Article(id=1276844419760390216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276844393709568941, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.10.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709740800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-07, revisedDate=1712419200000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782353032292, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782353032292, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782353032292, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782353032292, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276844393709568941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='10', pageStart='1999', pageEnd='2242', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1729785600000', pubDateStr='2024-10-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782353026082, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782355588483, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276855141311574992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276844393709568941, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276855141311574993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276844393709568941, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2010, endPage=2024, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276844421656215626, articleId=1276844419760390216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Construction and Preliminary Analysis of CUT&Tag Library of Cambium Cells Treatment by Coronatine Induced Secondary Laticifer Differentiation in Hevea brasiliensis, columnId=1236256430337085821, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Omics & Biotechnology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The CUT&Tag technology is a new method for protein-DNA interactions, which uses a novel pG-Tn5 transposase with ultra-high activity, to precisely target and cleave DNA sequences near the target protein under antibody guidance, thus enabling cDNA library construction and sequencing analysis. This technology is widely used in human and animal research, but due to the unique structure of plant cells, its application in plant research is relatively limited. In previous studies, we found histone acetylation can participate in the regulation of jasmonic acid induced secondary laticifer differentiation, but the molecular mechanism of histone acetylation modification regulating secondary laticifer differentiation has not been elucidated in rubber tree. In this article, we used the experimental system of secondary laticifer differentiation induced by cornetin (COR) in the vascular cambium by the CUT&Tag technology, and the high quality protoplasts of cambium cells were obtained by enzymolysis, and the Histone H3 acetylation modified antibody was used to identify in situ the region of histone acetylation modification during secondary laticifer differentiation. A cDNA library of cambium cells treatment by COR was successfully constructed using CUT&Tag technology in rubber tree bark. Quality inspection and sequencing analysis were conducted on the construction of cDNA libraries, and found that the quality of libraries were good. And GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of differential genes found the genes related to auxin, flavonoid metabolism, and protein ubiquitination were enriched. The results would provide an operational method for constructing cDNA libraries of plant tissues using CUT&Tag technology, and provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the molecular mechanism of histone acetylation modification regulating secondary laticifer differentiation in rubber tree.

, authors=null, authorsList=Shixin ZHANG, Lixin GE, Shaohua WU, Jinquan CHAO, Shuguang YANG, Minjing SHI, Hua ZHANG, Weimin TIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weimin TIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276844422885146710, articleId=1276844419760390216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=冠菌素诱导橡胶树次生乳管分化的形成层细胞CUT&Tag文库构建和初步分析, columnId=1236256430517440904, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=组学与生物技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

CUT&Tag技术是一种研究蛋白质-DNA互作的新方法,使用超高活性的新型pG-Tn5转座酶,在抗体引导下精准靶向切割目的蛋白附近的DNA序列,从而进行cDNA建库和测序分析。此技术在人类和动物研究中应用广泛,由于植物细胞结构特殊,该技术在植物研究中应用较少。在前期研究中,我们发现组蛋白乙酰化修饰参与茉莉酸诱导橡胶树次生乳管分化的调控,但其分子机制尚未阐明。本研究利用冠菌素(COR)诱导橡胶树萌条维管形成层分化次生乳管的实验系统,通过酶解法获取高质量的形成层区细胞原生质体,使用组蛋白H3乙酰化修饰抗体对次生乳管分化过程中发生组蛋白乙酰化修饰的区域进行原位识别,采用CUT&Tag技术成功构建COR处理橡胶树树皮形成层细胞的cDNA文库。对构建cDNA文库进行质检和测序分析,发现文库质量较好,并通过差异基因的GO和KEGG富集分析,发现生长素、类黄酮代谢和蛋白质泛素化等相关基因得到富集。本研究结果为使用CUT&Tag技术构建植物组织的cDNA文库提供操作方法,为解析组蛋白乙酰化修饰调控橡胶树次生乳管分化的分子机制提供理论基础。

, authors=

张世鑫(1986—),博士,副研究员,研究方向:橡胶树乳管发育和分子育种。

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* 田维敏(TIAN Weimin),E-mail:
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张世鑫(1986—),博士,副研究员,研究方向:橡胶树乳管发育和分子育种。

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A: Cross section of the EU2 bark in natural state; B: Cross section of the EU2 bark treated with COR for 7 days; C: Cross section of the EU2 bark before enzymatic hydrolysis; D: Cross section of the EU2 bark after enzymatic hydrolysis; E-H: Microscopic examination of protoplasts dissociated from EU2 bark treated with COR for one day; E: The bright field image of the separated protoplasts; F: The dead cells and impurities stained red by PI; G: The active protoplasts stained green by FDA; H: A merge image of E, F and G. White arrow: Primary laticifer; Black arrow: Secondary laticifer; Black triangle: The cambium area of bark; Black hollow triangle: The cambium area after enzymatic hydrolysis; Ca: Cambium; Co: Cortex; Ep: Epidermis; PPF: Primary phloem fiber; R: Ray; St: Sieve tube cells; Ve: Ductal cells; W: Wound the foreskin.

, figureFileSmall=55hy4nJ37FmZ2eICF9koQQ==, figureFileBig=AneN2Sm6VleVbciBYXZhkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844435468058779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844419760390216, language=CN, label=图1, caption=COR诱导橡胶树次生乳管分化的形成层细胞原生质体分离及鉴定

A:自然状态下橡胶树EU2树皮的横切面;B:COR处理7 d的橡胶树EU2树皮的横切面;C:酶解前橡胶树EU2树皮横切面;D:酶解后橡胶树EU2树皮的横切面;E~H:COR处理1 d的橡胶树EU2树皮的原生质体镜检;E:原生质体明场图;F:被PI染色呈红色的死细胞和杂质;G:FDA染色呈绿色的活性原生质体;H:E、F、G的组合图。白色箭头:初生乳管;黑色箭头:次生乳管;黑色三角形:形成层区;黑色空心三角形:酶解后形成层区:Ca:形成层;Co:皮层;Ep:表皮;PPF:初生韧皮纤维;R:射线;St:筛管细胞;Ve:导管细胞;W:愈伤周皮。

, figureFileSmall=55hy4nJ37FmZ2eICF9koQQ==, figureFileBig=AneN2Sm6VleVbciBYXZhkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844435929432221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844419760390216, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=DNA sequence length (A-D) and FastQC quality statistics (E-H) of offline data of four CUT&Tag libraries

A, E: COR treatment; B, F: CK; C, G: Positive control; D, H: Negative control.

, figureFileSmall=mAJ4xSWpMT/xlVDZLNakOA==, figureFileBig=hEzhIIUeQ0ipO4PU1aYjLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844436227227806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844419760390216, language=CN, label=图2, caption=CUT&Tag文库的DNA序列长度(A~D)和下机数据的FastQC质量统计(E~H)

A、E:COR处理;B、F:CK;C、G:阳性对照;D、H:阴性对照。

, figureFileSmall=mAJ4xSWpMT/xlVDZLNakOA==, figureFileBig=hEzhIIUeQ0ipO4PU1aYjLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844436281753759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844419760390216, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Statistical distribution of reads from CUT&Tag libraries on genome of H. brasilience RY8-79

A: COR treatment; B: CK; C: Positive control; D: Negative control.

, figureFileSmall=L9Rl4rhMsV6IAWBJgGd68w==, figureFileBig=N/DbPYPWJfzza/xjTXhEYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844436344668320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844419760390216, language=CN, label=图3, caption=CUT&Tag文库的reads在巴西橡胶树高产无性系RY8-79基因组上的分布统计

A:COR处理;B:CK;C:阳性对照;D:阴性对照。

, figureFileSmall=L9Rl4rhMsV6IAWBJgGd68w==, figureFileBig=N/DbPYPWJfzza/xjTXhEYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844436403388577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844419760390216, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Distribution map of reads relative to TSS position (A-D), gene body (E-H), and the TSS on both sides of the genome (I-K) in CUT&Tag library

A, E, I: COR treatment; B, F, J: CK; C, G, K: Positive control; D, H, L: Negative control.

, figureFileSmall=5xwE+5arWewqm4mZNaV3xg==, figureFileBig=g1n56gYTCm9GrpprebFwmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844436487274658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844419760390216, language=CN, label=图4, caption=CUT&Tag文库的reads相对TSS位置(A~D)、gene body的分布(E~H)和贯穿基因组的TSS两侧的分布(I~K)图

A、E、I:COR处理;B、F、J:CK;C、G、K:阳性对照;D、H、L:阴性对照。

, figureFileSmall=5xwE+5arWewqm4mZNaV3xg==, figureFileBig=g1n56gYTCm9GrpprebFwmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844436571160739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844419760390216, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of peak differentially expressed genes in CUT&Tag libraries

A, E are COR treatment; B, F are CK; C, G are positive control; D, H are negative control.

, figureFileSmall=Ne0iNpSx6dxFSFcOsRjkFA==, figureFileBig=5TjFUxCVgE3Ao/0nCEA9NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844436638269604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844419760390216, language=CN, label=图5, caption=CUT&Tag文库的峰差异基因GO和KEGG富集分析图

A、E为COR处理;B、F为CK;C、G为阳性实验对照;D、H为阴性实验对照。

, figureFileSmall=Ne0iNpSx6dxFSFcOsRjkFA==, figureFileBig=5TjFUxCVgE3Ao/0nCEA9NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276844436696989861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844419760390216, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Quality control statistics of raw data in CUT&Tag library

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本SampleRaw readRaw base(G)Clean readClean base(G)Clean ratio/%GC content/%Q20 raw/%Q30 raw/%Q20 clean/%Q30 clean/%Low qualityToo many NToo shortTrimmed with adapter
COR处理4 833 3271.454 782 1191.3391.7240.7295.9289.6396.1389.7399 54602870572 202
CK5 973 8291.795 926 9191.6290.5041.1795.9089.7896.2089.9591 6201021901 549 668
阳性对照24 645 9447.3924 499 2576.7190.8037.8696.4190.5096.5790.56280 638211610 6205 844 753
阴性对照518 0140.16512 4010.1381.2542.6895.7989.8296.3990.4410 8660360254 420
), ArticleFig(id=1276844436759904422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844419760390216, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CUT&Tag文库原始数据质控统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本SampleRaw readRaw base(G)Clean readClean base(G)Clean ratio/%GC content/%Q20 raw/%Q30 raw/%Q20 clean/%Q30 clean/%Low qualityToo many NToo shortTrimmed with adapter
COR处理4 833 3271.454 782 1191.3391.7240.7295.9289.6396.1389.7399 54602870572 202
CK5 973 8291.795 926 9191.6290.5041.1795.9089.7896.2089.9591 6201021901 549 668
阳性对照24 645 9447.3924 499 2576.7190.8037.8696.4190.5096.5790.56280 638211610 6205 844 753
阴性对照518 0140.16512 4010.1381.2542.6895.7989.8296.3990.4410 8660360254 420
), ArticleFig(id=1276844436827013287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844419760390216, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison between CUT& Tag library reads and genome of H. brasilience

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本SampleClean readMappedMapped/Clean read×100%Unique mappedUnique mapped/Mapped× 100%Dup Unique mappedDup Unique mapped/Unique mapped×100%Unique mapped dedupUnique mapped dedup/Clean read×100%
COR处理4 782 1194 645 81997.154 549 02197.922 324 96851.112 224 05346.51
CK5 926 9195 698 27196.145 529 75897.043 843 45669.501 686 30228.45
阳性对照24 499 25723 073 51694.1820 755 48689.9514 048 23367.686 707 25327.38
阴性对照512 401340 39466.43286 62284.20201 75370.3984 86916.56
), ArticleFig(id=1276844436915093672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276844419760390216, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

CUT&Tag文库Reads与参考基因组比对情况表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本SampleClean readMappedMapped/Clean read×100%Unique mappedUnique mapped/Mapped× 100%Dup Unique mappedDup Unique mapped/Unique mapped×100%Unique mapped dedupUnique mapped dedup/Clean read×100%
COR处理4 782 1194 645 81997.154 549 02197.922 324 96851.112 224 05346.51
CK5 926 9195 698 27196.145 529 75897.043 843 45669.501 686 30228.45
阳性对照24 499 25723 073 51694.1820 755 48689.9514 048 23367.686 707 25327.38
阴性对照512 401340 39466.43286 62284.20201 75370.3984 86916.56
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冠菌素诱导橡胶树次生乳管分化的形成层细胞CUT&Tag文库构建和初步分析
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张世鑫 1 , 葛立鑫 1, 2 , 吴绍华 1 , 晁金泉 1 , 杨署光 1 , 史敏晶 1 , 张华 2 , 田维敏 3, *
热带作物学报 | 组学与生物技术 2024,45(10): 2010-2024
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热带作物学报 |组学与生物技术 2024 , 45 (10) : 2010 -2024
冠菌素诱导橡胶树次生乳管分化的形成层细胞CUT&Tag文库构建和初步分析
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张世鑫1, 葛立鑫1, 2, 吴绍华1, 晁金泉1, 杨署光1, 史敏晶1, 张华2, 田维敏3, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所/热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室/农业农村部橡胶树生物学与遗传资源利用重点实验室/海南省热带作物栽培生理学重点实验室,海南海口 571101
  • 2.西藏农牧学院,西藏林芝 860000
  • 3.中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园,云南勐腊 666303
通讯作者:
* 田维敏(TIAN Weimin),E-mail:
Construction and Preliminary Analysis of CUT&Tag Library of Cambium Cells Treatment by Coronatine Induced Secondary Laticifer Differentiation in Hevea brasiliensis
Shixin ZHANG1, Lixin GE1, 2, Shaohua WU1, Jinquan CHAO1, Shuguang YANG1, Minjing SHI1, Hua ZHANG2, Weimin TIAN3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding / Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Hainan Key Laboratory for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 2.Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, China
  • 3.Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.10.002
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CUT&Tag技术是一种研究蛋白质-DNA互作的新方法,使用超高活性的新型pG-Tn5转座酶,在抗体引导下精准靶向切割目的蛋白附近的DNA序列,从而进行cDNA建库和测序分析。此技术在人类和动物研究中应用广泛,由于植物细胞结构特殊,该技术在植物研究中应用较少。在前期研究中,我们发现组蛋白乙酰化修饰参与茉莉酸诱导橡胶树次生乳管分化的调控,但其分子机制尚未阐明。本研究利用冠菌素(COR)诱导橡胶树萌条维管形成层分化次生乳管的实验系统,通过酶解法获取高质量的形成层区细胞原生质体,使用组蛋白H3乙酰化修饰抗体对次生乳管分化过程中发生组蛋白乙酰化修饰的区域进行原位识别,采用CUT&Tag技术成功构建COR处理橡胶树树皮形成层细胞的cDNA文库。对构建cDNA文库进行质检和测序分析,发现文库质量较好,并通过差异基因的GO和KEGG富集分析,发现生长素、类黄酮代谢和蛋白质泛素化等相关基因得到富集。本研究结果为使用CUT&Tag技术构建植物组织的cDNA文库提供操作方法,为解析组蛋白乙酰化修饰调控橡胶树次生乳管分化的分子机制提供理论基础。

巴西橡胶树  /  次生乳管分化  /  维管形成层  /  原生质体  /  组蛋白乙酰化  /  CUT&Tag

The CUT&Tag technology is a new method for protein-DNA interactions, which uses a novel pG-Tn5 transposase with ultra-high activity, to precisely target and cleave DNA sequences near the target protein under antibody guidance, thus enabling cDNA library construction and sequencing analysis. This technology is widely used in human and animal research, but due to the unique structure of plant cells, its application in plant research is relatively limited. In previous studies, we found histone acetylation can participate in the regulation of jasmonic acid induced secondary laticifer differentiation, but the molecular mechanism of histone acetylation modification regulating secondary laticifer differentiation has not been elucidated in rubber tree. In this article, we used the experimental system of secondary laticifer differentiation induced by cornetin (COR) in the vascular cambium by the CUT&Tag technology, and the high quality protoplasts of cambium cells were obtained by enzymolysis, and the Histone H3 acetylation modified antibody was used to identify in situ the region of histone acetylation modification during secondary laticifer differentiation. A cDNA library of cambium cells treatment by COR was successfully constructed using CUT&Tag technology in rubber tree bark. Quality inspection and sequencing analysis were conducted on the construction of cDNA libraries, and found that the quality of libraries were good. And GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of differential genes found the genes related to auxin, flavonoid metabolism, and protein ubiquitination were enriched. The results would provide an operational method for constructing cDNA libraries of plant tissues using CUT&Tag technology, and provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the molecular mechanism of histone acetylation modification regulating secondary laticifer differentiation in rubber tree.

Hevea brasiliensis  /  secondary laticifer differentiation  /  vascular cambium  /  protoplast  /  histone acetylation  /  CUT&Tag
张世鑫, 葛立鑫, 吴绍华, 晁金泉, 杨署光, 史敏晶, 张华, 田维敏. 冠菌素诱导橡胶树次生乳管分化的形成层细胞CUT&Tag文库构建和初步分析. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (10) : 2010 -2024 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.10.002
Shixin ZHANG, Lixin GE, Shaohua WU, Jinquan CHAO, Shuguang YANG, Minjing SHI, Hua ZHANG, Weimin TIAN. Construction and Preliminary Analysis of CUT&Tag Library of Cambium Cells Treatment by Coronatine Induced Secondary Laticifer Differentiation in Hevea brasiliensis[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (10) : 2010 -2024 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.10.002
2019年4月29日,美国西雅图HENIKOFF博士在《Nature Communications》上首次发布Cleavage Under Targets and Tagmentation(CUT&Tag)技术[1]。CUT&Tag技术是利用超高活性的新型pG-Tn5转座酶,在特异抗体引导下精准靶向切割目的蛋白附近的DNA序列。在进行CUT&Tag实验时,首先进行靶蛋白特异性抗体(一抗)孵育,使抗体进入细胞与靶蛋白结合,为了放大信号,同理接着进行二抗孵育,最后孵育pAG-Tn5转座体,使得转座体进入细胞并与抗体结合,这样就把转座体间接地固定在靶蛋白上,随后加入Mg2+,激活Tn5酶的切割活性,切断靶蛋白结合的DNA区域。由于Tn5连有测序接头,在打断的同时直接在片段化的DNA上加接头,然后提取DNA,进行PCR扩增构建文库。在传统的染色质免疫共沉淀(ChIP-Seq)试验中,使用超声波随机打断染色质,经过抗体免疫沉淀DNA,通常得到DNA长度均一性差。然而,在CUT&Tag中,转座子只在接近蛋白质结合位点的附近切割染色质,从而使DNA序列长度缩短[2]。因此即使较低的测序深度(3~5 M reads)也能得到高质量的数据。与传统的ChIP-Seq相比,CUT&Tag技术具有细胞投入量低、信噪比高、可重复性好等优势,尤其适用于早期胚胎发育、干细胞、肿瘤以及表观遗传学等研究领域[1-3]。目前,CUT&Tag在组蛋白修饰方面的研究己经在动物细胞和植物中都有成功应用[3-4],甚至利用CUT&Tag进行组蛋白修饰的研究己经发展到了单细胞水平[1,3,5]。然而,植物细胞存在细胞壁、大液泡和复杂的次生代谢产物,对抗体和pG-Tn5转座酶进入到植物细胞内有阻碍作用,CUT&Tag技术应用于植物蛋白质修饰的研究较成熟,而针对植物的转录因子与染色质结合研究的CUT&Tag试验仍然是个挑战,试验成功案例还很少[6]
天然橡胶与石油、煤炭、钢铁并称四大工业原料,是国防和经济建设的重要战略物资。世界所需的天然橡胶,98%以上是来自巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)[7]。橡胶树树干树皮中的次生乳管是天然橡胶合成和贮存的场所,由维管形成层纺锤状原始细胞分化而来[8-9]。割胶生产上,通过切断树皮中的乳管,收集从乳管排出的胶乳,加工成天然橡胶。维管形成层细胞分化次生乳管后,会不断向树皮外侧推移,乳管细胞要经过发生-幼嫩-成熟-衰老-死亡的过程。为维持橡胶树树皮产胶部位的乳管数量,需要维管形成层不断分化出新的次生乳管进行补充。而这些次生乳管的数量与天然橡胶产量直接相关,次生乳管数量取决于维管形成层分化成次生乳管的频率,即次生乳管分化能力,这是橡胶树产量育种的主要指标[7]。前期研究中,我们团队最早发现外施茉莉酸(jasmonic,JA)及其前体亚麻酸(LA)能诱导维管形成层细胞分化成次生乳管[9-11]。后续我们又发现使用活性形式的茉莉酸(JA-Ile)结构类似物冠菌素(coronatine,COR)[12],在诱导橡胶树次生乳管分化的效应方面比茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)更好[13],并建立了一种稳定的COR诱导橡胶树萌条次生乳管分化的实验系统[14-19]。最近,我们发现组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDACs)的抑制剂曲古抑菌素A(trichostatin A,TSA)也能够高效诱导橡胶树次生乳管分化[16]。使用COR处理,能显著提高维管形成层区的组蛋白乙酰化程度,而且HDA活性和含量也受到影响。基于这些研究基础,以及组蛋白乙酰化修饰作为基因转录调控的重要方式,推测JA诱导橡胶树次生乳管分化,可能是通过组蛋白乙酰化修饰调控橡胶树次生乳管分化相关基因转录而实现。
本研究利用COR诱导橡胶树萌条次生乳管分化的实验系统,通过分离COR诱导橡胶树次生乳管分化的树皮样品,使用酶解法分离形成层区细胞的原生质体。采用CUT&Tag技术,通过组蛋白H3乙酰化抗体引导下精准靶向切割组蛋白乙酰化修饰区域附近的DNA序列,进行CUT&Tag试验,构建cDNA文库并质检和测序。研究结果为使用CUT&Tag技术构建植物组织cDNA文库提供操作方法,为解析组蛋白乙酰化修饰调控橡胶树乳管分化的分子机制提供理论基础。
植物材料为巴西橡胶树无性系热研7-33-97的1年生萌条,种植在中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所的五队增殖苗圃,这些萌条每年都经过锯杆,并通过基部的潜伏芽重新生长新的萌条,并在1年内生长5~6个伸长单位(extension unit,EU)[9,13]
选取一年生橡胶树萌条的第2伸长单位(EU2),节间长且健壮的树干作为实验材料,在EU2树干中部,使用单面刀片刮去面积为2 cm×4 cm的茎表皮及部分皮层,用面积略大的灭菌无尘纸包裹处理部位,施加含有20 μmol/L COR溶液,然后用塑料封口膜缠绕并密封包裹。处理时间为1 d。然后拆去塑料封口膜和无尘纸,剥取处理部位的树皮(不带部分木质部),并立即置于冰水中,带回实验室。COR处理橡胶树萌条,取3组生物学重复,每组生物学重复取自5株橡胶树萌条树皮进行混合。
选取与COR处理相同状态的橡胶树萌条,不做任何处理。在COR处理剥取树皮样品的同时,剥取未处理的萌条树皮(不带部分木质部),即为对照处理(CK)胶树萌条。对CK的树皮样品,同样取3组生物学重复,每组生物学重复取自5株橡胶树萌条树皮进行混合。
将取回的COR和对照处理橡胶树萌条的树皮样品,立即置于一次性塑料培养皿内,分割成约0.5 cm×2 cm的小块,并立即置于冰水中,充分洗涤,洗掉胶乳和细小的杂质。再通过酶解法从新鲜树皮中制备原生质体,参考拟南芥和杨树[20-21]的实验方案加以改进,分离橡胶树萌条树皮形成层区域的原生质体。针对橡胶树树皮中存在大量胶乳,相应地增加洗涤步骤和树皮材料酶解时间。将得到的原生质体悬浮液添加到含有0.01 mg/mL双醋酸荧光素(fluorescein diacrtate,FDA)和2.5 μg/mL碘化锭(propidium iodide,PI)缓冲液中,使用FDA和PI双重染色法测定原生质质体活力,并使用血细胞计数板进行计数。
使用南京诺唯赞公司的Hyperactive Universal CUT&Tag Assay Kit for Illumina试剂盒进行cDNA文库构建,针对本研究的植物细胞原生质体,对实验步骤进行优化,详情如下:
(1)缓冲液(Buffer)配制。①Binding Buffer:取30 μL 10×Binding Buffer,加无酶水至300 μL,混匀。②Wash Buffer:取150 μL 10×Wash Buffer,加入30 μL 50×蛋白酶抑制剂,加入1320 μL无酶水,混匀。③50×蛋白酶抑制剂:取1片蛋白酶抑制剂混合片剂(Roche,EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Cocktai,11873580001)溶于1 mL无酶水中,–20 ℃保存。④Antibody Buffer:取50 μL Antibody Buffer(-),加入0.5 μL 5% Digitonin,混匀后置于冰上预冷。⑤Dig-wash Buffer:取792 μL步骤②中配制的Wash Buffer,加入8 μL 5% Digitonin,混匀。⑥Dig-300 Buffer:取100 μL 10×Dig-300 Buffer,加2 μL 5% Digitonin和20 μL 50×蛋白酶抑制剂,加入878 μL无酶水,混匀。⑦试剂盒中的Buffer WA和Buffer WB,在首次使用时,加入试剂盒说明书要求的无水乙醇。
(2)ConA Beads处理。取1支200 μL的8连管,每个样本加入100 μL Binding Buffer。使用移液枪吹打充分重悬ConA Beads,取出10 μL ConA Beads加到Binding Buffer中,混合均匀,置于磁力架上,待溶液澄清后(约2 min),用移液枪吸弃上清。将8连管从磁力架上取下,加入100 μL Binding Buffer,用移液枪轻轻吹打混匀(请勿振荡混匀)。将8连管置于磁力架上,待液体澄清后(约2 min),用移液枪吸尽上清。再加入10 μL Binding Buffer重悬ConA Beads。
(3)细胞原生质体收集。在细胞原生质体通透之前的所有步骤都在室温下进行,使细胞受到的应力最小化。操作过程中,避免剧烈的涡旋振荡,造成细胞原生质体破裂。在室温条件下收集原生质体,并用血细胞计数板计数。重悬原生质体,取所需数量的原生质体(约150 000个)于1.5 mL EP管中,室温下2500 r/min(600×g)低速离心5 min,用移液枪吸尽上清。在室温条件下,加入500 μL Wash Buffer重悬细胞,2500 r/min(600×g)低速离心5 min,用移液枪吸尽上清。在每个样本中,加入100 μL Wash Buffer重悬原生质体。
(4)一抗孵育。在每个样本中,加入50 μL预冷的Antibody Buffer重悬细胞(细胞核)-磁珠复合物。使用Merck公司的组蛋白H3乙酰化修饰抗体(Anti-acetyl-Histone H3 Antibody,06-599)作为一抗,进行COR诱导橡胶树萌条次生乳管分化形成层区样品和对照的CUT&Tag文库构建。CUT&Tag文库需要设置阳性对照和阴性对照,其中阳性对照使用细胞内高表达的H3K27me3抗体,阴性对照使用结合能力强的IgG抗体。参照抗体说明书推荐的免疫浓度,按照1∶50的浓度,将抗体加入8连管中,上下颠倒混匀。瞬时离心,收集液体于管底(切忌因离心时间过长,导致磁珠聚集在管底),将8连管置于冰箱4 ℃,静置孵育过夜。
(5)二抗孵育。二抗为羊抗兔CI,用Dig-wash Buffer按照一定的比例,预先稀释好二抗(常规推荐使用1∶100比例稀释,二抗浓度为1∶50),每个样本的二抗工作液用量为50 μL。从冰箱取出孵育过夜的8连管,瞬时离心收集反应液,将8连管置于磁力架上,待溶液澄清后(2 min),用移液枪吸弃上清。加入稀释好的二抗工作液,上下颠倒数次,使抗体与细胞(细胞核)-磁珠复合物混合均匀,室温下旋转孵育1 h,由于溶液较少,旋转孵育期间每15 min取下八连管,轻弹混匀1次。二抗孵育完成后,将8连管置于磁力架上,待溶液澄清后(2 min),用移液枪吸尽上清。向8连管中加入200 μL Dig-wash Buffer,上下颠倒数次,确保Buffer与细胞(细胞核)-磁珠复合物充分混合。重复上述的Dig-wash Buffer洗涤步骤2次。
(6)pA/G-Tnp转座子孵育。取2 μL pA/G-Tnp加入98 μL Dig-300 Buffer混合,预先稀释好pA/G-Tnp,使其终浓度为0.04 μmol/L,每个样本pA/G-Tnp转座子工作液用量为100 μL。取Dig-wash Buffer洗涤的8连管,瞬时离心,将8连管置于磁力架上,待溶液澄清后(2 min),用移液枪吸尽上清。每个样本加入100 μL稀释的pA/G-Tnp转座子工作液,上下颠倒数次,使转座子与细胞(细胞核)-磁珠复合物混合均匀。室温下旋转孵育1 h,由于溶液较少,旋转孵育期间每10 min取下8连管,轻弹混匀1次。pA/G-Tnp转座子孵育完成后,瞬时离心,将8连管置于磁力架上,待液体澄清后(30~120 s),用移液枪吸尽上清。向8连管中加入200 μL Dig-300 Buffer,上下颠倒数次,确保Buffer与原生质体-磁珠复合物充分混合均匀。重复上述的Dig-wash Buffer洗涤步骤3次。
(7)DNA片段化。取40 μL Dig-300 Buffer,加入10 μL 5×TTBL,混合均匀,预先稀释TTBL,每个样本TTBL工作液用量为50 μL。取下pA/G-Tnp转座子孵育的8连管,瞬时离心,将8连管置于磁力架上,待液体澄清后(2 min),用移液枪吸尽上清。向每个样本中加入50 μL稀释的TTBL工作液,混合均匀。将8连管置于PCR仪中,37 ℃孵育1 h(可不设置热盖,使PCR仪保持开盖状态进行PCR反应,期间每20 min取下8连管,轻弹混匀1次)。
(8)DNA提取。向37 ℃孵育完成的每个DNA片段化样本中,加入5 μL Proteinase K、100 μL Buffer L/B和20 μL DNA Extract Beads,充分涡旋混匀。将8连管置于PCR仪中,55 ℃孵育10 min,其间颠倒混匀2~3次。瞬时离心,将8连管置于磁力架上,静置约2~3 min,小心移除上清(切勿吸走磁珠,用10 μL枪头尽量将上清吸除干净)。将上述样本取下磁力架,每个样本中加入200 μL Buffer WA(使用前要加入无水乙醇),充分涡旋混匀。瞬时离心收集反应液,将8连管置于磁力架上,静置2 min,用移液枪吸尽上清。重复上述的Buffer WB洗涤步骤2次。开盖室温晾置约10 min,直至管内无液体残留,磁珠表面无反光(为保证DNA纯度,Buffer WB要充分晾干挥发乙醇,但不宜过度干燥而导致磁珠龟裂)。将上述样本取下磁力架,加入22 μL灭菌超纯水,用移液枪吹打混匀,室温洗脱5 min,其间轻轻振荡2~3次。将8连管置于磁力架上,待溶液澄清后(约1 min),吸取20 μL上清至新的8连管中,得到提取的DNA样本。该DNA样本即为CUT&Tag文库模版,可置于–20 ℃长期保存,避免反复冻融。
(9)文库PCR扩增。在PCR管中配制文库PCR扩增的反应体系:纯化后的片段化DNA 15 μL,2×CAM 25 μL,N5XX 5 μL,N7XX 5 μL,总体积50 μL,使用移液枪轻轻吹打混匀。在PCR仪中,进行如下反应:72 ℃链置换反应3 min;95 ℃预变性3 min;98 ℃变性10 s,60 ℃退火延伸7 s,共12个循环;72 ℃ DNA合成1 min;4 ℃终止反应。
(10)PCR产物纯化。使用磁珠法对PCR产物进行纯化,将VAHTS DNA Clean Beads(Vazyme # N411)回温并涡旋振荡混匀,缓慢吸取100 μL加到文库的PCR反应产物中,使用移液枪轻轻吹打10次,保证整个体系均匀,室温孵育5 min。将反应管瞬时离心并置于磁力架上分离磁珠和液体,待溶液澄清后(约5 min),小心用移液枪吸尽上清,注意不要扰动到磁珠。保持PCR管始终在磁力架上,加入400 μL新鲜配制的80%乙醇漂洗磁珠,室温孵育30 s,用移液枪吸尽上清。重复乙醇漂洗步骤2次。保持PCR管始终处于磁力架上,开盖空气干燥5 min。磁珠晾干后,将PCR管从磁力架上取出,加入22 μL灭菌超纯水洗脱,使用移液枪轻轻吹打10次充分混匀磁珠,室温孵育5 min。将PCR管瞬时离心,置于磁力架上分离磁珠和液体,待溶液澄清后(约5 min),小心吸取20 μL上清转移到新的EP管中,该纯化的PCR产物样本即为CUT&Tag文库,置于–20 ℃长期保存,避免反复冻融。
(11)文库质量检测和长度分布检测。对构建好的CUT&Tag文库,通过浓度检测和长度分布检测进行质量评价。使用Agilent Fragment Analyzer 5400全自动毛细管电泳系统进行文库质量和长度分布检测。
使用Illmina novaseq 6000对构建的CUT&Tag文库进行测序。首先对Illmina测序获得的CUT&Tag文库原始数据,采用剪切方式截去测序数据的测序接头和低质量片段,去除低质量的数据和保证clean reads的质量,具体步骤如下:①删掉质量值小于15的碱基超过该reads碱基数的40%的reads;②截去碱基为N的超过6个的reads,③去除带接头的reads;④舍弃修剪后短于50 bp的reads。得到的clean reads将通过以下的生物信息学软件进行分析,分别使用BWA软件进行Mapping分析,使用DeepTools软件进行样本间相关性分析,使用MACS2软件进行peak calling分析,使用Homer findMotifsGenome.pl进行motif识别,使用Goseq、TopGO和Bioconductor(2.13)软件进行GO富集分析,使用KOBAS软件进行KEGG富集分析。
使用COR诱导橡胶树萌条次生乳管分化实验系统,自然状态下橡胶树EU2树皮的横切面见图1A。在20 μmol/L COR诱导处理7 d的橡胶树树皮中可观察COR诱导产生的次生乳管(图1B)。采集COR诱导处理1 d的橡胶树萌条树皮样品,使用酶解法分离橡胶树萌条树皮形成层细胞的原生质体。使用徒手切片的方法对酶解前后的树皮进行横切,可以通过光学显微镜快速地观察到树皮的结构变化。结果发现酶解前的橡胶树树皮从外到内分别为表皮、皮层、初生韧皮纤维、初生韧皮部、次生韧皮部和形成层区,各部分组织都很完整,且形成层区约有7~11层形成层细胞(黑色三角所示),无其他杂质(图1C);而酶解后的橡胶树树皮,表皮、皮层、初生韧皮纤维、初生韧皮部和次生韧皮部等组织都很完整,而形成层区细胞已经完全酶解(空心三角所示)(图1D)。对酶解法获得的树皮形成层区细胞原生质体(图1E)进行FDA-PI染色和荧光显微镜镜检,发现在原生质体悬浊液中,被PI染色呈红色的死细胞和杂质较少(图1F),而被FDA染色发绿色荧光的具有活性的原生质体数量较多(图1G);再使用血细胞计数板计数法对具有活性的原生质体进行计数,发现COR处理得到具有活性原生质体数量约为3750个/μL,总数约为3.75×105个,CK样品中具有活性原生质体数量约为3850个/μL,总数约为3.85×105个。可见使用酶解法获得橡胶树树皮形成层区的有活性的原生质体,质量较好、数量较多,能满足后续CUT&Tag文库构建的要求。
对酶解法获得的原生质体进行重悬,按照原生质体的浓度吸取约150 000个原生质体,分别使用组蛋白H3乙酰化修饰抗体(COR处理和CK)、H3K27me3抗体(阳性对照)和IgG抗体(阴性对照),构建COR处理组、CK、阳性对照和阴性对照的CUT&Tag文库。通过文库质量检测,发现获得的各CUT&Tag文库的DNA片段长度大致在250~1000 bp(图2A~图2D),符合CUT&Tag文库要求。通过Illumina测序获得CUT&Tag文库的数据信息,使用FastQC软件对测序数据的质量进行评估,数据质量较好(图2E~图2H)。
通过对Illumina测序获得的CUT&Tag文库的数据进行过滤,采用剪切方式截去测序数据的测序接头和低质量片段,去除低质量的数据,保证clean reads的质量。修剪之后剩余reads长度足够长,依然可以用于后续生物信息学分析,从而较高效地利用测序数据。
获得的COR处理、CK、阳性对照和阴性对照4个CUT&Tag文库:clean reads数量分别为4 782 119、5 926 919、24 499 257和512 401,除了阴性对照的数据量较少以外,其他3个文库的clean reads数据量均较好。碱基G和C的数量总和占总的碱基数量的百分比分别为40.72%、41.17%、37.86%和42.68%,均在正常水平。判断文库质量的关键指标,即Q20 clean分别为96.13%、96.20%、96.57%和96.39%,Q30 clean分别为89.73%、89.95%、90.56%和90.44%,均属于同类测序数据的较高水平(表1)。
利用Burrows Wheeler Aligner (BWA)对4个CUT&Tag数据与巴西橡胶树高产无性系RY8-79参考基因组[22]的比对分析。COR处理、CK、阳性对照和阴性对照4个CUT&Tag文库的序列比对上RY8-79参考基因组的reads数量和百分比,分别为4 645 819(97.15%)、5 698 271(96.14%)、23 073 516(94.18%)和340 394(66.43%),除了阴性对照比对上数据量较少以外,其他3个文库的比对上的reads数量和百分比均较高。在CUT&Tag的分析中,唯一比对且非重复比对的reads数量是关注的重点,4个文库数据unique mapped dedup分别为2 224 053(46.51%)、1 686 302(28.45%)、6 707 253(27.38%)和84 869(16.56%),此项指标属于较好水平(表2)。
对4个CUT&Tag文库的Total mapped reads数据比对到巴西橡胶树高产无性系RY8-79参考基因组的各个染色体的密度进行统计。正常情况下,整个染色体长度越长,该染色体内部定位的reads总数越多。从定位到染色体上的reads数与染色体长度的关系图中,可以更加直观看出染色体长度和reads总数的关系。如图3所示,阴性对照比对上基因组各染色体的reads数量较少(图3D),COR处理、CK和阳性对照3个文库数据比对上基因组各染色体的reads数量较多,且三者之间的丰富程度相差不大(图3A~图3C)。可见本次构建的COR处理和CK的CUT&Tag的数据质量较好。
利用deepTools软件的computeMatrix模块对转录起始位点(TSS)上下游3 kb区域的CUT&Tag信号进行统计,是将整个区域按照50 bp的窗口大小划分成bin,然后计算每个bin中的平均信号强度,可以获得每个样本的TSS上游和下游3 kb区域上的平均信号分布(图4A~图4D),COR处理、CK和阳性对照的结果在TSS处均有显著的高峰,而且TSS上游和下游的曲线很均匀;虽然阴性对照在TSS处也有显著的高峰,但TSS上游和下游的曲线比较杂乱。同理,利用deepTools软件的plotProfile模块对gene body上下游3 kb区域的CUT&Tag信号进行统计,得到每个样本的gene body上下游3 kb区域上的平均信号分布(图4E~图4H),COR处理、CK和阳性对照的结果在TSS和TES处均有显著的高峰,TES-TSS连接的曲线很均匀,显著高于TSS和TES之外的区域;虽然阴性对照在TSS和TES处也有显著的高峰,但TES-TSS连接的曲线比较杂乱,也是显著高于TSS和TES之外的区域曲线。同理,利用deepTools软件的computeMatrix模块对peak峰顶上下游3 kb区域的CUT&Tag信号进行统计,得到每个样本CUT&Tag信号贯穿基因组的TSS两侧的分布图(图4I~图4L),横坐标表示reads相对于peak summit的位置信息,纵坐标表示每一个区域的reads信号的聚类结果,可以看出COR处理、CK和阳性对照的3个文库的reads集中在peak summit的位置,但漂移出peak summit的也较多,且上下游的富集reads信号较少。从以上结果可知,引起阴性对照曲线杂乱的原因可能是阴性对照的数据量少、比对的结果少造成的。
峰最邻近的TSS所对应的基因被认为是峰相关基因。使用Goseq软件对各CUT&Tag文库的峰相关基因进行GO富集分析,根据GO富集的生物过程(biological process)、细胞组分(cellular component)和分子功能(molecular function)3个类别,对过度呈现P值(over represented P value)最小的30项中具有峰值项的基因数量(gene with peak item)最多的几项进行筛选。如图5A~图5D所示:(1)COR处理的CUT&Tag文库差异峰对应基因,在GO富集的3个类别中,分别是生物过程6项,其中DNA整合相关基因220个;细胞组分12项,其中泛素化连接酶复合体相关基因130个、泛素化-蛋白转移酶相关基因128个;分子功能12项,其中泛素化连接酶复合体相关基因178个、泛素化-蛋白转移酶相关基因178个和ADP结合相关基因166个等。(2)CK的CUT&Tag文库差异峰对应基因,在GO富集的3个类别中,分别是生物过程2项,其中对生长素的反应相关基因33个;细胞组分12项,其中泛素化连接酶复合体相关基因117个和核泛素连接酶复合物相关基因115个;分子功能16项,其中ADP结合相关基因170个、泛素蛋白转移酶活性相关基因165个和泛素样蛋白转移酶活性相关基因165个等。(3)组蛋白H3K27m3抗体对应的阳性对照的CUT&Tag文库差异峰对应基因,在GO富集的3个类别中,分别是生物过程10项,其中对蛋白质磷酸化相关基因338个和DNA整合相关基因144个;细胞组分2项,其中细胞外基质相关基因18个;分子功能15项,其中氧化还原酶活性相关基因165个和铁离子结合相关基因155个等。(4)阴性对照的CUT&Tag文库差异峰对应基因,在GO富集的3个类别中,分别是生物过程14项,其中光合作用相关基因13个;细胞组分7项,其中含蛋白质复合物相关基因25个和膜蛋白复合体相关基因13个;分子功能9项,其中叶绿素结合相关基因3个和脱氧核糖核酸酶活性相关基因3个等。可见COR处理、CK与阳性和阴性对照文库的GO富集结果之间存在巨大差异。
使用KOBAS软件进行峰差异基因KEGG富集分析,对P值和校正后的P值的最小20项中,具有输入的基因数量(input gene number)较多的几项进行筛选。如图5E~图5H所示,(1)COR处理的CUT&Tag文库的差异峰对应的基因校正P值最低且富集数量较多的KEGG通路,依次为植物病原体相互作用(P=0.1288,110个基因),类黄酮生物合成(P=0.1631,35个基因)、光合作用(P=0.0553,36个基因)、氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢(P=0.6543,71个基因)、核糖体(P=0.6543,156个基因)等;(2)COR处理对照的CUT&Tag文库的差异峰对应的基因校正P值最低且富集数量较多的KEGG通路,依次为植物病原体相互作用(P=0.0553,107个基因),类黄酮生物合成(P=0.1631,36个基因)、光合作用(P=0.12,44个基因)、昼夜节律-植物(P=0.3826,28个基因)、核糖体(P=0.3826,156个基因)等;(3)组蛋白H3K27m3抗体对应的阳性对照的CUT&Tag文库的差异峰对应的基因校正P值最低且富集数量较多的KEGG通路,依次为类黄酮生物合成(P=7.12E-06,33个基因),植物病原体相互作用(P=0.0067,66个基因)、次生代谢产物的生物合成(P=0.0067,297个基因)、倍半萜和三萜生物合成(P=0.0069,16个基因)、光合作用(P=0.0126,29个基因)等;(4)阴性对照的CUT&Tag文库的差异峰对应的基因校正P值最低且富集数量较多的KEGG通路,依次为光合作用(P=1.68E-14,15个基因),氧化磷酸化(P=2.8E-06,11个基因)、萜、哌啶和吡啶生物碱的生物合成(P=0.0219,3个基因)、RNA聚合酶(P=0.0459,3个基因)、代谢途径(P=0.1366,31个基因)等。可见COR处理、CK与阳性对和阴性对照文库的KEGG富集结果之间也存在较大差异。
橡胶树树干树皮中的次生乳管是天然橡胶合成和贮存的场所,是由维管形成层纺锤状原始细胞分化而来的[7,9]。形成层细胞分化次生乳管后,会不断向树皮外侧推移,乳管细胞要经过发生-幼嫩-成熟-衰老-死亡的过程。按照橡胶树树皮从里向外依次分布形成层区(乳管发生)、水囊皮(幼嫩乳管)、黄皮和砂皮内层(成熟乳管)以及砂皮外层和粗皮(衰老和死亡的乳管)[7]。由于天然橡胶生产中的割胶部位主要是形成层和水囊皮以外的组织——黄皮和砂皮内层,其中分布有大量的成熟乳管,故称之为有效产胶部位。只有形成层不断分化新的次生乳管,才能保障有效产胶部位中成熟乳管的数量[7]。橡胶树树干树皮中的次生乳管细胞的命运决定发生在形成层区。最适合观察此过程的时间为每年的春季新梢生长期(3—4月),此时树干的形成层区开始分裂分化活动,形成层的细胞层数最少(约4层)[13,23],可以在原位跟踪到形成层分化成次生乳管的过程。所以研究COR诱导橡胶树维管形成层分化次生乳管的分子机制,其植物材料仅限于COR诱导处理的橡胶树树皮的形成层区,形成层细胞且细胞位于木质部和韧皮部之间,难以分离到具有活性且数量较多的形成层细胞,也难以获得足够量的原生质体来满足ChIP-Seq实验要求,故我们选择起始量更低且效率更高的CUT&Tag技术来研究COR处理的橡胶树树皮形成层区的组蛋白乙酰化修饰对次生乳管分化的调控。目前,CUT&Tag技术已经广泛应用于组蛋白修饰/染色质结合蛋白分析、开放染色质分析、单细胞组学、DNA和蛋白质修饰分析、空间生物学和染色质构象捕获(3C)等多种研究方向,并且适用于植物和动物的多种模式物种。橡胶树维管形成层在分化成次生乳管细胞的特点,结合CUT&Tag技术能够达到单细胞级别的分析,能够充分还原形成层细胞发生的特异性修饰和基因表达,为解析橡胶树形成层分化次生乳管细胞的机制提供了良好的契机。
通过对COR处理橡胶树树皮CUT&Tag文库的峰相关基因进行GO和KEGG富集分析,发现很多生长素、类黄酮代谢相关的基因,COR和对照处理的文库还发现了大量的蛋白质泛素化修饰相关的基因,如泛素化连接酶复合体、泛素化-蛋白转移酶。这说明COR诱导橡胶树次生乳管分化过程中,形成层发生了蛋白质乙酰化修饰,而且有蛋白质泛素化修饰参与其调控过程。
蛋白质乙酰化是在乙酰基转移酶的作用下,在蛋白质赖氨酸残基上添加乙酰基的过程,是细胞控制基因表达,蛋白质活性或生理过程的一种机制。组蛋白乙酰化多发生在核小体的组蛋白N端碱性氨基酸集中区的特定赖氨酸残基上。组蛋白乙酰化水平是由组蛋白乙酰基转移酶(HATs)和组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAs)共同决定。在细胞核内,组蛋白乙酰化与组蛋白去乙酰化过程处于动态平衡,进而调控基因的转录和表达。蛋白质泛素化,是蛋白质的赖氨酸残基位点与泛素分子的羧基端相互结合的过程,可改变底物蛋白的稳定性、定位、活性和复合物形成,参与蛋白质降解过程。泛素化调节途径共有3类酶催化:泛素激活酶(E1)、泛素接合酶(E2)、泛素-蛋白质连接酶(E3)。与组蛋白乙酰化类似,组蛋白泛素化也是可逆转的调控,组蛋白泛素化的动态平衡过程由2个因素决定:分别是细胞内可以利用的游离泛素,以及组蛋白泛素化或去泛素化酶的活性。同样是发生在蛋白质赖氨酸残基位点上的蛋白质修饰,2种修饰方式之间必然存在一些联系。目前,关于乙酰化和泛素化二者的相互作用的研究还很少。最新的研究证明,泛素化和乙酰化能够共同调控植物中蛋白质稳定性变化[24]。研究发现依赖于NatA的NTA损伤会导致拟南芥蛋白质组的整体不稳定,并发现了一个新的降解决定子(degron),该degron标记了大多数非乙酰化的胞质蛋白并可通过泛素系统降解[24]。在人类疾病研究中,发现组蛋白泛素化与乙酰化协同作用可以实现染色质酶活性的精细调控[25]。甲基转移酶Dot1的活性可由H4K16(H4K16ac)特异性激活,H4K16ac直接激活Dot1的活性,H2B的泛素化(H2BUb)进一步增强了这种效果,从而获得了Dot1的最佳催化速率。并通过冷冻电镜结构对比分析和定点突变结合核小体的酶分析,证实了H4K16ac乙酰化和H2BUb泛素化对Dot1甲基化的变构刺激在H3K79甲基化反应中起关键作用[25]
而在JA信号途径起主导作用的COR诱导橡胶树次生乳管分化过程中,不仅有组蛋白乙酰化修饰参与,也有E3泛素连接酶参与。经典的JA信号途径:茉莉酸异亮氨酸(JA-Ile)是植物激素茉莉酸的活性形式,植物对茉莉酸的应答依赖SCFCOI1复合物[26-27],该复合物具有E3泛素化连接酶活性[28]。关键的调控环节为COI-JAZ-MYC,其中JAZ蛋白是茉莉酸信号途径的负调控因子,通过抑制MYC类转录因子对下游茉莉酸应答基因的转录激活活性,阻断JA信号传导。当JA-Ile与其受体COI1结合后,SCFCOI1复合物与JAZ蛋白结合,使JAZ蛋白发生泛素化而被26 s蛋白酶体降解,从而解除JAZ对MYC转录因子的抑制作用,启动JA下游响应基因的转录[29-30]。据报道,植物转录共激活因子复合体Mediator的一个亚基MED25,可将COI1引导至MYC2靶启动子上,并促进JAZ蛋白通过泛素化,被26 s蛋白酶体降解;此外,MED25可与组蛋白乙酰基转移酶1(HAC1)相互作用,此互作可选择性调节MYC2靶启动子H3K9乙酰化,从而在JA信号转导中发挥重要作用[31-34]。HAC1在MYC2靶启动子上的富集与活性依赖于COI1和MED25。因此,MED25将COI1与HAC1依赖的H3K9乙酰化联系起来,以激活MYC2对JA响应基因的转录调控[31-34]。由此可见,组蛋白乙酰化修饰和泛素化修饰在JA信号途径中起很重要的调控作用。近期,我们发现HDA的抑制剂TSA也能诱导次生乳管分化[16],且COR处理显著提高形成层区的组蛋白乙酰化程度,且HDA活性,尤其是HDA6的含量和HDA/HAT基因的表达均受到JA的影响(未发表资料)。据此,我们推测橡胶树维管形成层分化次生乳管过程,可能是通过JA信号途径、组蛋白乙酰化修饰和蛋白质泛素化修饰来共同调控乳管分化相关基因的转录而实现。
  • 海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(322RC781)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(31800577)
  • 海南省重点研发专项(ZDYF2024XDNY224)
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2024年第45卷第10期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.10.002
  • 接收时间:2024-03-07
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-07
  • 修回日期:2024-04-07
基金
海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(322RC781)
国家自然科学基金项目(31800577)
海南省重点研发专项(ZDYF2024XDNY224)
作者信息
    1.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所/热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室/农业农村部橡胶树生物学与遗传资源利用重点实验室/海南省热带作物栽培生理学重点实验室,海南海口 571101
    2.西藏农牧学院,西藏林芝 860000
    3.中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园,云南勐腊 666303

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* 田维敏(TIAN Weimin),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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