Article(id=1277293352102003150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277293236137890180, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.11.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714406400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-30, revisedDate=1721577600000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782460066103, onlineDateStr=2026-06-26, pubDate=1732464000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782460066103, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782460066103, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782460066103, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277293236137890180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='11', pageStart='2243', pageEnd='2486', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1732464000000', pubDateStr='2024-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782460038455, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782815269280, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1278783182988358204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277293236137890180, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1278783182988358205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277293236137890180, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2354, endPage=2361, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1277293353968468432, articleId=1277293352102003150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Nutrient Accumulation Characteristics from Litter, Pruned Branches and Nuts Harvest of Macadamia in Yunnan Province, columnId=1236256434120348225, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the deficiency of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) in the production of macadamia in Yunnan province, the accumulation characteristics of Ca, Mg, Zn and B in litter, pruned branch and nuts harvest were analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for the optimal management of Ca, Mg, Zn and B nutrients and help the quality and efficiency production of macadamia. In 2021 and 2022, high-yielding trees of macadamia nut variety A16 were used as the test materials to study the quality of dry matter, the content of Ca, Mg, Zn and B nutrients and their cumulative distribution during litter, pruned branch and nuts harvest. The average dry matter weight of litter, pruned branch and nuts harvest of macadamia t was 35.77 kg/plant, among which litter, pruned branch and nuts harvest accounted for 19%, 32% and 49% of the total dry matter weight, respectively. There were significant differences in the content of Ca, Mg, Zn and B nutrients in different tissues, and the overall performance was Ca>Mg>B>Zn. The average cumulative amounts of Ca, Mg, Zn and B in 2 years was 126.13, 23.39, 0.25 g/plant and 0.89 g/plant, respectively. The cumulative distribution of Ca and Mg in litter, pruned branch and nuts harvest was 45%, 48% and 7%, and 26%, 33% and 41%, respectively. The cumulative distribution of Zn was 25%, 28% and 47%, and the cumulative distribution of B was 44%, 36% and 20%, respectively. Among them, leaves (senescent leaves and pruning leaves) were the main accumulation and distribution parts of Ca and B, while pruning leaves and nuts were the main accumulation and distribution parts of Mg and Zn. The estimated apparent nutrient balance indicated that the total nutrient taken by Ca, Mg, Zn and B was 45.41, 8.42, 0.09 kg/hm2 and 0.32 kg/hm2. After removing some nutrients returned by litter, in the absence of exogenous Ca and Mg input and the input of Zn and B 0.08 kg/hm2, Ca, Mg and B nutrients were deficient in macadamia. The results would provide the basis for nutrient optimization management of macadamia.

, authors=null, authorsList=Liping YANG, Shunjun GENG, Xiyong HE, Huaping DING, Guiliang CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guiliang CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1277293354773774808, articleId=1277293352102003150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=云南澳洲坚果凋落物、修枝和果实收获的养分累积特征研究, columnId=1236256434313286224, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=作物栽培与生理生化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对云南澳洲坚果生产中钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、锌(Zn)、硼(B)元素养分缺乏的现状,通过解析树体凋落物、修枝和果实的Ca、Mg、Zn、B元素养分累积特征,为优化澳洲坚果钙、镁、锌、硼养分管理、助力澳洲坚果提质增效生产提供理论依据。2021—2022年连续2 a以澳洲坚果品种A16的丰产树为试材,研究凋落物、修枝和果实收获中干物质量及Ca、Mg、Zn、B元素养分含量和累积分配量,结果表明:澳洲坚果凋落物、修枝、果实收获干物质量平均为35.77 kg/株,其中,凋落物、修枝、果实收获分别占总干物质量的19%、32%、49%。不同组织间Ca、Mg、Zn、B元素养分含量均存在显著差异,整体表现为:Ca>Mg>B>Zn。年平均Ca、Mg、Zn、B元素养分累积总量分别为126.13、23.39、0.25、0.89 g/株;凋落物、修枝、果实收获的Ca元素养分累积分配分别为45%、48%、7%;Mg元素养分累积分配分别为26%、33%、41%;Zn元素养分累积分配分别为25%、28%、47%;B元素养分累积分配分别为44%、36%、20%。其中,叶(落叶和修枝叶)为Ca、B元素养分主要累积分配部位,而修枝叶和果仁为Mg、Zn元素主要累积分配部位。表观养分平衡估算指出,Ca、Mg、Zn、B元素带走的总养分分别为45.41、8.42、0.09、0.32 kg/hm2,除去凋落物归还的部分养分,在没有外源Ca、Mg元素养分投入,Zn和B元素养分投入0.08 kg/hm2的情况下,澳洲坚果园Ca、Mg和B元素养分处于亏缺状态。该研究结果可为澳洲坚果养分优化管理提供依据。

, authors=

杨丽萍(1980—),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:热作营养调控与施肥。

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* 陈桂良(CHEN Guiliang),E-mail:
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杨丽萍(1980—),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:热作营养调控与施肥。

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杨丽萍(1980—),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:热作营养调控与施肥。

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Accumulation dynamics of biomass Ca and Mg nutrient in the aboveground newborn organs of Guanximiyou pomelo tree[J]. Journal of Fruit Trees, 2024, 41(1): 101-112. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Accumulation dynamics of biomass Ca and Mg nutrient in the aboveground newborn organs of Guanximiyou pomelo tree, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277293369533530686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293352102003150, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=46, issue=10, pageStart=1373, pageEnd=1378, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=46, authorNames=HUETT D O, VIMPANY I, journalName=Australian Joumal of Experimental Agriculture, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUETT D O, VIMPANY I. An evaluation of foliar nitrogen and zinc applications to Macadamia[J]. Australian Joumal of Experimental Agriculture, 2006, 46(10): 1373-1378., articleTitle=An evaluation of foliar nitrogen and zinc applications to Macadamia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277293369629999679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293352102003150, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1987, volume=32, issue=1/2, pageStart=97, pageEnd=103, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=47, authorNames=STEPHENSON R A, GALLAGHER E C, journalName=Scientia Horticulturae, refType=null, unstructuredReference=STEPHENSON R A, GALLAGHER E C. Effects of foliar boron sprays on yield and quality of Macadamia nuts[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 1987, 32(1/2): 97-103., articleTitle=Effects of foliar boron sprays on yield and quality of Macadamia nuts, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1277293364076741133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293352102003150, awardId=202301BD070001-074, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省科技厅农业基础研究项目(202301BD070001-074), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1277293364148044302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293352102003150, awardId=202101AT070146, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省基础研究专项面上项目(202101AT070146), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1277293364202570255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293352102003150, awardId=XDYC-CYCX-2022-0068, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”项目(XDYC-CYCX-2022-0068), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1277293355079959002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293352102003150, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277293355084153307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293352102003150, companyId=1277293355079959002, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Yunnan Institute of Tropical Crops / Yunnan Agricultural Engineering Research Center for Macadamia / Yunnan Technology Innovation Center of Woody Oil, Jinghong, Yunnan 666100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277293355092541916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293352102003150, companyId=1277293355079959002, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=云南省热带作物科学研究所/云南省澳洲坚果农业工程研究中心/云南省木本油料技术创新中心,云南景洪 666100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1277293361165894147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293352102003150, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Biomass accumulation (A) and distribution characteristics (B) of litter, pruned branches and nuts harvest of macadamia

Different small letters indicate significant difference among L, PB, NH in the same year (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=5Ag71gYkgDEMNivP1OILow==, figureFileBig=ihijqcygpmZAAsPO8PibbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293362768118276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293352102003150, language=CN, label=图1, caption=澳洲坚果凋落物、修枝和果实收获干物质量(A)及分配特征(B)

不同小写字母表示在同一年份L、PB、NH间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=5Ag71gYkgDEMNivP1OILow==, figureFileBig=ihijqcygpmZAAsPO8PibbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293363049136645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293352102003150, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Nutrient accumulation characteristics of Ca, Mg, Zn, B in different tissues of macadamia

Different small letters indicate significant difference among L, PB, NH in the same year (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=C+9f1PdVucQ4LE5OSb74Rg==, figureFileBig=m3aGmuRMdoy4QG3W/8ou1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293363141411334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293352102003150, language=CN, label=图2, caption=澳洲坚果不同组织钙Ca、Mg、Zn、B元素养分累积特征

不同小写字母表示在同一年份L、PB、NH间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=C+9f1PdVucQ4LE5OSb74Rg==, figureFileBig=m3aGmuRMdoy4QG3W/8ou1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293363191742983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293352102003150, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Nutrient distrbution characteristics of Ca, Mg, Zn, B in different tissues of macadamia, figureFileSmall=uzUHJJ9RlUco/xpRd5cY6g==, figureFileBig=19ZjtJUxokd+jm322D3Lig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293363476955656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293352102003150, language=CN, label=图3, caption=澳洲坚果不同组织Ca、Mg、Zn、B元素养分分配特征, figureFileSmall=uzUHJJ9RlUco/xpRd5cY6g==, figureFileBig=19ZjtJUxokd+jm322D3Lig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293363560841737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293352102003150, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Characteristics of nutrient content in different tissues of macadamia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份Year组织Tissue含量Content
Ca/(g·kg-1)Mg/(g·kg-1)Zn/(mg·kg-1)B/(mg·kg-1)
落叶12.10±2.81a0.65±0.07de6.68±0.43c85.97±8.24a
凋落物落花5.01±1.18c1.73±0.22a18.00±1.62a19.40±1.19c
落果2.23±0.32d1.29±0.09b11.20±1.90b20.24±7.69c
2021修枝2.18±0.48d0.41±0.20ef4.84±0.50d1.67±0.48d
8.22±3.17b0.92±0.44cd7.15±1.16c65.43±11.86b
果皮0.73±0.04d0.66±0.03de4.84±0.34d20.68±3.98c
果实果壳0.28±0.02d0.16±0.02f3.29±0.52d4.07±0.51d
果仁0.69±0.05d1.12±0.06bc10.73±0.34b8.15±0.45d
落叶11.46±2.37a0.66±0.07d6.41±0.34de79.42±4.55a
凋落物落花4.41±0.73c1.72±0.22a21.93±2.74a16.54±1.53d
落果2.66±0.46cde1.15±0.13b10.69±0.85c20.66±5.16d
2022修枝2.79±0.16cd0.51±0.11d5.22±0.27e5.93±0.32e
7.94±2.90b0.91±0.32c7.90±1.08d40.44±6.76b
果皮0.79±0.07efg0.61±0.04d4.93±0.35e26.69±3.00c
果实果壳0.24±0.05g0.15±0.01e4.91±0.90e2.61±0.89e
果仁0.61±0.08fg1.08±0.06bc13.25±1.13b4.62±1.82e
年份(Y)NSNS**
组织(T)****
Y×TNSNS**
), ArticleFig(id=1277293363636339210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293352102003150, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

澳洲坚果不同组织养分含量特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份Year组织Tissue含量Content
Ca/(g·kg-1)Mg/(g·kg-1)Zn/(mg·kg-1)B/(mg·kg-1)
落叶12.10±2.81a0.65±0.07de6.68±0.43c85.97±8.24a
凋落物落花5.01±1.18c1.73±0.22a18.00±1.62a19.40±1.19c
落果2.23±0.32d1.29±0.09b11.20±1.90b20.24±7.69c
2021修枝2.18±0.48d0.41±0.20ef4.84±0.50d1.67±0.48d
8.22±3.17b0.92±0.44cd7.15±1.16c65.43±11.86b
果皮0.73±0.04d0.66±0.03de4.84±0.34d20.68±3.98c
果实果壳0.28±0.02d0.16±0.02f3.29±0.52d4.07±0.51d
果仁0.69±0.05d1.12±0.06bc10.73±0.34b8.15±0.45d
落叶11.46±2.37a0.66±0.07d6.41±0.34de79.42±4.55a
凋落物落花4.41±0.73c1.72±0.22a21.93±2.74a16.54±1.53d
落果2.66±0.46cde1.15±0.13b10.69±0.85c20.66±5.16d
2022修枝2.79±0.16cd0.51±0.11d5.22±0.27e5.93±0.32e
7.94±2.90b0.91±0.32c7.90±1.08d40.44±6.76b
果皮0.79±0.07efg0.61±0.04d4.93±0.35e26.69±3.00c
果实果壳0.24±0.05g0.15±0.01e4.91±0.90e2.61±0.89e
果仁0.61±0.08fg1.08±0.06bc13.25±1.13b4.62±1.82e
年份(Y)NSNS**
组织(T)****
Y×TNSNS**
), ArticleFig(id=1277293363904774667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293352102003150, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Apparent balance of Ca, Mg, Zn and B nutrients of macadamia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素Element养分输出Otput养分输入Input养分平衡Balance
肥料输入Fertilizer input凋落物归还Return of litter
Ca45.410.009.08-36.33
Mg8.420.000.96-7.46
Zn0.090.080.010.00
B0.320.080.06-0.18
), ArticleFig(id=1277293363980272140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293352102003150, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

澳洲坚果Ca、Mg、Zn、B元素养分表观平衡

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素Element养分输出Otput养分输入Input养分平衡Balance
肥料输入Fertilizer input凋落物归还Return of litter
Ca45.410.009.08-36.33
Mg8.420.000.96-7.46
Zn0.090.080.010.00
B0.320.080.06-0.18
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云南澳洲坚果凋落物、修枝和果实收获的养分累积特征研究
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杨丽萍 , 耿顺军 , 贺熙勇 , 丁华平 , 陈桂良 *
热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2024,45(11): 2354-2361
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热带作物学报 |作物栽培与生理生化 2024 , 45 (11) : 2354 -2361
云南澳洲坚果凋落物、修枝和果实收获的养分累积特征研究
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杨丽萍, 耿顺军, 贺熙勇, 丁华平, 陈桂良*
作者信息
  • 云南省热带作物科学研究所/云南省澳洲坚果农业工程研究中心/云南省木本油料技术创新中心,云南景洪 666100
通讯作者:
* 陈桂良(CHEN Guiliang),E-mail:
Nutrient Accumulation Characteristics from Litter, Pruned Branches and Nuts Harvest of Macadamia in Yunnan Province
Liping YANG, Shunjun GENG, Xiyong HE, Huaping DING, Guiliang CHEN*
Affiliations
  • Yunnan Institute of Tropical Crops / Yunnan Agricultural Engineering Research Center for Macadamia / Yunnan Technology Innovation Center of Woody Oil, Jinghong, Yunnan 666100, China
出版时间: 2024-11-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.11.013
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针对云南澳洲坚果生产中钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、锌(Zn)、硼(B)元素养分缺乏的现状,通过解析树体凋落物、修枝和果实的Ca、Mg、Zn、B元素养分累积特征,为优化澳洲坚果钙、镁、锌、硼养分管理、助力澳洲坚果提质增效生产提供理论依据。2021—2022年连续2 a以澳洲坚果品种A16的丰产树为试材,研究凋落物、修枝和果实收获中干物质量及Ca、Mg、Zn、B元素养分含量和累积分配量,结果表明:澳洲坚果凋落物、修枝、果实收获干物质量平均为35.77 kg/株,其中,凋落物、修枝、果实收获分别占总干物质量的19%、32%、49%。不同组织间Ca、Mg、Zn、B元素养分含量均存在显著差异,整体表现为:Ca>Mg>B>Zn。年平均Ca、Mg、Zn、B元素养分累积总量分别为126.13、23.39、0.25、0.89 g/株;凋落物、修枝、果实收获的Ca元素养分累积分配分别为45%、48%、7%;Mg元素养分累积分配分别为26%、33%、41%;Zn元素养分累积分配分别为25%、28%、47%;B元素养分累积分配分别为44%、36%、20%。其中,叶(落叶和修枝叶)为Ca、B元素养分主要累积分配部位,而修枝叶和果仁为Mg、Zn元素主要累积分配部位。表观养分平衡估算指出,Ca、Mg、Zn、B元素带走的总养分分别为45.41、8.42、0.09、0.32 kg/hm2,除去凋落物归还的部分养分,在没有外源Ca、Mg元素养分投入,Zn和B元素养分投入0.08 kg/hm2的情况下,澳洲坚果园Ca、Mg和B元素养分处于亏缺状态。该研究结果可为澳洲坚果养分优化管理提供依据。

澳洲坚果  /  凋落物  /  修枝  /  果实收获  /  养分特征  /  表观养分平衡

In view of the deficiency of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) in the production of macadamia in Yunnan province, the accumulation characteristics of Ca, Mg, Zn and B in litter, pruned branch and nuts harvest were analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for the optimal management of Ca, Mg, Zn and B nutrients and help the quality and efficiency production of macadamia. In 2021 and 2022, high-yielding trees of macadamia nut variety A16 were used as the test materials to study the quality of dry matter, the content of Ca, Mg, Zn and B nutrients and their cumulative distribution during litter, pruned branch and nuts harvest. The average dry matter weight of litter, pruned branch and nuts harvest of macadamia t was 35.77 kg/plant, among which litter, pruned branch and nuts harvest accounted for 19%, 32% and 49% of the total dry matter weight, respectively. There were significant differences in the content of Ca, Mg, Zn and B nutrients in different tissues, and the overall performance was Ca>Mg>B>Zn. The average cumulative amounts of Ca, Mg, Zn and B in 2 years was 126.13, 23.39, 0.25 g/plant and 0.89 g/plant, respectively. The cumulative distribution of Ca and Mg in litter, pruned branch and nuts harvest was 45%, 48% and 7%, and 26%, 33% and 41%, respectively. The cumulative distribution of Zn was 25%, 28% and 47%, and the cumulative distribution of B was 44%, 36% and 20%, respectively. Among them, leaves (senescent leaves and pruning leaves) were the main accumulation and distribution parts of Ca and B, while pruning leaves and nuts were the main accumulation and distribution parts of Mg and Zn. The estimated apparent nutrient balance indicated that the total nutrient taken by Ca, Mg, Zn and B was 45.41, 8.42, 0.09 kg/hm2 and 0.32 kg/hm2. After removing some nutrients returned by litter, in the absence of exogenous Ca and Mg input and the input of Zn and B 0.08 kg/hm2, Ca, Mg and B nutrients were deficient in macadamia. The results would provide the basis for nutrient optimization management of macadamia.

Macadamia  /  litter  /  pruned branches  /  nuts harvest  /  nutrient characteristics  /  apparent nutrient balance
杨丽萍, 耿顺军, 贺熙勇, 丁华平, 陈桂良. 云南澳洲坚果凋落物、修枝和果实收获的养分累积特征研究. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (11) : 2354 -2361 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.11.013
Liping YANG, Shunjun GENG, Xiyong HE, Huaping DING, Guiliang CHEN. Nutrient Accumulation Characteristics from Litter, Pruned Branches and Nuts Harvest of Macadamia in Yunnan Province[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (11) : 2354 -2361 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.11.013
澳洲坚果(Macadamia spp.)是山龙眼科(Proteaceae)澳洲坚果属(Macadamia F. Muell.)常绿乔木果树,原产澳洲,是澳大利亚本土植物中被驯化为世界性栽培的经济作物,是世界公认的名贵食用干果和木本油料,素有“干果皇后”“世界坚果之王”的美誉[1]。自1910年引入中国以来,依托云南热区得天独厚的光热资源条件,澳洲坚果产业在云南得以快速推广[2]。目前云南省澳洲坚果种植面积占全国的90%以上,占世界种植总面积的54%,是世界澳洲坚果种植主产区。2021年云南省澳洲坚果种植面积达25.27万hm2,其中临沧、普洱、德宏、保山、西双版纳等地的总种植面积达24.93万hm2,成为云南澳洲坚果主产区[3]
云南澳洲坚果种植区大多为山地,施肥管理粗放,缺乏合理的施肥技术指导,在生产上过多施用氮、磷、钾肥,而忽视中、微量元素肥的施用。研究表明,中、微量元素对植物的生长发育和新陈代谢起着重要调控作用,对产量和品质的形成有着重要的影响[4-6]。随着澳洲坚果树的生长,树体对中、微量元素的需求愈发迫切,中、微量元素间的科学配比显得尤为重要。云南澳洲坚果叶片和土壤养分调查研究表明,云南澳洲坚果钙、镁、锌、硼营养总体处于缺乏和潜在缺乏状态[7]。近年来出现老叶“鱼骨状”黄化的营养失调症状果园逐年增多,长此必然限制澳洲坚果产业良性发展。因此,生产中迫切需要制定合理的中、微量元素施用方案。
澳洲坚果树每年的萌芽、开花、抽梢、结果需要消耗树体大量的矿质营养元素,但主要通过凋落物、果实收获以及修枝等途径从树体移走。澳洲坚果叶片角质层较厚,凋落后短期很难分解,雨季容易随着雨水的冲刷而损失,归还量占凋落物总量的44%[8]。澳洲坚果树每年需进行修剪,修剪的枝条数量庞大,通常被随意堆放或焚烧,其移走的养分不能回归土壤。因此,凋落物、修枝、果实收获,这3种方式是澳洲坚果主要的养分输出方式。张乃文等[9]指出,养分输出量是果园实际生产中指导施肥的重要指标,果园养分输入、输出平衡是维持果园持续生产的基础。
目前已有澳洲坚果凋落物动态、养分归还和果实养分研究的报道[10-11],但将凋落物、修枝、果实收获三者有机结合作为养分输出方式的研究尚未见报道。因此,本研究在云南代表性澳洲坚果园选择主栽品种A16,计算树体凋落物、果实收获、修枝中钙、镁、锌、硼养分累积分配特征及养分表观平衡,以期为澳洲坚果园钙、镁、锌、硼养分优化管理提供理论依据。
试验在云南临沧市镇康县南伞镇澳洲坚果园进行。供试品种Hidden Valley A16(简称:A16)2010年定植,栽植密度为360株/hm2,株行距4.0 m×7.0 m。2021—2022年间平均鲜果产量为10 800~12 600 kg/hm2。0~20 cm土壤基本化学性质为:pH 5.1、有机质24.78 g/kg、全氮1.13 g/kg、交换性钙157 mg/kg,交换性镁46.83 mg/kg,有效锌2.08 mg/kg、有效硼0.86 mg/kg。
在果园随机抽取12棵树,分为4组,每组3棵,每组间距100 m。凋落物(litter, L)(落叶、落花、落果)、修枝(prune branches, PB)(修剪的枝、叶)、果实收获(harvest fruits, HF)(果皮、果壳、果仁)和总量(total, T)(凋落物、修枝、果实收获),在2021—2022年间取样。2—6月,采用密眼拦截网每月收集凋落物1次,分为落叶、落花和落果;9月收获时收集每棵树的鲜果产量,同时从每棵树的东、南、西、北4个方向各采集10个成熟果实,然后混合成一个复合样品。将新鲜的坚果分为果皮和壳果,称鲜重。果皮在70 ℃下烘干,称干重;壳果依次在38、45、60 ℃条件下分别干燥2 d,将壳果分离为果壳和果仁,称干重。按照常规修剪管理,10月修剪枝条,然后分为叶和枝,分别测量其鲜重和干重(在70 ℃下烘干)。试验地采取优化施肥处理,其N-P2O5-K2O化肥用量为101-61-133 kg/hm2,施肥时期分为4个阶段,即促花肥(2月)、膨果肥(4月)、壮果肥(7月)以及冬肥(10月),各肥料均在树冠滴水线范围内进行环形均匀撒施。花序抽发期和小果期喷施0.02%的硼砂和ZnSO4·7H2O。
将干燥后的样品研磨,称取样品0.2000 g加6 mL HNO3,微波消解仪(CEM MARS6,美国)消解后,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(PerkinElmer Avio500,美国)测定组织中的钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、锌(Zn)、硼(B)4种元素的浓度。
数据采用Microsoft Office Excel 2020和SPSS 19.0软件进行整理和统计分析,应用Origin 2019软件作图。
澳洲坚果各组织干物质量表现为:L>PB>NH(图1A)。2021—2022年澳洲坚果干物质量平均为35.77 kg/株,其中,NH、PB、L平均干物质量分别为6.70、11.27、17.80 kg/株,分别占干物质总量的19%、32%、49%。2021—2022年分配中凋落物的落叶、落花、落果干物质量平均为12%、2%、5%,修枝的枝条、叶片平均干物质量为16%、16%,果实的果皮、果壳、果仁平均干物质量为13%、22%、14%(图1B)。
表1可知,不同组织Ca、Mg、Zn和B元素养分含量均存在显著差异,整体呈现:Ca>Mg>B>Zn。不同组织Ca元素含量整体表现为:叶片>枝条>果实;Mg、Zn元素含量则为:落花>落果>果仁>叶>枝;B元素含量为:叶片>果皮>落果>落花>果仁>枝条;Ca、B元素含量落叶高于修剪叶,而Mg、Zn元素含量为修剪叶高于落叶。方差分析显示,年份与组织的交互作用显著影响Zn和B元素含量,年际对Zn和B元素含量有影响,但对Ca和Mg元素含量无影响。
Ca元素累积量表现为:L≈PB>NH(图2)。2021—2022年澳洲坚果Ca元素累积量分别为132.23、120.03 g/株,2021年Ca元素累积量高于2022年,这主要是因为2021年落叶和修枝叶Ca元素累积量高于2022年。L、PB、NH年平均Ca元素累积量分别为57.41、59.76、8.96 g/株,且均以落叶(89%)、修枝叶(80%)部分Ca元素累积量为主(图3),而落花、落果累积量仅为5.75 g/株。
与Ca元素相反,Mg元素累积量表现为:NH>PB>L(图2)。2021—2022年Mg元素累积量分别为24.00、22.79 g/株,L、PB、NH年平均Mg元素累积量分别为6.05、7.63、9.72 g/株,且均以修枝叶(70%)、果仁(57%)部分Mg元素累积量为主(图3),而落花落果Mg元素累积量仅为4.75 g/株。
Zn元素累积量表现为:NH>PB≈L(图2)。2021—2022年Zn元素累积量分别为233.60、258.05 mg/株,L、PB、NH年平均Zn元素累积量分别为59.38、70.41、116.03 mg/株,且均以落叶(49%)、修枝叶(54%)、果仁(52%)部分Zn元素累积量为主(图3)。
B元素累积量表现为:L≈PB>NH(图2)。2021—2022年B元素累积量分别为997.50、790.05 mg/株,L、PB、NH年平均B元素累积量分别为399.18、324.26、170.34 mg/株,且均以落叶(88%)、修枝叶(93%)、果皮(66%)部分B元素累积量为主(图3)。
2021—2022年澳洲坚果L、PB和NH的Ca元素累积分配分别为45%、48%、7%,Mg元素累积分配分别为26%、33%、41%;Zn元素累积分配分别为25%、28%、47%,B元素累积分配分别为44%、36%、20%。其中,落叶和叶为Ca元素主要累积分配部位,分别占总累积量的40%、38%,而叶和果仁为Mg元素主要累积分配部位,分别占总累积量的22%、24%;叶和果仁为Zn元素主要累积分配部位,分别占总累积量的17%、24%;落叶和叶为B元素主要累积分配部位,分别占总累积量的39%、33%(图3)。
以常规种植密度360株/hm2的澳洲坚果Ca、Mg、Zn、B元素带走的总养分为45.41、8.42、0.09、0.32 kg/hm2表2);其中,Ca、Mg、Zn、B元素修剪带走养分分别为21.51、2.75、0.03、0.12 kg/hm2,果实收获带走养分分别为3.22、3.50、0.04、0.06 kg/hm2,Ca、Mg、Zn、B元素凋落物总养分分别为20.67、2.18、0.02、0.14 kg/hm2。根据表观养分平衡估算,凋落物每年养分归还量按44%计算[8],在没有外源Ca、Mg元素肥投入,Zn和B元素肥投入0.08 kg/hm2的情况下,澳洲坚果园Ca、Mg和B元素养分长期处于亏缺状态。
Ca、Mg、Zn、B元素在植物体内含量低,却是植物正常生长发育所必需的营养元素。钙作为果树生理代谢和发育的主要调控者,可调节果树的生理活动,有利于氮、磷的吸收[12]。由于叶片的蒸腾作用大于果实以及其他幼嫩部位,因而获得钙的能力较强,同时,钙的移动性在韧皮部中相对较差,难以再运输和分配到果实及新生部位[13],因此澳洲坚果Ca含量呈现为:叶片(落叶、叶片)>枝条>果实,且落叶高于生长中的叶片。Mg、Zn元素含量表现为:落花>落果>果仁>叶>枝。缺镁主要症状表现在老叶,而缺锌症状表现在新叶,所以生长中的叶片Mg、Zn元素含量大于落叶。B元素含量表现为:叶片>果皮>落花>果仁>枝条。年际间Zn和B元素含量波动较大,这是因为该果园每年叶面喷施Zn、B元素肥的缘故。徐晓玲等[14]的研究结果也表明Zn和B元素年际间有显著差异,叶面施硼可以显著提高叶片硼含量,喷施硼肥没有后效,缺硼植株需要每年施用。
植物生长发育所吸收的养分可以直接反映树体养分需求情况。前人研究大多集中在叶片养分变化规律及N、P、K高效施用[15-16]方面,而有关Ca、Mg、Zn、B元素养分的累积特性方面研究较少。本研究结果表明,生产100 kg澳洲坚果鲜果需要消耗Ca、Mg、Zn、B元素养分分别为25.60、27.77、0.33、2.26 g,表现为Ca≈Mg>B>Zn,这与NAGAO等[17]、杨为海等[18]和MOODLEY等[19]对澳洲坚果种仁矿质营养的研究结果基本一致。对于澳洲坚果植株而言,Ca、B元素主要分配在叶片和枝条,占植株总养分含量的76%和71%;Mg元素分配在枝条,占植株总养分含量的39%[20]。在本研究中,Ca和B元素在凋落物、修枝中占主导,分别占总累积量的45%、48%和44%、36%;Mg和Zn元素在果实中占主导,分别占总累积量的41%和47%。
云南澳洲坚果园土壤酸性,土壤pH 4.94,钙、镁、锌、硼等离子较为缺乏,交换性钙、交换性镁、有效锌和有效硼分别为352.78、85.65、2.14、0.60 mg/kg[7],澳洲坚果种植多年未补充中、微量元素,叶片易出现Ca、Mg、Zn、B元素缺乏症状。
近年来,针对澳洲坚果园Ca、Mg元素肥施用效果研究较少,而在其他作物上的研究较多。陆静[21]研究表明,施用石灰后可显著提高贡柑果园的土壤pH、有效钙含量,1.0 kg/株提高的幅度最大,叶面喷施1.0%乙酸钙效果最好。尤召阳等[22]研究表明CaO基施明显提高了花生的收获指数,红壤和沙壤花生栽培中建议基施CaO。宋洋等[23]研究表明土壤酸化果园增施碱性镁肥,能提升土壤pH,改善土壤环境,使土壤呼吸酶活性和有效态矿质元素保持在相对较高的水平,进而促进根系对其吸收利用,提升果园产量和品质。王昱桁等[24]研究MgCO3对降低土壤酸度、增加土壤交换性镁,提高叶片镁含量和柑橘果实产量效果优于MgSO4。ZHANG等[25]研究琯溪蜜柚采用石灰(CaCO3 825 kg/hm2)配施镁肥(MgO 297 kg/hm2)的措施显著提高果实产量、品质和经济效益,提高土壤pH、钙镁养分有效性,降低交换性酸和铝含量。陶晶霞等[26]研究表明施用钙镁肥时,不仅需要考虑土壤的供肥能力和植株的养分需求特性,还要考虑肥料品种、施肥方式和施肥时期等因素。
锌、硼补充方式主要有土施和叶面喷施,但HUETT等[27]研究表明土壤施锌后1 a和2 a的叶片锌浓度无影响,用锌溶液叶面喷施4周后,叶片锌浓度从12 mg/kg增加到26 mg/kg,建议叶面施锌以增加澳洲坚果叶片的锌浓度。STEPHENSON等[28]研究也表明叶面喷施0.02%硼溶液能够增产,提高澳洲坚果出仁率和一级果仁率及平均果仁重。由于微肥适宜到过量范围较窄,最佳施用量和施用方式需要做田间试验进行验证。
澳洲坚果树体一旦出现缺素症状,较难恢复。也通过叶片营养诊断参考叶片养分含量进行判别。在养分出现潜在缺乏时,及时对树体进行营养元素的补充,效果要更好。在重视氮磷钾肥的同时还应配合钙、镁、锌、硼等中、微量元素,研究澳洲坚果最佳养分用量、配伍和运筹等管理方案。
  • 云南省科技厅农业基础研究项目(202301BD070001-074)
  • 云南省基础研究专项面上项目(202101AT070146)
  • 云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”项目(XDYC-CYCX-2022-0068)
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2024年第45卷第11期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.11.013
  • 接收时间:2024-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-06-26
  • 出版时间:2024-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-30
  • 修回日期:2024-07-22
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云南省科技厅农业基础研究项目(202301BD070001-074)
云南省基础研究专项面上项目(202101AT070146)
云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”项目(XDYC-CYCX-2022-0068)
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    云南省热带作物科学研究所/云南省澳洲坚果农业工程研究中心/云南省木本油料技术创新中心,云南景洪 666100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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