Article(id=1276600985099301114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276600957765021779, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.06.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1680105600000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-30, revisedDate=1680710400000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782294992946, onlineDateStr=2026-06-24, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782294992946, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782294992946, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782294992946, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276600957765021779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1095', pageEnd='1302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1719244800000', pubDateStr='2024-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782294986430, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782348406834, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276825019267285043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276600957765021779, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276825019271479348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276600957765021779, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1139, endPage=1156, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276600987271950588, articleId=1276600985099301114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Transcriptome Analysis of CWIN-mediated Tomato Response to the Infection of Botrytis cinerea, columnId=1236256430337085821, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Omics & Biotechnology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Grey mold is a common disease in tomato production caused by Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic pathogen, which often leads to dramatic reduction of tomato yield. Sucrose catabolism plays an important role in plant defense against pathogen infection by providing carbon skeleton and energy for plant defense responses and/or regulating the expression of defense-related genes through signaling pathway. Previous studies have shown that cell wall invertase (CWIN), a kind of sucrose-degrading enzyme, can enhance plant resistance to several necrotrophic pathogens. However, no research has been conducted to study the role of CWIN in tomato resistance to B. cinerea. In this study, wild type tomato (W) and its transgenic line (R) with elevated CWIN activity were used as materials to study the effect of CWIN on tomato resistance to B. cinerea (Bc) via in vitro inoculation. In addition, inoculated leaves were sampled 12 h and 60 h post inoculation (hpi) for RNA-Seq to elucidate possible molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of CWIN to tomato resistance against B. cinerea. The results are as follows: (1) Elevated CWIN activity enhanced tomato resistance to B. cinerea; (2) KEGG annotation showed that DEGs (W-Bc-12 h-vs-R-Bc-12 h) from 12 hpi were significantly enriched in five pathways, including biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, metabolic pathways, DNA replication, starch and sucrose metabolism, and steroid biosynthesis; No significant enrichment pathway was found for DEGs (W-Bc-60 h-vs-R-Bc-60 h) from 60 hpi. (3) By mapping DEGs to plant-pathogen interaction pathway, it was revealed that the LRR-receptor serine/threonine-like kinase gene FLS2 and heat shock protein gene HSP90 involved in hypersensitive response and defense-related gene induction were up-regulated in RNAi leaves after inoculation, indicating the two genes may participate in the regulation of CWIN to tomato resistance to B. cinerea. (4) The analysis of plant hormone signal transduction pathways and MapMan mapping showed that the signal pathway of jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) was enhanced in RNAi leaves after inoculation, while the signal pathway of salicylic acid (SA) was weakened, indicating that the hormones might work together to improve the resistance of RNAi tomato to B. cinerea. In addition, the signal transduction of growth-promoting hormone auxin (IAA) and cytokinin (CTK) was also enhanced in RNAi leaves after inoculation, but that of senescence-promoting hormone abscisic acid (ABA) was weakened. The changes in signal pathways of IAA, CTK and ABA could inhibit the cell death in host during bacterial infection, thus preventing the necrotrophic pathogen B. cinerea from obtaining necessary nutrients from the dead host cells for its infection. In addition, MapMan mapping also revealed that cell wall thickening, proteolysis, reactive oxygen species (redox state and peroxidases) and secondary metabolites were also greatly enhanced in RNAi leaves after inoculation, which all contribute to improving the disease resistance of tomato. In conclusion, this study showed that elevated CWIN activity enhanced tomato resistance to B. cinerea. Transcriptome analysis not only verified the existing molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of CWIN to plant resistance to microbial pathogens, such as cell wall thickening, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hypersensitive response (HR), accumulation of resistance hormones (SA and JA/ET), biosynthesis of pathogenesis-related protein (e.g. PR and HSP proteins) and secondary metabolites (such as phytotoxins and phenolics), but also revealed several possible new mechanisms including the signal transduction of growth-promoting hormone (IAA and CTK) and senescence-promoting hormone (ABA) and proteolysis. This study can provide theoretical guidance for the improvement of tomato resistance to B. cinerea by using modern biotechnologies such as genetic engineering and molecular breeding.

, authors=null, authorsList=Lanping FU, Shuli XIN, Yonghua LIU, Guopeng ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yonghua LIU, Guopeng ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276600991491420434, articleId=1276600985099301114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=细胞壁转化酶调控番茄响应灰霉菌侵染的转录组分析, columnId=1236256430517440904, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=组学与生物技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

由死体营养型病菌(necrotrophic pathogen)灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)侵染引起的灰霉病是番茄生产上的常见病害,可导致番茄大面积减产甚至绝收。蔗糖分解代谢在植物抗病中发挥着重要作用,不仅可为植物防御反应提供碳骨架和能量,还可通过信号途径调控抗病基因的表达。研究表明,分解蔗糖的细胞壁转化酶(cell wall invertase,CWIN)可增强植物对死体营养型病害的抗性。然而,目前尚无CWIN对番茄灰霉病抗性影响的相关研究。本研究以CWIN活性上调的转基因番茄(RNAi/R)及野生型番茄(WT/W)为材料,对其叶片进行灰霉菌(Bc)离体接种,研究CWIN对番茄灰霉病抗性的影响,同时对接种后12、60 h的叶片进行取样,通过转录组测序初步阐明CWIN调控番茄灰霉病抗性的分子机制。结果表明:(1)提高番茄CWIN活性可增强番茄叶片对灰霉病菌的抗性。(2)KEGG注释表明,接种12 h的DEGs(W-Bc-12 h-vs-R-Bc-12 h)共获得5个显著性富集通路,包括次生代谢物生物合成(biosynthesis of secondary metabolites)、代谢途径(metabolic pathways)、DNA复制(DNA replication)、淀粉和蔗糖代谢(starch and sucrose metabolism)以及甾族化合物生物合成(steroid biosynthesis);接种60 h的DEGs(W-Bc-60 h-vs-R-Bc-60 h)则未发现显著性富集通路,表明接种早期是CWIN调控番茄抗病性的关键时期。(3)植物-病原菌互作图分析表明,参与超敏反应和防御相关基因诱导的富含亮氨酸重复(LRR)受体类丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶基因FLS2和热激蛋白基因HSP90在接种后的RNAi叶片中上调,其可能是CWIN增强番茄抗病性机制中的重要基因。(4)植物激素信号通路和MapMan作图分析表明,接种后RNAi番茄的抗病激素茉莉酸(JA)和乙烯(ET)信号途径上调,同时水杨酸(SA)信号途径减弱,表明其可能共同作用提高RNAi番茄的抗病性。此外,接种后RNAi番茄叶片的生长促进激素生长素(IAA)和细胞分裂素(CTK)信号途径增强,而衰老促进激素脱落酸(ABA)信号途径减弱,这样可以抑制病菌侵染期间细胞的死亡,从而阻止死体营养型病菌灰霉病菌从死亡寄主细胞上获得必要的养分用于侵染。此外,MapMan作图还揭示接种后RNAi番茄叶片在细胞壁增厚、蛋白水解、活性氧(氧化还原状态和过氧化物酶)、次生代谢物方面也得到极大的加强,这些途径均有助于提高番茄的抗病性。综上,提高CWIN活性可增强番茄灰霉病抗性,转录组分析不仅验证已有的CWIN抗病分子机制,如细胞壁加厚、活性氧积累和超敏反应(HR)、抗病激素积累(SA和JA/ET)、病程相关蛋白(如HSP和PR)和次生代谢物的合成(如植物毒素和多酚等)等,而且还挖掘出一些新的CWIN抗病机制,包括生长促进激素(IAA和CTK)和衰老促进激素(ABA)信号途径和蛋白水解途径。研究结果可为下一步利用基因工程、分子育种等现代生物技术手段提高番茄灰霉病抗性提供理论指导。

, authors=

付兰平(1997—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:糖代谢和蔬菜抗病性。

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* 刘永华(LIU Yonghua),E-mail:
朱国鹏(ZHU Guopeng),E-mail:
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付兰平(1997—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:糖代谢和蔬菜抗病性。

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付兰平(1997—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:糖代谢和蔬菜抗病性。

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Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002: 341-358., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276824540651065498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=8, issue=10, pageStart=1723, pageEnd=1733, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=50, authorNames=WALTON J D, journalName=The Plant Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WALTON J D. Host-selective toxins: agents of compatibility[J]. 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A: Inoculate leaf lesions; B: CWIN activity. * indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=0GIwNGIIIQ0kY1OJot+ubA==, figureFileBig=Uh0RdNxe26xIDzkK0MZBeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824531511677004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=CN, label=图1, caption=接种灰霉病菌后WT和RNAi番茄叶片病斑和CWIN活性

A:接种叶片病斑;B:细胞壁转化酶(CWIN)活性。*表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=0GIwNGIIIQ0kY1OJot+ubA==, figureFileBig=Uh0RdNxe26xIDzkK0MZBeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824531973050445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Sample-to-sample correlation heat map, figureFileSmall=RZ3O9c0+Ksz0b90fH13i1Q==, figureFileBig=W7BKh4AY9p2NUxUVw8DGhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824532035965006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=CN, label=图2, caption=样本间相关性热图, figureFileSmall=RZ3O9c0+Ksz0b90fH13i1Q==, figureFileBig=W7BKh4AY9p2NUxUVw8DGhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824532287623247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Venn diagram of DEGs between uninoculated and inoculated WT or RNAi tomato, figureFileSmall=MbnTWUgBHCV0+dPU2QLc3Q==, figureFileBig=ImWf11bVHWc/YIM4wHfoqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824532358926416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=CN, label=图3, caption=接种前后WT和RNAi番茄差异表达基因(DEGs)维恩图, figureFileSmall=MbnTWUgBHCV0+dPU2QLc3Q==, figureFileBig=ImWf11bVHWc/YIM4wHfoqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824532417646674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Venn diagram analysis of DEGs between inoculated WT and RNAi tomato, figureFileSmall=e3krhSfPMg9TQJnLxG13xw==, figureFileBig=DI2dqMtycJ6ySjba88UiGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824534095368275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=CN, label=图4, caption=接种后WT和RNAi番茄差异表达基因的维恩图, figureFileSmall=e3krhSfPMg9TQJnLxG13xw==, figureFileBig=DI2dqMtycJ6ySjba88UiGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824534162477140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=GO enrichment analysis of DEGs 12 h and 60 h post inoculation of WT and RNAi tomato with B. Cinerea

A: W-Bc-12 h-vs-R-Bc-12 h; B: W-Bc-60 h-vs-R-Bc-60 h.

, figureFileSmall=/Bd/5Ze/Olef4Cvrb6ti7A==, figureFileBig=MG6KaFoQpAn8zHXNQ8WpSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824534233780309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=CN, label=图5, caption=番茄接种灰霉病菌12 h和60 h差异表达基因的GO富集分析

A: W-Bc-12 h-vs-R-Bc-12 h; B: W-Bc-60 h-vs-R-Bc-60 h.

, figureFileSmall=/Bd/5Ze/Olef4Cvrb6ti7A==, figureFileBig=MG6KaFoQpAn8zHXNQ8WpSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824534300889174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Pathway enrichment results of DEGs, figureFileSmall=Lhf+jkEsU/BlW2DQAsTORA==, figureFileBig=+ZjPhTVUAfNJBzdcE40RHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824534372192343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=CN, label=图6, caption=差异基因Pathway富集结果

A: W-Bc-12 h-vs-R-Bc-12 h; B: W-Bc-60 h-vs-R-Bc-60 h.

, figureFileSmall=Lhf+jkEsU/BlW2DQAsTORA==, figureFileBig=+ZjPhTVUAfNJBzdcE40RHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824534439301208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Plant-pathogen interaction pathway

The box is divided into two halves. The left represents W-Bc-12 h-vs-R-Bc-12 h and the right represents W-Bc-60 h-vs-R-Bc-60 h. Gray box or no color fill means no DEG was assigned to that KO term. Color gradient represents log2 fold ratios with red representing up-regulation and green representing down-regulation.

, figureFileSmall=lZO6CGs1wtiJriKaPCkA3w==, figureFileBig=MBguSEXAz8P0oHFEuNIeYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824534518992985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=CN, label=图7, caption=植物-病原互作通路图

方框被分成2部分,左侧表示W-Bc-12 h-vs-R-Bc-12 h,右侧表示W-Bc-60 h-vs-R-Bc-60 h。灰色框或无颜色填充框表示没有为该KO(KEGG Ontology)项分配DEG。颜色渐变代表log2倍率,红色代表上调,绿色代表下调。

, figureFileSmall=lZO6CGs1wtiJriKaPCkA3w==, figureFileBig=MBguSEXAz8P0oHFEuNIeYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824534581907546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=DEGs mapped on plant hormone signal transduction pathway

The box is divided into two halves. The left represents W-Bc-12 h-vs-R-Bc-12 h and the right represents W-Bc-60 h-vs-R-Bc-60 h. Gray box or no color fill means no DEG was assigned to that KO term. Color gradient represents log2 fold ratios with red representing up-regulation and green representing down-regulation.

, figureFileSmall=Pjn6TYPAWWsWz4ARmE5zMA==, figureFileBig=zUtt3uYgTdSSaCuznFyMdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824534644822107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=CN, label=图8, caption=植物激素信号转导通路图

方框被分成2个部分,左侧表示W-Bc-12 h-vs-R-Bc-12 h,右侧表示W-Bc-60 h-vs-R-Bc-60 h。灰色框或无颜色填充框表示没有为该KO(KEGG Ontology)项分配DEG。颜色渐变代表log2倍率,红色代表上调,绿色代表下调。

, figureFileSmall=Pjn6TYPAWWsWz4ARmE5zMA==, figureFileBig=zUtt3uYgTdSSaCuznFyMdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824534703542364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=MapMan overview of the genes involved in biotic stress

A: W-Bc-12 h-vs-R-Bc-12 h; B: W-Bc-60 h-vs-R-Bc-60 h. Red and blue indicates up-regulated and down-regulated genes, respectively.

, figureFileSmall=nq0qX8QEW7kKIhCcCfc1fA==, figureFileBig=SYDWI5euWnwTVZRDs8r9Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824534779039837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=CN, label=图9, caption=生物胁迫相关基因的MapMan图

A:W-Bc-12 h-vs-R-Bc-12 h;B:W-Bc-60 h-vs-R-Bc-60 h。红色表示上调基因,蓝色表示下调基因。

, figureFileSmall=nq0qX8QEW7kKIhCcCfc1fA==, figureFileBig=SYDWI5euWnwTVZRDs8r9Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824534850343006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=qRT-PCR validation of RNA-Seq data

A: W-Mock-12 h-vs-W-Bc-12 h; B: W-Mock-60 h-vs-W-Bc-60 h; C: R-Mock-12 h-vs-R-Bc-12 h; D: R-Mock-60 h-vs-R-Bc-60 h; E: W-Bc-12 h-vs-R-Bc-12 h; F: W-Bc-60 h-vs-R-Bc-60 h.

, figureFileSmall=1Et1y5GaMNkCQUBpKyrRUg==, figureFileBig=G8xdvYqtEfr5nYzNKJIpyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824534917451871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=CN, label=图10, caption=RNA-Seq数据的qRT-PCR验证

A: W-Mock-12 h-vs-W-Bc-12 h; B: W-Mock-60 h-vs-W-Bc-60 h; C: R-Mock-12 h-vs-R-Bc-12 h; D: R-Mock-60 h-vs-R-Bc-60 h; E: W-Bc-12 h-vs-R-Bc-12 h; F: W-Bc-60 h-vs-R-Bc-60 h.

, figureFileSmall=1Et1y5GaMNkCQUBpKyrRUg==, figureFileBig=G8xdvYqtEfr5nYzNKJIpyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276824534980366432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Information of primer pairs for qRT-PCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因编号Gene ID正向引物(5ʹ–3ʹ)Forward primers (5ʹ–3ʹ)反向引物(5ʹ–3ʹ)Reverse primers (5ʹ–3ʹ)
Solyc01g106620.2GGCGTAACTCGGTACGTCTTTGGACGTTGTCCTCTCCAGT
Solyc01g110110.3GCAGCAACTTGTGGACTGTGTTGCAGGTTGCCTTATCGGT
Solyc03g118810.1CTCCGTTTCCAAGCCTTCTCTTTCACGAAGCTCCCTAACGC
Solyc01g106605.1GCTGTGAAGATGTGGGACGAACCGACTTACGCCATACCAC
Solyc08g066350.2CAAGGGTAGCAGCTCAAGCACTTGGAATGCCCTCTTGCAC
Solyc08g067410.2GCTTGTTTAACCCGACCCCTGGCGTAAGTGTTGGGATGGA
Solyc09g007010.1TGTCCGAGAGGCCAGACTATGAACCACCACCCATTGTTGC
Solyc10g008520.3TGTCCCTAATCCAGAGTTGGCACCAAAGGCAAATCCCCACA
Solyc10g079755.1CGGCTTCAGAAAACCAACCGGTTCAGTCCCGACTCTGCTT
Solyc11g011030.2AGCACTTGCTATGGCTCGTAACGACGCCGTTTCTTCTTCT
), ArticleFig(id=1276824535055863905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

qRT-PCR引物信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因编号Gene ID正向引物(5ʹ–3ʹ)Forward primers (5ʹ–3ʹ)反向引物(5ʹ–3ʹ)Reverse primers (5ʹ–3ʹ)
Solyc01g106620.2GGCGTAACTCGGTACGTCTTTGGACGTTGTCCTCTCCAGT
Solyc01g110110.3GCAGCAACTTGTGGACTGTGTTGCAGGTTGCCTTATCGGT
Solyc03g118810.1CTCCGTTTCCAAGCCTTCTCTTTCACGAAGCTCCCTAACGC
Solyc01g106605.1GCTGTGAAGATGTGGGACGAACCGACTTACGCCATACCAC
Solyc08g066350.2CAAGGGTAGCAGCTCAAGCACTTGGAATGCCCTCTTGCAC
Solyc08g067410.2GCTTGTTTAACCCGACCCCTGGCGTAAGTGTTGGGATGGA
Solyc09g007010.1TGTCCGAGAGGCCAGACTATGAACCACCACCCATTGTTGC
Solyc10g008520.3TGTCCCTAATCCAGAGTTGGCACCAAAGGCAAATCCCCACA
Solyc10g079755.1CGGCTTCAGAAAACCAACCGGTTCAGTCCCGACTCTGCTT
Solyc11g011030.2AGCACTTGCTATGGCTCGTAACGACGCCGTTTCTTCTTCT
), ArticleFig(id=1276824535122972770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Summary statistics of RNA-seq data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号Sample No.过滤后reads数目Number ofclean reads单一比对结果比例Unique_mapped/%Q20/%Q30/%GC/%
W-Mock-12 h-148 153 37095.2897.9393.6842.18
W-Mock-12 h-340 876 57473.1897.6293.0242.12
W-Mock-60 h-140 943 54695.1297.8493.5342.24
W-Mock-60 h-254 919 72070.1397.9193.7042.31
W-Mock-60 h-342 966 86293.8297.9193.6542.24
W-Bc-12 h-140 506 61082.6998.0193.9442.23
W-Bc-12 h-264 984 71095.2898.0093.8941.95
W-Bc-12 h-367 622 74470.7898.1094.1142.08
W-Bc-60 h-153 498 63065.4397.7393.2942.27
W-Bc-60 h-342 806 72679.9497.8793.5642.31
R-Mock-12 h-146 541 39495.1697.9193.6442.18
R-Mock-12 h-245 396 35694.9398.1394.2142.27
R-Mock-12 h-347 965 10694.6497.7193.0742.23
R-Mock-60 h-146 707 84293.1897.9293.6742.47
R-Mock-60 h-245 446 30292.8997.8793.5842.36
R-Mock-60 h-352 805 97293.2997.8393.4942.11
R-Bc-12 h-147 468 63294.6897.8993.5441.95
R-Bc-12 h-241 866 79895.0397.8593.5741.96
R-Bc-12 h-342 292 87094.4297.8693.5241.88
R-Bc-60 h-146 047 56691.1298.0393.9642.39
R-Bc-60 h-243 563 29493.5297.8193.4542.13
R-Bc-60 h-343 742 86492.2797.8893.6442.32
), ArticleFig(id=1276824535185887331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276600985099301114, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

RNA-seq数据质量分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号Sample No.过滤后reads数目Number ofclean reads单一比对结果比例Unique_mapped/%Q20/%Q30/%GC/%
W-Mock-12 h-148 153 37095.2897.9393.6842.18
W-Mock-12 h-340 876 57473.1897.6293.0242.12
W-Mock-60 h-140 943 54695.1297.8493.5342.24
W-Mock-60 h-254 919 72070.1397.9193.7042.31
W-Mock-60 h-342 966 86293.8297.9193.6542.24
W-Bc-12 h-140 506 61082.6998.0193.9442.23
W-Bc-12 h-264 984 71095.2898.0093.8941.95
W-Bc-12 h-367 622 74470.7898.1094.1142.08
W-Bc-60 h-153 498 63065.4397.7393.2942.27
W-Bc-60 h-342 806 72679.9497.8793.5642.31
R-Mock-12 h-146 541 39495.1697.9193.6442.18
R-Mock-12 h-245 396 35694.9398.1394.2142.27
R-Mock-12 h-347 965 10694.6497.7193.0742.23
R-Mock-60 h-146 707 84293.1897.9293.6742.47
R-Mock-60 h-245 446 30292.8997.8793.5842.36
R-Mock-60 h-352 805 97293.2997.8393.4942.11
R-Bc-12 h-147 468 63294.6897.8993.5441.95
R-Bc-12 h-241 866 79895.0397.8593.5741.96
R-Bc-12 h-342 292 87094.4297.8693.5241.88
R-Bc-60 h-146 047 56691.1298.0393.9642.39
R-Bc-60 h-243 563 29493.5297.8193.4542.13
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细胞壁转化酶调控番茄响应灰霉菌侵染的转录组分析
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付兰平 1, 3 , 辛曙丽 2 , 刘永华 1, 3, * , 朱国鹏 1, 3, *
热带作物学报 | 组学与生物技术 2024,45(6): 1139-1156
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热带作物学报 |组学与生物技术 2024 , 45 (6) : 1139 -1156
细胞壁转化酶调控番茄响应灰霉菌侵染的转录组分析
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付兰平1, 3, 辛曙丽2, 刘永华1, 3, * , 朱国鹏1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学园艺学院/海南省热带园艺作物品质调控重点实验室,海南海口 570228
  • 2.保亭黎族苗族自治县农业服务中心,海南保亭 572316
  • 3.海南大学三亚南繁研究院,海南三亚 572022
通讯作者:
* 刘永华(LIU Yonghua),E-mail:
朱国鹏(ZHU Guopeng),E-mail:
Transcriptome Analysis of CWIN-mediated Tomato Response to the Infection of Botrytis cinerea
Lanping FU1, 3, Shuli XIN2, Yonghua LIU1, 3, * , Guopeng ZHU1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Horticulture, Hainan University / Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 2.Agricultural Service Center of Baoting, Baoting, Hainan 572316, China
  • 3.Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan 572022, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.06.006
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由死体营养型病菌(necrotrophic pathogen)灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)侵染引起的灰霉病是番茄生产上的常见病害,可导致番茄大面积减产甚至绝收。蔗糖分解代谢在植物抗病中发挥着重要作用,不仅可为植物防御反应提供碳骨架和能量,还可通过信号途径调控抗病基因的表达。研究表明,分解蔗糖的细胞壁转化酶(cell wall invertase,CWIN)可增强植物对死体营养型病害的抗性。然而,目前尚无CWIN对番茄灰霉病抗性影响的相关研究。本研究以CWIN活性上调的转基因番茄(RNAi/R)及野生型番茄(WT/W)为材料,对其叶片进行灰霉菌(Bc)离体接种,研究CWIN对番茄灰霉病抗性的影响,同时对接种后12、60 h的叶片进行取样,通过转录组测序初步阐明CWIN调控番茄灰霉病抗性的分子机制。结果表明:(1)提高番茄CWIN活性可增强番茄叶片对灰霉病菌的抗性。(2)KEGG注释表明,接种12 h的DEGs(W-Bc-12 h-vs-R-Bc-12 h)共获得5个显著性富集通路,包括次生代谢物生物合成(biosynthesis of secondary metabolites)、代谢途径(metabolic pathways)、DNA复制(DNA replication)、淀粉和蔗糖代谢(starch and sucrose metabolism)以及甾族化合物生物合成(steroid biosynthesis);接种60 h的DEGs(W-Bc-60 h-vs-R-Bc-60 h)则未发现显著性富集通路,表明接种早期是CWIN调控番茄抗病性的关键时期。(3)植物-病原菌互作图分析表明,参与超敏反应和防御相关基因诱导的富含亮氨酸重复(LRR)受体类丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶基因FLS2和热激蛋白基因HSP90在接种后的RNAi叶片中上调,其可能是CWIN增强番茄抗病性机制中的重要基因。(4)植物激素信号通路和MapMan作图分析表明,接种后RNAi番茄的抗病激素茉莉酸(JA)和乙烯(ET)信号途径上调,同时水杨酸(SA)信号途径减弱,表明其可能共同作用提高RNAi番茄的抗病性。此外,接种后RNAi番茄叶片的生长促进激素生长素(IAA)和细胞分裂素(CTK)信号途径增强,而衰老促进激素脱落酸(ABA)信号途径减弱,这样可以抑制病菌侵染期间细胞的死亡,从而阻止死体营养型病菌灰霉病菌从死亡寄主细胞上获得必要的养分用于侵染。此外,MapMan作图还揭示接种后RNAi番茄叶片在细胞壁增厚、蛋白水解、活性氧(氧化还原状态和过氧化物酶)、次生代谢物方面也得到极大的加强,这些途径均有助于提高番茄的抗病性。综上,提高CWIN活性可增强番茄灰霉病抗性,转录组分析不仅验证已有的CWIN抗病分子机制,如细胞壁加厚、活性氧积累和超敏反应(HR)、抗病激素积累(SA和JA/ET)、病程相关蛋白(如HSP和PR)和次生代谢物的合成(如植物毒素和多酚等)等,而且还挖掘出一些新的CWIN抗病机制,包括生长促进激素(IAA和CTK)和衰老促进激素(ABA)信号途径和蛋白水解途径。研究结果可为下一步利用基因工程、分子育种等现代生物技术手段提高番茄灰霉病抗性提供理论指导。

细胞壁转化酶  /  灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)  /  番茄  /  转录组测序  /  抗病基因

Grey mold is a common disease in tomato production caused by Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic pathogen, which often leads to dramatic reduction of tomato yield. Sucrose catabolism plays an important role in plant defense against pathogen infection by providing carbon skeleton and energy for plant defense responses and/or regulating the expression of defense-related genes through signaling pathway. Previous studies have shown that cell wall invertase (CWIN), a kind of sucrose-degrading enzyme, can enhance plant resistance to several necrotrophic pathogens. However, no research has been conducted to study the role of CWIN in tomato resistance to B. cinerea. In this study, wild type tomato (W) and its transgenic line (R) with elevated CWIN activity were used as materials to study the effect of CWIN on tomato resistance to B. cinerea (Bc) via in vitro inoculation. In addition, inoculated leaves were sampled 12 h and 60 h post inoculation (hpi) for RNA-Seq to elucidate possible molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of CWIN to tomato resistance against B. cinerea. The results are as follows: (1) Elevated CWIN activity enhanced tomato resistance to B. cinerea; (2) KEGG annotation showed that DEGs (W-Bc-12 h-vs-R-Bc-12 h) from 12 hpi were significantly enriched in five pathways, including biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, metabolic pathways, DNA replication, starch and sucrose metabolism, and steroid biosynthesis; No significant enrichment pathway was found for DEGs (W-Bc-60 h-vs-R-Bc-60 h) from 60 hpi. (3) By mapping DEGs to plant-pathogen interaction pathway, it was revealed that the LRR-receptor serine/threonine-like kinase gene FLS2 and heat shock protein gene HSP90 involved in hypersensitive response and defense-related gene induction were up-regulated in RNAi leaves after inoculation, indicating the two genes may participate in the regulation of CWIN to tomato resistance to B. cinerea. (4) The analysis of plant hormone signal transduction pathways and MapMan mapping showed that the signal pathway of jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) was enhanced in RNAi leaves after inoculation, while the signal pathway of salicylic acid (SA) was weakened, indicating that the hormones might work together to improve the resistance of RNAi tomato to B. cinerea. In addition, the signal transduction of growth-promoting hormone auxin (IAA) and cytokinin (CTK) was also enhanced in RNAi leaves after inoculation, but that of senescence-promoting hormone abscisic acid (ABA) was weakened. The changes in signal pathways of IAA, CTK and ABA could inhibit the cell death in host during bacterial infection, thus preventing the necrotrophic pathogen B. cinerea from obtaining necessary nutrients from the dead host cells for its infection. In addition, MapMan mapping also revealed that cell wall thickening, proteolysis, reactive oxygen species (redox state and peroxidases) and secondary metabolites were also greatly enhanced in RNAi leaves after inoculation, which all contribute to improving the disease resistance of tomato. In conclusion, this study showed that elevated CWIN activity enhanced tomato resistance to B. cinerea. Transcriptome analysis not only verified the existing molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of CWIN to plant resistance to microbial pathogens, such as cell wall thickening, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hypersensitive response (HR), accumulation of resistance hormones (SA and JA/ET), biosynthesis of pathogenesis-related protein (e.g. PR and HSP proteins) and secondary metabolites (such as phytotoxins and phenolics), but also revealed several possible new mechanisms including the signal transduction of growth-promoting hormone (IAA and CTK) and senescence-promoting hormone (ABA) and proteolysis. This study can provide theoretical guidance for the improvement of tomato resistance to B. cinerea by using modern biotechnologies such as genetic engineering and molecular breeding.

cell wall invertase  /  Botrytis cinerea  /  tomato  /  RNA-seq  /  disease resistance gene
付兰平, 辛曙丽, 刘永华, 朱国鹏. 细胞壁转化酶调控番茄响应灰霉菌侵染的转录组分析. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (6) : 1139 -1156 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.06.006
Lanping FU, Shuli XIN, Yonghua LIU, Guopeng ZHU. Transcriptome Analysis of CWIN-mediated Tomato Response to the Infection of Botrytis cinerea[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (6) : 1139 -1156 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.06.006
番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)是一种重要的蔬菜作物,在世界各地广泛种植。近10年来我国番茄种植面积和产量均呈不断上升的趋势,2021年我国番茄产量达到0.68亿t,约占世界总产量的35.8%,稳居世界第一[1]。番茄栽培过程中常有多种病害发生,严重制约着番茄产量和品质的进一步提升[2]。其中,番茄灰霉病是一种世界性的真菌病害,尤其是随着保护地番茄栽培面积的逐年增加,我国番茄灰霉病的发生越来越严重和频繁,经常造成大面积减产,严重时甚至绝收[3-4]。番茄灰霉病是由灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)侵染引起[5-6],该病菌是一种广泛分布的植物真菌病原体,在侵染植物的过程中,因发病部位会产生大量灰色孢子,形成灰色霉层,因此该病被称作灰霉病[7]
灰霉病主要为害番茄叶片、果实、花、茎、叶等部位[3-4]。尽管生物防治措施已逐渐用于番茄灰霉病的防治,但目前施用化学杀菌剂仍是防治灰霉病的主要措施[8]。一方面,化学药剂防治灰霉病的成本非常高。如欧洲为防治作物灰霉病每年在采购化学药剂上的花费高达5.4亿欧元,约占世界杀菌剂市场总额的10%[9]。另一方面,杀菌剂不仅对环境和人类健康产生危害,长期施用所导致的病菌抗药性也在一定程度上限制了杀菌剂的防治效果[10]。因此,选育抗病品种是解决番茄生产上灰霉病为害的有效措施之一。由于缺少抗性种质资源,导致利用传统育种手段进行番茄灰霉病抗性育种受到限制。因此,有必要通过生理生化和基因工程等研究和技术手段来克服这一困难。
已有研究表明,蔗糖分解代谢在植物抗病中发挥着重要作用,不仅可以为植物防御反应(如细胞壁加厚、植物毒素合成等)提供所需的碳骨架和能量,而且蔗糖及其分解产生的己糖(葡萄糖和果糖)还可以作为信号分子调控抗病基因的表达[11]。植物体内有两大类分解蔗糖的酶,即转化酶(invertase,INV)和蔗糖合成酶(sucrose synthase,Sus)。根据亚细胞定位的不同,转化酶可进一步细分为细胞壁转化酶(cell wall invertase,CWIN)、液泡转化酶(vacuolar invertase,VIN)和细胞质转化酶(cytosolic invertase,CIN)[12]
目前有关蔗糖分解代谢和植物抗病性的相关研究主要集中于CWIN。与其他3种蔗糖分解酶(VIN、CIN和Sus)不同,CWIN在质外体空间水解蔗糖,这使CWIN在植物抗病中发挥着独特的作用。首先,CWIN通过降低感染部位的蔗糖浓度从而促进蔗糖沿浓度梯度从韧皮部向病菌感染部位运输和卸载,为植物防卫反应提供足够的糖分供应[12-14];其次,CWIN在质外体空间分解产生的己糖可以作为信号分子激活植物的防卫反应。研究表明,植物防御反应的启动主要受质外体空间己糖信号的调控,而不是细胞内的己糖信号[15-16]。最后,病原菌成功侵入植物细胞之前,需要从植物的质外体空间吸收糖分(主要是葡萄糖和果糖)来维持其生长发育[17-18]。因此,CWIN还可以通过调控质外体空间蔗糖的分解速度和己糖含量来影响病菌的生长发育。已有研究表明,CWIN在植物抗病中的作用可能受病菌从植物寄主中获取营养方式的影响,即CWIN可提高植物对死体营养型病菌(necrotrophic pathogens)的抗性,但会降低其对活体营养型病菌(biotrophic pathogens)的抗性[11]
然而,目前尚无CWIN对番茄灰霉病抗性影响的相关研究。由于灰霉病菌属于死体营养性病菌[19],因此推测CWIN可提高番茄对灰霉病的抗性。前人通过RNA干扰(RNAi)技术下调番茄CWIN抑制因子基因(INVINH1)的表达可显著提高番茄中的CWIN活性[20]。本研究以该转基因番茄(RNAi)及其相应的野生型番茄(WT)为材料,阐明CWIN对番茄灰霉病抗性的影响。同时,通过转录组测序技术初步揭示CWIN调控番茄灰霉病抗性的分子机制,为下一步利用基因工程、分子育种等现代生物技术手段提高番茄灰霉病抗性提供理论指导。
供试的野生型番茄(WT)为新疆农业科学院园艺研究所培育的新番2号品种。利用RNAi技术下调WT番茄中CWIN抑制因子基因INVINH1的表达,从而获得CWIN活性上调的转基因番茄(RNAi)[20]。灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)由海南大学植物保护学院刘铜教授提供。
各取30粒RNAi和WT种子,首先用70%无水乙醇浸泡并振荡1 min。用蒸馏水清洗2遍后在0.2%NaClO溶液中浸泡5 min,再使用蒸馏水清洗5遍。将消毒灭菌后的种子置于底部垫有湿润滤纸的培养皿内,于培养箱中避光恒温(27 ℃)催芽5 d。种子露白后,将种子播种于24孔穴盘内进行育苗,所用基质为直径2~6 mm的蛭石。待子叶出土后,开始浇施1/2浓度的园试配方营养液。将20 d苗龄的番茄幼苗移栽至由土和生物有机肥组成的混合栽培基质中(土肥比为3∶1),按照30 kg/667 m2的规格施入史丹利复合肥(N∶P∶K=15∶15∶15)作为基肥[21],然后盆栽于海南大学园艺学院实验基地温室内。
从移栽5周后的RNAi和WT植株从上往下选取第3、4片大小和形状一致的复叶,用蒸馏水清洗干净后用于灰霉菌接种试验[21]。灰霉菌接种方法参照LIAN等[22]的方法。首先用SMB液体培养基制备灰霉菌孢子悬浮液,并调整孢子终浓度至2×104个/mL,然后将叶柄嵌入含有0.8%琼脂的培养皿中,并保持叶面平整;在每片叶子主脉两侧各接种3滴孢子悬浮液,每滴约5 μL;密封培养皿避光恒温(23 ℃)培养,分别于接种后12、60 h对番茄叶片进行病情观察并取样。取样时以接种部位为中心进行打孔取样,圆孔直径为1 cm,共称取0.15 g样品,液氮速冻,置于–80 ℃保存,用于后续总RNA的提取和酶活性测定。每个处理设置3个生物学重复。
参照TOMLINSON等[23]的方法,采用分光光度计法测定番茄叶片中CWIN活性。
对未接种(Mock)和接种(Bc)灰霉菌的WT(W)和RNAi(R)番茄叶片在12 h和60 h进行取样,每个处理3个生物学重复,共24个样品,然后进行转录组测序。总RNA的提取纯化与质量评估、cDNA文库的构建、转录组测序委托广州基迪奥生物科技有限公司完成。对下机的raw reads利用fastp进行质控,过滤去除含adapter的reads、去除含N比例大于10%的reads、去除全部均为A碱基的reads、去除低质量reads(质量值Q≤20的碱基数占整条read的50%以上),得到clean reads。利用HISAT2软件对clean reads与番茄参考基因组(ITAG4.0,http://www.sgn.cornell.edu)开展基于参考基因组的比对分析。按照FDR<0.05且|log2FC|>1的基因为显著差异基因的筛选标准,进行差异表达基因的筛选。通过广州基迪奥生物科技有限公司提供的在线网站(https://www.omicsmart.com)进行差异表达基因的GO和KEGG富集分析,其中KEGG通路图是利用pathview在线网站(https://pathview.uncc.edu/analysis)制成,利用MapMan软件检测生物胁迫过程中的差异表达基因。
以转录组测序使用的总RNA为模板,使用诺唯赞HiScript Ⅲ All-in-one RT SuperMix Perfect for qPCR(R333)逆转录试剂盒对RNA样品进行逆转录,使用诺唯赞ChamQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix(Q711)试剂盒,通过德国耶拿qTOWER3G定量PCR仪定量分析基因的相对表达水平。使用NCBI Primer-Blast工具(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast/)设计基因特异性引物对,以番茄actin基因作为参照基因、根据2-ΔΔCT方法计算转录物的相对表达水平。qRT-PCR验证所用到的基因和引物信息见表1
利用Excel 2020软件对酶活性数据进行作图并进行t-test分析。
将WT和RNAi番茄叶片接种灰霉病菌后,分别于接种后12、60 h观察发病程度的差异。结果表明,接种后12 h,WT和RNAi番茄叶片均无明显病斑(图1A);在接种后60 h,WT和RNAi番茄叶片均出现明显病斑,但WT叶片的病斑面积明显大于RNAi叶片(图1A中箭头所示)。CWIN活性测定表明,在0 h时RNAi番茄叶片的CWIN活性比WT高73%;而在接种后12、60 h,WT和RNAi的CWIN活性无显著差异。并且随着接种时间的延长,WT和RNAi叶片的CWIN活性均呈快速上升的趋势(图1B),表明接种灰霉菌可诱导番茄叶片CWIN活性的上升。综上表明,RNAi番茄叶片中的高CWIN活性可提升番茄对灰霉病的抗性。
对未接种(Mock)和接种(Bc)灰霉菌的WT(W)和RNAi(R)番茄叶片在12 h和60 h进行取样,然后进行转录组测序。将经过质控后的数据与番茄基因组进行比对,其中单一比对结果的比例是65.43%~95.28%,clean reads总数为1 047 124 488;通过对过滤后数据进行质量评估,各样品Q30碱基百分比≥93.02%,GC含量为41.88%~42.47%(表2),说明测序质量较高,数据可信度较高。在剔除2个离群样本后(W-Mock-12 h-2和W-Bc-60 h-2),样本间相关性热图分析表明r值均大于0.80(图2),表明同一处理不同重复样品间具有较好的重复性,可用于后续分析研究。
按照FDR<0.05和|log2FC|>1的双重标准来筛选显著差异表达基因(DEG)。对番茄接种灰霉病菌前后的DEGs(R-Mock-vs-R-Bc和W-Mock-vs-W-Bc)进行分析(图3A)。结果发现,与未接种灰霉病菌番茄相比,接种12 h后WT和RNAi番茄的DEGs总数(上调和下调)分别为4个和6个,接种60 h的DEGs总数则分别为76个和163个。与接种早期相比,接种后期番茄叶片的DEGs数量更多,并且接种后(特别是60 h)RNAi番茄的DEGs数量明显高于WT。进一步分析表明,与未接种灰霉病菌相比,接种12 h后WT和RNAi番茄叶片上调的基因数量分别为1个和3个,接种60 h的上调基因数量分别为52个和137个。同样,与未接种灰霉病菌相比,接种12 h后WT和RNAi番茄叶片下调的基因数量均为3个,接种60 h后的下调基因数量分别为24个和26个。表明接种病菌后,RNAi番茄上调的基因数量多于WT,而二者的下调基因数差异不大。因此,接种后WT和RNAi在上调基因数量上的差异可能是导致抗病性差异的主要原因。值得注意的是,WT和RNAi叶片上调DEGs和下调DEGs在接种12 h和60 h之间均无重叠,均为各自所特有的DEGs,表明番茄叶片在接种灰霉病菌早期和后期的防御机制存在较大差异。
总体来看,在2个取样时期中,共有169个基因在R-Mock-vs-R-Bc中差异表达,80个基因在W-Mock-vs-W-Bc中差异表达(图3B),表明灰霉病菌对RNAi番茄基因表达的影响大于WT番茄。并且R-Mock-vs-R-Bc的DEGs和W-Mock-vs-W-Bc的DEGs之间重叠的数量非常少,其中W-Mock-60 h-vs-W-Bc-60 h和R-Mock-60 h-vs-R-Bc-60 h的DEGs之间仅有19个共同的DEGs,而W-Mock-60 h-vs-W-Bc-60 h和R-Mock-12 h-vs-R-Bc-12 h的DEGs之间则仅有1个共同的DEG,表明RNAi番茄接种灰霉病菌后出现大量未重叠的DEGs(R-Mock-vs-R-Bc)可能是增强番茄对灰霉病抗性的重要基因。
为进一步发掘导致RNAi抗病性增强的DEGs,对接种灰霉病菌后WT和RNAi番茄之间的DEGs进行分析(W-Bc-vs-R-Bc)(图4)。结果发现,与接种后12 h和60 h的WT相比,RNAi番茄上调的基因分别有406个和362个,下调的基因分别有183个和112个(图4A)。与接种后期(60 h)相比,接种早期(12 h)的DEGs总数更多,接种12 h和60 h,DEGs数量分别为589个和474个;并且接种后12 h和60 h,上调的DEGs数量均明显高于下调DEGs数量,其中大部分为每个时期所特有的DEGs,只有85个为共同的DEGs(图4B),表明RNAi番茄叶片在接种灰霉病菌早期和后期的防御机制存在较大差异。综上,接种灰霉病菌后WT和RNAi对比(W-Bc-vs-R-Bc)得到的DEGs数量(图4)高于WT接种前后对比(W-Mock-vs-W-Bc)和RNAi接种前后对比(R-Mock-vs-R-Bc)得到的DEGs总数(图3)。因此,后续的转录组分析仅聚焦于接种灰霉病菌后WT和RNAi对比(W-Bc-vs-R-Bc)得到的DEGs。
利用GO数据库,对上述589个W-Bc-12 h-vs-R-Bc-12 h的DEGs和474个W-Bc-60 h-vs-R-Bc-60 h的DEGs进行GO富集分析,发现12 h和60 h的DEGs分别分布在三大类功能注释中的39个和46个类别。其中,12 h的DEGs在生物学过程(biological process,BP)、分子功能(molecular function,MF)和细胞组分(cellular component,CC)中分别有20个、8个和11个类别(图5A),而60 h的DEGs在上述三大类功能注释中分别有21个、11个和14个类别(图5B)。因此,接种12 h和60 h的DEGs均主要集中于BP,其次是CC,第三为MF。进一步分析表明,接种12 h的BP包括代谢过程、细胞过程、单生物过程、应激反应等词条,MF包括催化活性、粘合、转运活性和核酸结合转录因子活性等词条,CC包括细胞、细胞组分、细胞器和膜等词条。值得注意的是,尽管接种60 h和12 h的DEGs在三大类功能注释中的词条种类和数目存在一定的差异,但接种60 h的DEGs在三大类功能注释中的前5个词条和接种12 h的完全一致,表明CWIN在接种灰霉病菌早期和后期调控番茄抗病性的机理存在一定的相似性。
在生物体内,不同蛋白相互协调行使其生物学功能,基于Pathway的分析有助于更进一步了解DEG的生物学功能,KEGG是有关Pathway的主要公共数据库[24]。将2.3中的DEGs在KEGG数据库中进行Pathway注释发现,W-Bc-12 h-vs-R-Bc-12 h的DEGs共富集到85个通路,其中只有5个显著性富集的通路(图6A),包括次生代谢物生物合成(biosynthesis of secondary metabolites)、代谢途径(metabolic pathways)、DNA复制(DNA replication)、淀粉和蔗糖代谢(starch and sucrose metabolism)以及甾族化合物生物合成(steroid biosynthesis);W-Bc-60 h-vs-R-Bc-60 h的DEGs共富集到74个通路,但未发现显著性富集的通路(图6B),排名前五的通路分别是次生代谢物生物合成、光合生物碳固定(carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms)、氮代谢(nitrogen metabolism)、其他多糖降解(other glycan degradation)和过氧化物酶体(peroxisome)。因此,KEGG分析表明,与CWIN增强番茄对灰霉病抗性密切相关的通路主要存在于接种早期(12 h),且最显著富集的通路是次生代谢物生物合成,而在接种后期(60 h)则无显著富集的通路。
为进一步鉴定出与灰霉病抗病性密切相关的DEGs,尝试将所有DEGs整合到植物-病原菌互作中(图7)。结果发现,接种后12 h和60 h的DEGs主要富集到4个通路中,包括超敏反应(hypersensitive response)、细胞壁增强(cell wall reinforcement)、气孔关闭(stomatal closure)和防御相关基因诱导(defense-related gene induction)。与WT相比,接种12 h的RNAi番茄的超敏反应和胞壁增强通路中的的钙依赖蛋白激酶基因CDPK(Solyc02g083850.3)以及防御相关基因诱导通路中的基因Pti5(Solyc02g077370.1)、Rd19(Solyc01g110110.3)和PR1(Solyc01g106605.1、Solyc01g106620.2和Solyc09g007010.1),其表达下调,而同时参与超敏反应和防御相关基因诱导通路的基因FLS2(Solyc02g072440.4)表达上调。接种60 h时,RNAi番茄中与超敏反应有关的热激蛋白基因HSP90(Solyc07g047790.3)表达上调,而气孔关闭和细胞壁增强基因CaLM/CML(Solyc03g118810.1)、防御相关基因诱导基因Rd19(Solyc01g110110.3)则表达下调。综上,所有1063个DEGs中仅有9个基因富集到植物-病原菌互作通路中,表明这些基因可能在CWIN增强番茄对灰霉病抗性过程中发挥着重要的作用。
植物激素(如水杨酸和茉莉酸等)在植物抗病中发挥着重要的调控作用[25]。通过将相关DEGs整合到植物激素信号通路中(图8),发现与WT相比,接种灰霉病菌后RNAi番茄的1个生长素内向转运载体基因Aux1(Solyc10g055260.2,auxin influx carrier)和5个生长素响应蛋白基因Aux/IAA(Solyc01g097290.4、Solyc06g053830.3、Solyc08g021820.3、Solyc09g083280.3、Solyc09g 083290.3,auxin-responsive protein)、2个生长素响应基因GH3(Solyc07g054580.3、Solyc10g008520.3,auxin responsive GH3 gene family)的表达均上调,只有1个生长素响应因子基因ARF(Solyc04g 081240.2,auxin response factor)的表达下调,但ARF是生长素信号途径中的负调控因子[26-27]
和生长素信号途径类似,接种灰霉病菌后RNAi番茄的细胞分裂素信号途径也呈现上调趋势,包括2个细胞分裂素受体基因CRE1(Solyc04g008110.3、Solyc04g008110.3,cytokinin receptor)、2个AHP基因(Solyc01g098400.3、Solyc08g066350.2,histidine-containing phosphotransfer protein)和1个A-ARR基因(Solyc05 g006420.3,two-component response regulator ARR-A family)的表达均上调。此外,乙烯信号转导途径的1个EIN3基因(Solyc01g006650.2,ethylene-insensitive protein 3)和1个乙烯响应转录因子基因ERF1/2(Solyc05g051180.3,ethyleneresponsive transcription factor 1)的表达同样上调。
值得注意的是,RNAi番茄的脱落酸信号途径的1个PP2C基因(Solyc07g040990.4,protein phosphatase 2C)的表达出现下调,这可能会导致病菌侵染期间气孔关闭受阻,这与植物病原菌互作通路分析(图7)得到的结果相同。最后,水杨酸信号途径上游的1个TGA基因(Solyc05g 009660.4,transcription factor)的表达上升,但下游3个PR-1基因(Solyc01g106605.1、Solyc01g 106620.2、Solyc09g007010.1,pathogenesis-related protein 1)的表达下降,表明RNAi番茄叶片中的水杨酸信号途径总体呈减弱的趋势。总体而言,与WT相比,接种后RNAi番茄叶片中的生长素、细胞分裂素、乙烯信号途径增强,而脱落酸和水杨酸信号途径则减弱。
为进一步鉴定番茄对灰霉病抗性相关的DEGs,利用MapMan软件对上述DEGs进行生物胁迫相关基因分析(图9)。在激素信号方面,RNAi番茄在生长素和乙烯信号途径方面得到增强,在脱落酸信号途径上减弱,这和植物激素信号转导通路图的分析结果一致。此外,MapMan图还揭示出RNAi番茄在油菜素内酯和茉莉酸途径上也得到增强,而这2种激素信号途径的增强也有助于提高植物的抗病性[25]
此外,RNAi番茄在细胞壁合成、蛋白水解、氧化还原状态、过氧化物酶、抗病信号转导、次生代谢物方面也得到极大的加强,特别是次生代谢物相关基因的上调与KEGG分析结果一致(图6)。值得注意的是,和植物抗病密切相关的转录因子MAPK和WRKY出现下调或者未富集到的情况,这和前人的研究结果[28]并不相同,表明MAPK和WRKY并未参与防御反应,CWIN对番茄灰霉病抗性的调控具有其特有的机制。
为验证RNA-seq数据的准确性,选取10个DEGs(表1),并使用与RNA-seq相同的总RNA进行qRT-PCR试验。结果表明,qRT-PCR相对表达量的对数值与RNA-seq分析的log2FC趋势一致(图10),表明本研究的RNA-seq数据准确可靠。
已有研究表明,CWIN可提高植物对死体营养型病菌的抗性,但会降低植物对活体营养型病菌的抗性[11]。如超表达CWIN基因的水稻对死体营养型细菌病菌Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae和真菌病菌Magnaporthe oryzae的抗性均明显增强[29]。通过RNA干扰技术抑制烟草中CWIN的表达则导致植株对死体营养型卵菌病原菌Phytophthora nicotianae的抗性降低[30]。与此相反,CWIN可降低植物对活体营养型病菌的抗性。如番茄CWIN基因LIN8的沉默不仅未降低番茄植株的抗性,反而增加了其对活体营养型细菌病菌Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria的抗性[31]。同样,通过超表达CWIN抑制因子的方法降低CWIN的活性导致拟南芥对活体营养型真菌病菌Plasmodiophora brassicae抗性增加[32]。灰霉病是番茄生产中常见的病害,灰霉病菌属于死体营养性病菌[19],推测CWIN活性的升高会增强番茄对灰霉病的抗性。通过灰霉病菌离体接种试验研究表明,提高CWIN活性确实可显著增强番茄对灰霉病的抗性。对番茄叶片CWIN活性的测定表明,接种0 h,RNAi番茄叶片的CWIN活性显著高于WT。接种12、60 h后,2种基因型番茄叶片的CWIN活性受灰霉菌的诱导均呈快速上升趋势,导致CWIN活性在RNAi和WT上的差异消失。因此,RNAi和WT的抗病性差异主要是由于接种早期的CWIN活性差异导致的。此结果和前人研究结果[33-34]一致,即接种病菌后CWIN活性上升早有利于提高植物的抗病性,而CWIN活性上升晚则不利于增强其抗病性。
对2种基因型番茄接种和未接种灰霉菌12、60 h的叶片进行取样和转录组测序后,分别对接种前后番茄的DEGs(W-Mock-vs-W-Bc和R-Mock-vs-R-Bc)及其接种后2种基因型番茄的DEGs(W-Bc-vs-R-Bc)进行分析,分析结果均显示:接种12、60 h的DEGs之间的重叠数量非常少,这表明番茄叶片在接种早期和接种后期的防御反应存在较大差异。不同的是前者分析表明,接种后期(60 h)番茄叶片的DEGs数量大幅高于接种早期(12 h),而后者分析表明,接种早期(12 h)DEGs总数明显高于接种后期(60 h)。考虑到接种早期是病菌侵染的关键时期且2种基因型番茄的CWIN活性差异仅存在于接种早期,因此对接种早期更多数量的DEGs分析有助于阐明CWIN调控灰霉病抗性的分子机制并挖掘关键抗病基因。据此后续的转录组分析仅聚焦于W-Bc-vs-R-Bc分析得到的DEGs。
对DEGs(W-Bc-vs-R-Bc)的KEGG注释表明,接种灰霉病菌12 h的DEGs共富集到85个通路上,其中只有5个显著性富集的通路,包括次生代谢物生物合成(biosynthesis of secondary metabolites)、代谢途径(metabolic pathways)、DNA复制(DNA replication)、淀粉和蔗糖代谢(starch and sucrose metabolism)以及甾族化合物生物合成(steroid biosynthesis);虽然接种60 h的DEGs共富集到74个通路,但并未发现显著性富集的通路。KEGG注释表明,与CWIN增强番茄对灰霉病抗性密切相关的DEGs可能主要存在于接种早期,这与接种后12 h比60 h具有更多数量的DEGs分析结果一致。
上述KEGG注释虽然发现5个DEGs显著富集的通路,但这些通路中的基因并不是均与植物的抗病性相关,因此继续进行植物-病原菌互作图分析,以鉴定出和番茄抗病性密切相关的基因。结果发现,有9个DEGs富集到4类通路中,其中值得关注的是同时参与超敏反应和防御相关基因诱导的基因FLS2(Solyc02g072440.4)以及参与与超敏反应有关的热激蛋白基因HSP90(Solyc07g047790.3),与接种后的WT相比,这2个基因在接种后的RNAi番茄中均显著上调。研究表明,FLS2是富含亮氨酸重复(LRR)受体类丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(LRR-receptor serine/threonine-like kinase),是植物的先天性免疫系统的重要组成部分,构成植物防御病原微生物感染的第一道防线,同时对系统获得性抗性(SAR)的激活也有重要的影响[35-36]。此外,超敏反应是植物抵抗病菌侵染最有效和最直接的抗性反应之一[37],而HSP90基因作为超敏反应的下游成分,可通过激活植物的超敏反应来提高植物的抗病性[38]。因此,FLS2HSP90这2个基因可能是CWIN增强番茄对灰霉病抗性途径中的重要基因。
植物激素如水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸(JA)在植物抗病中发挥着重要的调控作用[25]。通过继续将相关DEGs整合到植物激素信号通路中,发现与WT相比,接种灰霉病菌后RNAi番茄的生长素(IAA)、细胞分裂素(CTK)和乙烯(ET)信号途径增强,而脱落酸(ABA)和SA信号途径则减弱。生物胁迫相关基因的MapMan作图分析也部分验证了上述结果,即接种灰霉病菌后RNAi番茄在IAA和ET信号途径得到增强,而ABA信号途径减弱。此外,MapMan作图还发现RNAi番茄在油菜素内酯(BR)和茉莉酸(JA)途径上也得到增强。
植物激素在广义上也属于次生代谢物,因此该结果和KEGG注释得到结果一致,即次生代谢物生物合成是富集到的显著性最高的通路。在植物激素中,SA和JA/ET因其在植物抗病中的重要作用而被称作抗病相关激素,其中SA可增强植物对活体营养型病菌(如Pst DC3000)的抗性,而JA/ET可增强植物对死体营养型病菌(如灰霉病菌)的抗性,且SA和JA/ET之间存在拮抗作用[25,39]。因此,接种灰霉病菌后RNAi番茄中JA和ET信号途径的上调可增加番茄对灰霉病的抗性,同时SA信号途径的减弱也可进一步增强JA/ET信号途径的作用。IAA和CTK被称作生长促进激素,而ABA属于衰老促进激素[40]。接种后,RNAi番茄叶片中的IAA和CTK信号途径增强,而ABA信号途径减弱,这样可以抑制病菌侵染期间细胞的死亡,从而阻止灰霉病菌从死亡细胞上获得必要的养分供应用于侵染番茄。虽然在正常生长发育条件下,乙烯也属于衰老相关激素,但在病菌胁迫下,乙烯信号途径的主要作用是增强植物的抗病性[25,40]。总之,CWIN转化酶可通过调控植物激素信号途径来增强番茄对灰霉病的抗性。此外,MapMan图还揭示接种灰霉病菌后RNAi番茄在细胞壁代谢、蛋白水解、活性氧(氧化还原状态和过氧化物酶)、次生代谢物方面也得到极大的加强,其中次生代谢物相关基因的上调和KEGG分析结果一致,而这些途径也均有助于增强植物的抗病能力[41-42]
以往有关CWIN调控植物抗病性的研究主要通过组织学、生理生化、qRT-PCR等方法[29-32],尚无采用转录组测序方法进行研究的报道。已有研究结果表明,CWIN主要通过激活植物防御反应来提高植物对死体营养型病害的抗性,包括细胞壁加厚(如胼胝质合成)、活性氧积累和超敏反应(HR)、抗病激素的积累(主要是水杨酸、茉莉酸和乙烯)、病程相关蛋白(如PR蛋白)和次生代谢物的合成(如植物毒素和多酚等)、气孔关闭等[41-42]。本研究转录组测序结果不仅部分验证了已有研究结果,而且还发现CWIN调控番茄对灰霉病的抗性新机制和新途径。如在植物激素信号途径方面,除了发现抗病激素水杨酸、茉莉酸和乙烯外,还发现生长素、细胞分裂素和脱落酸信号途径也参与了CWIN对植物抗病性的调控。此外,大量蛋白水解相关基因在RNAi番茄中显著上调,鉴于灰霉病菌的致病因子包含了多种酶,如天冬氨酸蛋白酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和漆酶[43-44],同时灰霉病还可分泌大量寄主降解酶[45]。因此,RNAi番茄很可能通过上调蛋白水解相关基因的表达来防御灰霉病菌的侵染。
此外,本研究还发现有些抗病机制与已有研究结果不同。首先,前人研究表明,CWIN可通过减小气孔的开度来防治病菌通过气孔侵染植物,从而提高植物的抗病能力[41-42]。然而,本研究表明,促进气孔关闭的基因CaLM/CMLPP2C的表达在RNAi番茄中下调,这可能会抑制气孔在病原菌侵染时的关闭,从而导致发病加重,但实际情况却是RNAi番茄的抗性增强。其原因可能是本研究在离体条件下进行,如果植物气孔关闭幅度过大则叶片可能会因为不能进行正常光合作用从而导致叶片的糖分供应减少,而RNAi番茄适当增加气孔的开度可为防御反应提供更多的糖分供应,从而有助于提高番茄的抗病能力。其次,与植物抗病密切相关的转录因子MAPK和WRKY出现下调或者未富集到的情况,这与前人研究结果[28]并不相同。这些证据表明,CWIN调控番茄-灰霉病菌互作的机制有其独特之处,可能与其他植物-病菌互作体系(pathosystem)不同。
总之,本研究不仅表明提高番茄的CWIN活性可显著增强番茄对灰霉病的抗性,而且通过转录组测序技术系统研究了CWIN增强番茄抗病性的分子机制,不仅验证了已有的CWIN抗病机制,而且还挖掘出一些新的CWIN抗病机制,这将为下一步利用基因工程、分子育种等现代生物技术手段提高番茄对灰霉病的抗性提供理论指导。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(31760579)
  • 海南省研究生创新课题(Qhys2021-250)
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2024年第45卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.06.006
  • 接收时间:2023-03-30
  • 首发时间:2026-06-24
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-30
  • 修回日期:2023-04-06
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(31760579)
海南省研究生创新课题(Qhys2021-250)
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    1.海南大学园艺学院/海南省热带园艺作物品质调控重点实验室,海南海口 570228
    2.保亭黎族苗族自治县农业服务中心,海南保亭 572316
    3.海南大学三亚南繁研究院,海南三亚 572022

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* 刘永华(LIU Yonghua),E-mail:
朱国鹏(ZHU Guopeng),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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