Article(id=1276844485401248221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276844393709568941, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.10.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709827200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-08, revisedDate=1710777600000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782353047943, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782353047943, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782353047943, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782353047943, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276844393709568941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='10', pageStart='1999', pageEnd='2242', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1729785600000', pubDateStr='2024-10-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782353026082, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782355588483, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276855141311574992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276844393709568941, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276855141311574993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276844393709568941, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2067, endPage=2080, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276844485824872927, articleId=1276844485401248221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Identification of CIN Gene Family in Sweetpotato and Screen of Key CIN Genes Regulating Storageroot Development, columnId=1236256430337085821, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Omics & Biotechnology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cytoplasmic invertase (CIN) irreversibly hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose and plays an important role in the development of roots in various model plants. Presently, there is no research on the CIN gene family in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) and the role of IbCINs in the development of storage roots of sweetpotato remains to be elucidated. This study systematically identified the types and quantities of IbCIN gene family. Physicochemical properties, chromosome localization, phylogeny, gene structure and conserved motifs, promoter cis elements of IbCINs were also analyzed. Simultaneously, through the expression analysis of IbCINs in different tissues and different types of roots, and the activity analysis of CIN in different types of roots, several candidate CIN genes were identified that play an important role in the development of storage roots of sweetpotato. A total of 12 IbCIN genes (IbCIN1-12) were identified from the genome of sweetpotato, distributing on 8 chromosomes. The number of amino acids of IbCIN-encoded protein was 417-825 aa, the molecular weightwas 46.60-93.75 kDa, and the isoelectric point was 4.83-7.17. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that IbCINs could be divided into three groups, α1, α2 and β groups, comprising 1, 3 and 8 members, respectively. α1 and α2 members were very conservative in conserved motifs and gene structures, while β memberswere less conservative, which indicating that β group may have more diverse function than the other two groups, allowing β members to participate in more biological processes. In addition, phylogenetic analysis also revealed that IbCIN1, IbCIN7, IbCIN10 and IbCIN12 were closely related to CIN genes related to root development in Arabidopsis and cassava, suggesting that the four genes may play important roles in the development of non-storage root of sweetpotato. The analysis of the expression levels of IbCINs in different tissue (young leaves, mature leaves, stems, flowers, 60 d storage roots) and different types of roots (white fiber roots, red fiber roots, pencil roots and 60 d storage roots) showed that IbCIN4, IbCIN8 and IbCIN11 had the highest expression levels in storage roots, and simultaneously the CIN activity in storage roots was significantly higher than that in non-storage roots. Thus, it can be speculated that the three genes may play an important role in the development of storage roots of sweetpotato. Bioinformatics analysis further revealed that IbCIN4, IbCIN8 and IbCIN11 may jointly promote the development of storage roots via different mechanisms, including facilitating sucrose transport to and subsequent degradation in storage roots, attenuating photoperiod response and signal transduction of gibberellin. This study could lay a foundation for further research on the function of IbCIN genes through transgenic technology.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jiating LIU, Shuli XIN, Tian ZHAO, Yonghua LIU, Guopeng ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yonghua LIU, Guopeng ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276844489536831988, articleId=1276844485401248221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=甘薯CIN基因家族鉴定及影响块根膨大关键CIN基因的挖掘, columnId=1236256430517440904, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=组学与生物技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

细胞质转化酶(CIN)催化蔗糖不可逆地水解为葡萄糖和果糖,在模式植物根系生长发育中发挥着重要作用。目前尚未对甘薯CIN基因家族进行研究,更不清楚CIN在甘薯块根膨大中的具体作用。本研究系统鉴定了甘薯CIN基因家族的种类和数量并分析其蛋白质理化性质、染色体定位、系统发育、基因结构和保守基序、启动子顺式元件,同时,分析甘薯CIN家族基因在不同组织部位进行的表达特异性分析及其在不同类型根系中的表达水平和酶活性,初步筛选出在甘薯块根膨大中发挥重要作用的关键候选CIN基因。结果如下:(1)从甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)基因组中共鉴定出12个IbCIN基因(IbCIN1-12),分布于8条染色体上,编码蛋白质的氨基酸数量范围为417~825 aa,分子量范围为46.60~93.75 kDa,等电点范围为4.83~7.17。(2)系统发育分析发现IbCIN可分为3个亚组,其中α1亚组1个,α2亚组3个,β亚组8个。α1、α2亚组成员之间在保守基序和基因结构上差异较小、相对保守,而β亚组成员之间则差异较大,表明β亚组的IbCIN基因可能在功能上更为多样,可以参与更多的生物过程。此外,IbCIN1、IbCIN7IbCIN10IbCIN12与拟南芥和木薯根系发育相关CIN基因的亲缘关系较近,推测其可能与非块根类型根系发育密切相关。(3)IbCINs在不同组织部位(幼叶、成熟叶、茎、花、60 d块根)和不同类型根系(白色纤维根、红色纤维根、柴根和60 d块根)中的表达水平分析表明,IbCIN4IbCIN8IbCIN11在块根中的表达水平最高,同时块根中的CIN酶活性也显著高于非块根类型根系,推测这3个基因可能在甘薯块根膨大中发挥着重要作用。(4)生物信息学分析进一步揭示IbCIN4IbCIN8IbCIN11可能通过调控蔗糖转运和代谢、光周期反应、赤霉素信号转导等途径和机制来共同促进甘薯块根的发育。本研究可为后续通过转基因技术等手段深入研究甘薯CIN基因的功能奠定基础。

, authors=

刘嘉婷(1999—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:甘薯栽培技术和品质。

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* 刘永华(LIU Yonghua),E-mail:
朱国鹏(ZHU Guopeng),E-mail:
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2.海南大学热带农林学院(农业农村学院、乡村振兴学院)/海南大学海南省热带园艺作物品质调控重点实验室,海南儋州 571737, bio={"content":"

刘嘉婷(1999—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:甘薯栽培技术和品质。

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刘嘉婷(1999—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:甘薯栽培技术和品质。

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Key sugar transporters and affecting root tuber development in sweet potato studies on the species of sucrose decomposing enzymes and their gene family members appraisal[D]. Haikou: Hainan University, 2022. 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ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276844489973039614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, companyId=1276844489964651005, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Baoting Agricultural Service Center, Baoting, Hainan 572316, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276844489981428223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, companyId=1276844489964651005, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.保亭黎族苗族自治县农业服务中心,海南保亭 572316)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276844496230941224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Localization of sweetpotato IbCIN genes on chromosomes, figureFileSmall=7cAaBsuPrCcXf2cFYOYxUw==, figureFileBig=iM90wjoNHNGnKtW9/8L4oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844496293855785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=CN, label=图1, caption=IbCINs在染色体上的定位, figureFileSmall=7cAaBsuPrCcXf2cFYOYxUw==, figureFileBig=iM90wjoNHNGnKtW9/8L4oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844498089017898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Phylogenetic tree of CIN family of sweetpotato, arabidopsis and cassava, figureFileSmall=JcCsPZnxTiEwH5TXmN8BgA==, figureFileBig=CLgNwn+JFZYuPNonTsq4sQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844498177098283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=CN, label=图2, caption=甘薯、拟南芥、木薯CIN家族系统发育树, figureFileSmall=JcCsPZnxTiEwH5TXmN8BgA==, figureFileBig=CLgNwn+JFZYuPNonTsq4sQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844498248401452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Domains of CIN family in sweetpotato and cassava, figureFileSmall=9pJDUEd4Uqxq5NGxSMxpeg==, figureFileBig=AIak4JRekmiiz0re1Y3+Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844498336481837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=CN, label=图3, caption=甘薯和木薯CIN家族保守结构域, figureFileSmall=9pJDUEd4Uqxq5NGxSMxpeg==, figureFileBig=AIak4JRekmiiz0re1Y3+Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844498395202094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Gene structure and conserved motif of CIN family in sweetpotato, figureFileSmall=sbp7qXFuYwSSyXu2Q2acAA==, figureFileBig=Dyxob0UKnoVBrSWEIPZ0Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844498458116655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=CN, label=图4, caption=甘薯CIN家族基因结构和保守基序, figureFileSmall=sbp7qXFuYwSSyXu2Q2acAA==, figureFileBig=Dyxob0UKnoVBrSWEIPZ0Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844498533614128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Heat map of cis-acting elements of CIN family in sweetpotato, figureFileSmall=93E/DdM4LCX1GEmjQHUomA==, figureFileBig=kAwFRZ1DBOjrsBodAqvgHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844498621694513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=CN, label=图5, caption=甘薯CIN家族顺式作用元件热图, figureFileSmall=93E/DdM4LCX1GEmjQHUomA==, figureFileBig=kAwFRZ1DBOjrsBodAqvgHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844498684609074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Intraspecific collinearity analysis of CIN family of sweetpotato, figureFileSmall=NjFJwra+0RyFojo7rOSHIQ==, figureFileBig=hdoG810TIUflQbvzlfGQlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844498760106547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=CN, label=图6, caption=甘薯CIN家族种内共线性分析, figureFileSmall=NjFJwra+0RyFojo7rOSHIQ==, figureFileBig=hdoG810TIUflQbvzlfGQlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844498843992628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Expression levels of CIN genes in different tissue of sweetpotato

The different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=MHEN8WfvggaeTAXWihclJg==, figureFileBig=AjFd+wvr6voUnJhp9ZNK/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844498940461621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同甘薯组织部位中CIN基因表达水平

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=MHEN8WfvggaeTAXWihclJg==, figureFileBig=AjFd+wvr6voUnJhp9ZNK/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844499032736310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Expression levels of IbCIN genes in different type of sweetpotato roots

The different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05), ns indicates no significant (P˃0.05).

, figureFileSmall=1o0Gd7Q4D81IVxfTF5TW6w==, figureFileBig=5nt3MAfY0E9UT6gI/MR7Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844499116622391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=CN, label=图8, caption=甘薯不同类型根系中IbCIN基因表达水平

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),ns表示无显著差异(P˃0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=1o0Gd7Q4D81IVxfTF5TW6w==, figureFileBig=5nt3MAfY0E9UT6gI/MR7Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844499192119864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Activities of CIN in different type of sweetpotato roots

The different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=Rkd4Dja8dYXvq7Zl4BMsWQ==, figureFileBig=jmadvzct1MSBjuyZrBbYig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844499271811641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=CN, label=图9, caption=甘薯不同类型根系中CIN活性

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Rkd4Dja8dYXvq7Zl4BMsWQ==, figureFileBig=jmadvzct1MSBjuyZrBbYig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844499368280634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Primers used for qRT-PCR determination

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称Gene name登录号Accession No.正向引物(5′-3′)Forward primer(5′-3′)反向引物(5′-3′)Reverse primer(5′-3′)产物长度Amplicon length/bp
IbCIN1g4072GGATAATCAAGAACATGGGCTGTCCTGGTAGATGAAAGAGGGGT236
IbCIN2g5893GGAGTAAAGAGGGAGGAACCCACAAGTCACCAACAAACACCGAG252
IbCIN3g8522GGAGAATCGTGACTGGCTGTGCTTCCGAGTTTCCCGTCATAG199
IbCIN4g13714ACTGAGTGAAATGTCCGTTGGGAGTTGCGGGTGGAAGAAA108
IbCIN5g18829GAGGATGGATTTCCGTTGGTCTTGATGCCGCAGTGAGTAG270
IbCIN6g19034TCTCCCGCCTTCCATACCCTCCCAAGCATCAGCAAACA151
IbCIN7g23246TCTCTGAATAGGGAGGAGGGGACCAACTGGGCTGTCACAATACC140
IbCIN8g25759GAATGGATGCCGAATAAAGGACCGTGGCAAGACTGCTGACTA115
IbCIN9g34021CGTCCTTAGCAACTCCTGAACCACCCTGTTACAATACGCCAC139
IbCIN10g41626CTCACATGGATTTTCGGTTTTTCCCAGTTATTATTCGCCAGTCTTC187
IbCIN11g41717AGCACGACGAAGAAAGTAGGGTCGAGTTGGCATGAAATCAAA215
IbCIN12g44130ATTCCACAGAGGCAACAAACAAGACTCCAAAGCCGGATAACATA274
IbActinEU250003.1TATGGTTGGGATGGGACAGAACGGTAAGAAGGACAGGGTGCT191
), ArticleFig(id=1276844499431195195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

qRT-PCR引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称Gene name登录号Accession No.正向引物(5′-3′)Forward primer(5′-3′)反向引物(5′-3′)Reverse primer(5′-3′)产物长度Amplicon length/bp
IbCIN1g4072GGATAATCAAGAACATGGGCTGTCCTGGTAGATGAAAGAGGGGT236
IbCIN2g5893GGAGTAAAGAGGGAGGAACCCACAAGTCACCAACAAACACCGAG252
IbCIN3g8522GGAGAATCGTGACTGGCTGTGCTTCCGAGTTTCCCGTCATAG199
IbCIN4g13714ACTGAGTGAAATGTCCGTTGGGAGTTGCGGGTGGAAGAAA108
IbCIN5g18829GAGGATGGATTTCCGTTGGTCTTGATGCCGCAGTGAGTAG270
IbCIN6g19034TCTCCCGCCTTCCATACCCTCCCAAGCATCAGCAAACA151
IbCIN7g23246TCTCTGAATAGGGAGGAGGGGACCAACTGGGCTGTCACAATACC140
IbCIN8g25759GAATGGATGCCGAATAAAGGACCGTGGCAAGACTGCTGACTA115
IbCIN9g34021CGTCCTTAGCAACTCCTGAACCACCCTGTTACAATACGCCAC139
IbCIN10g41626CTCACATGGATTTTCGGTTTTTCCCAGTTATTATTCGCCAGTCTTC187
IbCIN11g41717AGCACGACGAAGAAAGTAGGGTCGAGTTGGCATGAAATCAAA215
IbCIN12g44130ATTCCACAGAGGCAACAAACAAGACTCCAAAGCCGGATAACATA274
IbActinEU250003.1TATGGTTGGGATGGGACAGAACGGTAAGAAGGACAGGGTGCT191
), ArticleFig(id=1276844499498304060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Analysis of physicochemical properties of IbCIN proteins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白名称Protein name登录号Accession No.氨基酸数量Number of aa等电点pI分子量MW/Da不稳定指数Instability index平均疏水性Average hydrophobicity
IbCIN1g4072.t14174.8346595.1145.78-0.120
IbCIN2g5893.t14197.1747944.4148.05-0.135
IbCIN3g8522.t14616.5452747.9348.98-0.085
IbCIN4g13714.t14966.0656349.4846.35-0.261
IbCIN5g18829.t14685.1353375.1059.34-0.269
IbCIN6g19034.t15365.6761206.3358.47-0.194
IbCIN7g23246.t16025.8868721.9744.88-0.271
IbCIN8g25759.t17196.2780059.1841.56-0.261
IbCIN9g34021.t18256.5993753.0250.600.085
IbCIN10g41626.t16125.3369438.5936.81-0.202
IbCIN11g41717.t15716.4665460.0260.02-0.303
IbCIN12g44130.t15785.6565374.7641.65-0.261
), ArticleFig(id=1276844499569607229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844485401248221, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

IbCIN蛋白的理化性质分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白名称Protein name登录号Accession No.氨基酸数量Number of aa等电点pI分子量MW/Da不稳定指数Instability index平均疏水性Average hydrophobicity
IbCIN1g4072.t14174.8346595.1145.78-0.120
IbCIN2g5893.t14197.1747944.4148.05-0.135
IbCIN3g8522.t14616.5452747.9348.98-0.085
IbCIN4g13714.t14966.0656349.4846.35-0.261
IbCIN5g18829.t14685.1353375.1059.34-0.269
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甘薯CIN基因家族鉴定及影响块根膨大关键CIN基因的挖掘
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刘嘉婷 1, 2 , 辛曙丽 3 , 赵添 1, 2 , 刘永华 1, 2, * , 朱国鹏 1, 2, *
热带作物学报 | 组学与生物技术 2024,45(10): 2067-2080
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热带作物学报 |组学与生物技术 2024 , 45 (10) : 2067 -2080
甘薯CIN基因家族鉴定及影响块根膨大关键CIN基因的挖掘
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刘嘉婷1, 2, 辛曙丽3, 赵添1, 2, 刘永华1, 2, * , 朱国鹏1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学南繁学院(三亚南繁研究院),海南三亚 572022
  • 2.海南大学热带农林学院(农业农村学院、乡村振兴学院)/海南大学海南省热带园艺作物品质调控重点实验室,海南儋州 571737
  • 3.保亭黎族苗族自治县农业服务中心,海南保亭 572316
通讯作者:
* 刘永华(LIU Yonghua),E-mail:
朱国鹏(ZHU Guopeng),E-mail:
Identification of CIN Gene Family in Sweetpotato and Screen of Key CIN Genes Regulating Storageroot Development
Jiating LIU1, 2, Shuli XIN3, Tian ZHAO1, 2, Yonghua LIU1, 2, * , Guopeng ZHU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan 572022, China
  • 2.School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization) / Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
  • 3.Baoting Agricultural Service Center, Baoting, Hainan 572316, China
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.10.008
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细胞质转化酶(CIN)催化蔗糖不可逆地水解为葡萄糖和果糖,在模式植物根系生长发育中发挥着重要作用。目前尚未对甘薯CIN基因家族进行研究,更不清楚CIN在甘薯块根膨大中的具体作用。本研究系统鉴定了甘薯CIN基因家族的种类和数量并分析其蛋白质理化性质、染色体定位、系统发育、基因结构和保守基序、启动子顺式元件,同时,分析甘薯CIN家族基因在不同组织部位进行的表达特异性分析及其在不同类型根系中的表达水平和酶活性,初步筛选出在甘薯块根膨大中发挥重要作用的关键候选CIN基因。结果如下:(1)从甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)基因组中共鉴定出12个IbCIN基因(IbCIN1-12),分布于8条染色体上,编码蛋白质的氨基酸数量范围为417~825 aa,分子量范围为46.60~93.75 kDa,等电点范围为4.83~7.17。(2)系统发育分析发现IbCIN可分为3个亚组,其中α1亚组1个,α2亚组3个,β亚组8个。α1、α2亚组成员之间在保守基序和基因结构上差异较小、相对保守,而β亚组成员之间则差异较大,表明β亚组的IbCIN基因可能在功能上更为多样,可以参与更多的生物过程。此外,IbCIN1、IbCIN7IbCIN10IbCIN12与拟南芥和木薯根系发育相关CIN基因的亲缘关系较近,推测其可能与非块根类型根系发育密切相关。(3)IbCINs在不同组织部位(幼叶、成熟叶、茎、花、60 d块根)和不同类型根系(白色纤维根、红色纤维根、柴根和60 d块根)中的表达水平分析表明,IbCIN4IbCIN8IbCIN11在块根中的表达水平最高,同时块根中的CIN酶活性也显著高于非块根类型根系,推测这3个基因可能在甘薯块根膨大中发挥着重要作用。(4)生物信息学分析进一步揭示IbCIN4IbCIN8IbCIN11可能通过调控蔗糖转运和代谢、光周期反应、赤霉素信号转导等途径和机制来共同促进甘薯块根的发育。本研究可为后续通过转基因技术等手段深入研究甘薯CIN基因的功能奠定基础。

甘薯  /  细胞质转化酶  /  蔗糖代谢  /  基因家族  /  块根膨大

Cytoplasmic invertase (CIN) irreversibly hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose and plays an important role in the development of roots in various model plants. Presently, there is no research on the CIN gene family in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) and the role of IbCINs in the development of storage roots of sweetpotato remains to be elucidated. This study systematically identified the types and quantities of IbCIN gene family. Physicochemical properties, chromosome localization, phylogeny, gene structure and conserved motifs, promoter cis elements of IbCINs were also analyzed. Simultaneously, through the expression analysis of IbCINs in different tissues and different types of roots, and the activity analysis of CIN in different types of roots, several candidate CIN genes were identified that play an important role in the development of storage roots of sweetpotato. A total of 12 IbCIN genes (IbCIN1-12) were identified from the genome of sweetpotato, distributing on 8 chromosomes. The number of amino acids of IbCIN-encoded protein was 417-825 aa, the molecular weightwas 46.60-93.75 kDa, and the isoelectric point was 4.83-7.17. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that IbCINs could be divided into three groups, α1, α2 and β groups, comprising 1, 3 and 8 members, respectively. α1 and α2 members were very conservative in conserved motifs and gene structures, while β memberswere less conservative, which indicating that β group may have more diverse function than the other two groups, allowing β members to participate in more biological processes. In addition, phylogenetic analysis also revealed that IbCIN1, IbCIN7, IbCIN10 and IbCIN12 were closely related to CIN genes related to root development in Arabidopsis and cassava, suggesting that the four genes may play important roles in the development of non-storage root of sweetpotato. The analysis of the expression levels of IbCINs in different tissue (young leaves, mature leaves, stems, flowers, 60 d storage roots) and different types of roots (white fiber roots, red fiber roots, pencil roots and 60 d storage roots) showed that IbCIN4, IbCIN8 and IbCIN11 had the highest expression levels in storage roots, and simultaneously the CIN activity in storage roots was significantly higher than that in non-storage roots. Thus, it can be speculated that the three genes may play an important role in the development of storage roots of sweetpotato. Bioinformatics analysis further revealed that IbCIN4, IbCIN8 and IbCIN11 may jointly promote the development of storage roots via different mechanisms, including facilitating sucrose transport to and subsequent degradation in storage roots, attenuating photoperiod response and signal transduction of gibberellin. This study could lay a foundation for further research on the function of IbCIN genes through transgenic technology.

sweetpotato  /  cytoplasmic invertase (CIN)  /  sucrose metabolism  /  gene family  /  development of storage root
刘嘉婷, 辛曙丽, 赵添, 刘永华, 朱国鹏. 甘薯CIN基因家族鉴定及影响块根膨大关键CIN基因的挖掘. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (10) : 2067 -2080 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.10.008
Jiating LIU, Shuli XIN, Tian ZHAO, Yonghua LIU, Guopeng ZHU. Identification of CIN Gene Family in Sweetpotato and Screen of Key CIN Genes Regulating Storageroot Development[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (10) : 2067 -2080 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.10.008
甘薯[Ipomoea batatas(L.)Lam.]适应能力强、产量高且易于管理,在全球广泛栽培,为世界第七大农作物[1]。我国是世界第一大甘薯种植国,面积、产量均居全球首位[2]。2022年我国甘薯种植面积和产量分别占全球的30%和54%[3]。甘薯块根富含淀粉、可溶性糖、蛋白质、维生素和矿物质,可作为主粮和饲料,也可用于鲜食、食品和淀粉加工[4]。和其他发展中国家相比,我国甘薯单产相对较高,但与发达国家相比,仍有一定差距。目前我国甘薯平均单产为22.5 t/hm2[5],而日本和以色列则分别为24.7、33.3 t/hm2[6],澳大利亚更是高达39.7 t/hm2[3]。目前我国甘薯单产已处平台期,近20年来一直徘徊在22 t/hm2左右,没有进一步提升[3]。虽然很多发展中国家和地区仍依靠甘薯作为主粮来确保粮食安全[7-8],但其甘薯单产远低于世界平均水平的12 t/hm2,如非洲仅为7 t/hm2[3]。如何进一步提高甘薯产量,不仅可以保障“一带一路”沿线发展中国家和地区的粮食安全,还可提高我国甘薯种植效益。甘薯产量主要由2个因素决定,即块根数量和块根大小。因此,阐明甘薯块根发育和膨大的机理,将有利于进一步提高甘薯产量,实现高产、稳产的目标。
蔗糖(sucrose,Suc)分解产生的己糖可作为碳骨架、能量或糖信号在植物的生长发育中发挥重要作用[9]。转化酶(invertase,INV)和蔗糖合酶(sucrose synthase,Sus)参与植物体内Suc的分解。Sus将Suc分解为UDP-葡萄糖(UDP-Glc)和果糖(Fru),该分解过程为可逆过程;INV则不可逆地将Suc水解为Glc和Fru[10]。根据亚细胞定位的不同,INVs可进一步分为3种:细胞壁转化酶(cell wall invertase,CWIN)、液泡转化酶(vacuolar invertase,VIN)和细胞质转化酶(cytoplasmic invertase,CIN)[11]。这4种蔗糖分解酶在植物发育、非生物胁迫反应和植物-病原菌互作中分别发挥着重要的作用[9,11-12]
迄今为止,有关蔗糖分解酶对块根/块茎等地下储藏器官(如胡萝卜肉质根和马铃薯块茎等)生长发育影响的研究主要集中于Sus、CWIN和VIN[13-16],对CIN的研究较少。与CWIN、VIN不同,CIN在植物进化过程中更为保守,其基因序列变异程度远低于CWIN和VIN,因此在植物生长发育中发挥的作用可能更为重要[17]。研究表明,CIN分解产生的己糖可参与各种生理生化反应,包括呼吸代谢、抗氧化、各种代谢物的生物合成以及基因表达的调控等[11,18]
越来越多的证据表明,CIN在植物根系发育中发挥着重要的作用。拟南芥中T-DNA的插入导致CIN基因CINV1缺失突变,造成突变体幼苗根系变短[19]。拟南芥的双CIN基因突变体(cinv1/cinv2)表现为初生根伸展减少30%,同时叶片数量也显著减少[20]。在百脉根(Lotus japonicus)中,CIN基因LjINV1的突变会显著降低CIN活性,严重抑制根系的生长,且会导致根系上形成根瘤[21]。EMS诱导水稻CIN基因OsCyt-inv1突变导致根系发育受阻,包括根系伸长区细胞皱缩和根系变短[22]。此外,拟南芥CIN基因AtCYT-INV1的突变会缓解渗透胁迫对侧根生长的抑制,表明CIN基因还可调控胁迫条件下根系的生长发育[23]
如上所述,目前CIN对根系发育影响的研究主要集中在模式植物上,有关CIN对甘薯块根膨大调控的研究较少。这很大程度上是由于甘薯是六倍体(2n=6x=90)且染色体高度杂合,基因组测序较晚所导致的[24]。近期公布的甘薯基因组序列可为研究CIN在甘薯块根膨大中的潜在作用提供重要帮助[24-25]。本研究对甘薯基因组中的CIN基因家族成员进行鉴定和生物信息学分析,进一步研究CIN基因成员在甘薯不同组织部位和不同类型根系表达水平以及CIN活性,最后筛选出可能在块根膨大中起重要调控作用的关键CIN基因。本研究将为后续通过转基因技术研究CIN在甘薯块根膨大中的功能奠定基础。
2021年10月20号至12月20号在海南大学露地种植海南甘薯主栽品种高系14,基肥按照450 kg/hm2的量施史丹利复合肥(N∶P∶K为15∶15∶15)和12 t/hm2的量施羊粪有机肥。取样部位分别为高系14甘薯的幼叶、成熟叶、茎、花(仅花瓣)和60 d块根,每个部位取0.3 g,4个生物学重复。
2023年2月至4月在海南大学农科实验田基地的温室大棚盆栽种植高系14甘薯。定植前将土壤与基质(由椰糠、泥炭、稻谷壳、珍珠岩及微生物料配置而成)按体积比3∶1混匀,再施史丹利复合肥作为基肥。花盆规格为外直径31 cm,高19.4 cm,4个生物学重复。取样部位为白色纤维根(白色细纤维状根)、红色纤维根(直径小于0.2 cm的红色纤维状根)、柴根(直径0.5~2.0 cm的红色不膨大根)和60 d块根。每个样品分别称取0.2、0.3 g存放在2 mL试管中,液氮处理后保存于-80 ℃超低温冰箱备用。
采用木薯、水稻、拟南芥等3个物种作为种子序列进行Blast对比,具体参照CHEN等[26]的方法。在甘薯数据库(https://ipomoea-genome.org/)下载栽培种甘薯Ipomoea batatas的全基因组数据,在UniProt(https://www.uniprot.org/)数据库和文献查阅中下载拟南芥、水稻、木薯的所需氨基酸序列[10,27-28]。用TBtools[29]软件和NCBI(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)数据库进行双向Blast比对筛选。
使用ExPASy(http://web.expasy.org/protparam/)在线软件分析CIN的理化性质。使用TBtools软件可视化分析CIN基因家族成员在染色体上的位置。
使用MEGA-X(https://www.megasoftware.net/)在线软件对拟南芥、木薯和甘薯的CIN蛋白氨基酸序列进行进化分析,采用邻接法(neighbor-joining method)构建系统进化树,自展值为1000。使用Adobe illustrator CC 2019软件美化。
通过NCBI-CDD(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/bwrpsb/bwrpsb.cgi)数据库确定甘薯CIN基因的保守结构域。使用TBtools软件确定甘薯CIN家族基因结构(内含子-外显子)。使用MEME(http://meme-suite.org/tools/meme)在线软件预测甘薯CIN家族成员的基序(motif),预测CIN蛋白基序的标准为:不同图案的数量=10,其他参数默认,得到的结果使用TBtools软件进行可视化分析。
将甘薯CIN基因转录起始上游2000 bp的序列,通过PlantCare(http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/)在线软件对甘薯CIN启动子进行顺式作用元件预测,并使用TBtools软件制作热图。
用TBtools软件的One Step MCscanX功能分析甘薯CIN基因的共线性关系,用TBtools中的Advanced Circos功能将甘薯CIN同源基因的共线性关系可视化,计算基因对的Ka/Ks(非同义替换率/同义替换率)。
采用OmniPlant RNA Kit(DNase I)(CoWin Biotech,北京,中国)试剂盒提取甘薯样品总RNA。使用HiScript III All-in-one RT SurperMix Perfect for qPCR cDNA合成试剂盒(Vazyme,南京,中国)对提取的RNA进行反转录cDNA。使用ChamQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix(Vazyme,南京,中国)试剂盒和QuantStudioTM 1实时荧光定量PCR仪(applidbiosystems,Thermo Fisher Scientific)进行实时定量PCR。以管家基因IbActin为内参基因,引物见表1。反应程序:95 ℃ 5 min;95 ℃ 5 s,60 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 30 s,40个循环。使用2-ΔΔCT方法计算基因的相对表达水平。
参照TOMLINSON等[30]的方法测定甘薯CIN活性。
采用Excel 2022软件对相关数据进行处理,采用SPSS 27.0软件对甘薯CIN基因表达和CIN酶活性数据进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)。
用TBtools软件和NCBI网站进行双向Blast序列比对筛选,共鉴定出12个CIN基因家族成员,按照其在染色体上的先后顺序命名为IbCIN1-12图1)。甘薯属于六倍体(6x=90),其IbCINs分别分布在15条染色体中的8条染色体上,在LG11上有3个IbCINs(IbCIN10-12),在LG2和LG5上分别有2个IbCINs(IbCIN2-3IbCIN5-6),而在LG1、LG4、LG6、LG7和LG9上均只有1个IbCINIbCIN1IbCIN4IbCIN7-9)。在其他7条染色体上均无IbCIN基因。
IbCIN蛋白的理化性质分析结果显示(表2),IbCIN蛋白长度在417~825 aa之间,等电点在4.83~7.17之间,分子量在46 595.11~93 753.02 Da之间。除IbCIN10外,其他IbCIN蛋白的不稳定指数均大于40,为不稳定蛋白,与已有的研究结果一致,即与CWIN和VIN不同,由于CIN蛋白没有糖基化,导致其结构不稳定,非常容易分解[9]。在所有IbCIN蛋白中,仅IbCIN9平均疏水性为正值,属于疏水蛋白,其他IbCIN蛋白均为负值,属于亲水蛋白(表2)。
前人研究发现CIN蛋白可被分为3个亚组,分别为α1、α2和β亚组,其中α1亚组定位于质体上(如叶绿体),α2亚组定位于线粒体上,β亚组则位于细胞质中[31]。用MEGA-X软件将鉴定出的12个IbCINs与已鉴定出的9个拟南芥和10个木薯CIN家族成员共31个CIN基因构建系统发育树(图2)。拟南芥α1亚组有1个成员,α2亚组有3个成员,β亚组有5个成员;木薯α1亚组有3个成员,α2亚组有3个成员,β亚组有4个成员,这和前人的研究结果一致[31-32]。12个IbCINs也可以分为3个亚组,α1亚组有1个成员(IbCIN8);α2亚组有3个成员(IbCIN7IbCIN10IbCIN12),β亚组有8个成员(IbCIN1-6IbCIN9IbCIN11)。
位于细胞质的拟南芥CIN基因AtCINV1的缺失可以减少30%的初生根伸长生长[20]。超表达拟南芥CIN基因At-A/N-InvAAt-A/N-InvGAtCINV1)表明,这2个基因都会显著降低原生质体中POD的表达,从而抑制根系过早木质化,最终促进根系生长发育[33-34]。根据系统发育树,发现甘薯IbCIN7IbCIN12与拟南芥At-A/N-InvA亲缘关系较近,甘薯IbCIN1与拟南芥At-A/N-InvGAtCINV1)亲缘关系较近,初步推测甘薯IbCIN1IbCIN7IbCIN12有降低原生质体中POD表达的功能,与甘薯根系发育相关。木薯中MeNINV1是块根淀粉积累的关键基因,可促进木薯块根膨大[27,35]。拟南芥中A/N-InvH与根中ROS合成相关,与根系生长密切相关[36]IbCIN10MeNINV1亲缘关系较近,而IbCIN7IbCIN12At-A/N-InvH亲缘关系较近,推测这3个基因可能与甘薯根系发育相关。综上所述,IbCIN1IbCIN7IbCIN10IbCIN12等4个基因可能均和甘薯根系发育密切相关。但具体哪个基因与甘薯块根膨大相关还有待进一步确定。
通过NCBI蛋白保守域数据库对甘薯(IbCIN1-12)和木薯(MeNINV1-10)的CIN进行蛋白保守结构域分析发现,与木薯CIN一样,12个甘薯CIN均含有CIN蛋白特有的Glyco_hydro_100保守结构域(图3),属于糖基水解酶基因家族GH 100,与前人研究结果一致[31]。表明本研究鉴定出的12个IbCINs属于CIN基因家族。此外,保守基序分析显示(图4),IbCINs有10个保守基序(motif),α1和α2亚组的4个IbCINs包含10个motif,在β亚组中只有IbCIN11基因包含10个motif,IbCIN1-2包含5个motif,IbCIN3包含6个motif,IbCIN4-5包含8个motif,IbCIN6IbCIN9包含9个motif,只有motif1存在于所有IbCINs
为进一步了解甘薯CIN基因家族的进化,对甘薯CIN基因家族成员的外显子-内含子分布进行分析。α1亚组的唯一一个CIN基因IbCIN8有7个外显子;α2亚组中除IbCIN10具有8个外显子外,其他2个IbCINs也均有7个外显子;β亚组中IbCIN4IbCIN6IbCIN11有4个外显子,IbCIN5有5个外显子,IbCIN1有6个外显子,IbCIN3有8个外显子,IbCIN2有9个外显子,IbCIN9有11个外显子(图4)。
α1、α2亚组成员之间在保守基序和基因结构上差异较小、相对保守,而β亚组成员之间则差异较大,表明β亚组CIN基因在甘薯栽培种的进化过程中经历了结构缺失和变异,这可能导致其在功能上的多样化,从而可以参与更多的生物过程[37]。在保守基序方面,α1、α2亚组的4个IbCINs都包含有10个保守基序,而8个β亚组成员中仅IbCIN11含有10个保守基序,其余7个IbCINsIbCIN1-6IbCIN9)的保守基序介于5~9个之间。同样,在基因结构方面,α1和α2亚组4个基因中除IbCIN10具有8个外显子外,其他3个IbCINs具有7个外显子,而β亚组成员包含的外显子数量则波动较大,介于4~11个之间。不同亚组CIN之间在保守基序和基因结构上的差异可能是影响其亚细胞定位和功能的重要原因。
启动子顺式元件与基因功能密切相关,利用甘薯CIN基因家族的2000 bp启动子区域分析其顺式作用元件。IbCINs的启动子顺式作用元件有16种,可分为4大类,根据每大类中顺式元件数量从多到少依次为光响应元件(AAAC-motif、ACA-motif、ACE、AE-box、ATCT-motif、Box 4、Box II、chs-CMA1a、chs-CMA2a、G-box、GA-motif、GATA-motif、GT1-motif、I-box、LAMP-element、L-box、MRE、Sp1、TCCC-motif、TCT-motif)、激素响应元件(生长素AuxRR-core和TGA-element;脱落酸ABRE、赤霉素GARE-motif、P-box、TATC-box;水杨酸TCA-element;茉莉酸甲酯CGTCA-motif和TGACG-motif)、逆境胁迫响应元件(低温LTR、干旱MBS、缺氧ARE和GC-motif、防御TC-rich repeats)和生长发育响应元件(胚乳表达GCN4_motif、分生组织表达CAT-box;昼夜节律调控circadian、种子特异性元件RY-element、玉米醇溶蛋白代谢元件O2-site、细胞循环MSA-like)(图5)。由于光响应元件和激素响应元件在CIN基因中数量最多,推测光和激素是影响IbCIN基因表达的主要因素。在光周期响应方面,甘薯属于短日照植物,短日照会促进其开花。IbCIN1、IbCIN5、IbCIN6IbCIN10、IbCIN11具有最多的光响应元件,推测这5个基因可能和甘薯开花密切相关,而其他7个成员的光响应元件相对较少。研究表明,对于块根/块茎作物,开花会抑制块根/块茎的膨大[38],推测IbCIN1、IbCIN5、IbCIN6IbCIN10、IbCIN11可能会抑制块根膨大,而其他7个IbCINs(IbCIN2-4、IbCIN7-9IbCIN12)则可能在甘薯块根膨大中发挥重要作用。在激素响应方面,脱落酸促进甘薯块根的形成[39]和膨大[40]。与其他家族成员相比,IbCIN1、IbCIN5-7IbCIN9-10都包含相对较多的ABA响应元件,推测IbCIN1、IbCIN5-7IbCIN9-10可能通过响应ABA来促进甘薯块根膨大。研究表明,赤霉素促进木质化从而抑制甘薯块根生长[41],而IbCIN4-9IbCIN12均不包含赤霉素响应元件,因此推测IbCIN4-9IbCIN12可能会促进甘薯块根膨大。
使用TBtools软件的MCScanX功能在IbCINs中共鉴定出2个重复基因对,其中IbCIN9-IbCIN11分布于不同的染色体上,而IbCIN2-IbCIN3位于同一染色体(图6)。这2个重复基因对均为片段复制,没有发现串联重复,说明片段复制是IbCIN基因进化的主要动力,从而导致功能冗余和亚/新功能化[42]。通过计算基因对的Ka/Ks值,发现这2个重复基因对的Ka/Ks<1,说明IbCIN受纯化选择,IbCIN在进化过程的非同义突变是有害的,因而在甘薯进化过程中处于劣势而被淘汰。这表明CIN在甘薯生长发育中发挥着重要且不可替代的作用,从而在甘薯进化中具有很强的保守性。
为鉴定出与甘薯块根膨大密切相关的IbCIN基因,本研究对12个IbCIN基因在甘薯幼叶、成熟叶、茎、花、60 d块根等不同组织部位中的表达进行分析(图7)。IbCIN2-4IbCIN7IbCIN9-12等8个基因在5种组织部位中均有表达,其中IbCIN2-6IbCIN8-11在块根中的表达量最高,IbCIN7在花中的表达量最高,IbCIN12在茎中的表达量最高。此外,IbCIN1仅在成熟叶和幼叶中表达,且在幼叶中的表达量高于成熟叶。IbCIN5仅在茎和块根中表达,且在块根中的表达量最高。IbCIN6IbCIN8仅在茎、花和块根中表达,且在块根中的表达量最高。IbCIN基因的表达模式具有明显的组织特异性,12个IbCINs中有9个(IbCIN2-6IbCIN8-11)在块根中的表达量最高,而其他3个IbCINs分别在幼叶(IbCIN1)、花(IbCIN7)和茎(IbCIN12)中的表达量最高。
为进一步缩小影响甘薯块根膨大的候选IbCIN基因的范围,对白色纤维根、红色纤维根、柴根和60 d块根等4种根系进行取样,测定其IbCIN基因的表达水平(图8)。结果发现,IbCIN1在甘薯不同类型根系中均不表达,此结果和图7的测定结果相吻合。IbCIN5仅在红色纤维根和块根中表达,且在红色纤维根中的表达量最高。其余10个IbCINs在所有类型根系中均有表达,其中IbCIN4、IbCIN8、IbCIN11、IbCIN12等4个基因在块根中的表达量最高,显著高于在其他类型根系中的表达。IbCIN2IbCIN3IbCIN9等3个基因在块根、白色和红色纤维根中的表达量较高,且差异不显著。IbCIN7IbCIN10等2个基因在白色和红色纤维根中的表达量较高,而IbCIN6在柴根和红色纤维根中的表达量较高。
由于在12个IbCINs中,只有IbCIN4IbCIN8IbCIN11IbCIN12等4个基因的表达水平在块根中显著高于其他3种类型根系,因此推测IbCIN4IbCIN8IbCIN11IbCIN12这4个基因可能在甘薯块根膨大中发挥着重要作用。IbCIN基因在不同组织部位(幼叶、成熟叶、茎、花、60 d块根)中的表达分析结果也显示,IbCIN4IbCIN8IbCIN11在块根中的表达量最高。因此,推测IbCIN4IbCIN8IbCIN11等3个基因可能是影响甘薯块根膨大关键CIN基因。
甘薯不同类型根系的CIN活性测定结果显示,块根中的CIN活性显著高于白色纤维根、红色纤维根、柴根,且在这3种根系中的CIN活性差异不显著(图9)。表明CIN在块根膨大中发挥着重要的作用。不同类型根系IbCIN基因的表达分析表明,块根中只有4个IbCINs(IbCIN4IbCIN8IbCIN11-12)的表达水平显著高于其他类型根系。推测IbCIN4IbCIN8IbCIN11是决定块根CIN活性的关键基因,也是影响甘薯块根膨大关键CIN基因。
CIN在植物中广泛存在,可通过不同途径调控植物根系的生长发育。首先,CIN可通过促进根系中蔗糖的分解降低其浓度,最终促进蔗糖由叶片向根系的转运,为根系生长提供碳骨架和能量,如EMS诱导水稻CIN基因OsCyt-inv1突变导致根系己糖含量下降,同时根系伸长区细胞皱缩和根系变短,而外源供应3%葡萄糖可以恢复根系生长,表明蔗糖向根系的转运和分解受阻可能是根系生长受阻的重要原因[22]。其次,过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)是木质素合成过程中的关键酶[43-44],而CIN可抑制POD的表达[34],因此推测CIN可通过抑制POD来减缓植物根系木质化进程,从而促进根系的生长发育。此外,CIN还可通过糖信号途径对植物根系发育进程进行调控[19],如,CIN可通过调控葡萄糖含量来影响拟南芥根系发育关键激素ABA的合成和信号转导[23]。本课题组前期对不同发育时期块根中的4种蔗糖分解酶活性测定和相关性分析也表明,CIN是调控甘薯块根膨大的关键蔗糖分解酶之一[45]
近年来,多种植物的CIN基因家族已经被鉴定出来并进行相应的功能研究。本研究首次在甘薯基因组中鉴定出12个CIN基因家族成员,并依据其在染色体上的先后顺序命名为IbCIN1-12。这和其他植物物种中鉴定出的CIN家族成员的数量基本相当,如拟南芥为9个[10],水稻为8个(OsNINV1-8[10],木薯为10个(MeNINV1-10[27],杨树为16个(PtrNINV1-16[26]。对甘薯CIN家族蛋白理化性质分析表明,IbCIN蛋白中除IbCIN10外不稳定指数均大于40,为不稳定蛋白,这与前人的研究结果一致,即与CWIN和VIN不同,由于CIN蛋白没有糖基化,导致其结构不稳定,非常容易分解[9]。此外,12个IbCIN蛋白均含有CIN蛋白特有的Glyco_hydro_100保守结构域,上述结果表明,这12个IbCINs确实属于CIN基因家族。
通过测定IbCIN在不同组织中以及不同类型根系中的表达水平,推测在块根中高表达的IbCIN4IbCIN8IbCIN11基因可能为调控甘薯块根膨大的关键CIN基因。对不同类型根系中CIN活性的测定表明,上述3个基因在块根中同时也表现出更高的CIN活性,进一步证明IbCIN4IbCIN8IbCIN11等3个基因可能是调控甘薯块根膨大的关键CIN基因。通过构建系统发育树和亲缘关系分析,发现IbCIN1IbCIN7IbCIN10IbCIN12等4个基因与拟南芥和木薯根系发育相关CIN基因的亲缘关系较近,推测这4个基因可能也和甘薯根系发育密切相关。然而,和其他组织部位(叶片、花和茎)、其他类型根系相比,这4个基因在块根中的表达水平并不是最高,可能不是调控甘薯块根膨大的关键基因。推测这4个基因可能与非块根类型根系的发育密切相关,例如IbCIN7IbCIN10在白色和红色纤维根中表达水平较高,而IbCIN12在柴根中表达较高。生物信息学分析结果也从不同角度揭示IbCIN4IbCIN8IbCIN11基因可能通过不同机制调控甘薯块根的发育。
首先,在这3个基因中,IbCIN8属于α1亚组,位于质体中,而IbCIN4IbCIN11属于β亚组,位于细胞质中。质体作为储藏淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪等生物大分子的细胞器,在甘薯中主要用来储藏淀粉。上述证据表明,位于质体中的α1亚组IbCIN8可通过分解蔗糖为质体自身的发育提供能量和物质供应,从而为淀粉的储藏提供场所和空间,而位于细胞质中的β亚组IbCIN4IbCIN11可通过分解蔗糖降低块根中蔗糖的浓度,从而促进蔗糖由叶片向块根转运,为块根的膨大和淀粉的合成提供能量和碳骨架。因此,这3个IbCIN基因可能协同合作,共同通过促进蔗糖向块根的转运以及分解代谢来促进块根的生长发育。
其次,这3个基因中IbCIN4IbCIN11均属于β亚组。保守基序和基因结构分析表明,α1、α2亚组成员之间在保守基序和基因结构上差异较小、相对保守,而β亚组成员之间则差异较大,表明β亚组CIN基因在甘薯栽培种的进化过程中经历了结构缺失和变异,这可能导致其在功能上的多样化,从而可以参与更多的生物过程[37],包括块根的生长发育。本课题组前期的研究也表明,甘薯2个近缘野生种I. trifidaI. triloba均具有10个CIN基因成员,且这20个CIN基因的保守基序和基因结构与甘薯栽培种的α1、α2亚组更相似,而与甘薯栽培种的β亚组差异较大(结果未列出)。由于2个近缘野生种根系基本不发生膨大,从而推测β亚组的IbCIN4IbCIN11可能与甘薯块根的膨大密切相关。
最后,研究表明对于块根/块茎作物,开花会抑制块根/块茎的膨大[38]。在光周期响应方面,甘薯属于短日照植物,短日照会促进其开花,但会抑制块根膨大。通过分析甘薯CIN基因的启动子顺式作用元件,发现在12个IbCIN基因中,IbCIN8具有最少的光响应元件,推测其不受光周期影响,从而可以抑制开花并促进块根膨大。此外,研究表明赤霉素促进木质化从而抑制甘薯块根的形成和生长[41],而IbCIN4IbCIN8都不包含赤霉素响应元件,因此推测IbCIN4IbCIN8可能通过减弱赤霉素信号转导来促进块根膨大。
通过对甘薯CIN基因家族进行鉴定,本研究共获得12个甘薯CIN基因家族成员。通过对甘薯CIN基因在不同组织部位和不同类型根系中表达的特异性分析,初步鉴定出IbCIN4IbCIN8IbCIN11在块根中的表达高于其他组织部位和其他类型的根系,与这3个CIN基因在块根中的高表达相对应,块根中的CIN活性也显著高于其他类型根系,因此IbCIN4IbCIN8IbCIN11可能是调控甘薯块根膨大的关键CIN基因。此外,通过系统发育树分析、保守基序和基因结构分析、基因启动子顺式作用元件分析,进一步证明这3个基因可能通过调控蔗糖转运和代谢、光周期反应和赤霉素信号转导等途径和机制来共同促进甘薯块根的发育。本研究可为后续通过转基因技术等手段深入研究甘薯CIN基因的功能奠定基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32260440)
  • 海南省基础与应用基础研究计划(自然科学领域)高层次人才项目(2019RC146)
  • 国家甘薯产业技术体系项目(CARS-10)
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2024年第45卷第10期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.10.008
  • 接收时间:2024-03-08
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-08
  • 修回日期:2024-03-19
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(32260440)
海南省基础与应用基础研究计划(自然科学领域)高层次人才项目(2019RC146)
国家甘薯产业技术体系项目(CARS-10)
作者信息
    1.海南大学南繁学院(三亚南繁研究院),海南三亚 572022
    2.海南大学热带农林学院(农业农村学院、乡村振兴学院)/海南大学海南省热带园艺作物品质调控重点实验室,海南儋州 571737
    3.保亭黎族苗族自治县农业服务中心,海南保亭 572316

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* 刘永华(LIU Yonghua),E-mail:
朱国鹏(ZHU Guopeng),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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