热带作物学报

处理Treatment	P_n/(μmol·m^–2·s^–1)	G_s/(mol·m^–2·s^–1)	C_i/(μL·L^–1)	T_r/(mmol·m^–2·s^–1)
IF	16.39±0.53^a	0.35±0.02^a	320.59±4.10^a	5.22±0.10^a
IF+ 50ETH	16.87±0.51^ab	0.38±0.02^a	317.31±6.87^ab	5.33±0.08^a
IF+ 100ETH	16.98±0.50^ab	0.35±0.01^a	315.26±5.82^ab	5.21±0.01^a
CF	16.43±0.62^a	0.36±0.02^a	316.42±4.99^ab	5.30±0.08^a
CF+ 50ETH	17.29±0.52^b	0.36±0.01^a	310.87±3.17^b	5.27±0.05^a
CF+ 100ETH	17.41±0.38^b	0.37±0.01^a	312.49±4.19^b	5.31±0.10^a

处理Treatment	P_n/(μmol·m^–2·s^–1)	G_s/(mol·m^–2·s^–1)	C_i/(μL·L^–1)	T_r/(mmol·m^–2·s^–1)
IF	16.39±0.53^a	0.35±0.02^a	320.59±4.10^a	5.22±0.10^a
IF+ 50ETH	16.87±0.51^ab	0.38±0.02^a	317.31±6.87^ab	5.33±0.08^a
IF+ 100ETH	16.98±0.50^ab	0.35±0.01^a	315.26±5.82^ab	5.21±0.01^a
CF	16.43±0.62^a	0.36±0.02^a	316.42±4.99^ab	5.30±0.08^a
CF+ 50ETH	17.29±0.52^b	0.36±0.01^a	310.87±3.17^b	5.27±0.05^a
CF+ 100ETH	17.41±0.38^b	0.37±0.01^a	312.49±4.19^b	5.31±0.10^a

处理Treatment	株高Plant height/cm	茎干重Straw dry weight/g	根干重Root dry weight/g	籽粒重Grain weight/g
IF	85.73±0.65^a	30.46±1.13^a	4.63±0.27^a	29.81±0.57^a
IF+50ETH	86.51±0.31^a	35.48±1.04^c	4.65±0.31^a	29.91±5.72^a
IF+100ETH	82.01±0.55^b	33.11±0.21^bc	4.39±0.05^a	34.98±0.86^b
CF	82.11±1.24^b	32.27±0.99^ab	4.32±0.31^a	33.38±0.8^ab
CF+50ETH	85.21±1.04^a	35.25±1.51^c	4.44±0.21^a	35.15±0.53^b
CF+100ETH	85.26±0.83^a	34.41±2.26^bc	4.62±0.18^a	33.05±0.95^ab

处理Treatment	株高Plant height/cm	茎干重Straw dry weight/g	根干重Root dry weight/g	籽粒重Grain weight/g
IF	85.73±0.65^a	30.46±1.13^a	4.63±0.27^a	29.81±0.57^a
IF+50ETH	86.51±0.31^a	35.48±1.04^c	4.65±0.31^a	29.91±5.72^a
IF+100ETH	82.01±0.55^b	33.11±0.21^bc	4.39±0.05^a	34.98±0.86^b
CF	82.11±1.24^b	32.27±0.99^ab	4.32±0.31^a	33.38±0.8^ab
CF+50ETH	85.21±1.04^a	35.25±1.51^c	4.44±0.21^a	35.15±0.53^b
CF+100ETH	85.26±0.83^a	34.41±2.26^bc	4.62±0.18^a	33.05±0.95^ab

项目Item	根表铁膜Fe含量Fe content in iron plaque	根表铁膜Cd含量Cd content in iron plaque	根Cd含量Root Cd content	茎Cd含量Cd content in stem	叶Cd含量Cd content in leaves	糙米Cd含量Cd content in brown rice	精米Cd含量Cd content in polished rice	根-茎转运系数Root-to-stem transport coefficient	茎-籽粒转运系数Stem-to-grain transport coefficient
根表铁膜Fe含量	1
根表铁膜Cd含量	0.804^**	1
根Cd含量	–0.765^**	–0.386	1
茎Cd含量	–0.827^**	–0.488^*	0.977^**	1
叶Cd含量	–0.710^**	–0.317	0.963^**	0.954^**	1
糙米Cd含量	–0.821^**	–0.550^*	0.854^**	0.926^**	0.830^**	1
精米Cd含量	–0.869^**	–0.690^**	0.853^**	0.905^**	0.787^**	0.930^**	1
根-茎转运系数	–0.887^**	–0.619^**	0.925^**	0.978^**	0.892^**	0.960^**	0.960^**	1
茎-籽粒转运系数	–0.883^**	–0.606^**	0.860^**	0.895^**	0.831^**	0.835^**	0.892^**	0.923^**	1

项目Item	根表铁膜Fe含量Fe content in iron plaque	根表铁膜Cd含量Cd content in iron plaque	根Cd含量Root Cd content	茎Cd含量Cd content in stem	叶Cd含量Cd content in leaves	糙米Cd含量Cd content in brown rice	精米Cd含量Cd content in polished rice	根-茎转运系数Root-to-stem transport coefficient	茎-籽粒转运系数Stem-to-grain transport coefficient
根表铁膜Fe含量	1
根表铁膜Cd含量	0.804^**	1
根Cd含量	–0.765^**	–0.386	1
茎Cd含量	–0.827^**	–0.488^*	0.977^**	1
叶Cd含量	–0.710^**	–0.317	0.963^**	0.954^**	1
糙米Cd含量	–0.821^**	–0.550^*	0.854^**	0.926^**	0.830^**	1
精米Cd含量	–0.869^**	–0.690^**	0.853^**	0.905^**	0.787^**	0.930^**	1
根-茎转运系数	–0.887^**	–0.619^**	0.925^**	0.978^**	0.892^**	0.960^**	0.960^**	1
茎-籽粒转运系数	–0.883^**	–0.606^**	0.860^**	0.895^**	0.831^**	0.835^**	0.892^**	0.923^**	1

处理Treatment	每日摄入量DIM	健康风险指数HRI
CF	0.00033	0.33
CF+50ETH	0.00022	0.22
CF+100ETH	0.00027	0.27
IF	0.00037	0.37
IF+50ETH	0.00031	0.31
IF+100ETH	0.00028	0.28

处理Treatment	每日摄入量DIM	健康风险指数HRI
CF	0.00033	0.33
CF+50ETH	0.00022	0.22
CF+100ETH	0.00027	0.27
IF	0.00037	0.37
IF+50ETH	0.00031	0.31
IF+100ETH	0.00028	0.28

乙烯和水分管理对水稻Cd积累和健康风险指数的影响

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张明富 , 王松 , 李佳原 , 王雪彬 , 李蒙 , 牙丰硕 , 黄丹妮 , 何冰 , 顾明华 , 王学礼 , 韦燕燕 ^*

热带作物学报 | 农业生态与环境保护 2024,45(5): 1072-1083

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热带作物学报 |农业生态与环境保护 2024 , 45 (5) : 1072 -1083

乙烯和水分管理对水稻Cd积累和健康风险指数的影响

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张明富, 王松, 李佳原, 王雪彬, 李蒙, 牙丰硕, 黄丹妮, 何冰, 顾明华, 王学礼, 韦燕燕^*

作者信息

广西大学农学院，广西南宁　530004

通讯作者:

^* 韦燕燕（WEI Yanyan），E-mail：115238635@qq.com。

Effects of Ethylene and Water Management on Cd Accumulation and Health Risk Index in Rice

Mingfu ZHANG, Song WANG, Jiayuan LI, Xuebin WANG, Meng LI, Fengshuo YA, Danni HUANG, Bing HE, Minghua GU, Xueli WANG, Yanyan WEI^*

Affiliations

College of Agricultural, Guangxi University, Nanning, Gunagxi 530004, China

出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.05.022

文章导航

摘要

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本文主要研究了水分管理和叶面喷施外源植物激素乙烯（ETH）对水稻（Oryza sativa L.）根表铁膜、镉（Cd）积累以及健康风险指数的影响。通过盆栽试验，在拔节期、扬花期和灌浆期喷施2种浓度（50 μmol/L和100 μmol/L）乙烯（ETH）3次，同时采用连续淹水（CF）和间隔淹水（IF）2种水分管理模式。结果表明：（1）与IF水分管理模式相比，CF水分管理模式下，土壤中Cd的赋存形态改变，弱酸可溶态Cd由36%降至30%，可还原态Cd由30%增加到40%；（2）与IF水分管理模式相比，CF水分管理模式下，水稻根表铁膜中Fe和Cd含量均显著增加，外源喷施ETH也会显著提高2种水分管理模式下铁膜中Fe和Cd含量，最多提高了50.59%和58.06%；（3）与IF水分管理模式相比，CF水分管理模式下，水稻根、叶、糙米及精米中的Cd含量均显著下降；外源喷施ETH也有利于降低2种水分管理模式下水稻各部位Cd含量，其中CF+50ETH处理下精米中Cd含量最低，与CF处理相比，精米中Cd含量由0.68 mg/kg降至0.45 mg/kg，降幅为33.82%；（4）外源喷施ETH显著降低了2种水分管理模式下Cd从根-茎和茎-籽粒的转运系数，均以CF+50ETH处理下转运系数最低，与CF处理相比分别降低了55.17%和23.81%；（5）CF水分管理模式和喷施ETH处理均对降低稻米Cd健康风险指数有很好的作用。由此可见，CF水分管理模式和外源喷施ETH在降低水稻对Cd的积累中具有一定的应用前景。

关键词

镉 / 水稻 / 乙烯 / 水分管理 / 根表铁膜 / 健康风险指数

Abstract

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The effects of water management and foliar spraying of exogenous plant hormone ethylene (ETH) on the accumulation of rhizosphere iron membrane, cadmium (Cd) and health risk index of rice were studied. Through the potting test, two concentrations (50 μmol/L and 100 μmol/L) ethylene (ETH) were sprayed three times at the jointing stage, the flowering stage and the grouting stage, and the water management modes of continuous flooding (CF) and interval flooding (IF) were adopted. Compared with the IF water management mode, the storage morphology of Cd in the soil was changed in the CF water management mode, and the soluble Cd was reduced from 36% to 30%, and the reducing state Cd was increased from 30% to 40%. Compared with the IF water management mode, the Fe and Cd content in the rice root surface iron film were significantly increased in the CF water management mode, and the exogenous spraying of ETH also significantly increased the Fe and Cd content in the iron film under the two water management modes, up to 50.59% and 58.06%. Compared with the IF water management mode, the Cd content in rice roots, leaves, brown rice and polished rice decreased significantly under the CF water management mode. The external spraying of ETH was also conducive to reducing the cadmium content of rice under the two water management modes, among which the Cd content in polished rice under CF+50ETH treatment was the lowest, and the Cd content in polished rice decreased from 0.68 mg/kg to 0.45 mg/kg, a decrease of 33.82% compared with CF treatment. Exogenous spraying of ETH significantly reduced the transport coefficients of Cd from rhizome and stem-grain under the two water management modes, and the transport coefficients were the lowest under CF+50ETH treatment, which was reduced by 55.17% and 23.81% respectively compared with CF treatment. CF water management mode and spray ETH treatment have a good effect on reducing the health risk index of rice Cd. It can be seen that CF water management mode and exogenous spraying of ETH have certain application prospects for reducing the accumulation of Cd in rice.

Key words

cadmium / rice / ethylene / water management / iron plaque / health risk index

引用本文

张明富, 王松, 李佳原, 王雪彬, 李蒙, 牙丰硕, 黄丹妮, 何冰, 顾明华, 王学礼, 韦燕燕. 乙烯和水分管理对水稻Cd积累和健康风险指数的影响. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (5) : 1072 -1083 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.05.022

Mingfu ZHANG, Song WANG, Jiayuan LI, Xuebin WANG, Meng LI, Fengshuo YA, Danni HUANG, Bing HE, Minghua GU, Xueli WANG, Yanyan WEI. Effects of Ethylene and Water Management on Cd Accumulation and Health Risk Index in Rice[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (5) : 1072 -1083 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.05.022

正文

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镉（Cd）是一种对人体和植物都有严重毒害的重金属元素，对人体来说，Cd会引起癌症、器官中毒、死亡等^[1]；对植物来说，Cd会影响植物的光合作用，干扰植物对营养的吸收以及生长发育^[2]，严重时导致植物死亡。当前，我国耕地土壤重金属污染现状十分严峻，其中重金属Cd污染最为严重和广泛^[3]。有研究认为，我国约40%的耕地存在不同程度的Cd污染问题，至少2.786×10⁹ m²的耕地受到污染^[4]，在一些地区Cd污染还有加重趋势^[5]。中国是水稻（Oryza sativa L.）种植和生产大国，每年水稻种植面积约3000万hm²^[6]，水稻产量约占粮食总产量的32.2%^[7]，然而水稻对Cd具有较强的富集作用^[8]。农业农村部调查显示，我国稻米Cd超标率高达10%，长期食用Cd超标大米会严重危害人体健康^[9]。近几年社会上关于Cd大米的新闻屡见报道，稻米质量安全问题引发关注。当前，已有多种重金属修复阻控技术应用于实现Cd中轻度污染耕地的安全利用^[10]，如客土、换土法、电动修复技术、土壤淋洗技术、植物修复技术等^[11]，但这些技术在实际生产应用中存在一些局限，如客土、换土难以处理大面积土壤，电动修复技术成本过高，土壤淋洗技术会降低土壤肥力导致作物减产，植物修复技术修复周期长，影响正常农业生产^[12]，而我国人多地少，难以通过大规模土地休耕修复土壤污染来减少Cd对农作物生长的影响。因此，寻找一种简单、安全、低成本、便于大面积推广的措施来减少稻米的含Cd量及减少人体Cd暴露风险具有重要意义。水分管理作为一种成本较低、可操作性强、无二次污染的农艺调控措施，在降低稻米Cd含量方面具有良好的效果。研究表明适宜的水分管理可以影响土壤中重金属活性及其迁移转化能力，从而阻控水稻对重金属的吸收累积^[13]，具有广泛的应用前景。同时也有研究发现水稻等湿地植物在淹水的条件下，可以通过叶片将大气中的氧气输送到植物根系，由根系将这部分氧气和其他的氧化性物质释放到根际，使渍水土壤中存在的还原性物质Fe²⁺发生氧化，生成铁氧化物/氢氧化物，通过这种连续的氧化作用所形成的铁氧化物/氢氧化物呈胶膜状态包裹在根表，称之为根表铁膜，根表铁膜影响植物对重金属元素的吸收^[14]。但邵晓伟等^[15]和张雨婷等^[16]研究表明单一水分管理对降低水稻对Cd的吸收效果有限。近年来，植物生长调节物质（plant growth regulators）作为一类对植物的生长发育有调节作用的有机化学物质，具有作用多、用量小、见效快等优点被广泛应用^[17-20]。其中植物生长调节物质乙烯（ETH）被证实参与到植物对机械伤害、干早、水淹、低温和重金属胁迫等抗逆境响应中^[21-22]。针对禾本科植物，冯文静等^[23]研究表明1 μmol/L ETH可以显著降低小麦苗期地上部和根系Cd含量。刘娟等^[24]认为外源乙烯增强玉米苗期根细胞壁对Cd的吸附作用和液泡的区室化作用，减少Cd向地上部位的转运，并通过提高抗坏血酸（AsA）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）的合成，从而提升玉米幼苗的Cd耐受能力。

目前，在中轻度Cd污染条件下，采用单一技术往往不能将农作物可食部位中Cd的含量降低至安全水平之下^[25]，因此，需要采用联合修复技术模式。然而，关于水分管理联合叶面喷施乙烯对成熟期稻米中Cd阻控的研究较少，其可能机制仍不明确^[26]。本研究旨在通过盆栽试验，研究分析不同水分管理模式和叶面喷施ETH对水稻Cd积累和人体健康风险指数的影响，为受污染耕地的安全合理利用提供决策参考和理论依据，减少Cd污染带来的危害。

1　材料与方法

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1.1　材料

供试水稻品种为Y两优7号。供试土壤风干粉碎后过筛，每盆装6.5 kg土壤。水稻种子用30%H₂O₂溶液消毒15 min并用去离子水清洗3次，均匀撒在垫有滤纸的托盘中，再覆盖一层滤纸，加入适量去离子水使上下两层滤纸充分湿润，放入恒温培养箱中25 ℃避光催芽1 d。将催芽后的种子播于育苗盘中，置于温室大棚中培养。培养15 d后选取生长状况一致的幼苗移栽至土壤中，每盆3穴，每穴2株。

土壤的基本理化性质如下：pH 6.4、有机质20.5 g/kg、速效氮68 mg/kg、速效磷29.7 mg/kg、速效钾265 mg/kg、总Cd含量1.33 mg/kg，超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（GB 15618—2018）所规定5.5<pH≤6.5的水田中Cd的风险筛选值（0.4 mg/kg），未达到其风险管控值（2.0 mg/kg），可能存在食用农产品不符合质量安全标准等土壤污染风险，原则上应采取农艺调控、替代种植等安全利用措施。

1.2　方法

1.2.1　试验设计

采用连续淹水（CF）和间隔淹水（IF）2种水分管理模式。连续淹水：试验过程中保持土壤表面2 cm水层覆盖；间隔淹水：水稻生长早期，保持土壤淹水，孕穗期后，灌溉2 cm水层覆盖土壤表面，自然干燥后再次加水，重复此循环。在拔节期、扬花期和灌浆期分别喷施50 μmol/L（50ETH）和100 μmol/L（100ETH）的ETH 3次。试验设6个处理，每个处理3次重复。6个处理分别为：（1）IF；（2）IF+50ETH；（3）IF+100ETH；（4）CF；（5）CF+50ETH；（6）CF+100ETH。在水稻生长期间，施肥情况按照正常施肥量进行，施肥总量为氮肥（尿素）475 mg/kg，磷肥（磷酸二氢钾）750 mg/kg，钾肥（氯化钾）400 mg/kg。基肥与追肥比为7∶3。

1.2.2　样本采集

水稻成熟后，用流水冲洗附着在根系上的土壤，然后用去离子水冲洗根系并擦干。将水稻全株分为根、茎、叶和籽粒4部分，105 ℃下杀青30 min，65 ℃下烘干。称量各部分的干重，将烘干样品粉碎后放入塑料密封袋备用。

采用抖根分离法收集根际土，首先轻轻抖落大块不含根系的土壤作为非根际土，然后用毛刷将根表附着的土收集起来作为根际土^[27]。

1.2.3　测量项目及方法

（1）株高、生物量和千粒重的测定。采样时用直尺测量植株从根部到主穗顶部的株高高度，样品烘干后测定干重并记录。

（2）光合作用的测定。植株叶片光合作用使用美国LI-COR公司生产的LI-6400便携式光合测定仪。具体操作是在光照充足的上午9：00—11：00时，选取水稻由上往下数第三片完全展开叶，测定部位尽量选取叶片中部并避开主叶脉，选用红蓝光源叶室测定水稻叶片气体交换参数，每个处理测定3次，最终结果取3次平均值。测定条件流量计设定为500 μmol/（m²·s），测定光强为1500 μmol/（m²·s），CO₂浓度为大气CO₂浓度。测定结果由仪器系统自动给出，包括净光合速率（P_n）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）。

（3）根表铁膜中Fe和Cd的测定。采用DCB法提取根表铁膜中的Fe和Cd。具体提取方法是收获后，将水稻根部用去离子水冲洗，放入白色塑料瓶中。然后加入0.3 mol/L Na₃C₆H₅O₇·2H₂O溶液40 mL，1 mol/L NaHCO₃溶液5 mL，3 g Na₂S₂O₄试剂，确保根完全浸没于提取液中。然后放置在25 ℃ 250 r/min的振荡箱中振荡3 h，再将溶液转移到100 mL容量瓶中定容，最后用原子吸收分光光度法测定Fe和Cd的含量。

（4）植物中Cd的测定。将DCB法提取后的水稻根系用去离子水清洗干净，连同地上部放到65 ℃烘箱中烘干，并称取干重。将烘干的水稻根系和地上部粉碎，准确称取0.2000 g样品至消解管中，加入6 mL硝酸，拧紧盖子放置在通风橱中冷消解，过夜。冷消解后使用微波消解仪（美国CEM公司，MARS5）消解，消解完成后使用赶酸架赶酸，赶酸完成后移至50 mL容量瓶中定容。用ICP-MS（美国，PE）测定消解液中Cd的含量。样品消解过程中使用的各种酸均为优级纯。

（5）土壤中Cd形态的测定。采用改进的BCR法提取土壤中Cd形态^[28]，弱酸可溶态：称取1.000 g土壤样品置于100 mL离心管中，加入0.1 mol/L乙酸溶液40 mL，加盖，在（22±3）℃下250 r/min振荡提取16 h。在离心机上于3000 r/min离心20 min后，取上清液过滤，保存于离心管中，待测。加入20 mL去离子水洗涤残余物，振荡20 min，离心，弃清洗液。可还原态：向上一步剩余物中加入0.5 mol/L盐酸羟胺溶液（NH₂OH•HCl，用HNO₃调节pH=2）40 mL，加盖，在（22±3）℃下250 r/min振荡提取16 h。在离心机上于3000 r/min离心20 min后，取上清液过滤，保存于离心管中，待测。加入20 mL去离子水洗涤残余物，振荡20 min，离心，弃清洗液。可氧化态：向剩余物中缓慢滴加10 mL过氧化氢，加盖，在（22±3）℃下消化1 h，继续在（85±2）℃恒温水浴消化1 h，直至体积减少到少于3 mL。再加入10 mL过氧化氢，重复以上操作直至体积减少到大约1 mL。取下冷却，加入1 mol/L乙酸铵溶液（HNO₃调节pH=2）50 mL，在（22±3）℃下250 r/min振荡提取16 h，取出后在3000 r/min离心20 min，取上清液过滤后待测。加入20 mL去离子水洗涤残余物，振荡20 min，离心，弃清洗液。残渣态：将剩余物全部转移到聚四氟乙烯消解管中，加入10 mL HNO₃、1 mL HF和1 mL HClO₄，高温消煮后赶酸至黄豆粒大小，定容待测。

各步骤得到的提取液参照GB/T 17138—1997《环境污染分析方法》，采用原子吸收光谱仪进行测定。

1.2.4　相关参数

（1）健康风险指数（HRI）计算。重金属的健康风险评估是评价在受污染土壤上种植食品质量的有效工具^[29-30]，Cd健康风险指数（HRI）是通过估计每日Cd摄入量（DIM）和参考摄入量（RF_D）来确定的，Cd的参考摄入量（RF_D）为0.001 mg/（kg·d）^[31]。HRI=DIM/RF_D Cd的DIM估计如下：

式中，C_metal是籽粒Cd含量（mg/kg），C_factor是转换因子（0.085），D_{food intake}是每人每天的谷物摄取量0.4 kg，B_{average weight}是人体的平均重量，参考我国成年男性的平均体重确定，即每人69.6 kg^[32]。

（2）转运系数计算^[33]。根-茎转运系数=茎部Cd含量/根部Cd含量茎-籽粒转运系数=籽粒Cd含量/茎部Cd含量

1.3　数据处理

采用SPSS 25.0统计软件包（SPSS Inc.，USA）对数据进行双向方差分析，比较水分管理和植物激素对水稻重金属积累和健康风险指数的影响。根据方差分析结果，采用Duncan多重极差检验在0.05概率水平上检验均数的差异。当因素之间无显著的相互作用时，对数据进行t检验，以确定处理之间的显著差异^[34]。

2　结果与分析

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2.1　不同处理对土壤Cd形态分布的影响

图1是土壤中4种不同形态的Cd（弱酸可溶态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态）在不同处理后的分布结果。可见，与IF处理相比，CF处理明显降低了土壤中弱酸可溶态Cd的含量，弱酸可溶态Cd由36%降至30%，同时提高了土壤中可还原态Cd的含量，可还原态Cd由30%增加到40%，但对其他形态的Cd无明显影响；喷施ETH处理对土壤中Cd的各个形态分布无明显影响。

2.2　不同处理对水稻叶片光合作用参数的影响

Cd胁迫下不同处理对水稻叶片P_n、G_s、C_i和T_r的影响见表1。不同处理对水稻的G_s、T_r影响差异不显著。与IF处理相比，CF+50ETH和CF+100ETH处理显著提高了水稻叶片的P_n（P<0.05），分别提高了5.49%和6.22%。CF+50ETH和CF+100ETH处理显著降低了水稻叶片的C_i（P<0.05），与IF处理相比分别降低了3.03%和2.53%。

2.3　不同处理对水稻生长的影响

不同处理对水稻生长参数的影响见表2。与IF处理相比，CF和IF+100ETH处理显著降低了水稻的株高（P<0.05），其他处理则对株高影响差异不显著。除CF处理外，其他处理都显著提高了水稻的茎干重（P<0.05），其中IF+50ETH和CF+50ETH效果最好，分别提高了16.48%和15.73%。各个处理对水稻根的干重影响差异不显著。IF+100ETH处理和CF+50ETH处理显著提高了水稻的籽粒重（P<0.05），分别提高了17.34%和17.91%。

2.4　不同处理对水稻根表铁膜中Fe和Cd含量的影响

不同处理对水稻根表铁膜中Fe含量的影响见图2A。与IF处理相比，其他处理显著提高了水稻根表铁膜中Fe的含量（P<0.05），其中以CF+50ETH处理效果最好，提高了50.59%；不施加ETH的CF处理也显著提高了水稻的根表铁膜中的Fe含量（P<0.05），提高了20.00%。

不同处理对水稻根表铁膜中Cd含量的影响见图2B。与IF处理相比，IF+50ETH、CF、CF+ 50ETH、CF+100ETH处理均显著提高了水稻根表铁膜中的Cd含量（P<0.05），其中CF+50ETH处理的效果最好，提高了58.06%，而IF+100ETH处理虽然也能够提高根表铁膜中的Cd含量，但其结果与IF处理相比差异不显著。

2.5　不同处理对水稻各部位Cd含量的影响

2.5.1　不同处理对水稻根、茎、叶片Cd含量的影响

不同处理对水稻根部Cd含量的影响见图3A，水分管理对水稻根中Cd含量的影响差异显著（P<0.05）。与IF处理相比，CF处理显著降低了水稻根部Cd含量。此外，50 ETH和100 ETH处理均显著降低了水稻根部Cd含量（P<0.05），分别降低了17.01%和37.46%。

不同处理对水稻茎Cd含量的影响见图3B，不同的水分管理方式对水稻茎的Cd含量影响差异不显著。喷施ETH对水稻茎Cd的吸收影响差异显著（P<0.05）。与不喷施激素的CK相比，50 ETH处理和100 ETH处理显著降低了水稻茎中Cd的含量。在整个生育期，CF处理使水稻茎中的Cd含量下降了78.90%和81.35%。

不同处理对水稻叶片Cd含量的影响见图3C，在CK和喷施100 ETH处理下，CF处理显著降低了水稻叶片中的Cd含量，分别降低了9.53%和16.71%，但在50 ETH处理下，水分管理对水稻叶片中Cd含量影响差异不显著。相同水分管理模式下，喷施2种浓度的ETH对水稻叶片的Cd吸收影响差异显著（P<0.05），与CK相比，50 ETH处理和100 ETH处理显著降低了水稻叶片中Cd的含量，在CF处理中，分别降低了19.67%和29.97%；在IF处理中，分别降低了24.15%和23.94%。

2.5.2　不同处理对水稻糙米、精米中Cd含量的影响

喷施ETH和水分管理对水稻糙米Cd含量的影响见图4A，水分管理显著影响糙米中Cd的积累（P<0.05）。与IF处理相比，CF处理在CK和喷施较低浓度的ETH情况下显著降低了糙米的Cd含量。在2种水分管理模式下，喷施ETH显著降低糙米中Cd含量（P<0.05）。IF处理下，50 ETH和100 ETH处理糙米中Cd含量显著低于CK（Cd含量为0.86 mg/kg），分别降低22.09%和26.74%。在CF处理下，50 ETH和100 ETH处理糙米中Cd含量分别比CK（Cd含量为0.71 mg/kg）显著降低25.35%和14.08%。

喷施ETH和水分管理对水稻精米Cd含量的影响见图4B。结果表明，水分管理对精米Cd积累有显著影响（P<0.05）。喷施ETH对精米中Cd含量有显著影响（P<0.05）。在IF处理下，与CK组（Cd含量为0.76 mg/kg）相比，50 ETH和100 ETH显著降低精米的Cd含量，分别降低了17.11%和23.68%。在CF处理下，与CK（Cd含量为0.68 mg/kg）相比，外源施用50 ETH和100 ETH显著降低了精米中Cd的含量，分别降低了33.82%和19.11%。

2.5.3　不同处理对水稻Cd转运系数的影响

喷施ETH和水分管理对水稻中Cd的转运系数的影响见图5，由图5A可见，与CK相比，在2种水分管理模式下喷施ETH均显著降低了Cd水稻根-茎的转运系数，在CF处理下，50和100 ETH处理分别使得Cd根-茎的转运系数降低了55.17%和41.38%；在IF处理下，50 ETH和100 ETH处理分别使得Cd从根-茎的转移系数降低了48.95%和53.04%。

Cd水稻茎-籽粒运输的转运系数见图5B，与CK处理相比，在2种水分管理模式下喷施ETH均显著降低了Cd水稻茎-籽粒的转运系数，在CF处理下，50 ETH和100 ETH处理分别使得Cd茎-籽粒的转移系数降低了23.81%和19.13%；在IF处理下，喷施50 μmol/L和100 μmol/L ETH分别使得Cd茎-籽粒的转运系数降低了17.33%和13.21%。

2.6　水稻根表铁膜Fe和各部位Cd含量与转运系数间的相关性

对水稻根表铁膜Fe和Cd含量、各部位Cd含量和转运系数相关性分析（表3）结果表明，水稻根表铁膜Fe含量与根表铁膜Cd含量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01），与水稻根、茎、叶、糙米和精米的Cd含量、Cd根-茎的转运系数、茎-籽粒的转运系数呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。水稻根表铁膜中的Cd含量，与水稻茎、糙米中的Cd含量呈显著负相关（P<0.05），与精米Cd含量、Cd根-茎的转运系数、茎-籽粒的转运系数呈极显著负相关（P<0.01），与根部和叶片Cd含量无显著相关。水稻根部Cd含量与茎、叶、糙米和精米的Cd含量、Cd根-茎的转运系数、茎-籽粒的转运系数呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。水稻茎部Cd含量与叶、糙米和精米的Cd含量、Cd根-茎的转运系数、茎-籽粒的转运系数呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。水稻叶片Cd含量与糙米和精米的Cd含量、Cd根-茎的转运系数、茎-籽粒的转运系数呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。水稻糙米Cd含量与精米的Cd含量、Cd根-茎的转运系数、茎-籽粒的转运系数呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。水稻精米Cd含量与Cd根-茎的转运系数、茎-籽粒的转运系数呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。水稻Cd根-茎的转运系数与茎-籽粒的转运系数呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。

综上所述，水稻各部位Cd含量和转运系数之间呈极显著正相关，根表铁膜中的Fe和Cd含量则与水稻各部位Cd含量和转运系数之间呈显著或极显著负相关，根表铁膜中Fe含量和Cd含量二者呈极显著正相关，根表铁膜对Cd的阻截作用显著。

2.7　不同处理对Cd健康风险指数的影响

通过计算可以发现，对于以大米为主食的成年人，在不同处理下Cd健康风险指数（HRI）在0.219~0.369之间（表4）。不同水分管理模式下的HRI指数有所不同，与IF处理相比，CF处理有利于降低HRI指数，其中以CF+50ETH处理最低。叶面喷施ETH也有效地降低了大米的HRI指数，但不同浓度的效果在不同水分管理模式下略有不同，IF模式下喷施高浓度ETH对降低HRI指数效果要优于喷施低浓度ETH，而在CF模式下则相反。

3　讨论

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基于采用单一技术往往不能将农作物可食部位中Cd的含量降低至安全水平之下这一前提，本研究选择水稻为研究对象，通过外源喷施2种不同浓度的ETH，结合不同的水分管理模式来实现“降镉”的目的。土壤中Cd的生物有效性不仅取决于总量，更受其在土壤中的赋存形态分布所制约。本研究发现，与间隔淹水相比，持续淹水降低了弱酸可溶态Cd并提高了可还原态Cd的占比，李剑睿等^[35]的研究也发现了同样的结果。也有研究发现，淹水会导致土壤中的镉向可氧化态转变^[36]。但在本研究中，淹水对土壤可氧化态镉的占比未产生影响。还原性物质在淹水条件下的溶解过程中，消耗了大量H⁺，使土壤固相表面带负电荷，提高了土壤pH，从而增强了土壤固相对Cd的吸附，降低弱酸可溶态重金属含量^[37]。此外，在淹水条件下，硫化物被还原后与Cd²⁺结合生成CdS也有可能导致可还原态Cd的占比增加^[38]。通常认为，弱酸可溶态Cd是土壤中有效性和移动性最强的Cd组分，常与有效Cd一起被作为评价土壤中Cd毒性的指标，可还原态Cd和可氧化态Cd则是相对稳定的形态，残渣态具有很强的稳定性^[39]。由此可见，淹水促使Cd赋存形态由弱酸可溶态转化为相对稳定的形态，从而降低了水稻对Cd的吸收。

水稻在生长发育过程中为长期适应淹水环境，其地上部及根系结构、生理特性等均发生特殊变化而形成大量的通气组织，通气组织向水稻根际释放氧气和氧化性物质，而此时根际中的有机质、Mn²⁺、Fe²⁺等还原性物质被氧化后附着在根表形成铁锰膜，它以吸附和共沉淀的方式影响着土壤中的许多元素的化学行为及生物有效性^[40]。铁膜在抑制水稻吸收Cd的过程中发挥了无可替代的作用^[41-43]，这是因为水稻根表铁膜可以吸附、截控重金属^[27,44]。本研究中，与间隔淹水相比，持续淹水和外源施加ETH后，水稻根表铁膜中Fe和Cd含量均显著增加，增幅最高分别达到50.59%和58.06%，根、茎、叶和籽粒Cd含量也随之显著下降。已有研究报道，乙烯能够诱导水稻通气组织形成，从而促进根表铁膜的形成^[45-46]。在淹水条件下添加乙烯合成抑制剂AVG后发现，水稻经过AVG预处理后根表铁膜的含量大大减少^[40]；相比于野生型水稻日本晴，在Cd胁迫下乙烯信号突变体ein2根表铁膜中Cd的含量也显著降低^[47]。可见淹水和外源喷施ETH提升了铁膜在抑制水稻Cd吸收的过程中发挥的屏障作用，减少了水稻对Cd的吸收和转运，根表铁膜与水稻各部位Cd含量及转运系数呈显著负相关关系也证明了这一点。

研究表明，调节水分管理模式以及外源喷施乙烯均可以降低植物对Cd的吸收和转运^[23,35]。在本研究中，与间隔淹水相比，持续淹水和外源施加ETH显著降低了水稻各部位（根、茎、叶、糙米、精米）中的Cd含量，其中CF+50ETH处理下精米中Cd含量最低（0.45 mg/kg）。高敏等^[48]也发现，与常规水分管理相比，持续淹水处理下糙米Cd含量降低了61.90%。这可能与淹水条件下土壤中的Cd向水稻难以吸收的形态转变以及根表铁膜对Cd的吸收增加有关。另一方面，本研究中外源喷施ETH可以显著降低Cd向水稻茎和籽粒的转运系数。ETH可以激活植物体内金属转运蛋白的表达，进而影响到植物对金属元素的吸收和耐受^[49]。研究发现，Cd主要以Cd²⁺的形式进入水稻体内，竞争阳离子通道^[50]，而吴忆泽^[47]的研究发现，ETH可以调控水稻体内多种转运蛋白的表达，包括IRT1、IRT2、NAS2、DMAS、OPT7等，进而影响水稻对Fe²⁺、Zn²⁺等阳离子的吸收转运，而Cd²⁺也可以通过这些阳离子通道进入植物体内^[51]，这可能是ETH降低Cd向水稻茎和籽粒转运系数的原因。

HRI作为单一重金属的健康风险指数，常用于评价人体长期暴露于受重金属污染的潜在健康风险^[52]。本研究发现，喷施ETH和CF水分管理模式均可以降低Cd暴露人群的健康风险，其中CF+50ETH处理下健康风险指数最低，仅为0.219。

基金

收起

国家自然科学基金项目(41967045)
桂农科盟项目(202214)

参考文献

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文献

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参考文献引证文献

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2024年第45卷第5期

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文章信息

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.05.022

接收时间：2022-10-13
首发时间：2026-06-23
出版时间：2024-05-25

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文章信息

作者

出版历史

收稿日期：2022-10-13
修回日期：2022-12-29

基金

国家自然科学基金项目(41967045)

桂农科盟项目(202214)

作者信息

广西大学农学院，广西南宁　530004

通讯作者:

^* 韦燕燕（WEI Yanyan），E-mail：115238635@qq.com。

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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处理Treatment	P_n/(μmol·m^–2·s^–1)	G_s/(mol·m^–2·s^–1)	C_i/(μL·L^–1)	T_r/(mmol·m^–2·s^–1)
IF	16.39±0.53^a	0.35±0.02^a	320.59±4.10^a	5.22±0.10^a
IF+ 50ETH	16.87±0.51^ab	0.38±0.02^a	317.31±6.87^ab	5.33±0.08^a
IF+ 100ETH	16.98±0.50^ab	0.35±0.01^a	315.26±5.82^ab	5.21±0.01^a
CF	16.43±0.62^a	0.36±0.02^a	316.42±4.99^ab	5.30±0.08^a
CF+ 50ETH	17.29±0.52^b	0.36±0.01^a	310.87±3.17^b	5.27±0.05^a
CF+ 100ETH	17.41±0.38^b	0.37±0.01^a	312.49±4.19^b	5.31±0.10^a

处理Treatment

P_n/(μmol·m^–2·s^–1)

G_s/(mol·m^–2·s^–1)

C_i/(μL·L^–1)

T_r/(mmol·m^–2·s^–1)

16.39±0.53^a

0.35±0.02^a

320.59±4.10^a

5.22±0.10^a

IF+ 50ETH

16.87±0.51^ab

0.38±0.02^a

317.31±6.87^ab

5.33±0.08^a

IF+ 100ETH

16.98±0.50^ab

0.35±0.01^a

315.26±5.82^ab

5.21±0.01^a

16.43±0.62^a

0.36±0.02^a

316.42±4.99^ab

5.30±0.08^a

CF+ 50ETH

17.29±0.52^b

0.36±0.01^a

310.87±3.17^b

5.27±0.05^a

CF+ 100ETH

17.41±0.38^b

0.37±0.01^a

312.49±4.19^b

5.31±0.10^a

处理Treatment	株高Plant height/cm	茎干重Straw dry weight/g	根干重Root dry weight/g	籽粒重Grain weight/g
IF	85.73±0.65^a	30.46±1.13^a	4.63±0.27^a	29.81±0.57^a
IF+50ETH	86.51±0.31^a	35.48±1.04^c	4.65±0.31^a	29.91±5.72^a
IF+100ETH	82.01±0.55^b	33.11±0.21^bc	4.39±0.05^a	34.98±0.86^b
CF	82.11±1.24^b	32.27±0.99^ab	4.32±0.31^a	33.38±0.8^ab
CF+50ETH	85.21±1.04^a	35.25±1.51^c	4.44±0.21^a	35.15±0.53^b
CF+100ETH	85.26±0.83^a	34.41±2.26^bc	4.62±0.18^a	33.05±0.95^ab

处理Treatment

株高Plant height/cm

茎干重Straw dry weight/g

根干重Root dry weight/g

籽粒重Grain weight/g

85.73±0.65^a

30.46±1.13^a

4.63±0.27^a

29.81±0.57^a

IF+50ETH

86.51±0.31^a

35.48±1.04^c

4.65±0.31^a

29.91±5.72^a

IF+100ETH

82.01±0.55^b

33.11±0.21^bc

4.39±0.05^a

34.98±0.86^b

82.11±1.24^b

32.27±0.99^ab

4.32±0.31^a

33.38±0.8^ab

CF+50ETH

85.21±1.04^a

35.25±1.51^c

4.44±0.21^a

35.15±0.53^b

CF+100ETH

85.26±0.83^a

34.41±2.26^bc

4.62±0.18^a

33.05±0.95^ab

项目Item	根表铁膜Fe含量Fe content in iron plaque	根表铁膜Cd含量Cd content in iron plaque	根Cd含量Root Cd content	茎Cd含量Cd content in stem	叶Cd含量Cd content in leaves	糙米Cd含量Cd content in brown rice	精米Cd含量Cd content in polished rice	根-茎转运系数Root-to-stem transport coefficient	茎-籽粒转运系数Stem-to-grain transport coefficient
根表铁膜Fe含量	1
根表铁膜Cd含量	0.804^**	1
根Cd含量	–0.765^**	–0.386	1
茎Cd含量	–0.827^**	–0.488^*	0.977^**	1
叶Cd含量	–0.710^**	–0.317	0.963^**	0.954^**	1
糙米Cd含量	–0.821^**	–0.550^*	0.854^**	0.926^**	0.830^**	1
精米Cd含量	–0.869^**	–0.690^**	0.853^**	0.905^**	0.787^**	0.930^**	1
根-茎转运系数	–0.887^**	–0.619^**	0.925^**	0.978^**	0.892^**	0.960^**	0.960^**	1
茎-籽粒转运系数	–0.883^**	–0.606^**	0.860^**	0.895^**	0.831^**	0.835^**	0.892^**	0.923^**	1

项目Item

根表铁膜Fe含量Fe content in iron plaque

根表铁膜Cd含量Cd content in iron plaque

根Cd含量Root Cd content

茎Cd含量Cd content in stem

叶Cd含量Cd content in leaves

糙米Cd含量Cd content in brown rice

精米Cd含量Cd content in polished rice

根-茎转运系数Root-to-stem transport coefficient

茎-籽粒转运系数Stem-to-grain transport coefficient

根表铁膜Fe含量

根表铁膜Cd含量

0.804^**

根Cd含量

–0.765^**

–0.386

茎Cd含量

–0.827^**

–0.488^*

0.977^**

叶Cd含量

–0.710^**

–0.317

0.963^**

0.954^**

糙米Cd含量

–0.821^**

–0.550^*

0.854^**

0.926^**

0.830^**

精米Cd含量

–0.869^**

–0.690^**

0.853^**

0.905^**

0.787^**

0.930^**

根-茎转运系数

–0.887^**

–0.619^**

0.925^**

0.978^**

0.892^**

0.960^**

茎-籽粒转运系数

–0.883^**

–0.606^**

0.860^**

0.895^**

0.831^**

0.835^**

0.892^**

0.923^**

处理Treatment	每日摄入量DIM	健康风险指数HRI
CF	0.00033	0.33
CF+50ETH	0.00022	0.22
CF+100ETH	0.00027	0.27
IF	0.00037	0.37
IF+50ETH	0.00031	0.31
IF+100ETH	0.00028	0.28

处理Treatment

每日摄入量DIM

健康风险指数HRI

0.00033

0.33

CF+50ETH

0.00022

0.22

CF+100ETH

0.00027

0.27

0.00037

0.37

IF+50ETH

0.00031

0.31

IF+100ETH

0.00028

0.28