Article(id=1276204180641550695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276204178091413862, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711296000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-25, revisedDate=1713974400000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782200387392, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782200387392, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782200387392, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782200387392, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276204178091413862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='2487', pageEnd='2737', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1735056000000', pubDateStr='2024-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782200386783, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782200456354, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276204470308565242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276204178091413862, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276204470308565243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276204178091413862, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2524, endPage=2533, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276204180918374761, articleId=1276204180641550695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Cloning, Expression and Enzyme Activity Identification of the Vacuolar Invertase Gene HpVIN1 from Red Pitaya, columnId=1236256430337085821, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Omics & Biotechnology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Vacuolar invertase (VIN), degrading sucrose to produce glucose and fructose irreversibly, is a key enzyme in soluble sugar metabolism, and involved in plant growth and development, yield and quality formation, and stress resistance. To investigate the physiological functions of VIN genes in soluble sugar metabolism of red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus), HpVIN1 gene was cloned from the fruit, and sequence comparison, phylogenetic relationship, gene expression, subcellular localization, yeast growth complementation and sucrose degradation activity were analyzed. Based on RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) amplification, the ORF (open reading frame) of HpVIN1 gene with a length of 1935 bp was isolated, which encoded 644 amino acids. Sequence analysis showed that HpVIN1 contained key domains related to sucrose degradation activity of invertase, as well as vacuole localization sequences in the N terminal. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that HpVIN1 was closely related to VIN genes from kiwifruit, loquat, apple and grape. Real time fluorescence quantitative PCR detection revealed that HpVIN1 was highly expressed in stems and fruits during the veraison stage (20~25 days after flowering), and weakly expressed in ripen fruits (30 days after flowering). The transient expression of HpVIN1 fused by green fluorescent protein in Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll protoplasts demonstrated that HpVIN1 protein was localized in the tonoplast and vacuole. By over-expressing in the yeast strain with sucrose utilization defects, HpVIN1 could restore the yeast growth using sucrose as the sole carbon source, which proved that HpVIN1 had the sucrose degradation activity. In vitro catalytic experiment using the yeast total protein suggested that HpVIN1 could degrade sucrose into glucose and fructose. The sucrose degradation activity was the highest at pH 4.0, and rapidly decreased as pH value increasing. The results show that HpVIN1 that locates in the vacuole, has the enzyme activity of degrading sucrose to produce glucose and fructose, and participates in sucrose catabolism of stems and fruits during the veraison stage.

, authors=null, authorsList=Qianming ZHENG, Shuang YAN, Honglin WANG, Pu XIE, Yuhua MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuhua MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276204184567419259, articleId=1276204180641550695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=红肉火龙果液泡转化酶基因HpVIN1的克隆、表达和酶活性鉴定, columnId=1236256430517440904, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=组学与生物技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

液泡转化酶(vacuolar invertase,VIN)不可逆地分解蔗糖生成葡萄糖和果糖,是可溶性糖代谢的关键酶,参与植物的生长发育、产量品质形成和抵御逆境。为探讨VIN基因在红肉火龙果(Hylocereus polyrhizus)可溶性糖代谢中的生理功能,从果实中克隆HpVIN1基因,开展序列比对、系统进化、基因表达、亚细胞定位、酵母生长互补分析和蔗糖分解活性检测。基于RT-PCR(reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction)扩增获得HpVIN1基因,其开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)长度为1935 bp,编码644个氨基酸。序列分析表明,HpVIN1含有转化酶催化蔗糖分解的关键结构域,且在N端含有液泡定位的相关序列。系统进化分析表明HpVIN1与猕猴桃、枇杷、苹果和葡萄的VINs具有较近的亲缘关系。实时荧光定量PCR检测表明,HpVIN1在茎和果实转色期(花后20~25 d)的表达量较高,果实成熟期(花后30 d)表达微弱。HpVIN1融合绿色荧光蛋白在拟南芥叶肉原生质体瞬时表达表明HpVIN1定位于液泡膜和液泡。HpVIN1在蔗糖利用缺陷的酵母株系过表达,恢复酵母以蔗糖为唯一碳源的生长,证明HpVIN1具有蔗糖分解活性。酵母总蛋白的离体催化实验表明,HpVIN1分解蔗糖产生葡萄糖和果糖,蔗糖分解活性在pH 4.0时最大,并随pH的升高快速降低。研究结果表明,位于液泡内的HpVIN1具有分解蔗糖产生葡萄糖和果糖的酶活性,参与红肉火龙果茎和果实转色期的可溶性糖代谢。

, authors=

郑乾明(1985—),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:园艺果实品质形成机理。

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* 马玉华(MA Yuhua),E-mail:
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郑乾明(1985—),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:园艺果实品质形成机理。

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郑乾明(1985—),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:园艺果实品质形成机理。

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不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

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**表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。

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红肉火龙果液泡转化酶基因HpVIN1的克隆、表达和酶活性鉴定
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郑乾明 1, 2 , 晏霜 1 , 王红林 1, 2 , 解璞 1 , 马玉华 2, *
热带作物学报 | 组学与生物技术 2024,45(12): 2524-2533
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热带作物学报 |组学与生物技术 2024 , 45 (12) : 2524 -2533
红肉火龙果液泡转化酶基因HpVIN1的克隆、表达和酶活性鉴定
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2.Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation in Karst Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou 550006, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1276204185498554762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276204180641550695, authorId=1276204185083318661, language=CN, stringName=郑乾明, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.贵州省农业科学院贵州省果树科学研究所,贵州贵阳 550006
2.贵州省农业科学院农业农村部喀斯特山区作物基因资源与种质创新重点实验室,贵州贵阳 550006, bio={"content":"

郑乾明(1985—),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:园艺果实品质形成机理。

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郑乾明(1985—),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:园艺果实品质形成机理。

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郑乾明1, 2, 晏霜1, 王红林1, 2, 解璞1, 马玉华2, *
作者信息
  • 1.贵州省农业科学院贵州省果树科学研究所,贵州贵阳 550006
  • 2.贵州省农业科学院农业农村部喀斯特山区作物基因资源与种质创新重点实验室,贵州贵阳 550006
通讯作者:
* 马玉华(MA Yuhua),E-mail:
Cloning, Expression and Enzyme Activity Identification of the Vacuolar Invertase Gene HpVIN1 from Red Pitaya
Qianming ZHENG1, 2, Shuang YAN1, Honglin WANG1, 2, Pu XIE1, Yuhua MA2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Guizhou Institute of Pomology Science, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou 550006, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation in Karst Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou 550006, China
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.004
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液泡转化酶(vacuolar invertase,VIN)不可逆地分解蔗糖生成葡萄糖和果糖,是可溶性糖代谢的关键酶,参与植物的生长发育、产量品质形成和抵御逆境。为探讨VIN基因在红肉火龙果(Hylocereus polyrhizus)可溶性糖代谢中的生理功能,从果实中克隆HpVIN1基因,开展序列比对、系统进化、基因表达、亚细胞定位、酵母生长互补分析和蔗糖分解活性检测。基于RT-PCR(reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction)扩增获得HpVIN1基因,其开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)长度为1935 bp,编码644个氨基酸。序列分析表明,HpVIN1含有转化酶催化蔗糖分解的关键结构域,且在N端含有液泡定位的相关序列。系统进化分析表明HpVIN1与猕猴桃、枇杷、苹果和葡萄的VINs具有较近的亲缘关系。实时荧光定量PCR检测表明,HpVIN1在茎和果实转色期(花后20~25 d)的表达量较高,果实成熟期(花后30 d)表达微弱。HpVIN1融合绿色荧光蛋白在拟南芥叶肉原生质体瞬时表达表明HpVIN1定位于液泡膜和液泡。HpVIN1在蔗糖利用缺陷的酵母株系过表达,恢复酵母以蔗糖为唯一碳源的生长,证明HpVIN1具有蔗糖分解活性。酵母总蛋白的离体催化实验表明,HpVIN1分解蔗糖产生葡萄糖和果糖,蔗糖分解活性在pH 4.0时最大,并随pH的升高快速降低。研究结果表明,位于液泡内的HpVIN1具有分解蔗糖产生葡萄糖和果糖的酶活性,参与红肉火龙果茎和果实转色期的可溶性糖代谢。

火龙果  /  液泡转化酶基因  /  蔗糖分解  /  亚细胞定位  /  酵母表达

Vacuolar invertase (VIN), degrading sucrose to produce glucose and fructose irreversibly, is a key enzyme in soluble sugar metabolism, and involved in plant growth and development, yield and quality formation, and stress resistance. To investigate the physiological functions of VIN genes in soluble sugar metabolism of red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus), HpVIN1 gene was cloned from the fruit, and sequence comparison, phylogenetic relationship, gene expression, subcellular localization, yeast growth complementation and sucrose degradation activity were analyzed. Based on RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) amplification, the ORF (open reading frame) of HpVIN1 gene with a length of 1935 bp was isolated, which encoded 644 amino acids. Sequence analysis showed that HpVIN1 contained key domains related to sucrose degradation activity of invertase, as well as vacuole localization sequences in the N terminal. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that HpVIN1 was closely related to VIN genes from kiwifruit, loquat, apple and grape. Real time fluorescence quantitative PCR detection revealed that HpVIN1 was highly expressed in stems and fruits during the veraison stage (20~25 days after flowering), and weakly expressed in ripen fruits (30 days after flowering). The transient expression of HpVIN1 fused by green fluorescent protein in Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll protoplasts demonstrated that HpVIN1 protein was localized in the tonoplast and vacuole. By over-expressing in the yeast strain with sucrose utilization defects, HpVIN1 could restore the yeast growth using sucrose as the sole carbon source, which proved that HpVIN1 had the sucrose degradation activity. In vitro catalytic experiment using the yeast total protein suggested that HpVIN1 could degrade sucrose into glucose and fructose. The sucrose degradation activity was the highest at pH 4.0, and rapidly decreased as pH value increasing. The results show that HpVIN1 that locates in the vacuole, has the enzyme activity of degrading sucrose to produce glucose and fructose, and participates in sucrose catabolism of stems and fruits during the veraison stage.

pitaya  /  vacuolar invertase gene  /  sucrose degradation  /  subcellular localization  /  yeast expression
郑乾明, 晏霜, 王红林, 解璞, 马玉华. 红肉火龙果液泡转化酶基因HpVIN1的克隆、表达和酶活性鉴定. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (12) : 2524 -2533 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.004
Qianming ZHENG, Shuang YAN, Honglin WANG, Pu XIE, Yuhua MA. Cloning, Expression and Enzyme Activity Identification of the Vacuolar Invertase Gene HpVIN1 from Red Pitaya[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (12) : 2524 -2533 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.004
火龙果(Hylocereus. spp)属仙人掌科(Cactaceae)量天尺属(Hylocereus),近年来作为多年生果树在我国西南和南方等省迅速发展,产生良好的经济和社会效益。火龙果植株的叶片退化为刺,进行光合作用的主要源组织是肉质化的茎。红肉火龙果(Hylocereus polyrhizus)果实色泽鲜艳、风味浓郁,深受消费者喜爱,是贵州喀斯特石漠化地区的特色经济作物。红肉火龙果果实积累丰富的可溶性糖,主要包括葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖[1],其含量和比例是决定风味和品质的最关键指标。研究红肉火龙果果实可溶性糖积累的分子机制,对调控和改良果实风味和品质具有重要意义。
蔗糖是高等植物源组织光合作用的主要产物和光合产物在韧皮部长距离运输的主要形式,运输到根、花、种子或果实等库组织的质外体或胞质分解,或转运入液泡贮藏或分解[2]。转化酶又称为β-呋喃果糖苷酶,属于糖苷水解酶家族32类(glycoside hydrolase family 32 enzymes,GH32)或100类(GH100)[3-4],是植物蔗糖分解酶的重要组成成员。转化酶催化蔗糖不可逆地分解为葡萄糖和果糖,可作为底物、能量或信号分子,参与植物的生长发育、产量品质形成和抵御逆境等[4]。根据转化酶催化蔗糖分解的适宜pH值,pH为3.5~5.0具有最高活性的称为酸性转化酶(acid invertase,AIN),pH为6.8~9.0具有最高活性的称为中性/碱性转化酶(alkaline/neutral invertase,NIN)[5]。根据亚细胞定位差异,AIN可分为定位于液泡的液泡转化酶(vacuole invertase,VIN)和定位于细胞壁的细胞壁转化酶(cell wall invertase,CWIN)[4-5]
高等植物VIN在细胞内分解蔗糖形成浓度梯度,促进蔗糖从源组织向库组织的运输。研究表明,VIN酶活性与植物组织的生长发育,以及产量性状密切关联。拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)VIN1的酶活性正向调控根系的生物量[6];不同生态型VIN1序列的多态性影响酶活性,进而决定胚根长度[7]。水稻(Oryza sativa L.)OsVIN2和OsVIN3位于液泡,正向调节籽粒的糖代谢以及籽粒大小和粒重等重要性状[8-10]。棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)VIN酶活性与棉纤维生长、花器官和种子发育密切相关,GhVIN1表达水平决定纤维伸长速率[11]以及花药和胚囊发育、授粉和种子发育[12]。高粱(Sorghum bicolor)的VIN成员SbVIN1SbVIN2与茎长、粗、节间数、鲜重和水溶性碳水化合物含量等性状,以及粒重、粒宽等籽粒性状显著相关[13]。低温和干旱等非生物逆境诱导VINs表达,表明其也参与植物抵御逆境胁迫。马铃薯(Solanum tuberosumStvacINV1受低温诱导,参与低温下块茎蔗糖分解为还原糖的低温糖化[14],干涉表达,大幅降低还原糖含量[15]。茶树(Camellia sinensis L.)CsINV5表达受低温和糖诱导,过表达增强根系生长和耐寒性[16];毛竹(Phyllostachys edulisPeVIN2受干旱诱导,促进干旱胁迫下葡萄糖等己糖含量的增加[17]
VIN酶活性是园艺作物果实等库组织强度的标志,直接决定果实产量和可溶性糖积累。干涉甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)VIN基因MAI1表达,植株长势变弱,果实变小且加速成熟,蔗糖含量增加[18]。枇杷[Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.]EjVIN在幼叶、幼果和成熟果实中表达,在成熟果实中的酶活性最高,过表达降低蔗糖含量[19]。桃(Prunus persicaPpVIN2表达受到低温诱导,分解蔗糖促进还原糖积累[20]。基于椰枣(Phoenix dactylifera)群体的代谢组与基因型关联分析发现,果实低蔗糖含量品种有3个串联拷贝的VIN基因,高蔗糖含量品种有2个VIN基因发生缺失,表明蔗糖含量与VIN基因的拷贝数成反比关系[21]
近年来对红肉火龙果种质资源评价以及品种选育的深入开展,推动了果实可溶性糖积累机制的研究。例如,对3个火龙果品种果实发育和成熟期间主要代谢物检测表明,葡萄糖和果糖等可溶性糖含量随果实成熟逐渐增加[1]。红肉火龙果转录因子HpWRKY3具有转录激活活性,随果实成熟上调表达,激活HpSuSy1等蔗糖代谢酶基因的表达[22]。基于火龙果果实转录组测序分离VIN等大量可溶性糖代谢相关基因,分析基因表达和酶活性的相关性,获得与酶活性高度相关的候选VIN基因[23]。基于基因组序列分离火龙果VINCWIN共计11个成员,仅2个VIN基因在果实表达,表明其可能参与可溶性糖的积累[24]。前期对红肉火龙果果实发育和成熟关键时期进行转录组测序,获得大量与可溶性糖积累相关的候选基因[25]。本研究拟对红肉火龙果1个VIN候选基因开展基因克隆、基因表达、亚细胞定位和酶活性鉴定等分析,探讨其在果实发育期间的生理功能。
从贵州省镇宁县的火龙果种植园选取处于结果期的健壮成年植株,栽培品种为红肉火龙果紫红龙(Hylocereus polyrhizus cv. Zihonglong)。于2021年9月15日选取一批同时开花的植株标记,采集成熟的茎组织,分别于2021年10月5日、8日、10日、12日和15日(即:花后20 d,F20;花后23 d,F23;花后25 d,F25;花后27 d,F27;花后30 d,F30)共计5个时期采集果实。每个时期采集15个果实,随机分为3组,作为3次生物学重复。取茎和果肉分别切成薄片,在液氮中研磨并速冻,保存于–80 ℃备用。
拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)哥伦比亚型、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coil)DH5α和酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)菌株SEY2102(MATα;ura3-52; leu2-3,112; his4-519; suc2-Δ9; gal2)均为本实验室保存。
果实总RNA提取使用复杂植物RNA快速提取试剂盒(RN53,Aidlab,中国)。使用琼脂糖凝胶电泳和微量分光光度计(NanoPhotometer,IMPLEN,德国)分别检测总RNA的质量和浓度。合格的总RNA样品使用PrimeScriptTM 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis试剂盒(6110A,TaKaRa,中国)反转录合成cDNA第一链。使用高保真DNA聚合酶(P515,Vazyme,中国)利用目标基因特异引物(5′-ATATTCCATCGTCGTAATTC-3′/5′-TTATGCATCACATACATTAC-3′)进行RT-PCR扩增。扩增产物经回收、连接并转化至大肠杆菌感受态DH5α,将阳性克隆后送至生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序。
使用ORF Finder(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/orffinder/)在线软件预测ORF。使用ExPASy(https://web.expasy.org/compute_pi/)在线软件预测氨基酸序列理论等电点和相对分子量。使用HMMER(https://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/hmmer/)在线软件预测氨基酸序列的保守结构域。使用TMHMM-2.0(https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/service.php?TMHMM-2.0)在线软件预测跨膜结构。使用Clustal W软件进行氨基酸序列多重比对,结果展示使用GENDOC软件。使用MEGA 7.0软件进行系统进化分析,使用邻接法构建系统进化树,进行1000次重复的Bootstrap值检测。
使用Primer Premier 5.0软件设计目标基因的特异扩增引物(5′-CCGGATTTGGATGTGGGTATC-3′/5′-AATC CTCCTCCCTCTCTTATGG-3′),为确保扩增的特异性,预期扩增产物在火龙果基因组数据库(http://pitayagenomic.com/)进行BLASTn检索。使用荧光定量PCR仪(CFX96,BIO-RAD,美国)进行PCR反应,扩增体系总体积为10.0 μL,包含cDNA模板0.5 μL,上/下游引物各0.2 μL,2×SYBR Green Fast qPCR Mix试剂(RK02001,Biomarker,中国)5 μL,无菌水4.1 μL。反应程序:95 ℃变性3 min;95 ℃变性5 s,60 ℃退火和延伸共30 s,40个循环。内参基因校准使用β-ACT(5′-CTTCCATACCAATGAATGAGG-3′/5′-AACCGCC AAGAGTAGTTCTG-3′),每个反应设置3次技术重复。基因的相对表达量使用2–∆∆Ct值计算,将花后30 d果实中的基因表达量设为“1”。
使用引物(5′-ACAGCCCAAGCTTGC ATGCCTGCAGATGGCCTCCGTCATTT-3′/5′-CCTCGCCCTTGCTCACCATGGATCCAGAATCAATTTTAAAAGGTC-3′)扩增HpVIN1基因ORF序列,同时去除终止密码子。使用回收试剂盒(9761,TaKaRa,日本)回收PCR扩增产物,16318-hGFP载体使用PstⅡ和BamH Ⅰ(NEB,美国)酶切并回收,混合后利用单片段快速克隆试剂盒(C112,Vazyme,中国)连接,转化至大肠杆菌感受态DH5α,经测序确认后提取质粒。目标质粒HpVIN1-hGFP和空载体16318-hGFP分别与液泡膜Marker拟南芥VAMP711-RFP质粒[26]混合。利用PEG介导瞬时转化至拟南芥叶肉原生质体,具体步骤参考文献[27],利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察荧光信号。
PCR扩增目标基因的ORF序列,使用特异引物(5′-GTGGATCCCCCGGGCTGCAGGAATTC ATGGCCTCCGTCATTTTCC-3′/5′-AATTGGGTACCGGGCCCCCCCTCGAG TCAAGAATCAATTTTAAAA-3′)回收并纯化扩增产物,酵母表达载体pDR196使用限制性内切酶EcoRⅠ和XhoⅠ(NEB,美国)酶切后回收纯化。将PCR片段插入至载体多克隆位点后测序,提取质粒备用。酵母利用液体YPDA培养基(以葡萄糖为碳源)培养至对数期,使用酵母转化试剂盒(SK2400,酷来搏,中国)分别转化HpVIN1-pDR196和载体pDR196,涂布在SC/-ura固体筛选培养基(葡萄糖为碳源)上,30 ℃倒置培养48 h,挑选单克隆振荡培养并进行菌落PCR鉴定。
分别选取含有HpVIN1-pDR196和pDR196的酵母单克隆,接种于液体SC/-ura培养基(以葡萄糖为碳源),30 ℃振荡培养至对数期(OD600=0.6~1.0)。离心收集酵母细胞,使用无菌水重悬,离心去上清,重复1次,并以无菌水调节OD600值至1.0。使用无菌水10倍梯度依次稀释,将OD600值分别调节至10–1、10–2和10–3。分别取1.0 μL上述酵母液,接种于SC/-ura固体培养基(葡萄糖或蔗糖为碳源),30 ℃倒置培养,定期观察并拍照。目的基因或载体对照均选取至少4个独立的单克隆,选取代表性的单克隆菌落拍照。同时收集上述对数期的酵母细胞2 mL,使用无菌水清洗2次,使用25 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 5.0)450 μL重悬,加入质量分数为20%的蔗糖溶液50 μL,30 ℃振荡培养12 h,离心取上清200 μL,加入二硝基水杨酸(3,5-Dinitro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid,DNS)150 μL,80 ℃水浴5 min,冷却后利用酶标仪(Multiskan GO,Thermo Fisher,美国)检测540 nm下的吸光值。
收集上述培养至对数期的酵母细胞,使用25 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 5.0)清洗2次。利用钢珠涡流破碎酵母细胞,采用Bradford法测定试剂盒(PC0010,Solarbio,中国)检测酵母总蛋白浓度。利用高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)检测,反应体系总体积为200 μL,蔗糖终浓度为质量分数0.5%,20 μL酵母总蛋白溶液(约1.0 μg总蛋白)。37 ℃水浴12 h,80 ℃水浴5 min终止,离心取上清。利用HPLC(Agilent-1200,美国)检测反应产物,色谱柱为糖分析柱(Zorbax Carbohydrate,Agilent,美国)。检测条件:柱温40 ℃,流动相70%乙腈,检测器为示差折光检测器,温度35 ℃。分别以葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖为标准品确定保留时间和鉴定产物类别。分别使用不同pH(3.0~8.0)的磷酸盐缓冲液检测不同pH值下HpVIN1重组蛋白的酶活性。反应总体积500 μL,蔗糖终浓度为质量分数1.0%,酵母总蛋白为1.0 μg。37 ℃水浴1 h,80 ℃水浴5 min终止,离心取上清,使用DNS法检测葡萄糖含量。
使用Microsoft Excel 2007软件作图,利用SPSS软件采用Duncan’s法对不同样本之间的差异进行显著性分析。
以红肉火龙果果实cDNA为模板,根据转录组测序获得的VIN相关转录本,RT-PCR扩增获得的产物长度约2 kb。扩增产物经过回收、克隆和测序,获得目的片段的ORF长度为1935 bp,命名为HpVIN1HpVIN1编码644个氨基酸残基,预测相对分子量为71.12 kDa,理论等电点为5.82。
序列比对表明(图1),HpVIN1的氨基酸序列与拟南芥AtvacINV1类似,含有复杂的N端前体肽(N-terminal propeptide,NTPP)区域,包含酸性的二亮氨酸(Di-leucine)区域、基础区域(basic region,BR)和跨膜结构域(transmembrane domain,TMD)。保守结构预测显示,HpVIN1的氨基酸序列含有β-呋喃果糖苷酶的N末端结构域(INV_N,PF11837.11),位于14~115 aa;GH32家族的N端结构域Glyco_hydro_32N(GH32N,PF00251.23),位于123~440 aa;GH32家族的C端结构域Glyco_hydro_32C(GH32C,PF08244.15),位于443~631 aa。进一步比对,查找转化酶活性直接相关的结构域,HpVIN1含有典型的β-呋喃果糖苷酶结构域NDPDG、催化结构域WECVD以及RDP结构域。
将HpVIN1与拟南芥、毛果杨(Populus trichocarpa)、水稻、葡萄(Vitis vinifera)、枇杷、苹果(Malus domestica)和猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis)等的VINs,以及拟南芥AtcwINVs进行系统进化分析,利用邻接法构建系统进化树(图2)。HpVIN1与上述物种的VINs聚为一类,与拟南芥CWINs明显分开。同时,VINs明显分为2组,HpVIN1与猕猴桃AcVIN、枇杷EjVIN、苹果MdVIN和葡萄VvVIN聚为一组,与拟南芥和水稻的VINs明显分开。
实时荧光定量PCR检测HpVIN1基因在红肉火龙果的茎(源组织)和果实(库组织)的表达模式(图3)发现,相比花后20 d的果实,HpVIN1的表达量在23 d明显升高且达到最大值。此后HpVIN1的表达量随果实发育明显下降,在花后27 d和30 d果实中的表达量微弱。HpVIN1在茎中的表达量远高于花后27 d和30 d果实,约为花后23 d果实的0.3倍。因此,HpVIN1主要在茎和花后20~25 d的果实表达,随果实发育迅速下降,果实成熟时(30 d)的表达极其微弱。
将GFP对照、融合表达载体HpVIN1-GFP分别与液泡膜Marker基因融合表达载体AtVAMP711-RFP在拟南芥叶肉原生质体共表达,显微观察结果如图4所示。未融合HpVIN1的GFP绿色荧光广泛分布于胞质,与AtVAMP711的RFP红色荧光仅在液泡膜有重叠。融合HpVIN1的GFP绿色荧光主要在细胞内形成环状,与AtVAMP711的RFP红色荧光标识的液泡膜完全重叠,产生明显的黄色荧光。同时,液泡内存在若干集中分布形成的点状,以及大范围弥散分布的绿色荧光。因此,亚细胞定位结果证明HpVIN1蛋白定位于液泡膜和液泡内。
HpVIN1在蔗糖利用缺陷的酵母株系SEY2102中表达,观察酵母以蔗糖或葡萄糖为唯一碳源的生长情况(图5)。以葡萄糖为唯一碳源,表达载体对照pDR196或HpVIN1的酵母均能正常生长。以蔗糖为唯一碳源,表达pDR196的酵母生长微弱,表达HpVIN1的酵母生长明显。进一步利用酵母活体细胞在含有蔗糖的缓冲液中孵育,取上清液利用DNS显色检测是否生成葡萄糖。表达HpVIN1的上清液与葡萄糖溶液类似,反应后呈现棕红色,载体对照无颜色变化(结果未展示)。表达HpVIN1的上清液A540值显著高于载体对照(图6)。因此,HpVIN1在酵母蔗糖利用缺陷株系SEY2102表达,可介导细胞外蔗糖分解为葡萄糖等单糖,恢复酵母的生长。
以表达HpVIN1的酵母总蛋白孵育蔗糖,利用HPLC检测反应产物。使用载体对照pDR196的酵母总蛋白孵育,仅检测到蔗糖,未检测到葡萄糖和果糖。使用HpVIN1重组蛋白孵育后蔗糖含量明显降低,且生成葡萄糖和果糖(图7)。在pH 3.0~8.0范围内,HpVIN1重组蛋白的蔗糖分解活性在pH 4.0最高(图8)。蔗糖分解活性随缓冲液pH的增加快速下降,在pH≥7.0时的酶活性极低。
植物细胞的成熟液泡是多功能细胞器,在植物生长发育、果实品质形成和抵御逆境胁迫中具有重要作用[28]。成熟液泡占据植物细胞体积的90%以上,是可溶性糖和有机酸等重要代谢物的主要贮藏场所,在园艺作物果实的风味形成过程中起重要作用[29]。VIN介导液泡蔗糖分解为葡萄糖和果糖,对果实可溶性糖积累有决定性的作用[18-21]。本研究对红肉火龙果HpVIN1基因开展基因表达、亚细胞定位和酶活性鉴定分析,探讨其在果实发育期间可溶性糖积累过程中的生理功能。
HpVIN1含有保守的INV_N、GH32N和GH32C结构域,与猕猴桃、枇杷、苹果和葡萄的VINs聚为一组,说明HpVIN1是属于GH32家族的VIN成员。VIN的亚细胞定位决定其生理功能,目前仅报道了拟南芥和水稻若干成员的亚细胞定位[9,30]。拟南芥AtVI2(即AtvacINV2)通过“内质网-高尔基体-液泡”途径定位于液泡,首先由内质网衍生的囊泡携带并插入到液泡膜,然后由液泡蛋白酶介导完成N末端加工,最后释放成熟的AtVI2至液泡[30]。AtVI2的N端含有复杂的NTPP区域,包含Di-leucine、BR和TMD结构域,决定蛋白正确定位至液泡。序列比对表明,HpVIN1蛋白含有上述Di-leucine、BR和TMD结构域,推测其与拟南芥AtVI2和水稻OsVIN2类似[9,30],具有液泡定位的特性。在拟南芥叶肉原生质体瞬时表达的HpVIN1蛋白大部分定位于液泡膜,推测是拟南芥液泡蛋白酶对HpVIN1蛋白的N末端加工不彻底导致其聚集在液泡膜。尽管仅有少量荧光信号分布于液泡内,仍证明HpVIN1蛋白定位于液泡内。
研究报道表明,NDPDG、RDP和WECVD结构域在VIN家族高度保守,NDPDG和RDP上的天冬氨酸残基(aspartate,D)、WECVD的谷氨酸残基(glutamate,E)和半胱氨酸残基(cysteine,C)是催化蔗糖分解的关键位点[31-32]。序列比对表明HpVIN1含有上述结构域且关键氨基酸残基保持一致,推测其可能具有蔗糖分解活性,需进一步验证其酶活性。酿酒酵母内源转化酶缺陷株系SEY2102或SEY6210是普遍使用的表达宿主,可通过酵母生长互补或提取总蛋白离体催化验证候选VIN的蔗糖分解活性。如,辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)CaVINV1和甘薯[Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] Ibβfruct2均能互补酵母SEY2102或SEY6210株系以蔗糖为唯一碳源的生长[33-34]。进一步提取总蛋白检测发现,CaVINV1催化蔗糖分解的最适宜pH为4.5[33]。HpVIN1互补酵母SEY2102株系以蔗糖为唯一碳源生长,经酵母细胞孵育后检测到葡萄糖等还原糖的生成。进一步利用酵母总蛋白离体孵育蔗糖和HPLC检测,证明HpVIN1具有将蔗糖分解为葡萄糖和果糖的酶活性。HpVIN1的蔗糖分解活性在pH 4.0时最高,在pH≥7.0时的酶活性极低,与VINs的特性一致[13,33]。因此,HpVIN1是典型的酸性转化酶,具有分解蔗糖生成葡萄糖和果糖的酶活性。
植物VIN基因家族成员的规模较小,成员间的表达模式存在较大差异。如辣椒和马铃薯VIN家族均含有2个成员,辣椒CaVINV1和马铃薯StVINV在根、茎、叶、芽、花和果实等组织均表达,CaVINV1表达随果实发育和成熟显著增加;CaVINV2StINV1仅在花芽、花和果实发育早期表达[33,35]。枳(Poncirus trifoliata)VIN家族也含有2个成员,PtrVINV1在根、茎、叶、花和果实中均有较高的表达,PtrVINV2表达微弱[36]。砂梨VIN家族均有8个成员,PbrvacInv1PbrvacInv4在果实发育早期表达,PbrvacInv6PbrvacInv8在果实成熟前表达,在果实中瞬时过表达PbrvacInv1改变可溶性糖构成和含量[37]。因此,植物VIN家族不同成员间的功能发生分化,其差异表达模式表明它们在不同的组织或发育时期发挥作用。目前分离的火龙果VIN基因家族可能含有3~4个成员,其不同成员也表现出差异表达模式。如受HpWRKY3转录激活的VIN基因HpINV2,其表达随果实可溶性糖积累逐渐上调[22],说明与HpVIN1为不同的基因。基于果实转录组测序获得的HpVAI1~3,其中HpVAI1随果实可溶性糖积累上调表达,HpVAI2HpVAI3均在可溶性糖未明显积累时表达,在果实成熟时表达微弱[23]。基于全基因组分离火龙果VIN基因家族,其中2个成员在果实不表达,仅HuAI07在花后23 d的果实表达,果实成熟时未检测到[24]。序列比对结果表明HuAI7、HpVAI3HpVIN1为同一基因,均在果实转色期(约花后20~25 d)大量表达。葡萄糖和果糖在红肉火龙果的果实转色期少量积累,此后随果实发育和成熟快速积累,蔗糖含量较低且未发生明显变化[1]HpVIN1表达随果实葡萄糖和果糖的快速积累而逐渐降低,而HpVAI1和(或)HpINV2的表达呈现显著增加的趋势[22-23]。因此推测,HpVIN1HpVAI1分别在红肉火龙果果实的不同发育时期发挥作用。在果实转色期,HpVIN1的大量表达促进蔗糖分解产生葡萄糖和果糖并输出液泡,可能参与转色期的甜菜苷色素和黄酮类等代谢[1];随着果实的成熟,HpINV2的上调表达促进葡萄糖和果糖的快速积累[22]。下一步需要分析HpVIN1在红肉火龙果果实不同部位的表达模式,并通过过表达或干涉表达阐明其在果实发育和成熟中的作用,深入探讨HpVIN1的生理功能。
本研究分离红肉火龙果VIN基因HpVIN1,其蛋白定位于液泡,具有分解蔗糖产生葡萄糖和果糖的酶活性。HpVIN1主要在茎和花后20~25 d的果实中表达,参与茎和果实转色期的可溶性糖代谢。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32060674)
  • 贵州省农业科学院国家自然科学基金后补助项目(黔农科院国基后补助[2021]61)
  • 贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合中引地[2023]033)
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2024年第45卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.12.004
  • 接收时间:2024-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-25
  • 修回日期:2024-04-25
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(32060674)
贵州省农业科学院国家自然科学基金后补助项目(黔农科院国基后补助[2021]61)
贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合中引地[2023]033)
作者信息
    1.贵州省农业科学院贵州省果树科学研究所,贵州贵阳 550006
    2.贵州省农业科学院农业农村部喀斯特山区作物基因资源与种质创新重点实验室,贵州贵阳 550006

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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