Article(id=1276598133543010671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276597973173801322, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.07.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695830400000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-28, revisedDate=1698163200000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782294313082, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1721836800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782294313082, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782294313082, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782294313082, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276597973173801322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='1303', pageEnd='1520', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1721836800000', pubDateStr='2024-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782294274847, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782294274847, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1498, endPage=1510, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276598133803057521, articleId=1276598133543010671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Analysis of Rhizospheric Actinomycetes Diversity and Potential Functions of Mangrove Acanthus ilicifolius in Dongzhaigang of Hainan Province Based on High-throughput Sequencing and Pure Culture, columnId=1236292524264968282, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Protection & Bio-safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rhizosphere is a dynamic interface where soil, plant roots and microorganisms exchange substances. Rhizospheric actinomycetes are an important component of root actinomycetes and one of the main sources of bioactive substances. In this study, five different rhizospheric soil samples of a mangrove plant, Acanthus ilicifolius, were collected from the Dongzhaigang Mangrove Nature Reserve of Hainan province. A combination of high-throughput sequencing and traditional pure culture strategies were used to explore the diversity of the rhizospheric actinomycetes of A. ilicifolius and the potential to produce bioactive substances in the samples. The V3 to V4 regions of 16S rRNA gene in the rhizospheric samples of A. ilicifolius were sequenced and analyzed by Illumina Novaseq 6000 sequencing platform. A total of 32 phyla (including 25 effectively identified phyla) were annotated, of which Proteobacteria is the dominant phyla. α-diversity analysis showed that the rhizospheric bacterial community of A. ilicifolius was very abundant. The microbial communities of actinomycetes were analyzed, and 33 validated genera, four tentative genera and 28 uncultured new genera were noted. KEGG functional prediction analysis in different levels showed that rhizospheric actinomycetes were mainly involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites including various antibiotics. Meanwhile, actinomycetes were isolated by the traditional pure culture method. After isolation, purification, morphological characteristics grouping and rearrangement, the diversity of actinomycetes of mangrove A. ilicifolius was analyzed by PCR amplification, sequencing and comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The antimicrobial activity was screened by the agar diffusion method. PCR-based gene screening technology was used to detect the possible antibiotic biosynthesis genes of the representative strains of PKS-I, PKS-II and NRPS. A total of 33 representative strains of rhizospheric actinomycetes were obtained from four genera, of which Streptomyces was the dominant genus, and 2 genera could not be detected by high-throughput sequencing method. The positive rates of NRPS and PKS-II genes of the representative strains were very high (more than 90%). 24.24% of rhizospheric actinomycetes had the activity against at least one or more indicator microorgnisms. In this study, high-throughput sequencing and traditional pure culture methods were used to show that rhizospheric actinomycetes of a mangrove plant A. ilicifolius from Dongzhaigang had a very rich actinomycetic diversity. The rhizospheric actinomyces of A. ilicifolius has good potential to synthesize secondary metabolites, which could provide rich microbial resources for the screening of bioactive compounds, and also provide an important basis for the development of subsequent new drugs.

, authors=null, authorsList=Shunqing LIU, Xiaowen HE, Jinyan WU, Guohui YI, Qianqian CHEN, Xinyi XIE, Jinlei SUI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinlei SUI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276598136206393728, articleId=1276598133543010671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=基于高通量测序和纯培养技术解析海南东寨港红树植物老鼠簕根际放线菌多样性及其潜在的功能, columnId=1236292524520820846, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=植物保护与生物安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

根际是土壤-植物根系-微生物进行物质交换的活跃地带。根际放线菌是根系放线菌的重要组成部分,是生物活性物质的主要来源之一。本研究从海南东寨港红树林自然保护区采集了5份红树植物老鼠簕根际土壤样品,采用高通量测序和传统纯培养相结合的策略探究样品中根际放线菌的多样性和产生生物活性物质的潜力。利用Illumina Novaseq 6000测序平台对老鼠簕根际样品细菌的16S rRNA基因的V3~V4区域进行测序与分析,结果显示:(1)老鼠簕根际细菌共注释到32个门(包括25个有效鉴定的门),其中优势门是变形菌门;α多样性分析表明老鼠簕根际细菌群落多样性非常丰富;(2)对放线菌门的微生物群落进行分析,注释到33个有效鉴定的属、4个暂定的属和28个未培养的新放线菌属,KEGG功能预测分析显示老鼠簕根际放线菌主要参与次级代谢产物的生物合成。同时,利用传统纯培养方法分离放线菌,经形态特征分群和排重,通过PCR扩增、测序并比对16S rRNA基因序列后进行放线菌多样性分析,利用琼脂扩散法筛选抑菌活性,通过基于PCR的基因筛选技术检测代表菌株可能存在的PKS-I、PKS-II和NRPS抗生素生物合成基因,结果显示:(1)共得到4个属的33株放线菌代表菌株,其中链霉菌属为优势菌属,有2个属未被高通量测序分析结果注释到;(2)代表菌株的NRPS和PKS-II基因阳性率很高(90%以上),24.24%根际放线菌具有抗1种及以上指示菌的活性。本研究利用高通量测序和纯培养方法得出东寨港红树植物老鼠簕的根际放线菌多样性非常丰富,并具有较好的合成次生代谢产物的潜力,因此,该研究结果可为具有生物活性化合物的筛选提供丰富的菌种资源,同时也为后续新药的开发提供重要参考依据。

, authors=

刘顺卿(2003—),男,本科生,研究方向:微生物学。

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* 隋金蕾(SUI Jinlei),E-mail:
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刘顺卿(2003—),男,本科生,研究方向:微生物学。

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刘顺卿(2003—),男,本科生,研究方向:微生物学。

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The numbers in the branching points are bootstrap values (only bootstrap values greater than 50% are shown).

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节点处的值为自展值(仅显示大于50%的自展值)。

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Primers used in screening of genes associated with compound synthesis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称Gene name基因长度Gene length/bp引物名称Primer name引物序列(5′–3′)Primer sequence (5′–3′)
PKS-I1200~1400K1FTSAAGTCSAACATCGGBCA
M6RCGCAGGTTSCSGTACCAG
PKS-II600KSaTSGCSTGCTTGGAYGCSATC
KSβTGGAANCCGCCGAABCCTCT
NRPS900A3FGCSTACSYSATSTACACSTCSGG
A7RSASGTCVCCSGTSCGGTAS
), ArticleFig(id=1276598151968588238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598133543010671, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

化合物合成基因引物序列及目的条带大小

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称Gene name基因长度Gene length/bp引物名称Primer name引物序列(5′–3′)Primer sequence (5′–3′)
PKS-I1200~1400K1FTSAAGTCSAACATCGGBCA
M6RCGCAGGTTSCSGTACCAG
PKS-II600KSaTSGCSTGCTTGGAYGCSATC
KSβTGGAANCCGCCGAABCCTCT
NRPS900A3FGCSTACSYSATSTACACSTCSGG
A7RSASGTCVCCSGTSCGGTAS
), ArticleFig(id=1276598152027308495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598133543010671, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Quality statistics of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and bacterial community α-diversity characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号No.原始reads Raw reads待处理reads Clean reads有效reads Effective reads有效tags Taxon tags分类单元OTUsACE指数ACE indexChao1指数Chao1indexSimpson指数Simpson indexShannon指数Shannon index覆盖率Coverage/%
AIS179 99379 70778 52950 50819262078.2732125.84080.99669.5183109.0890
AIS279 76879 47177 89853 76118702016.67662064.41940.99169.0440107.1289
AIS380 20279 89378 84955 08217981973.98672008.43750.99619.2470103.7873
AIS480 64880 36078 71755 64317801991.72532021.41760.99699.2783102.0523
AIS580 00479 72478 13449 21617191919.90091938.79270.99639.2555100.2765
Total400 615399 155392 127263 7042273
), ArticleFig(id=1276598152140554704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598133543010671, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

16S rRNA扩增子测序数据质量统计和细菌群落α多样性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号No.原始reads Raw reads待处理reads Clean reads有效reads Effective reads有效tags Taxon tags分类单元OTUsACE指数ACE indexChao1指数Chao1indexSimpson指数Simpson indexShannon指数Shannon index覆盖率Coverage/%
AIS179 99379 70778 52950 50819262078.2732125.84080.99669.5183109.0890
AIS279 76879 47177 89853 76118702016.67662064.41940.99169.0440107.1289
AIS380 20279 89378 84955 08217981973.98672008.43750.99619.2470103.7873
AIS480 64880 36078 71755 64317801991.72532021.41760.99699.2783102.0523
AIS580 00479 72478 13449 21617191919.90091938.79270.99639.2555100.2765
Total400 615399 155392 127263 7042273
), ArticleFig(id=1276598152211857873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598133543010671, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Taxonomic identification, number of isolates recovered from different media and different pretreatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代表菌株编号Strains No..最相近的模式菌株Closest related type strain相似性Similarity/%分离物数量Number of isolates培养基Medium (n)预处理Retreatment (n)
AIMGISP2GAHVabcd
062416Streptomyces lannensis TA4-8100.004002202101
062501Streptomyces sundarbansensis MS1/799.862100010110
061403Streptomyces aldersoniae NRRL 1851399.791000101000
064303Streptomyces prasinosporus NRRL B-1243198.771001000001
063301Streptomyces cinereoruber subsp. cinereoruber NBRC 1275699.781001000010
064302Streptomyces neopeptinius KNF 204799.073002010102
064203Streptomyces cellostaticus DSM 4018999.281001000001
062406Streptomyces fradiae DSM 4006399.861000100100
062407Streptomyces shenzhenensis subsp. oryzicola W18L999.641000100100
064305Streptomyces gramineus JR-43100.001001000001
062409Streptomyces jiujiangensis JXJ 007498.921000100100
062120Streptomyces rameus LMG 2032698.551100000100
061302Streptomyces nigra 45299.781001001000
063201Streptomyces sasae JR-3998.981010000010
061104Streptomyces bingchenggensis BCW-199.781100001000
062305Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. hygroscopicus NBRC 1347299.721001000100
062408Streptomyces griseoincarnatus LMG 1931699.712001100101
061501Streptomyces albiflavescens n2099.861000011000
063408Streptomyces pratensis ch24100.001000100010
062119Streptomyces fodineus TW1S199.421100000100
062304Streptomyces spiralis NBRC 1421599.361001000100
062412Streptomyces humi MUSC 11999.351000100100
064311Streptomyces capoamus JCM 473499.351001000001
064501Streptomyces spinoverrucosus NBRC 1422899.191000010001
063410Streptomyces althioticus NRRL B-398199.861000100010
064312Streptomyces malaysiense MUSC 13699.641001000001
063302Streptomyces xiamenensis MCCC 1A0155099.641001000010
063407Streptomyces olivaceus NRRL B-300999.931000100010
062202Streptomyces murinus NBRC 12799100.001010000100
064103Rhodococcus soli DSD51W99.282100100011
062110Rhodococcus electrodiphilus JC43599.931100000100
062115Actinomadura mexicana A29099.491100000100
064308Kitasatospora arboriphila HKI 018999.561001000001
Total417216124616812
), ArticleFig(id=1276598152287355346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598133543010671, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

代表菌株的16S rRNA基因序列分析及分离来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代表菌株编号Strains No..最相近的模式菌株Closest related type strain相似性Similarity/%分离物数量Number of isolates培养基Medium (n)预处理Retreatment (n)
AIMGISP2GAHVabcd
062416Streptomyces lannensis TA4-8100.004002202101
062501Streptomyces sundarbansensis MS1/799.862100010110
061403Streptomyces aldersoniae NRRL 1851399.791000101000
064303Streptomyces prasinosporus NRRL B-1243198.771001000001
063301Streptomyces cinereoruber subsp. cinereoruber NBRC 1275699.781001000010
064302Streptomyces neopeptinius KNF 204799.073002010102
064203Streptomyces cellostaticus DSM 4018999.281001000001
062406Streptomyces fradiae DSM 4006399.861000100100
062407Streptomyces shenzhenensis subsp. oryzicola W18L999.641000100100
064305Streptomyces gramineus JR-43100.001001000001
062409Streptomyces jiujiangensis JXJ 007498.921000100100
062120Streptomyces rameus LMG 2032698.551100000100
061302Streptomyces nigra 45299.781001001000
063201Streptomyces sasae JR-3998.981010000010
061104Streptomyces bingchenggensis BCW-199.781100001000
062305Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. hygroscopicus NBRC 1347299.721001000100
062408Streptomyces griseoincarnatus LMG 1931699.712001100101
061501Streptomyces albiflavescens n2099.861000011000
063408Streptomyces pratensis ch24100.001000100010
062119Streptomyces fodineus TW1S199.421100000100
062304Streptomyces spiralis NBRC 1421599.361001000100
062412Streptomyces humi MUSC 11999.351000100100
064311Streptomyces capoamus JCM 473499.351001000001
064501Streptomyces spinoverrucosus NBRC 1422899.191000010001
063410Streptomyces althioticus NRRL B-398199.861000100010
064312Streptomyces malaysiense MUSC 13699.641001000001
063302Streptomyces xiamenensis MCCC 1A0155099.641001000010
063407Streptomyces olivaceus NRRL B-300999.931000100010
062202Streptomyces murinus NBRC 12799100.001010000100
064103Rhodococcus soli DSD51W99.282100100011
062110Rhodococcus electrodiphilus JC43599.931100000100
062115Actinomadura mexicana A29099.491100000100
064308Kitasatospora arboriphila HKI 018999.561001000001
Total417216124616812
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基于高通量测序和纯培养技术解析海南东寨港红树植物老鼠簕根际放线菌多样性及其潜在的功能
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刘顺卿 1, 2 , 何小稳 1 , 吴金燕 1 , 易国辉 1 , 陈芊芊 1, 2 , 谢欣宜 1, 2 , 隋金蕾 1, *
热带作物学报 | 植物保护与生物安全 2024,45(7): 1498-1510
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热带作物学报 |植物保护与生物安全 2024 , 45 (7) : 1498 -1510
基于高通量测序和纯培养技术解析海南东寨港红树植物老鼠簕根际放线菌多样性及其潜在的功能
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刘顺卿1, 2, 何小稳1, 吴金燕1, 易国辉1, 陈芊芊1, 2, 谢欣宜1, 2, 隋金蕾1, *
作者信息
  • 1.海南医学院科学实验中心,海南海口 571199
  • 2.海南医学院基础医学与生命科学学院,海南海口 571199
通讯作者:
* 隋金蕾(SUI Jinlei),E-mail:
Analysis of Rhizospheric Actinomycetes Diversity and Potential Functions of Mangrove Acanthus ilicifolius in Dongzhaigang of Hainan Province Based on High-throughput Sequencing and Pure Culture
Shunqing LIU1, 2, Xiaowen HE1, Jinyan WU1, Guohui YI1, Qianqian CHEN1, 2, Xinyi XIE1, 2, Jinlei SUI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Public Research Center, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
  • 2.School of Basic Medicine and Life Science, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
出版时间: 2024-07-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.07.022
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根际是土壤-植物根系-微生物进行物质交换的活跃地带。根际放线菌是根系放线菌的重要组成部分,是生物活性物质的主要来源之一。本研究从海南东寨港红树林自然保护区采集了5份红树植物老鼠簕根际土壤样品,采用高通量测序和传统纯培养相结合的策略探究样品中根际放线菌的多样性和产生生物活性物质的潜力。利用Illumina Novaseq 6000测序平台对老鼠簕根际样品细菌的16S rRNA基因的V3~V4区域进行测序与分析,结果显示:(1)老鼠簕根际细菌共注释到32个门(包括25个有效鉴定的门),其中优势门是变形菌门;α多样性分析表明老鼠簕根际细菌群落多样性非常丰富;(2)对放线菌门的微生物群落进行分析,注释到33个有效鉴定的属、4个暂定的属和28个未培养的新放线菌属,KEGG功能预测分析显示老鼠簕根际放线菌主要参与次级代谢产物的生物合成。同时,利用传统纯培养方法分离放线菌,经形态特征分群和排重,通过PCR扩增、测序并比对16S rRNA基因序列后进行放线菌多样性分析,利用琼脂扩散法筛选抑菌活性,通过基于PCR的基因筛选技术检测代表菌株可能存在的PKS-I、PKS-II和NRPS抗生素生物合成基因,结果显示:(1)共得到4个属的33株放线菌代表菌株,其中链霉菌属为优势菌属,有2个属未被高通量测序分析结果注释到;(2)代表菌株的NRPS和PKS-II基因阳性率很高(90%以上),24.24%根际放线菌具有抗1种及以上指示菌的活性。本研究利用高通量测序和纯培养方法得出东寨港红树植物老鼠簕的根际放线菌多样性非常丰富,并具有较好的合成次生代谢产物的潜力,因此,该研究结果可为具有生物活性化合物的筛选提供丰富的菌种资源,同时也为后续新药的开发提供重要参考依据。

老鼠簕  /  根际  /  放线菌多样性  /  高通量测序  /  纯培养

Rhizosphere is a dynamic interface where soil, plant roots and microorganisms exchange substances. Rhizospheric actinomycetes are an important component of root actinomycetes and one of the main sources of bioactive substances. In this study, five different rhizospheric soil samples of a mangrove plant, Acanthus ilicifolius, were collected from the Dongzhaigang Mangrove Nature Reserve of Hainan province. A combination of high-throughput sequencing and traditional pure culture strategies were used to explore the diversity of the rhizospheric actinomycetes of A. ilicifolius and the potential to produce bioactive substances in the samples. The V3 to V4 regions of 16S rRNA gene in the rhizospheric samples of A. ilicifolius were sequenced and analyzed by Illumina Novaseq 6000 sequencing platform. A total of 32 phyla (including 25 effectively identified phyla) were annotated, of which Proteobacteria is the dominant phyla. α-diversity analysis showed that the rhizospheric bacterial community of A. ilicifolius was very abundant. The microbial communities of actinomycetes were analyzed, and 33 validated genera, four tentative genera and 28 uncultured new genera were noted. KEGG functional prediction analysis in different levels showed that rhizospheric actinomycetes were mainly involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites including various antibiotics. Meanwhile, actinomycetes were isolated by the traditional pure culture method. After isolation, purification, morphological characteristics grouping and rearrangement, the diversity of actinomycetes of mangrove A. ilicifolius was analyzed by PCR amplification, sequencing and comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The antimicrobial activity was screened by the agar diffusion method. PCR-based gene screening technology was used to detect the possible antibiotic biosynthesis genes of the representative strains of PKS-I, PKS-II and NRPS. A total of 33 representative strains of rhizospheric actinomycetes were obtained from four genera, of which Streptomyces was the dominant genus, and 2 genera could not be detected by high-throughput sequencing method. The positive rates of NRPS and PKS-II genes of the representative strains were very high (more than 90%). 24.24% of rhizospheric actinomycetes had the activity against at least one or more indicator microorgnisms. In this study, high-throughput sequencing and traditional pure culture methods were used to show that rhizospheric actinomycetes of a mangrove plant A. ilicifolius from Dongzhaigang had a very rich actinomycetic diversity. The rhizospheric actinomyces of A. ilicifolius has good potential to synthesize secondary metabolites, which could provide rich microbial resources for the screening of bioactive compounds, and also provide an important basis for the development of subsequent new drugs.

Acanthus ilicifolius  /  rhizosphere  /  actinomycetic diversity  /  high-throughput sequencing  /  pure culture
刘顺卿, 何小稳, 吴金燕, 易国辉, 陈芊芊, 谢欣宜, 隋金蕾. 基于高通量测序和纯培养技术解析海南东寨港红树植物老鼠簕根际放线菌多样性及其潜在的功能. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (7) : 1498 -1510 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.07.022
Shunqing LIU, Xiaowen HE, Jinyan WU, Guohui YI, Qianqian CHEN, Xinyi XIE, Jinlei SUI. Analysis of Rhizospheric Actinomycetes Diversity and Potential Functions of Mangrove Acanthus ilicifolius in Dongzhaigang of Hainan Province Based on High-throughput Sequencing and Pure Culture[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (7) : 1498 -1510 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.07.022
红树林(Mangrove)是生长在热带和亚热带海岸潮间带,由红树植物为主体的常绿乔木或灌木组成的湿地木本植物群落,在净化海水、防风消浪、固碳储碳、维护生物多样性等方面发挥着重要作用[1]。红树植物是红树林生态系统中唯一的木本植物。红树林生境的强还原性和酸度、高盐度和丰富的营养含量[1-2],造就了丰富而独特的微生物资源。
根际是直接靠近根系的一个狭窄的土壤区,是受植物根系影响最强烈的土壤区域,微生物活动最活跃,微生物多样性最丰富[3]。根际最初通过被根系分泌物吸引而富集特定微生物,然而,这些分泌物对非根际土壤微生物的影响很小,这使得根际微生物的丰度和种类与非根际土壤有一定的差异[4]。根际微生物感知和解释自身、其他微生物、植物而产生信号,并能够通过释放信号分子影响其植物宿主[5]。红树林植物根际微生物通过参与与宿主生命活动有关的过程,影响红树植物的生长与代谢,在红树林生态系统中发挥着重要作用。根际微生物,特别是放线菌是新抗生素的最有希望的来源,对制药工业和生物技术的发展都有重要的意义[3,6]。放线菌是通常从根际分离出来的重要细菌群,是新型生物活性物质的主要来源之一。已知由它们产生的抗生素在工业、农业、医学和兽医科学中具有广泛应用[7]
海南东寨港红树林是我国成片面积最大、种类最齐全、保存最完整的红树林湿地生态系统[8]。红树植物老鼠簕(Acanthus ilicifolius Linn.)是一种灌木,生长在热带和亚热带地区的红树林和潮汐区[9]。其独特的生长环境造就了多种结构特异的次生代谢物,表现出多种生物活性,具有潜在的药用价值。在印度和中国,这种植物的叶子、根和整株植物都被用于传统医学,是红树林中一种重要的药用植物[9-10]。目前,系统全面地探究东寨港红树林红树植物老鼠簕的生物多样性的研究还较少,本研究选取老鼠簕(A. ilicifolius)的根际土壤为材料,利用免培养测序和纯培养分离探究老鼠簕根际放线菌的多样性,检测放线菌的抗菌活性和3类活性物质化合物合成基因簇,为开发新药提供重要的菌种资源。
供试土壤样品为老鼠簕的根际土壤样品,于2021年5月3日采自海南省海口市东寨港红树林自然保护区(19°95′N,110°55′E)。根际土的采样方法为5点法(即将同一地点5株老鼠簕的根际土的混样作为一个样品,设置5个生物学重复)。将植株直接连根拔起,连带周围松散的土一起装入无菌自封袋,放入装有冰和冰袋的泡沫箱中低温保存,4 h内带回实验室。抖掉周围松散的土,用无菌磷酸缓冲液(PBS)冲洗剩下的附着在根周围的土壤(约1 mm厚),离心,收集根际土(rhizosphere soil)。将得到的根际土分成2份,1份直接于–80 ℃保存,1份置于无菌平皿中室温风干,用于放线菌的分离。
供试菌株为从老鼠簕根际土分离和鉴定的根际放线菌。指示菌有金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538,SA)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli ATCC 25922,EC)和白色念珠菌(Candida albicans ATCC 10231,CA),均购自广东环凯微生物科技有限公司。
PowerSoil® DNA分离试剂盒(美国MoBio公司);放线菌分离琼脂(AI,美国Difco公司);改良的高氏I号培养基(MG,青岛海博生物科技有限公司);酵母麦芽浸汁培养基(ISP2,青岛海博生物科技有限公司);葡萄糖天门冬素培养基(GA,青岛海博生物科技有限公司);腐殖酸培养基(HV,青岛海博生物科技有限公司);燕麦培养基(ISP3,青岛海博生物科技有限公司);制霉菌素(阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司,货号:N141226-5MU;≥4400 USP units/mg);萘啶酮酸钠(上海源叶生物科技有限公司,货号:S25789-5 g,含量≥98%);PCR所用的10×Buffer、Taq DNA聚合酶、dNTPs等(TaKaRa公司)。
PCR扩增仪(德国Biometra公司,型号:analytikjena);生化培养箱(上海申贤恒温设备厂,型号:DHP-240);光学显微镜(奥林巴斯光学技术公司,型号:CX41);组织研磨仪(上海净信实业发展有限公司,型号:JXFSTPRP-24);Centrifuge 5430台式离心机(德国艾本德,型号:Centrifuge 5430);多功能酶标仪(美国伯腾仪器有限公司,型号:Synergy HTX);生物安全柜(青岛海尔生物医疗股份有限公司,型号:HR30-IIA2)。
(1)样品DNA提取和高通量测序。采用MoBio PowerSoil® DNA分离试剂盒提取根际土基因组总DNA,具体方法参照MoBio PowerSoil® DNA分离试剂盒说明书。扩增16S rRNA基因V3~V4区的引物是338F(5′-ACT CCTACGGGAGGCAGCA-3′)和806R(5′-GGACT ACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)[11],扩增后的PCR产物用2%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测。
(2)数据分析。样品纯化检测后由北京百迈客生物科技有限公司采用Illumina Novaseq 6000测序平台的双末端测序(Paired-End)法进行高通量测序。为方便测序及数据分析,AIS1~AIS5代表老鼠簕根际样品的第1到第5个生物学重复。测序数据下机后,首先对数据进行处理,主要流程为:使用Illumina Novaseq 6000系统从经过验证的文库中获得有效的扩增子序列。使用FLASH(Version 1.2.11)软件拼接得到原始Tags数据。生成高质量的扩增子序列方法如下:首先,使用Trimmomatic(version 0.33)软件对原始数据进行质量过滤(参数设置:50 bp的窗口,如果窗口内的平均质量值低于20,从窗口开始截去后端碱基),然后使用Cutadapt(version 1.9.1)软件进行引物序列的识别与去除(参数设置:允许最大错配率20%,最小覆盖度80%),接着用USEARCH(version 10.0)软件对双末端reads进行拼接(参数设置:最小overlap长度为10 bp,overlap区允许的最小相似性90%,最大错配碱基数为5 bp)并用UCHIME(version 8.1)软件去除嵌合体(参数设置:2条parents分别有一段序列与query序列相似度在80%以上,则判断该query为嵌合体),最终得到高质量的序列用于后续分析。使用USEARCH(version 10.0)软件将相似性高于97%的序列聚类为一个分类单元,即OTU(operational taxonomic unit)。与SILVA参考序列(Release 132,http://www.arb-silva.de[12]比较,采用朴素贝叶斯分类器对特征序列进行注释分析。另外,与将叶绿体和线粒体标记的参考序列匹配的序列从数据集中删除。
生物信息学分析使用百迈客云平台BMKCloud(www.biocloud.net)进行。利用QIIME2(https://qiime2.org/)对样品中不同物种的丰度进行评估,利用R程序包绘制基于不同分类水平频率分布的直方图。随后,通过QIIME软件获得样品的α多样性指数,采用Student’s t检验对各红树林物种的细菌多样性和丰度进行分析。采用ACE和Chao1指数估算细菌丰度,采用Simpson和Shannon指数估算细菌多样性。利用云平台BMKCloud过滤(保留)放线菌门(Actinobacteria)进行放线菌多样性分析,分析放线菌门、属水平的多样性情况。为了分析不同样本中放线菌类群在功能上的差异,使用PICRUSt2软件预测它们在系统发育中的功能潜力[13]。PICRUSt2软件将待预测的特征序列与IMG(integrated microbial genomes)微生物基因组数据库已有的数据进行比对,推测样本中的功能基因组成。首先需要对生成的特征丰度表进行标准化处理(不同的种属菌包含的16S拷贝数不相同);然后,通过每个特征(Feature)对应的ID,即可获得特征(Feature)对应的KEGG家族信息,从而计算该KEGG的丰度并从KEGG数据库的信息中获得通路、特征(Feature)丰度来计算各功能类别的丰度情况。
(1)根际放线菌的分离、纯化和保藏。采用5种选择性分离培养基[放线菌分离琼脂(AI)、改良的高氏I号培养基(MG)、酵母麦芽浸汁培养基(ISP2)、葡萄糖天门冬素培养基(GA)和腐殖酸培养基(HV)]进行老鼠簕根际放线菌的分离。在分离培养基中加入抑制剂(制霉菌素50 mg/L,萘啶酸钠25 mg/L和重铬酸钾25 mg/L)抑制生长较快的杂菌(细菌和真菌)的生长。选用ISP2和燕麦培养基(ISP3)作为菌株纯化培养基,选用ISP2作为活化和保藏培养基。另外,选用课题组前期优化的葡萄糖淀粉酵母培养基(GSP)(配方:葡萄糖10 g、可溶性淀粉20 g,蛋白胨10 g、酵母粉10 g、KH2PO4 1 g、MgSO4.7H2O 0.5 g、CaCO3 1 g,pH 7.0~7.5)作为菌株发酵培养基。
放线菌的分离采用2种分离方法:(a)涂布稀释法:称取风干的土壤样品5 g溶于1/4浓度的林格溶液,旋涡振荡混匀,55 ℃水浴加热20 min,再进行梯度稀释,吸取100 μL的10-2和10-3悬浮液涂布在分离平板上。在28 ℃生化培养箱倒置培养3周至3个月;(b)印章法:称取1 g土壤,用无菌研钵研磨均匀后,置于无菌培养皿中(湿土先在超净工作台干燥2 h),用无菌的橡胶塞均匀蘸取土样后,反复压在分离琼脂表面,产生一系列稀释效果。在28 ℃生化培养箱倒置培养3周至3个月。
待分离平板长出疑似放线菌菌落后,挑选单菌落转接入ISP2和ISP3平板中,采取四区划线法纯化菌株,28 ℃培养7 d。根据菌落在ISP2和ISP3的形态特征以及显微镜下观察基内菌丝与气生菌丝的形态特征等,进行分群、形态鉴定和去重复后挑选代表菌株并进行保藏。
(2)DNA的提取、扩增和测序。将得到的代表菌株接种在ISP2液体培养基中,在28 ℃摇床中180 r/min培养36~48 h。取1 mL的培养物加入至1.5 mL离心管中,以13 000 r/min离心1 min,然后弃上清。将沉淀重悬于500 µL的无菌水中,加入4颗无菌小钢珠,在组织研磨仪中以50 Hz研磨1 min。10 000 r/min离心2 min后,取上清用作模板DNA。
16S rRNA基因的扩增使用细菌通用引物27F(5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R(5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)。反应体系:2.5 μmol/L dNTPs 4 μL,10×Buffer 2.5 μL,10 μmol/L正、反向引物各0.5 μL,5 U/μL Taq DNA聚合酶1.5 μL,模板DNA 2 μL,加入ddH2O补足至25 μL。反应程序:95 ℃ 5 min;94 ℃1 min,55 ℃ 1 min,72 ℃ 90 s,30个循环;72 ℃10 min。PCR产物用E.Z.N.A.凝胶纯化试剂盒(Omega Bio-tek,USA)纯化后连接到pMD-19T载体上,送往武汉天一辉远生物科技有限公司测序。
将测序结果在EzBioCloud(https://www.ezbiocloud.net/identify)网站上进行相似性比对,下载相似性最高的模式菌株。利用MEGA 11软件采用邻接法(自展值1000)进行系统进化发育树的构建[14-16]
(3)化合物合成基因的检测。聚酮合酶(PKS)基因和非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPS)基因是常用来筛选微生物合成次级代谢产物的基因,广泛用于评价细菌、真菌、蓝细菌等合成相应次级代谢产物的潜在能力[17]。本研究拟对PKS-I、PKS-II和NRPS3类抗生素合成基因进行扩增,引物序列及目的条带大小见表1。PCR扩增条件参照文献[18]进行。用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测PCR扩增产物,根据条带大小判断代表菌株是否携带相应基因。
(4)代表菌株的发酵和抑菌活性初筛。将33株新活化的老鼠簕根际放线菌菌株,转接到GSP液体培养基中进行小量发酵,28 ℃,220 r/min振荡培养7 d,将发酵液6000 r/min离心15 min,离心后的上清用于抗菌活性初筛,以未接种菌株的培养基作为阴性对照。采用琼脂扩散法筛选抗菌活性。吸取0.2 mL病原指示菌悬液涂布固体培养基表面,待液体吸收后,用打孔器打出直径8 mm的小孔加入发酵液上清,每株菌设置3次重复,并观测阴性对照组有无抑菌圈形成。将细菌指示菌(SA和EC)于37 ℃培养16~18 h,真菌指示菌(CA)于37 ℃培养20~24 h,分别测量抑菌圈直径。
对红树林物种老鼠簕根际土壤进行16S rRNA扩增子测序。如图1所示,老鼠簕根际土壤样品5个生物学重复的稀释曲线最终都归于平缓,说明测序趋于饱和,能够比较真实地反映老鼠簕根际土壤样品的微生物群落。
本研究共从5个样本中获得400 615个PE reads。如表2所示,经过质量过滤和数据合并,共获得263 704条高质量序列,以97%的序列一致性阈值并删除低丰度OTU,共检测到2273个OTUs。同时,老鼠簕根际土壤样品的5个样品(生物学重复)测序覆盖率均超过99%,理论上测序数据已能覆盖样品中的全部序列。
α多样性用ACE指数和Chao1指数来评估样品内微生物群落丰富度(community richness),反映的是一个群落中物种数目的多少。ACE指数和Chao1指数用来估计物种总量,Chao1指数越大,代表物种总量越多。从表2可以看出,老鼠簕根际土壤样品的5个生物学重复ACE指数和Chao1指数比较大,且不同样品间差别不大,可知不同生物学重复的微生物群落丰富,总量比较相近。Simpson指数和Shannon指数被用来反映样品中微生物群落多样性(community diversity),是物种丰富度和物种均匀度的综合指标,其值越大,说明群落物种丰富度越大或均匀度越高[18]。老鼠簕根际土壤样品的5个生物学重复的Simpson和Shannon指数较大,且相近,说明5个样品中物种的丰富较大和均匀性较高,因此总的生物多样性较大。综上分析可知,老鼠簕根际土壤样品中的微生物群落结构多样性非常丰富。
在门分类水平上的群落共包括细菌域的32个门,其中包括有效鉴定的25个门:酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、Calditrichaeota、Chlamydiae、绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、达达菌门(Dadabacteria)、异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus)、肠杆菌门(Entotheonellaeota)、Epsilonbacteraeota、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、Kiritimatiellaeota、匿杆菌门(Latescibacteria)、硝化刺菌门(Nitrospinae)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)、Patescibacteria、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)、己科河菌门(Rokubacteria)、螺旋体门(Spirochaetes)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、河床菌门(Zixibacteria),暂定的6个门(BRC1、FCPU426、GAL15、TA06、WPS-2、WS2)和1个未培养的门(uncultured_bacterium_k_Bacteria)。
老鼠簕根际土壤5个样品中,细菌群落均以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为主,这个门的相对丰度在不同样本中均超过50%。另外,绿屈挠菌门、酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门、芽单胞菌门和放线菌门也占有较大比例,均是优势菌群。这些优势菌群在不同样品中的占比存在些许差异,但群落结构组成一致。
将放线菌门的细菌群落进行分析,在属分类水平上共获得33个已注释的放线菌属(热酸菌属Acidothermus、马杜拉放线菌属ActinomaduraActinophytocolaAeromicrobiumAgromyces、拟无枝酸菌属AmycolatopsisAngustibacter、双栖杆菌属BifidobacteriumBlastococcusBrevibacterium、扣林氏菌属CollinsellaConexibacter、克洛斯氏菌属CrossiellaDactylosporangiumDemequinaFrankiaGaiellaIamiaIlumatobacterIsoptericolaJatrophihabitansLuedemannellaLysinimicrobium、大理石雕菌属Marmoricola、微杆菌属MicrobacteriumMicromonosporaMycobacterium、类诺卡氏属Nocardioides、假诺卡氏菌属Pseudonocardia、罗氏菌属Rothia、中华单胞菌属SinomonasSolirubrobacterStreptomyces),4个暂定的放线菌属(Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002、Corynebacterium_1、Sva0996_marine_group和bacterium_YC-ZSS-LKJ159)和28个未培养的放线菌属。其中放线菌属Ilumatobacter是第一优势属。
在排前20的优势放线菌属的分布如图2所示,已注释的放线菌属只有7个,分别是IlumatobacterGaiella、大理石雕菌属、DemequinaMycobacteriumMicrobacterium和热酸菌属,未培养的放线菌属占比较大。
利用PICRUSt2软件对放线菌菌群进行了基因功能预测。通过对KEGG数据库进行比对,共获得6类一级生物代谢通路功能,其中代谢功能的相对丰度最高,占80%以上(图3)。在分布于6个代谢途径的细菌群落中,注释到的二级代谢功能中,氨基酸代谢、能量代谢、脂类代谢、异生素生物降解和代谢、萜类化合物和聚酮化合物的代谢等与次生代谢产物的生物合成相关的功能均占较高的比重(图3)。对KEGG三级功能层丰度进行分析,发现次级代谢产物的生物合成和抗生素的生物合成功能是仅次于代谢通路的丰度最高的功能活动(图3)。以上结果可以得出,老鼠簕根际放线菌中与化合物合成相关的功能基因的丰度最高,意味着参与化合物的生物合成的菌群占比最高,这为充分挖掘老鼠簕根际放线菌资源进而发现微生物来源的先导化合物提供了实验依据。
采用5种选择性分离培养基从老鼠簕根际土壤中分离、鉴定出3个目4个属的33株根际放线菌代表菌株(原始菌株41株)。如表3所示,它们分别属于链霉菌目(Streptomycetales)、分支杆菌目(Mycobacteriales)、链孢囊菌目(Streptosporangiales)3个目和链霉菌属、红球菌属、马杜拉放线菌属和北里孢菌属4个属,其中链霉菌属是丰度最高的属,有29株。
纯培养分离到的根际放线菌的情况如表3所示,不同预处理方法得到的放线菌数量不同,干土湿热稀释涂布法得到的放线菌数量大于湿土湿热稀释涂布法,干土印章法得到的放线菌数量大于湿土印章法,因此,干土分离得到的放线菌数量明显大于湿土得到的放线菌数量。5种分离培养基中,ISP2和GA培养基得到的放线菌较多,而MG和HV培养基得到的放线菌较少。不同分离培养基得到的放线菌的种类和数量的差异与不同放线菌对培养基的营养成分和比例有一定的偏好性有关。AI分离培养基得到的放线菌的多样性最为丰富,这可能与AI中含有较多稀有放线菌偏好的氮源(酪蛋白酸钠和天门冬氨酸)、碳源及良好的缓冲体系有关。ISP2和GA培养基营养丰富,尽管分离得到的放线菌较多,但主要是土壤放线菌的优势菌群链霉菌。相对寡营养的MG和HV培养基适用于分离部分放线菌,最终得到的放线菌数量较少,当然,这也与预处理后土壤中的放线菌的种类有一定关系。
将33株代表菌株在EzBioCloud网站上进行相似性比对,下载最相近的模式菌株,然后进行系统发育分析。有4株菌与已知的相似性最高的模式菌株有100%的相似性,有25株介于99.0%~99.9%之间,还有4株在99.0%以下,并且在系统发育树上这些菌株均与最相近的模式菌株聚在一起(图4)。
目前国际上的通用规则是16S rRNA基因序列相似性小于98.7%的菌株即为新种[19]。从老鼠簕根际土壤分离的代表菌株中,062120与Streptomyces rameus LMG 20326T(AJ781379)的相似性为98.55%,可初步判断为新种。同时,064303与Streptomyces prasinosporus NRRL B-12431T(DQ026655)的相似性为98.77%,062409与Streptomyces jiujiangensis JXJ 0074T(KF938657)的相似性为98.92%,063201与Streptomyces sasae JR-39T(HQ267987)的相似性为98.91%,这些菌株与最相近模式菌株的相似性均比较低,都可能是潜在的新种,说明老鼠簕根际土壤中的放线菌不仅多样性丰富,而且可能还含有较多新的放线菌资源。
通过高通量扩增子测序与纯培养分离方法从老鼠簕根际土壤样品中共获得35个有效鉴定的放线菌属,说明老鼠簕根际放线菌多样性非常丰富,同时发现2种方法获得的菌属存在较大差别。
高通量测序从老鼠簕根际土壤样品中共检测出33个有效鉴定放线菌属,而纯培养分离到的放线菌只有4个属,可见大部分的放线菌仍然不能通过纯培养获得。而纯培养获得的红球菌属和北里孢菌属用高通量测序技术却未能检测出。
对33株代表菌株进行聚酮合成酶基因(PKS IPKS II)和非核糖体多肽合成酶基因(NRPS)筛选,由图5可知,大多数代表菌株的PKS IINRPS基因均呈阳性(PKS II基因阳性率97.97%,NRPS基因阳性率90.91%),而聚酮合成酶PKS I基因的阳性率很低(0.09%)。所有的代表菌株都至少有1个功能基因呈阳性。本研究结果说明老鼠簕根际土壤放线菌在合成聚酮类和非核糖体肽类化合物方面具有较好的潜能。
所有代表菌株的抑菌活性筛选结果(图6)表明:24.24%根际放线菌具有抗1种及以上指示菌的活性,其中链霉菌062202对金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌均有很强抑菌活性,其抑菌圈分别是22 mm和18 mm。另外,链霉菌062305对白色念珠菌具有较强抑菌活性,马杜拉放线菌062115对金黄色葡萄球菌具有较强抑菌活性。本研究中3类化合物合成基因与抑菌活性之间无直接联系,有待于进一步研究。
海南省东寨港红树林自然保护区因其独特的气候条件和地理环境,造就了丰富的植物和微生物多样性。传统的红树植物相关的研究主要集中在红树植物提取物的药物开发、内生菌的分离与活性筛选,近年来,随着高通量测序技术的不断进步,通过结合高通量测序技术和传统培养方法对红树植物根系相关微生物的研究越来越多[4,20-22]。然而,对热带红树林生态系统中红树植物老鼠簕根际的细菌群落,特别是微生物天然产物的主要生产者——放线菌群落组成的全面了解仍然缺乏。
关于老鼠簕根际土壤放线菌多样性,国内已有一些相关报道。王蓉等[23]曾对文昌头苑、深圳福田和文昌清澜的老鼠簕根际放线菌、细菌和真菌进行了整体评价分析,但未对老鼠簕根际土壤放线菌的多样性和主要类群展开分析。唐依莉[24]在非培养和培养水平上对海南文昌和广西北海老鼠簕的根际土壤放线菌的多样性进行了较为全面系统的分析,在海南文昌和广西北海的样品中分别得到38个和39个已注释的放线菌属。而本研究中共得到33个已注释的放线菌属。虽然得到的放线菌种群数量接近,但具体的菌属却差别较大。在本研究(海南东寨港)得到的已注释的放线菌属中,有8个在海南文昌和广西北海的样品中均检测到(IlumatobacterActinomaduraFrankiaMicromonospora,MycobacteriumNocardioidesPseudonocardiaStreptomyces),有11个在海南文昌的样品中被检测到,有15个在广西北海的样品中被检测到,但是仍有18个放线菌属均未在海南文昌和广西北海的样品中出现。同样,在海南文昌的样品中得到的已注释的放线菌属中,有27个未在本研究中出现,在广西北海的样品中得到的已注释的放线菌属中,有24个未在本研究出现。在本研究的5份老鼠簕根际土壤样品中丰度最高的放线菌属均为Ilumatobacter,而在海南文昌的5份样品中,丰度最高的放线菌属分别是ActinoallomurusStreptomycesMicromonosporaActinoallomurusMicromonospora,在广西北海的4份样品中丰度最高的放线菌属分别是MycobacteriumIlumatobacterMicromonosporaIlumatobacter。因此,可以得知本研究5份样品中丰度最高的放线菌属和广西北海的2份样品中的相同,而和海南文昌的5份样品完全不同。综上,本研究与海南文昌和广西北海2个地点老鼠簕根际放线菌的多样性存在较大差异,综合分析其主要原因有2个:(1)土壤本身的差异。在海南文昌和广西北海的研究中是以未附着在根上的土壤为根际土壤,这些研究与当时国内公认的根际土壤的定义吻合[25],但与目前国际公认的根际土壤的定义存在差异。随着土壤-植物根系-微生物相互关系研究的不断深入,国际上将根系相关隔室进行了更为精准的定义,其中根际土壤指的是直接附着在根周围且无法抖掉的土,而未直接附着在根周围且能抖掉的土则被定义为非根际土壤[4,26]。因此,当时的根际土壤,现在已经划归到非根际土壤的范畴。本研究以目前国际公认的根际土壤的采集标准进行取样,因此,严格来讲,是首次采用符合现行标准的根际土壤进行的老鼠簕根际放线菌多样性分析。(2)选取的测序引物的差异。不同引物的偏好性也可能会造成得到的菌群出现差异。另一方面,在培养水平上,本研究得到的链霉菌属在海南文昌和广西北海的样品中均分离得到,本研究得到的马杜拉放线菌属在海南文昌的样品中分离得到,但未在广西北海的样品中发现,而红球菌属和北里孢菌均未在海南文昌和广西北海的样品中发现;同样,在海南文昌样品中得到的小单孢菌属,ActinoallomurusPolymorphosporaSphaerisporangiumMicrobisporaActinomycetosporaActinopolymorphaCellulosimicrobium,在广西北海样品中得到的PlantactinosporaMicrobisporaActinaurisporaActinoplanesActinomycetosporaGlycomycesJishengella均并未在本研究中分离到。在本研究得到的放线菌中丰度最高的是链霉菌属,而在海南文昌和广西北海的样品中得到最多的是小单孢菌属,其次是链霉菌属。造成培养水平上存在较大差异的原因也是多方面的,主要有以下几点:(1)和上述非培养水平上一样,土壤本身存在差异;(2)选择的分离培养基不同,海南文昌和广西北海选用的是OA5、OA7、OA9、1/10 ATCC172、RH、SM2这6种分离培养基,而本研究选择的是AI、MG、ISP2、GA、HV这5种培养基,培养基的差异会直接影响分离到的放线菌的菌群分布情况;(3)本研究选用的抗生素类型与海南文昌和广西北海的研究类似,为了重复筛选问题,参考相关文献[27],适当提高了抗生素的浓度,这也是本研究得到的放线菌的数量相对较少的原因,同时也是本研究能筛选到较多潜在的新放线菌的重要原因。
本研究通过高通量测序和纯培养的方法进行研究,共获得35个有效鉴定的放线菌属,且2种方法得到的放线菌的群落表现出明显的多样性差异。此外,通过对功能基因的预测、纯培养菌株的16S rRNA基因序列比对、化合物合成基因的检测和抗菌活性检测,显示老鼠簕根际中蕴藏着较多的潜在放线菌新种和具有产生生物活性物质的放线菌菌株。总体来说,本研究结果得出东寨港红树林红树植物根际放线菌具有丰富的多样性和药物开发潜能,是重要的微生物资源。
本研究先利用高通量测序从门水平上对老鼠簕根际土壤的细菌群落进行了整体的分析。变形菌门是老鼠簕根际土壤中的第一优势菌门。具有高度多样性的变形菌广泛存在于海洋环境中,参与重要的养分循环过程[28]。本研究的重点对象放线菌门也是优势菌门之一。众所周知,放线菌是临床上先导化合物的主要生产者[29],是生物技术、医学和农业领域的杰出参与者。
根系相关微生物多样性受地理位置、宿主植物、生境、土壤类型等多方面的影响。本研究选择热带地区红树植物老鼠簕根际土壤为研究对象,通过高通量测序和传统纯培养方法对其中的放线菌的多样性进行了比较和分析。从结果可以看出,2种方法得到的放线菌群落结构存在明显的差别,高通量测序注释得到的放线菌在物种多样性上远大于传统的纯培养,并且发现了大量的未知放线菌类群,此方法能更大程度地反映根际土中的微生物组成情况,并能预测微生物群落的一些功能,为后续纯培养获得更多目标物种提供依据。但是,高通量测序并未覆盖到所有的纯培养放线菌,表明高通量测序方法也有一定的局限性,先前的研究也证实了这一点[24]。此外,2种方法得到的优势菌属差别也较大,纯培养得到的最大优势属是链霉菌属,而高通量测序得到的最大优势属则是Ilumatobacter。2种方法得到的结果存在差异,主要有以下2个因素:(1)选取的16S rRNA基因V3~V4区序列不足以分辨所有放线菌群落导致放线菌无法被检测出;(2)在纯培养的过程中,为了除去生长较快的细菌、真菌,采用的预处理方式(风干土壤、湿热等)和选择性分离方法(添加抗生素、不同的培养基成分等)均会对获得的放线菌种群产生影响。因此,为了获得更全面的根际放线菌的多样性,需要将高通量测序和纯培养方法结合起来进行分析,2种方法是相互补充的关系。本研究为系统地发掘根际放线菌资源,深入探索新的生物活性微生物天然产物提供了重要的科学依据。
  • 海南省基础与应用基础研究计划(自然科学领域)高层次人才项目(2019RC216)
  • 海南医学院引进人才科研启动基金项目(XRC190006)
  • 海南医学院(国家级)大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202311810008)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.07.022
  • 接收时间:2023-09-28
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2024-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-28
  • 修回日期:2023-10-25
基金
海南省基础与应用基础研究计划(自然科学领域)高层次人才项目(2019RC216)
海南医学院引进人才科研启动基金项目(XRC190006)
海南医学院(国家级)大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202311810008)
作者信息
    1.海南医学院科学实验中心,海南海口 571199
    2.海南医学院基础医学与生命科学学院,海南海口 571199

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* 隋金蕾(SUI Jinlei),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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