
作者信息
  • 广州市林业和园林科学研究院/广州市生态园林科技协同创新中心,广东广州 510405
通讯作者:
* 张俊涛(ZHANG Juntao),E-mail:
Inhibitory Effects of Soil Enzyme Activity Inhibitors and Exogenous Plant Regulators on Mikania micrantha
Jialong WU, Ting LI, Chunmei LIANG, Juntao ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • Guangzhou Institute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture / Guangzhou Collaborative Innovation Center on Science-tech of Ecology and Landscape, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.019
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薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)是中国首批外来入侵物种,对亚热带地区生态安全的危害极大,土壤酶活抑制剂和植物生长调节剂在植物生长调控中发挥至关重要的作用。本研究通过7个月的盆栽连续培养试验,研究不同浓度土壤酶活抑制剂和外源植物调节剂对旺长期、现蕾期、开花期、盛花期和结籽期薇甘菊生长的影响,浓度设置为:1、15 g/L脲酶抑制剂[N-(N-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide, NBPT],1、15 g/L硝化抑制剂(nitrification inhibitor, DMPP),25、50 mg/L脱落酸(abscisic acid, ABA),1、10 g/L矮壮素(chlormequat, CCC)。结果表明:高、低浓度的土壤酶活抑制剂和植物生长调节剂对薇甘菊生长及土壤碱解氮、速效磷含量的影响有一定差异,其中,矮壮素和DMPP对薇甘菊的抑制作用明显,而15 g/L NBPT对薇甘菊生长具有促进作用。总之,10 g/L矮壮素对旺长期薇甘菊生长具有抑制作用,而15 g/L DMPP则对盛花期薇甘菊生长具有抑制作用,二者联合施用可为薇甘菊全生命周期的综合防治提供理论依据。

薇甘菊  /  土壤  /  酶活抑制剂  /  植物调节剂  /  抑制效应

Mikania micrantha is one of the first invasive species in China, which poses a big threat to the ecological security of subtropical regions. Soil enzyme activity inhibitors and plant growth regulators play central roles in plant growth regulation. In this paper, the effects of different concentrations of soil enzyme activity inhibitors [1 g/L and 15 g/L NBPT, N-(N-butyl) thiophosphate triamide, 1 g/L and 15 g/L nitrification inhibitor DMPP] and exogenous plant regulators (25 mg/L and 50 mg/L ABA, abscisic acid, 1 g/L and 10 g/L CCC, chlormequat) on the growth of M. micrantha during its vigorous growth period, budding period, flowering period, peak flowering period, and seed setting period were studied through a 7-month continuous pot culture experiment. The results showed that high and low concentrations of soil enzyme activity inhibitors and plant growth regulators had different effects on the growth status of chamomile and the content of alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen and available phosphorus in the soil. Among them, chloramphenicol and DMPP had a significant inhibitory effect on chamomile, while 15 g/L NBPT had a promoting effect on chamomile growth. In summary, 10 g/L chloramphenicol had an inhibitory effect on the vigorous growth of chamomile, while 15 g/L DMPP had an inhibitory effect on the vigorous flowering period of chamomile. The combined application of the two could provide a theoretical basis for the comprehensive prevention and control of chamomile throughout its lifecycle.

Mikania micrantha  /  soil  /  enzyme activity inhibitors  /  plant regulators  /  inhibitory effect
吴家龙, 李铤, 梁春梅, 张俊涛. 土壤酶活抑制剂和外源植物调节剂对薇甘菊的抑制效应. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (12) : 2670 -2677 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.019
Jialong WU, Ting LI, Chunmei LIANG, Juntao ZHANG. Inhibitory Effects of Soil Enzyme Activity Inhibitors and Exogenous Plant Regulators on Mikania micrantha[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (12) : 2670 -2677 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.019
生物入侵被认为是造成生物多样性丧失的第二主导性因素,其生态破坏性仅次于生境直接破坏[1]。薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)是原产于热带美洲的菊科、假泽兰属多年生草本植物或灌木状攀缘藤本植物,是受人类活动显著影响而造成危害的入侵物种之一[2],已在我国华南乃至其他地区入侵并广泛扩散[3-6],对当地农田、林地、果园、自然保护地等生态系统的稳定性和生物多样性造成巨大威胁[7]。2023年1月1日起,薇甘菊被列入重点管理外来入侵物种名录[8]。根据生长规律,薇甘菊的生长可划分为萌发期(3—4月)、生长期(5—6月)、旺长期(7—9月)、现蕾期(10月)、开花期(11月)、盛花期(12—1月)、结籽期(1—2月),其生长状况与其所处的生境条件(如气候、水分、土壤、金属离子等)[2,9]及植物生长调节剂[10]等因素有关。
目前,薇甘菊的防治措施主要分为物理法[11](如郁闭遮荫、拔除)、化学法[12-14](如除草剂)、生物法[15-17](如田野菟丝子、天敌昆虫)。其中,化学方法具有易操作、高效、药效相对持久等优点,但也存在环境污染和生物健康风险。目前,薇甘菊的化学防治主要集中于新型除草剂研发方面,对薇甘菊生存的土壤缺乏必要的关注。土壤养分是植物生长的主要养分来源,其中氮是植物生长的必需元素,其转化和代谢在很大程度上受诸如硝酸还原酶、脲酶等催化酶及其活性支配。土壤硝化抑制剂和脲酶抑制剂均是氮肥增效剂(nitrogen fertilizer synergist),二者已广泛用于农业生产,是一种环境友好型的肥料添加剂。硝化抑制剂可有效减少硝态氮在土壤中的生成和累积[18],脲酶抑制剂还可以抑制植物对氮素的吸收和转运[19]。然而,尚无利用土壤酶活抑制剂影响薇甘菊生长的相关研究。植物生长调节剂是人工合成的(或从微生物中提取),对植物的生长和发育具有调节作用的化学物质。常见的植物生长调节剂主要有乙烯、赤霉素、脱落酸、矮壮素、吲哚乙酸等,具有用量小、见效快、对环境副作用小等优点。
目前,关于薇甘菊的抑制研究大多采用单一的外源抑制类物质[12],而且忽视了薇甘菊不同生长期的综合抑制效应研究,导致薇甘菊防控的系统性不足。迄今,尚无开展薇甘菊不同生长时期综合性防治的研究。基于此,本文以薇甘菊为研究对象,分别选取不同浓度的土壤氮转化酶活抑制剂(脲酶抑制剂、硝化抑制剂)和植物生长调节剂(脱落酸、矮壮素),研究土壤酶活抑制剂和外源植物调节剂对不同生长期薇甘菊生长的影响,以期为薇甘菊的科学高效防治提供理论依据。
供试土壤基本理化性质:pH 6.60,电导率(EC)为0.28 mS/cm,有机质为223.60 g/kg,碱解氮为984.10 mg/kg,速效磷为93.04 mg/kg,速效钾为97.90 mg/kg。
供试植物:薇甘菊幼苗采自广州市海珠湿地薇甘菊入侵区。
供试土壤酶活抑制剂:土壤脲酶抑制剂(NBPT,正丁基硫代磷酰三胺,化学式:C4H14N3PS,纯度97%,上海君伯生物科技有限公司,CAS号:94317-64-3),硝化抑制剂(DMPP,3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐,化学式:C5H11N2O4P,纯度95%,上海君伯生物科技有限公司,CAS号:202842-98-6)。
供试外源植物生长调节剂:脱落酸[ABA,(S)-5-(1-羟基-4-氧代-2,6,6-三甲基-2-环己烯-1-基)-3-甲基-(2Z,4E)-戊二烯酸,分子式:C15H20O4,纯度≥99%,上海君伯生物科技有限公司,CAS号:21293-29-8],矮壮素(chlormequat,2-氯-N,N,N-三甲基乙铵氯化物,分子式:C14H9Cl5,纯度≥98%,广东翁江化学试剂有限公司,CAS号:999-81-5)。
在广州市林业和园林科学研究院露天试验场,将采自广州市海珠湿地薇甘菊入侵区的薇甘菊幼苗移植于装有2 kg基质土的圆形塑料盆钵中(底径21 cm,盆口直径24 cm,盆高19 cm),待薇甘菊长势一致(30 d),分别添加不同抑制剂和植物生长调节剂,试验处理见表1。每个处理设置3次重复,试验周期为7个月(2023年7月—2024年2月,涵盖薇甘菊的旺长期、现蕾期、开花期、盛花期和结籽期)。施加量参考各处理剂的推荐量进行设置,每2周添加1次,具体视天气情况而定。在添加抑制剂前、后每隔2周连续测定薇甘菊茎长和SPAD值,以月为单位对数据进行统计。培养结束后分别采集薇甘菊叶片、茎和根,称其鲜重,用去离子水洗净,烘干后称重。对盆钵内土壤破坏性取样,用四分法截留1/4份混合成1份土样,风干后过2 mm筛,用于测定土壤碱解氮、速效磷等理化指标。
采用电位法测定土壤pH,采用电导法测定电导率(EC),采用重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法测定有机质含量,采用碱解扩散法测定水解性氮含量,采用碳酸氢钠浸提法测定有效磷含量,植物叶片生物量指标均采用常规方法测定。
参考根系研究常用的“直径法”[20]和“根序法”[21],根据根系的直径(d)、分枝和颜色,将薇甘菊根系划分为3个等级:一级,d>2 mm,褐色;二级,1 mm≤d≤2 mm,白色;三级,d<1 mm,毛细须根。考虑到薇甘菊根系发达,相互缠绕且易断,故采用定量与定性相结合的方法分析薇甘菊根系直径分布。
利用Excel软件进行数据整理和初步分析;采用SPSS软件对不同处理薇甘菊的生长状况、土壤理化性质和酶活进行单因素方差分析、Duncan多重比较和相关性分析并作图。通过R软件包ADE-4对不同处理薇甘菊的生长状况、生物量和土壤养分含量特征进行主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)[22-23]
不同浓度NBPT、DMPP、脱落酸和矮壮素处理后薇甘菊叶片的叶绿素含量变化如图1。随着培养时间的延长,各处理薇甘菊叶片的SPAD值总体呈逐渐下降的趋势。在整个培养周期内,T1、T2和T8处理薇甘菊叶片的SPAD值均高于CK,其中T2和T8处理始终维持在相对较高的水平,最高值分别为40.4(7月)和38.2(8月)。12月之前,各处理薇甘菊叶片的SPAD值变化相对平缓,之后的1月,除T8外,其他处理均呈现明显下降,并于2月逐步回升。12月之后,T3、T4和T6处理薇甘菊叶片的SPAD值明显低于CK,其中T4处理的薇甘菊叶片全部凋落(SPAD值记为0)。
不同处理薇甘菊茎长变化如图2所示。各处理的茎长呈先增后趋于稳定的趋势。7—12月,薇甘菊茎长由50 cm生长至约250 cm,增长了近3倍,其中,8—11月增长速度最快,11月之后增长速度放缓,其中T6和T8处理的增长较慢,CK茎长最大(263.8 cm)。8月之后,T6、T7和T8的茎长明显低于其他处理(215~229 cm)。
图3A可知,不同处理培养结束后,T8和T4处理的薇甘菊叶片SPAD值最高,显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),其他处理间均无显著差异。各处理的薇甘菊茎长如图3B所示,各处理薇甘菊茎长介于215.0~263.8 cm之间,CK和T5处理的薇甘菊茎长显著高于T7和T8P<0.05),其余各处理间均无显著性差异。各处理的薇甘菊地径范围为9.2~12.6 mm,T4显著高于T2和T3P<0.05),其余各处理间均无显著性差异(图3C)。
各处理的薇甘菊根鲜重如图4A所示。T2处理的根鲜重显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),其中,T4处理的根鲜重显著低于除T6以外的其他处理(P<0.05)。从相同处理剂不同浓度角度分析,T4、T6均分别显著低于T3、T5,且均显著低于CK,T2则显著高于T1P<0.05)。与根鲜重的变化趋势相似,T2处理的薇甘菊根干重(22.35 g/株)显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),其次是T1和T5处理,T4处理最低,仅为8.07 g/株,其他处理间无显著差异(图4B)。各处理的薇甘菊茎鲜重介于123.0~180.1 g/株之间,其中,T2和T3显著高于T4P<0.05),其他处理间无显著差异(图4C)。各处理的薇甘菊茎干重为37.5~71.6 g/株,其中,T1、T3和T7显著高于T4和T8P<0.05),其他处理间无显著差异(图4D)。不同处理的薇甘菊叶生物量差异较大,各处理薇甘菊叶鲜重以T2处理最高,达136.4 g/株,最低的T4仅为14.5 g/株,T2显著高于T4图4E)。与叶鲜重类似,T2处理(23.1 g/株)显著高于T4(0.99 g/株,P<0.05),其他处理间无显著差异(图4F)。
经观察,各处理的薇甘菊根直径分布见表2。T1和T2处理的三级根系最多,其次是CK,而其他处理,尤其是T4和T8处理的三级根系极少,主要以一级和二级根系为主。T1和T6处理的二级根系较少,说明T1处理的根以一级和三级为主,T6则以一级根系为主。除T2和CK外,其他处理薇甘菊的一级根系呈多或较多。
各处理的土壤碱解氮含量介于321.6~446.5 mg/kg之间,其中,T1、T2、T6处理的土壤碱解氮含量显著高于T4、T5、T8处理(P<0.05),T1~T8处理的土壤碱解氮含量与CK均无显著性差异(图5A)。不同处理的土壤速效磷含量在66.95~270.51 mg/kg之间,其中,T4处理显著高于T2,T4和T2处理的土壤速效磷含量显著高于其他处理(66.95~82.78 mg/kg,图5B)。
不同处理薇甘菊生长情况、生物量和土壤养分含量的主成分分析结果表明(图6),第1主成分(PC1)累计方差贡献率为41.5%,第2主成分(PC2)累计方差贡献率为20.5%,主成分累计方差贡献率达到63.6%,可以反映不同处理薇甘菊生长情况等相关指标的大部分信息,且受第1、第2主成分的综合影响,不同处理样点的空间分布差异极显著(P<0.01)。PC1和PC2的空间载荷图表明,PC1主要与薇甘菊根干重、茎长、茎鲜重、根鲜重、叶干重、叶鲜重及土壤碱解氮含量指标参数密切相关,受PC1不同处理下薇甘菊生长状况参数的影响,各处理样点空间分布差异极显著(P<0.01)(图6A);,T2处理样点显著向根干重、根鲜重、叶鲜重、叶干重升高的方向偏移,T1处理样点显著向茎长、茎鲜重和土壤碱解氮含量升高的方向偏移,而T4处理则显著偏向地径增大的方向(图6B)。表明T2和T1处理的薇甘菊生物量较大,长势较好。PC2主要与茎干重、土壤速效磷、叶片SPAD等参数密切相关(图6A),受PC2参数影响,T8处理样点向土壤速效磷、叶片SPAD升高的方向偏离,T3处理薇甘菊倾向于具有更高的茎干重(图6B)。
极强的光合作用[24]和延伸能力[10]是薇甘菊具有顽强生命力和侵占能力的基础,也是其防治难度大的重要原因。本研究结果表明,总体上,在培养期内各处理的薇甘菊叶片SPAD值均呈不同程度的下降,但茎长却呈“S”型曲线,即随着培养时间的延长,各处理的薇甘菊茎长先升高,最后趋于稳定。其中15 g/L DMPP处理的叶片在盛花期全部凋落,10 g/L矮壮素处理的茎长始终处于较低水平。试验过程中观察到,10 g/L矮壮素处理的薇甘菊叶片卷曲,边缘焦化,颜色浓绿,叶片SPAD值较高,说明该处理明显抑制了薇甘菊生长,使其呈现一定的“浓缩”效应。
霍尔莫兹效应(Hormetic effect)是普遍存在于自然界中的自然现象,常表现为有毒物质在低浓度时表现出有益作用,在高浓度时表现负面作用[22]。本研究试验培养结束时,除NBPT和矮壮素处理外,DMPP、脱落酸处理的薇甘菊生长指标总体均呈现高浓度抑制、低浓度促进的规律,因此符合霍尔莫兹效应[22]。国内已有研究得出,NBPT的添加量参考值为肥料添加量的1%[25],美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、欧洲等国家或地区的研究中,NBPT添加量为0.01%~0.25%[26]。NBPT是目前农业上广泛应用的脲酶抑制剂之一[27],其主要作用原理是通过抑制土壤脲酶活性,降低尿素的分解速率,进而提高尿素类氮肥利用率。然而,将NBPT用于薇甘菊等植物生长抑制剂的研究尚无报道,故其剂量无从参考。本研究中,与1 g/L NBPT相比,高浓度的NBPT(15 g/L)能够促进薇甘菊的生长,说明该浓度尚未达到抑制薇甘菊的临界浓度。本研究中,与CK相比,添加土壤酶活抑制剂的处理间碱解氮含量无显著差异,这可能与本研究试验周期长及氮素易流失特性有关。值得注意的是,15 g/L DMPP处理的土壤速效磷含量最高,可能是因为该处理植物长势较差,限制了薇甘菊对土壤有效磷的吸收,然而这一推测并不适用于15 g/L NBPT处理,其相关作用机理有待进一步研究。
薇甘菊主根粗壮,根系发达。笔者在研究中观察到,各处理的薇甘菊根系错综复杂且相互缠绕,几乎占据整个盆钵,甚至从盆钵底部排水孔钻出。各处理的薇甘菊根直径分布结果表明,15 g/L DMPP和10 g/L矮壮素处理的薇甘菊根以一级和二级为主,三级根数量极少,15 g/L DMPP处理的根地径明显高于其他处理,说明15 g/L DMPP对薇甘菊根部有明显的抑制作用,主要体现在抑制三级根(d<1 mm)的产生。与之不同的是,NBPT处理的薇甘菊无明显主根,三级根较多,与之对应的一级(d>2 mm)和二级根(1 mm≤d≤2 mm)较少。试验结束时,观察到所有处理的薇甘菊根部均处于存活状态,一方面说明本研究所选用的土壤酶活抑制剂和外源植物调节剂的施用剂量均未达到薇甘菊的致死浓度,另一方面也从侧面证明了薇甘菊具有抗逆性强的特点。故在今后的研究中,开展薇甘菊对土壤酶活抑制剂及植物生长调节剂的毒性试验,确定精确的薇甘菊生长抑制浓度显得尤为必要,同时应开展相关抑制剂的生态毒理学研究,全面评估其生态环境风险。值得注意的是,试验培养结束时,所有处理的土壤中均有蚂蚁存在,其中以10 g/L矮壮素处理的最多。除蚂蚁外,CK中还发现了蜂类幼虫,1 g/L DMPP、15 g/L DMPP和10 g/L矮壮素处理均有金龟子幼虫,除金龟子幼虫外,10 g/L矮壮素处理中还观察到马陆。因此,以上现象可间接反映出本研究选取的土壤酶活抑制剂和植物调节剂及其施用剂量均未对土壤动物丰富度和多样性造成明显的抑制效应。然而,基于生态环境安全考虑,对植物以及土壤环境指示性生物(如蚯蚓等)的安全性评价有待进一步验证。综上所述,10 g/L矮壮素能够有效抑制旺长期的薇甘菊伸展,15 g/L DMPP能明显抑制薇甘菊盛花期生物量。今后的研究可继续开展薇甘菊萌发期、生长期、现蕾期、开花期和结籽期的有效抑制剂种类、剂量及安全性评价方面的深入研究,为薇甘菊全生命周期防治提供新的研究思路。
10 g/L矮壮素对旺长期薇甘菊有抑制作用,15 g/L DMPP对盛花期薇甘菊有抑制作用,二者联合施用可为薇甘菊全生命周期综合防治提供理论依据。
  • 广州市科技计划项目“海珠湿地薇甘菊综合防控技术研究与示范”(202005000002)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.019
  • 接收时间:2024-04-24
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-24
  • 修回日期:2024-05-24
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广州市科技计划项目“海珠湿地薇甘菊综合防控技术研究与示范”(202005000002)
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    广州市林业和园林科学研究院/广州市生态园林科技协同创新中心,广东广州 510405

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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