Article(id=1276598149573644410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276597973173801322, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.07.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701273600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-30, revisedDate=1703260800000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782294316904, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1721836800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782294316904, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782294316904, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782294316904, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276597973173801322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='1303', pageEnd='1520', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1721836800000', pubDateStr='2024-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782294274847, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782294274847, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1445, endPage=1454, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276598151523995773, articleId=1276598149573644410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Analysis of Main Flavor Components and Sensory Quality of Coffee Beans from Four Production Areas in Yunnan, columnId=1236286112713470633, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Post-harvest Treatment & Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, 12 coffee beans from Xishuangbanna (A, B, C), Pu’er (D, E, F), Lincang (G, H, I) and Baoshan (J, K, L) were used as the raw materials to analyze the contents of main flavor precursors and the differences of sensory products. The contents of protein, fat and reducing sugar were determined by the physicochemical analysis. The composition and content of amino acids in samples were determined by an automatic amino acid analyzer. The contents of caffeine and chlorogenic acid were determined by HPLC. 12 green coffee beans were roasted and the sensory quality was measured by cup. The color difference of coffee beans was analyzed by the Colorimetry system. The protein content ranging from 11.73 g/100 g to 14.72 g/100 g, the fat content ranging from 9.1% to 15.9%, the reducing sugar content ranging from 5.83 g/100 g to 6.26 g/100 g. 16 kinds of amino acids were detected in all the 12 samples, and methionine was not detected. The total amino acid content ranging from 10.18 g/100 g to 17.25 g/100 g. The total amino acid content of E coffee beans was the highest, and that of K coffee beans was the lowest. The caffeine content ranging from 13.73 mg/g to 15.74 mg/g, and the chlorogenic acid conten tranging from 20.97 mg/g and 32.51 mg/g. B coffee beans had the brightest color, better color scheduling and tone angle. J coffee beans were rudder than other coffees, and the hue angle was relatively poor. E coffee ripe beans and I coffee ripe beans tended to be blue. E coffee bean had better color scheduling and hue angle preference. The total score of sensory evaluation ranged from 42.79 to 46.09, the sensory score of L coffee bean was the highest, and the sensory score of A coffee bean was the lowest. Therefore, the content of main flavor components of raw coffee beans in different producing areas is different, and the sensory quality of cooked coffee beans in different producing areas is also different. The results are of great significance for the improvement of Yunnan coffee flavor quality and the screening and identification of high-quality products.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yunlan CHEN, Jihua LI, Wenjin CHEN, Hua GUI, Xueling LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xueling LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276598153151385737, articleId=1276598149573644410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=云南4个产区咖啡豆的主要风味成分及感官品质分析, columnId=1236286112877048492, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=采后处理与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以云南4个产区即西双版纳(A、B、C)、普洱(D、E、F)、临沧(G、H、I)、保山(J、K、L)的12个咖啡生豆样品为原料,分析咖啡主要风味前体物质成分含量及感官品质的差异。采用理化分析法测定蛋白质、脂肪、还原糖的含量,采用全自动氨基酸分析仪测定氨基酸组成及含量,采用高效液相色谱法测定咖啡因、绿原酸含量,对12种咖啡豆样品进行烘焙,对咖啡熟豆采用色度学系统分析色差,采用杯品的方式测定感官品质。结果表明:12个咖啡样品的蛋白质含量在11.73~14.72 g/100 g之间,脂肪含量为9.1%~15.9%,还原糖含量为5.83~6.26 g/100 g;12个样品中均检测出16种氨基酸,而蛋氨酸均未检出,总氨基酸含量在10.18~17.25 g/100 g之间,孟连县勐马镇帕亮村(E)咖啡豆样品的总氨基酸含量最高,保山市隆阳区白花岭村(K)咖啡豆样品的总氨基酸含量最低;咖啡因含量在13.73~15.74 mg/g之间,绿原酸含量为20.97~32.51 mg/g。景洪市普文镇南岛河村(B)的咖啡熟豆色泽最明亮,色调度和色调角较好;保山市高黎贡山(J)的咖啡熟豆较其他咖啡更红润,色调角相对较差;E咖啡熟豆和临沧市永德县大雪山乡(I)的咖啡熟豆偏蓝,E咖啡豆色调度和色调角偏好。感官评价总分在42.79~46.09之间,保山市昌宁县老地基咖啡种植园(L)的咖啡豆感官评分最高,景洪市勐旺乡老黄寨村(A)的咖啡豆感官评分最低。综上,不同产区咖啡生豆的主要风味成分含量存在一定差异,不同产区咖啡熟豆的感官品质也存在一定差异。研究结果可为云南咖啡风味品质提升及对优质产品的筛选和鉴别具有重要意义。

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陈云兰(1984–),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:咖啡加工及品质分析。

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* 李学玲(LI Xueling),E-mail:
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陈云兰(1984–),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:咖啡加工及品质分析。

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陈云兰(1984–),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:咖啡加工及品质分析。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis on quality characteristics of Pu’er coffee, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1276598225482158552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, awardId=2019J0129, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省教育厅科学研究基金项目(2019J0129), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276598225540878809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, awardId=2020RYYB014, language=CN, fundingSource=云南农业大学热带作物学院自然科学基金项目(2020RYYB014), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1276598225595404762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, awardId=2016ZC08, language=CN, fundingSource=云南农业大学自然科学青年科研基金项目(2016ZC08), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1276598210588184980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276598210596573589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, companyId=1276598210588184980, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Tropical Crops, Yunnan Agricultural University, Pu’er, Yunnan 665000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276598210613350806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, companyId=1276598210588184980, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.云南农业大学热带作物学院,云南普洱 665000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276598210697236887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276598210714014104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, companyId=1276598210697236887, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276598210726597017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, companyId=1276598210697236887, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所/农业农村部热带作物产品加工重点实验室,广东湛江 524001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1276598210986643867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276598211003421084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, companyId=1276598210986643867, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Pu’er University, Pu’er, Yunnan 665000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1276598211016003997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, companyId=1276598210986643867, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.普洱学院,云南普洱 665000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1276598223296926150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Protein content of coffee beans from different regions

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=oUNOEqOnBkQ+F2lLc0ohfg==, figureFileBig=gAWbW//FUAVmB7Yb0635DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276598223640859079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同地区咖啡豆的蛋白质含量

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=oUNOEqOnBkQ+F2lLc0ohfg==, figureFileBig=gAWbW//FUAVmB7Yb0635DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276598223724745160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Fat content of coffee beans from different regions

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=3j1Sob8ji0rR9HFWVqpBEQ==, figureFileBig=wawOElWEennIT0Q4fB8dzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276598223783465417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同地区咖啡豆的脂肪含量

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=3j1Sob8ji0rR9HFWVqpBEQ==, figureFileBig=wawOElWEennIT0Q4fB8dzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276598223846379978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Reducing sugar content of coffee beans from different regions

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=0JmaNAyD6KjZcW4O8tjZMQ==, figureFileBig=cKo5NEl/fKF0RP48O3YOLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276598223917683147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同地区咖啡豆的还原糖含量

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=0JmaNAyD6KjZcW4O8tjZMQ==, figureFileBig=cKo5NEl/fKF0RP48O3YOLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276598223976403404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Caffeine content o f coffee beans from different regions

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=sx2U60A8dVkQtF/naDa6rQ==, figureFileBig=BZStbDqy4UZO+0u6htntvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276598224043512269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同地区咖啡豆的咖啡因含量

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=sx2U60A8dVkQtF/naDa6rQ==, figureFileBig=BZStbDqy4UZO+0u6htntvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276598224110621134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Chlorogenic acid of coffee beans from different regions

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=jiYkxvV2Nplja/9V2HI7ew==, figureFileBig=AZD9DWWbaq5iksktVH2lUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276598224177729999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同地区咖啡豆的绿原酸含量

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=jiYkxvV2Nplja/9V2HI7ew==, figureFileBig=AZD9DWWbaq5iksktVH2lUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276598224257421776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Score sheet of sensory evaluation criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价标准Standard for evaluation差(<6分)Poor (<6 points)中(6~6.75分)Good (6-6.75 points)良(7~7.75分)Very good (7-7.75 points)优秀(8~8.75分)Excellent (8-8.75 points)卓越(9~10分)Outstanding (9-10 points)
芳香木质、粉尘、异味中等强度的坚果类香气中等强度的坚果、奶油、巧克力香气浓郁、强烈的焦糖类、水果类蜜香浓郁、强烈、丰富的花果香
风味杂味,土腥,霉味,发酵味等谷物、核桃、爆米花类坚果、焦糖、黑巧克茶类莓果类,核果类,奶油、白巧力类热带水果、葡萄酒类,风味复杂,层次分明
回甘不舒爽,烟感回甘平淡,短回甘较短,单一持久,口鼻留香优质风味持久不衰
酸度粗糙的,尖锐的酸青涩的未成熟果酸柔和的,清爽的酸生津的,活泼的成熟水果酸精致的,明亮的果酸
醇厚度非常淡薄,粗糙淡薄,水感顺滑,牛奶般圆润顺滑,奶油感密实,丝绒感
平衡强酸或强苦,味道单一有涩酸,微微甜度酸甜苦基本平衡酸甜苦协调,甜度较好,圆润酸甜苦非常平衡舒适,甜美
), ArticleFig(id=1276598224341307857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价标准Standard for evaluation差(<6分)Poor (<6 points)中(6~6.75分)Good (6-6.75 points)良(7~7.75分)Very good (7-7.75 points)优秀(8~8.75分)Excellent (8-8.75 points)卓越(9~10分)Outstanding (9-10 points)
芳香木质、粉尘、异味中等强度的坚果类香气中等强度的坚果、奶油、巧克力香气浓郁、强烈的焦糖类、水果类蜜香浓郁、强烈、丰富的花果香
风味杂味,土腥,霉味,发酵味等谷物、核桃、爆米花类坚果、焦糖、黑巧克茶类莓果类,核果类,奶油、白巧力类热带水果、葡萄酒类,风味复杂,层次分明
回甘不舒爽,烟感回甘平淡,短回甘较短,单一持久,口鼻留香优质风味持久不衰
酸度粗糙的,尖锐的酸青涩的未成熟果酸柔和的,清爽的酸生津的,活泼的成熟水果酸精致的,明亮的果酸
醇厚度非常淡薄,粗糙淡薄,水感顺滑,牛奶般圆润顺滑,奶油感密实,丝绒感
平衡强酸或强苦,味道单一有涩酸,微微甜度酸甜苦基本平衡酸甜苦协调,甜度较好,圆润酸甜苦非常平衡舒适,甜美
), ArticleFig(id=1276598224412611026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Amino acid content of coffee beans in different areas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸AA氨基酸含量AA content/[g·(100 g)-1]
ABCDEFGHIJKL
Asp1.08±0.07d1.15±0.04c1.15±0.03c1.36±0.02b1.63±0.02a1.07±0.03d1.00±0.01e1.01±0.02e1.01±0.02e1.08±0.02d0.99±0.03e1.03±0.02de
Thr0.45±0.04de0.47±0.03cd0.47±0.02cd0.58±0.00b0.69±0.01a0.43±0.01e0.43±0.01e0.45±0.01de0.42±0.00e0.48±0.01c0.42±0.02e0.43±0.02e
Ser0.60±0.04de0.63±0.03cd0.64±0.02c0.76±0.00b0.93±0.00a0.59±0.01ef0.58±0.02ef0.59±0.03ef0.57±0.01ef0.64±0.01c0.56±0.02f0.60±0.02def
Glu1.94±0.13de2.17±0.07c2.14±0.07c2.41±0.01b3.22±0.04a1.94±0.05de1.82±0.04f1.91±0.04def1.86±0.03ef2.09±0.03c1.86±0.08ef1.97±0.03d
Gly0.65±0.04d0.70±0.02c0.70±0.03c0.81±0.00b1.02±0.02a0.62±0.01de0.61±0.01e0.63±0.02de0.62±0.01de0.68±0.01c0.61±0.02e0.63±0.01de
Ala0.58±0.05cde0.60±0.01c0.59±0.02cd0.73±0.01b0.87±0.02a0.57±0.01cde0.57±0.03cde0.57±0.02cde0.55±0.00de0.60±0.01c0.54±0.03e0.57±0.01cde
Cys0.34±0.01bcd0.35±0.01bcd0.36±0.03abc0.36±0.01abc0.38±0.00a0.33±0.00bcd0.32±0.01d0.26±0.03e0.32±0.00d0.33±0.01bcd0.36±0.03ab0.33±0.02cd
Val0.69±0.04fg0.73±0.02cd0.75±0.04c0.88±0.00b1.09±0.04a0.70±0.02def0.67±0.03fg0.69±0.00ef0.65±0.01g0.73±0.01cde0.66±0.01fg0.68±0.02fg
Met
Iso0.50±0.02cd0.50±0.03cd0.52±0.02c0.63±0.00b0.76±0.02a0.49±0.02cde0.49±0.02def0.46±0.01fg0.46±0.01efg0.49±0.02cde0.45±0.02g0.48±0.01def
Leu0.91±0.05e0.97±0.04cd0.98±0.03c1.15±0.00b1.42±0.03a0.90±0.05ef0.86±0.03fg0.86±0.02fg0.88±0.01ef0.93±0.02de0.82±0.02g0.89±0.03def
Tyr0.38±0.03e0.41±0.02cd0.41±0.01cd0.55±0.00b0.66±0.01a0.39±0.01de0.39±0.03de0.40±0.01de0.37±0.01e0.44±0.01c0.39±0.01de0.38±0.02e
Phe0.61±0.05d0.65±0.02c0.66±0.03c0.80±0.01b0.96±0.01a0.60±0.02d0.56±0.01e0.60±0.01d0.58±0.01de0.64±0.00c0.56±0.02e0.59±0.02de
His0.20±0.03cde0.21±0.02cd0.21±0.01c0.28±0.01b0.38±0.01a0.19±0.01def0.18±0.02ef0.19±0.00cde0.19±0.01cde0.21±0.01cd0.17±0.01f0.19±0.01def
Lys0.64±0.05d0.72±0.03c0.71±0.02c0.87±0.01b1.12±0.01a0.65±0.03d0.62±0.03de0.64±0.02d0.62±0.01de0.71±0.00c0.60±0.02e0.66±0.01d
Arg0.71±0.03de0.75±0.04c0.73±0.02cd0.89±0.01b1.13±0.02a0.67±0.00f0.71±0.00de0.66±0.00f0.68±0.02ef0.75±0.00c0.69±0.03ef0.68±0.01ef
Pro0.45±0.06de0.49±0.03cd0.53±0.00bc0.57±0.03b0.81±0.03a0.46±0.04d0.41±0.01ef0.41±0.01ef0.52±0.00bc0.41±0.01ef0.41±0.03ef0.40±0.03f
总计10.70±0.68de11.47±0.36c11.52±0.36c13.78±0.06b17.25±0.11a10.58±0.21ef10.19±0.24ef10.30±0.20ef10.29±0.12ef11.19±0.10cd10.18±0.36f10.56±0.23ef
), ArticleFig(id=1276598224500691411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同地区咖啡豆的氨基酸含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸AA氨基酸含量AA content/[g·(100 g)-1]
ABCDEFGHIJKL
Asp1.08±0.07d1.15±0.04c1.15±0.03c1.36±0.02b1.63±0.02a1.07±0.03d1.00±0.01e1.01±0.02e1.01±0.02e1.08±0.02d0.99±0.03e1.03±0.02de
Thr0.45±0.04de0.47±0.03cd0.47±0.02cd0.58±0.00b0.69±0.01a0.43±0.01e0.43±0.01e0.45±0.01de0.42±0.00e0.48±0.01c0.42±0.02e0.43±0.02e
Ser0.60±0.04de0.63±0.03cd0.64±0.02c0.76±0.00b0.93±0.00a0.59±0.01ef0.58±0.02ef0.59±0.03ef0.57±0.01ef0.64±0.01c0.56±0.02f0.60±0.02def
Glu1.94±0.13de2.17±0.07c2.14±0.07c2.41±0.01b3.22±0.04a1.94±0.05de1.82±0.04f1.91±0.04def1.86±0.03ef2.09±0.03c1.86±0.08ef1.97±0.03d
Gly0.65±0.04d0.70±0.02c0.70±0.03c0.81±0.00b1.02±0.02a0.62±0.01de0.61±0.01e0.63±0.02de0.62±0.01de0.68±0.01c0.61±0.02e0.63±0.01de
Ala0.58±0.05cde0.60±0.01c0.59±0.02cd0.73±0.01b0.87±0.02a0.57±0.01cde0.57±0.03cde0.57±0.02cde0.55±0.00de0.60±0.01c0.54±0.03e0.57±0.01cde
Cys0.34±0.01bcd0.35±0.01bcd0.36±0.03abc0.36±0.01abc0.38±0.00a0.33±0.00bcd0.32±0.01d0.26±0.03e0.32±0.00d0.33±0.01bcd0.36±0.03ab0.33±0.02cd
Val0.69±0.04fg0.73±0.02cd0.75±0.04c0.88±0.00b1.09±0.04a0.70±0.02def0.67±0.03fg0.69±0.00ef0.65±0.01g0.73±0.01cde0.66±0.01fg0.68±0.02fg
Met
Iso0.50±0.02cd0.50±0.03cd0.52±0.02c0.63±0.00b0.76±0.02a0.49±0.02cde0.49±0.02def0.46±0.01fg0.46±0.01efg0.49±0.02cde0.45±0.02g0.48±0.01def
Leu0.91±0.05e0.97±0.04cd0.98±0.03c1.15±0.00b1.42±0.03a0.90±0.05ef0.86±0.03fg0.86±0.02fg0.88±0.01ef0.93±0.02de0.82±0.02g0.89±0.03def
Tyr0.38±0.03e0.41±0.02cd0.41±0.01cd0.55±0.00b0.66±0.01a0.39±0.01de0.39±0.03de0.40±0.01de0.37±0.01e0.44±0.01c0.39±0.01de0.38±0.02e
Phe0.61±0.05d0.65±0.02c0.66±0.03c0.80±0.01b0.96±0.01a0.60±0.02d0.56±0.01e0.60±0.01d0.58±0.01de0.64±0.00c0.56±0.02e0.59±0.02de
His0.20±0.03cde0.21±0.02cd0.21±0.01c0.28±0.01b0.38±0.01a0.19±0.01def0.18±0.02ef0.19±0.00cde0.19±0.01cde0.21±0.01cd0.17±0.01f0.19±0.01def
Lys0.64±0.05d0.72±0.03c0.71±0.02c0.87±0.01b1.12±0.01a0.65±0.03d0.62±0.03de0.64±0.02d0.62±0.01de0.71±0.00c0.60±0.02e0.66±0.01d
Arg0.71±0.03de0.75±0.04c0.73±0.02cd0.89±0.01b1.13±0.02a0.67±0.00f0.71±0.00de0.66±0.00f0.68±0.02ef0.75±0.00c0.69±0.03ef0.68±0.01ef
Pro0.45±0.06de0.49±0.03cd0.53±0.00bc0.57±0.03b0.81±0.03a0.46±0.04d0.41±0.01ef0.41±0.01ef0.52±0.00bc0.41±0.01ef0.41±0.03ef0.40±0.03f
总计10.70±0.68de11.47±0.36c11.52±0.36c13.78±0.06b17.25±0.11a10.58±0.21ef10.19±0.24ef10.30±0.20ef10.29±0.12ef11.19±0.10cd10.18±0.36f10.56±0.23ef
), ArticleFig(id=1276598224588771796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Color index parameters of mature coffee beans

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号Sample No.色泽参数Color parameter
L*a*b*C*h0
A37.23±0.36bc29.06±0.45ab9.56±1.78cde30.62±0.88ab18.15±3.04de
B40.00±0.59a24.64±3.38bc20.61±3.40a32.38±0.99ab35.36±2.79b
C38.41±1.27ab28.45±1.64ab16.05±1.06ab31.35±4.16ab26.18±5.56c
D38.24±0.90ab29.03±1.41ab13.95±3.64bc32.36±1.12ab25.58±6.70c
E38.63±0.99ab28.09±1.04ab–0.04±1.45fg28.12±1.03b5.23±1.61g
F38.35±1.16ab33.05±5.34a10.26±5.17cde34.98±4.02a17.19±1.62ef
G35.43±2.03cd16.43±2.02d16.16±0.04ab23.08±1.41c44.69±3.61a
H37.10±1.74bc31.78±1.14a7.37±2.76de32.66±1.47ab11.82±1.16f
I34.50±0.93d20.09±4.44cd–2.22±0.19g22.31±0.92c23.50±1.85cd
J37.63±1.12b32.80±1.39a4.80±5.79ef30.16±6.62ab1.83±2.25g
K39.88±0.57a28.92±4.60ab17.86±2.47ab33.10±0.96ab35.13±3.53b
L34.56±0.95a17.14±1.92d12.22±2.71bcd22.76±2.31c27.55±1.76c
), ArticleFig(id=1276598224894955989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

咖啡熟豆的颜色指标参数

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样品编号Sample No.色泽参数Color parameter
L*a*b*C*h0
A37.23±0.36bc29.06±0.45ab9.56±1.78cde30.62±0.88ab18.15±3.04de
B40.00±0.59a24.64±3.38bc20.61±3.40a32.38±0.99ab35.36±2.79b
C38.41±1.27ab28.45±1.64ab16.05±1.06ab31.35±4.16ab26.18±5.56c
D38.24±0.90ab29.03±1.41ab13.95±3.64bc32.36±1.12ab25.58±6.70c
E38.63±0.99ab28.09±1.04ab–0.04±1.45fg28.12±1.03b5.23±1.61g
F38.35±1.16ab33.05±5.34a10.26±5.17cde34.98±4.02a17.19±1.62ef
G35.43±2.03cd16.43±2.02d16.16±0.04ab23.08±1.41c44.69±3.61a
H37.10±1.74bc31.78±1.14a7.37±2.76de32.66±1.47ab11.82±1.16f
I34.50±0.93d20.09±4.44cd–2.22±0.19g22.31±0.92c23.50±1.85cd
J37.63±1.12b32.80±1.39a4.80±5.79ef30.16±6.62ab1.83±2.25g
K39.88±0.57a28.92±4.60ab17.86±2.47ab33.10±0.96ab35.13±3.53b
L34.56±0.95a17.14±1.92d12.22±2.71bcd22.76±2.31c27.55±1.76c
), ArticleFig(id=1276598224974647766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Sensory evaluation results

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样品编号Sample No.芳香Aroma风味Flavor回甘Aftertaste酸度Acidity醇厚度Body平衡Balance总分Total points
A7.32±0.28ab6.96±0.34b7.11±0.13b7.00±0.29c7.11±0.38b7.29±0.51ab42.79±1.35c
B7.29±0.22ab7.14±0.28b7.29±0.34ab7.25±0.46abc7.25±0.35ab7.32±0.35ab43.54±1.31bc
C7.04±0.42b7.14±0.52b7.11±0.32b7.36±0.61abc7.29±0.39ab7.14±0.40b43.08±1.41bc
D7.39±0.48ab7.36±0.32ab7.21±0.22ab7.43±0.31abc7.21±0.17ab7.39±0.40ab43.99±0.88bc
E7.43±0.35ab7.39±0.35ab7.21±0.27ab7.50±0.41abc7.39±0.38ab7.32±0.37ab44.24±1.55b
F7.32±0.35ab7.39±0.48ab7.39±0.43ab7.54±0.39ab7.43±0.43ab7.39±0.43ab44.46±1.18b
G7.39±0.13ab7.25±0.25ab7.29±0.44ab7.18±0.28abc7.29±0.27ab7.46±0.42ab43.86±0.97bc
H7.54±0.17a7.32±0.35ab7.21±0.44ab7.11±0.43bc7.14±0.20b7.25±0.20b43.57±1.29bc
I7.18±0.35ab7.32±0.47ab7.21±0.51ab7.25±0.46abc7.25±0.46ab7.25±0.35b43.46±1.29bc
J7.46±0.39a7.43±0.55ab7.32±0.37ab7.61±0.45ab7.32±0.35ab7.39±0.35ab44.53±0.95b
K7.29±0.22ab7.36±0.57ab7.39±0.50ab7.39±0.38abc7.54±0.47ab7.57±0.43ab44.54±1.23b
L7.57±0.43a7.75±0.58a7.66±0.54a7.67±0.32a7.69±0.43a7.75±0.38a46.09±1.01a
), ArticleFig(id=1276598225339552215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276598149573644410, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

感官评分结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号Sample No.芳香Aroma风味Flavor回甘Aftertaste酸度Acidity醇厚度Body平衡Balance总分Total points
A7.32±0.28ab6.96±0.34b7.11±0.13b7.00±0.29c7.11±0.38b7.29±0.51ab42.79±1.35c
B7.29±0.22ab7.14±0.28b7.29±0.34ab7.25±0.46abc7.25±0.35ab7.32±0.35ab43.54±1.31bc
C7.04±0.42b7.14±0.52b7.11±0.32b7.36±0.61abc7.29±0.39ab7.14±0.40b43.08±1.41bc
D7.39±0.48ab7.36±0.32ab7.21±0.22ab7.43±0.31abc7.21±0.17ab7.39±0.40ab43.99±0.88bc
E7.43±0.35ab7.39±0.35ab7.21±0.27ab7.50±0.41abc7.39±0.38ab7.32±0.37ab44.24±1.55b
F7.32±0.35ab7.39±0.48ab7.39±0.43ab7.54±0.39ab7.43±0.43ab7.39±0.43ab44.46±1.18b
G7.39±0.13ab7.25±0.25ab7.29±0.44ab7.18±0.28abc7.29±0.27ab7.46±0.42ab43.86±0.97bc
H7.54±0.17a7.32±0.35ab7.21±0.44ab7.11±0.43bc7.14±0.20b7.25±0.20b43.57±1.29bc
I7.18±0.35ab7.32±0.47ab7.21±0.51ab7.25±0.46abc7.25±0.46ab7.25±0.35b43.46±1.29bc
J7.46±0.39a7.43±0.55ab7.32±0.37ab7.61±0.45ab7.32±0.35ab7.39±0.35ab44.53±0.95b
K7.29±0.22ab7.36±0.57ab7.39±0.50ab7.39±0.38abc7.54±0.47ab7.57±0.43ab44.54±1.23b
L7.57±0.43a7.75±0.58a7.66±0.54a7.67±0.32a7.69±0.43a7.75±0.38a46.09±1.01a
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云南4个产区咖啡豆的主要风味成分及感官品质分析
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陈云兰 1 , 李积华 2 , 陈文进 1 , 桂花 1 , 李学玲 3, *
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与质量安全 2024,45(7): 1445-1454
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热带作物学报 |采后处理与质量安全 2024 , 45 (7) : 1445 -1454
云南4个产区咖啡豆的主要风味成分及感官品质分析
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陈云兰(1984–),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:咖啡加工及品质分析。

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陈云兰(1984–),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:咖啡加工及品质分析。

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陈云兰1, 李积华2, 陈文进1, 桂花1, 李学玲3, *
作者信息
  • 1.云南农业大学热带作物学院,云南普洱 665000
  • 2.中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所/农业农村部热带作物产品加工重点实验室,广东湛江 524001
  • 3.普洱学院,云南普洱 665000
通讯作者:
* 李学玲(LI Xueling),E-mail:
Analysis of Main Flavor Components and Sensory Quality of Coffee Beans from Four Production Areas in Yunnan
Yunlan CHEN1, Jihua LI2, Wenjin CHEN1, Hua GUI1, Xueling LI3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Tropical Crops, Yunnan Agricultural University, Pu’er, Yunnan 665000, China
  • 2.Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
  • 3.Pu’er University, Pu’er, Yunnan 665000, China
出版时间: 2024-07-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.07.017
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本研究以云南4个产区即西双版纳(A、B、C)、普洱(D、E、F)、临沧(G、H、I)、保山(J、K、L)的12个咖啡生豆样品为原料,分析咖啡主要风味前体物质成分含量及感官品质的差异。采用理化分析法测定蛋白质、脂肪、还原糖的含量,采用全自动氨基酸分析仪测定氨基酸组成及含量,采用高效液相色谱法测定咖啡因、绿原酸含量,对12种咖啡豆样品进行烘焙,对咖啡熟豆采用色度学系统分析色差,采用杯品的方式测定感官品质。结果表明:12个咖啡样品的蛋白质含量在11.73~14.72 g/100 g之间,脂肪含量为9.1%~15.9%,还原糖含量为5.83~6.26 g/100 g;12个样品中均检测出16种氨基酸,而蛋氨酸均未检出,总氨基酸含量在10.18~17.25 g/100 g之间,孟连县勐马镇帕亮村(E)咖啡豆样品的总氨基酸含量最高,保山市隆阳区白花岭村(K)咖啡豆样品的总氨基酸含量最低;咖啡因含量在13.73~15.74 mg/g之间,绿原酸含量为20.97~32.51 mg/g。景洪市普文镇南岛河村(B)的咖啡熟豆色泽最明亮,色调度和色调角较好;保山市高黎贡山(J)的咖啡熟豆较其他咖啡更红润,色调角相对较差;E咖啡熟豆和临沧市永德县大雪山乡(I)的咖啡熟豆偏蓝,E咖啡豆色调度和色调角偏好。感官评价总分在42.79~46.09之间,保山市昌宁县老地基咖啡种植园(L)的咖啡豆感官评分最高,景洪市勐旺乡老黄寨村(A)的咖啡豆感官评分最低。综上,不同产区咖啡生豆的主要风味成分含量存在一定差异,不同产区咖啡熟豆的感官品质也存在一定差异。研究结果可为云南咖啡风味品质提升及对优质产品的筛选和鉴别具有重要意义。

咖啡豆  /  云南  /  风味成分  /  感官品质

In this study, 12 coffee beans from Xishuangbanna (A, B, C), Pu’er (D, E, F), Lincang (G, H, I) and Baoshan (J, K, L) were used as the raw materials to analyze the contents of main flavor precursors and the differences of sensory products. The contents of protein, fat and reducing sugar were determined by the physicochemical analysis. The composition and content of amino acids in samples were determined by an automatic amino acid analyzer. The contents of caffeine and chlorogenic acid were determined by HPLC. 12 green coffee beans were roasted and the sensory quality was measured by cup. The color difference of coffee beans was analyzed by the Colorimetry system. The protein content ranging from 11.73 g/100 g to 14.72 g/100 g, the fat content ranging from 9.1% to 15.9%, the reducing sugar content ranging from 5.83 g/100 g to 6.26 g/100 g. 16 kinds of amino acids were detected in all the 12 samples, and methionine was not detected. The total amino acid content ranging from 10.18 g/100 g to 17.25 g/100 g. The total amino acid content of E coffee beans was the highest, and that of K coffee beans was the lowest. The caffeine content ranging from 13.73 mg/g to 15.74 mg/g, and the chlorogenic acid conten tranging from 20.97 mg/g and 32.51 mg/g. B coffee beans had the brightest color, better color scheduling and tone angle. J coffee beans were rudder than other coffees, and the hue angle was relatively poor. E coffee ripe beans and I coffee ripe beans tended to be blue. E coffee bean had better color scheduling and hue angle preference. The total score of sensory evaluation ranged from 42.79 to 46.09, the sensory score of L coffee bean was the highest, and the sensory score of A coffee bean was the lowest. Therefore, the content of main flavor components of raw coffee beans in different producing areas is different, and the sensory quality of cooked coffee beans in different producing areas is also different. The results are of great significance for the improvement of Yunnan coffee flavor quality and the screening and identification of high-quality products.

coffee beans  /  Yunnan  /  flavor components  /  sensory quality
陈云兰, 李积华, 陈文进, 桂花, 李学玲. 云南4个产区咖啡豆的主要风味成分及感官品质分析. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (7) : 1445 -1454 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.07.017
Yunlan CHEN, Jihua LI, Wenjin CHEN, Hua GUI, Xueling LI. Analysis of Main Flavor Components and Sensory Quality of Coffee Beans from Four Production Areas in Yunnan[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (7) : 1445 -1454 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.07.017
云南省是我国最大的咖啡种植和出口地,具有种植小粒种咖啡的优势自然条件,各地的自然地理位置、气候条件差异显著,大多数区域的海拔均在800~2000 m之间[1-2],地势连绵起伏,地理气候特征显著,昼夜温差较大,有利于产出品质优越的咖啡[3]。目前,云南省咖啡种植面积和产量均占全国的99%左右[4],主要分布在普洱、西双版纳、临沧、德宏及保山等地,在国内外市场上具有较强的市场竞争力。
咖啡的风味成分受到品种、种植管理、初制加工等多种因素影响,进而影响咖啡的风味。黄家雄等[5]对小粒种咖啡风味品质的形成与不同纬度等因素进行了分析研究。云南保山和普洱所产的咖啡豆均为优质咖啡豆,品质有差异但各具特色[6]。FARHA等[7]研究得出,葫芦巴碱含量会随咖啡品质的改变而逐渐变化,并且通过对各种咖啡豆的蛋白质成分进行综合分析表明,品质好的咖啡豆中蛋白质含量更高。胡双芳等[8]研究了不同产区咖啡豆的各种化学物质组分含量与人为感官品质之间的关系,结果表明,种植环境不同,咖啡化学组分具有一定差异。脂质、蛋白质、绿原酸、咖啡因和葫芦巴碱是成熟咖啡豆的主要化合物,这些物质在烤焙过程中通过美拉德反应、Strecker降解、焦糖化反应产生咖啡的香气[9]
系统研究云南产区咖啡营养成分和感官品质的文献较少,董文江等[10]研究了云南不同产区咖啡前体物质,结果表明普洱咖啡中的脂肪酸含量相对较高,且其脂肪酸总量与保山、临沧、德宏样品均呈显著差异,表明脂肪酸可作为鉴别普洱咖啡的判断指标;保山咖啡中的氨基酸和蛋白质含量最低,且与其他地区样品呈显著差异,可作为区分保山咖啡的判断指标。本研究对云南省4个产区咖啡豆的风味成分及感官品质进行分析,了解不同种植区咖啡的主要风味成分情况,能够为云南省不同产区的合理种植、加工及销售提供参考。
采自云南省西双版纳自治州、普洱市、临沧市、保山市4个产区的12个咖啡豆样品。西双版纳自治州产区的3个咖啡豆样品分别产自景洪市勐旺乡老黄寨村(A)、景洪市普文镇南岛河村(B)、景洪市普文镇三棵庄村(C);普洱产区的3个咖啡豆样品分别产自普洱市孟连县富岩乡芒冒村(D)、孟连县勐马镇帕亮村(E)、普洱市澜沧县麻卡村(F);临沧产区的3个咖啡豆样品分别产自临沧市云县幸福镇(G)、临沧市双江县大文镇(H)、临沧市永德县大雪山乡(I);保山产区的3个咖啡豆样品分别产自保山市高黎贡山(J)、保山市隆阳区白花岭村(K)、保山市昌宁县老地基咖啡种植园(L)。
硫酸铜(CuSO4·5H2O)、硫酸钾(K2SO4)、硫酸(H2SO4,98%)、氢氧化钠(NaOH)、对硝基苯酚(C6H5NO3)、乙酸钠(CH3COONa·3H2O)、无水乙酸钠(CH3COONa)、乙酸(CH3COOH)、甲醛(37% HCHO)、乙酰丙酮(C5H8O2)、石油醚(CnH2n+2,沸程为30~60 ℃)、盐酸(HCl)、亚甲蓝(C16H18ClN3S·3H2O)、酒石酸钾钠(C4H4O6KNa·4H2O)、乙酸锌[Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O]、亚铁氰化钾[K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O]、氧化镁(MgO),以上均为分析纯;甲醇(CH3OH)、乙腈(C2H3N)为色谱纯。试剂均由云南志博科技有限公司提供。
手动色差仪(东莞市鹏测电子科技有限公司,NH310),ME204E电子分析天平(0~200 g,梅特勒-托利多仪器上海有限公司),DL-1万能电炉(北京中兴伟业世纪仪器有限公司),HH-6数显恒温水浴锅(常州智博瑞仪器有限公司),DHG-9145A电热恒温鼓风(上海齐欣科学仪器有限公司),氨基酸分析仪,茚三酮柱后衍生离子交换色谱仪(苏州华美辰仪器有限公司),UV-5500鼓风干燥箱(苏州江东精密仪器有限公司),SK-18TC超声波清洗器(郑州南北仪器设备有限公司),LC1206紫外可见分光光度计(上海元析仪器有限公司),Agilent1260高效液相色谱仪(美国安捷伦公司)。
参照国家标准GB/T 5009.5—2016《食品中蛋白质的测定 分光光度法》测定蛋白质含量;参照国家标准GB/T 5009.6—2016《食品中脂肪的测定 选择索氏提取法》测定脂肪含量;参照国家标准GB/T 5009.7—2016《食品中还原糖的测定 直接滴定法》测定还原糖含量;参照国家标准GB 5009.124—2016《食品中氨基酸的测定》测定氨基酸含量。
(1)咖啡因含量测定。标准溶液的配制:准确称取0.005 g咖啡因标准品,甲醇定容至5.00 mL,得到浓度为0.10 mg/mL的咖啡因标准溶液,取1 mL咖啡因标准溶液于高效液相色谱仪进行分析。
供试液的制备:称取1.000 g粉碎均匀(过45目筛)的咖啡样品置于250 mL锥形瓶中,加入200 mL超纯水,沸水浴中加热30 min,振摇,流水冷却1 min,加入5.000 g氧化镁,振摇,再放入沸水浴中加热20 min,取出锥形瓶,冷却至室温,转移至250 mL容量瓶中,加超纯水定容至刻度线,摇匀,静置30 min,取上清液经0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤于进样瓶中,供高效液相色谱分析。
色谱条件:色谱柱ZORBAX SB-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);流动相A为80%甲醇,B为纯水;流速为0.8 mL/min;进样量为10 μL;检测波长为273 nm;柱温箱为左30 ℃,右30 ℃。
(2)绿原酸含量测定。标准溶液的配制:准确称取0.005 g绿原酸标准品,溶于5.00 mL纯甲醇(色谱纯),得到浓度为0.1 mg/mL的标准品溶液,取1 mL标准品溶液于高效液相色谱仪进行分析。
供试液的制备:称取0.500 g粉碎均匀(过45目筛)的咖啡试样于25.0 mL容量瓶中,加入20 mL 70%甲醇,超声波提取30 min,用70%甲醇定容至刻度,混匀,静置30 min,取上清液经0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤于进样瓶中,供高效液相色谱分析。
色谱条件:色谱柱ZORBAX SB-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);流动相A为0.5%乙酸水溶液,B为乙腈(色谱纯);流速为1.0 mL/min;进样量为20 μL;检测波长为327 nm;柱温箱为左35 ℃,右35 ℃。
准确称取5.00 g咖啡粉末于玻璃碟中均匀擀平,用手动色差分析仪测定样品的色度值,包括L*a*b*C*h0值。
(1)烘焙咖啡豆的制备。使用TC-300 G台式烘焙机制备咖啡样品,将100.00 g生咖啡豆倒入烘焙机中,火力设定为5,入锅时的烘焙温度为160 ℃,将样品烘焙9~ 10 min得到中度烘焙咖啡熟豆,取出置于通风口快速降温至室温。将烘焙好的咖啡熟豆盛放于咖啡包装自封袋中,封口备用。
(2)烘焙咖啡的感官分析。根据精品咖啡协会(Specialty Coffee Association,SCA)的咖啡杯品体系[11-12],精确称取11.00 g咖啡粉末样品置于200 mL玻璃杯中,加入200 mL的92 ℃热水,浸泡4 min,捞出表面的咖啡渣,待温度降至70 ℃时进行啜吸品饮。优选7名咖啡品鉴师对12个烘焙咖啡熟豆的芳香、风味、回甘、酸度、醇厚度、平衡等6个方面进行感官评分,评分标度和评分指标参考精品咖啡协会杯测体系和陈云兰等[1]的方法,共分为差(<6分)、中(6~6.75分)、良(7~7.75分)、优秀(8~8.75分)、卓越(9~10分)5个等级,最小给分单位为0.25,评价标准见表1
所有试验平行测定3次,利用SPSS 26.0和Excel 2016软件进行数据分析与处理。
蛋白质作为重要风味前体物质分解后会产生氨基酸,能与单糖发生美拉德反应对食品风味有一定的影响[13]。咖啡中的蛋白质在烘焙过程中会发生美拉德反应,从而影响咖啡的感官品质。采用分光光度法测定了咖啡豆的蛋白质含量,如图1所示,临沧市双江县大文镇(H)的咖啡豆蛋白质含量最高,为14.72 g/100 g;景洪市普文镇南岛河村(B)的咖啡豆蛋白质含量最低,为11.73 g/100 g(试验中的标准曲线为y=0.0101x–0.0017,r=0.9999)。
脂肪是人们日常生活中重要的能量来源之一,咖啡豆的各种脂肪酸含量可能会对烘焙过程中的美拉德反应产生一定影响,从而影响咖啡的口感和风味[10,14]。如图2所示,12个咖啡豆样品中临沧市双江县大文镇(H)的生咖啡豆脂肪含量最高,为15.9%;景洪市勐旺乡老黄寨村(A)的生咖啡豆脂肪含量最低,为9.1%。
还原糖属于咖啡中的碳水化合物类,会影响咖啡饮品的口感[15]。LUDWIG等[16]研究表明,咖啡的单糖种类和含量的差异会影响咖啡烘焙过程中的美拉德反应,进而影响风味。如图3所示,12个咖啡豆样品中,景洪市普文镇南岛河村(B)的生咖啡豆还原糖含量最高,为6.26 g/100 g,普洱市澜沧县麻卡村(F)的咖啡豆还原糖含量最低,为5.83 g/100 g。
氨基酸是人体不可缺少的元素,除直接与糖发生美拉德反应产生醇类、醛类、酸类等风味物质外[17],自身对食品风味也有重要影响,氨基酸可分为鲜味、甜味、苦味和无味氨基酸,天冬氨酸及谷氨酸为鲜味氨基酸,呈鲜甜口感;异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和缬氨酸则为苦味氨基酸,呈现苦味;丝氨酸、苏氨酸、甘氨酸以及丙氨酸呈甜味。12个咖啡豆样品中均检出16种氨基酸(amino acid,AA),分别是天冬氨酸(aspartic acid,Asp)、苏氨酸(threonine,Thr)、丝氨酸(serine,Ser)、谷氨酸(glutamic acid,Glu)、甘氨酸(glycine,Gly)、丙氨酸(alanine,Ala)、胱氨酸(cysteine,Cys)、缬氨酸(valine,Val)、异亮氨酸(isoleucine,Iso)、亮氨酸(leucine,Leu)、酪氨酸(tyrosine,Tyr)、苯丙氨酸(phenylalanine,Phe)、组氨酸(histidine,His)、赖氨酸(lysine,Lys)、精氨酸(arginine,Arg)、脯氨酸(proline,Pro),而蛋氨酸(methionine,Met)未检出(表2)。氨基酸总含量由高到低为:E>D>C>B>J>A>F>L>H>I>G>K。其中,孟连县勐马镇帕亮村(E)的咖啡豆氨基酸总含量最高,为17.25 g/100 g;保山市隆阳区白花岭村(K)的氨基酸总含量最低,为10.18 g/100 g。
咖啡因属于咖啡豆中的生物碱类化合物,是咖啡中重要的风味物质[18-19]。如图4所示,云南省12个咖啡豆样品中的咖啡因含量均在13.00 mg/g以上。景洪市勐旺乡老黄寨村(A)的咖啡豆的咖啡因含量最高,为15.74 mg/g;临沧市永德县大雪山乡(I)的咖啡因含量最低,为13.73 mg/g。张绍龙等[20]研究也表明不同产区间的咖啡因含量存在差异。
绿原酸是一种缩酚类物质,是咖啡中含量比较高的风味物质[21-22],影响咖啡的酸度,并且赋予咖啡收敛性和苦味[23-24]。在咖啡豆中,绿原酸随着咖啡果实的成熟在种子中积累,不仅有利于提升果实的抗生物及机械胁迫能力,并且提高了咖啡品质[25]。12个咖啡样品中的绿原酸含量如图5所示,其中,保山市昌宁县老地基咖啡种植园(L)咖啡豆的绿原酸含量最高,为32.51 mg/g;保山市高黎贡山(J)的绿原酸含量最低,为20.97 mg/g。
咖啡豆变色的主要原因是由于咖啡豆在烘焙过程中发生一系列物理和化学变化,源自低聚糖、氨基酸、绿原酸等物质产生的褐色色素[26-27],从而改变了咖啡的色泽。描述咖啡色泽的指标有L*a*b*C*h0值,用于分析和比较不同种类咖啡豆色泽之间的差异性,利用L*a*、b*3个互相垂直的坐标轴表示一个色彩空间,L*值表示明暗,+L*表示样品偏亮,–L*表示样品偏暗;a*值表示红绿,+a*表示样品偏红,–a*表示样品偏绿;b*值表示黄蓝,+b*表示样品偏黄,–b*表示样品偏蓝;C*值指色调度;h0值表示色调角,a*b*C*h0共同表达L*。云南省12个咖啡豆样品的色差检测结果见表3,通过数据分析得出,景洪市普文镇南岛河村(B)的咖啡豆色泽最明亮,色调度和色调角较好;保山市高黎贡山(J)的咖啡豆较其他咖啡更红润,色调角相对较差;孟连县勐马镇帕亮村(E)和临沧市永德县大雪山乡(I)的咖啡豆偏蓝,并且E地的咖啡豆色调度和色调角偏好。
杯品质量是小粒种咖啡品质的评价指标之一[28],而咖啡杯测是衡量感官品质的重要手段之一[29],本研究选7位经验丰富的咖啡品鉴师对云南12个咖啡样品的芳香、风味、回甘、酸度、醇厚度、平衡等6指标根据表1的评价标准进行感官评分,每个指标满分为10分,6个指标总分为60分,每个咖啡样品的各指标评分结果见表4,根据总评分分为4个等级。保山市昌宁县老地基咖啡种植园(L)的咖啡豆各项评分最高,感官品质最好,为第一级;孟连县勐马镇帕亮村(E)、保山市高黎贡山(J)、保山市隆阳区白花岭村(K)、景洪市普洱市澜沧县麻卡村(F)的品质次之,为第二级;景洪市普文镇南岛河村(B)、景洪市普文镇三棵庄村(C)、普洱市孟连县富岩乡芒冒村(D)、临沧市云县幸福镇(G)、临沧市双江县大文镇(H)、临沧市永德县大雪山乡(I)为第三级,仅次于第二级,但差异不显著(P<0.05);景洪市勐旺乡老黄寨村(A)的咖啡评分最低,感官品质最差,为第四级。
咖啡含有丰富的内含物质,这些内含物质的种类和含量决定了咖啡的感官品质。咖啡品种、种植环境、农艺栽培措施和咖啡加工方式等因素均会对咖啡内含物的种类及含量产生影响,是咖啡品质形成的重要构成因素[30-33]。本研究分析了云南4个产区12个庄园的咖啡豆,品种为卡蒂姆,加工方式为水洗加工。
风味成分分析结果表明,12个咖啡样品的蛋白质含量在11.73~14.72 g/100 g之间,脂肪含量为9.1%~15.9%,还原糖含量为5.83~6.26 g/100 g;12个样品中均检测出16种氨基酸,而蛋氨酸均未检出,总氨基酸含量在10.18~17.25 g/100 g之间,各地区的主要风味物质含量存在差异。董文江等[10]研究表明,云南不同地区咖啡豆中的蛋白质含量、氨基酸含量、单糖总量和脂肪含量存在差异,与本研究结果一致。本研究中的咖啡因含量在13.73~15.74 mg/g之间,而郑慧芳等[3]研究表明,云南咖啡生豆中的咖啡因含量存在一定差异,与本研究结果一致。12个样品中的绿原酸含量在20.97~32.51 mg/g之间,保山市昌宁县老地基咖啡种植园(L)样品的绿原酸含量最高,为32.51 mg/g,与其他11个样品之间均呈显著差异;普洱市澜沧县麻卡村(F)样品的绿原酸含量次之,为29.04 mg/g,与其他10个样品之间存在显著差异;保山市高黎贡山(J)样品的绿原酸含量最低,为20.97 mg/g,与其他11个样品之间存在显著差异;绿源酸是咖啡的重要风味成分之一,目前尚无系统比较分析云南不同产区咖啡豆绿源酸含量差异的研究。但咖啡中的绿原酸含量除了与种植环境、品种有关外,还与果实成熟度有关,这也将是今后研究的方向。
经过感官评价分析可知,12个咖啡样品的6个风味属性指标的得分在7.04~7.75之间,在质量量表7.00~7.75区间内,均达到良好等级,总评分在42.79~46.09之间。说明云南是比较适宜种植优质咖啡的产区,这与陈保等[34]的研究结果一致。其中保山市昌宁县老地基咖啡种植园(L)咖啡豆的感官评分最高,这可能与该地区独特的小气候环境有关,今后的研究将结合各地区独特的环境及感官品质之间的相关性开展系统研究。本研究通过对云南不同地区生咖啡豆风味和感官品质的测定分析,探索云南不同地区生咖啡豆的品质特性,为云南咖啡的品质提升提供理论参考。
  • 云南省教育厅科学研究基金项目(2019J0129)
  • 云南农业大学热带作物学院自然科学基金项目(2020RYYB014)
  • 云南农业大学自然科学青年科研基金项目(2016ZC08)
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2024年第45卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.07.017
  • 接收时间:2023-11-30
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2024-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-30
  • 修回日期:2023-12-23
基金
云南省教育厅科学研究基金项目(2019J0129)
云南农业大学热带作物学院自然科学基金项目(2020RYYB014)
云南农业大学自然科学青年科研基金项目(2016ZC08)
作者信息
    1.云南农业大学热带作物学院,云南普洱 665000
    2.中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所/农业农村部热带作物产品加工重点实验室,广东湛江 524001
    3.普洱学院,云南普洱 665000

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* 李学玲(LI Xueling),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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