Article(id=1276190645274416067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276190518317023323, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.05.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1677600000000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-01, revisedDate=1680364800000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782197160309, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1716566400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782197160309, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782197160309, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782197160309, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276190518317023323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='873', pageEnd='1093', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1716566400000', pubDateStr='2024-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782197130040, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782197317472, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276191304694493587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276190518317023323, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276191304694493588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276190518317023323, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1007, endPage=1020, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276190647157658565, articleId=1276190645274416067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Identification of Hainan Robusta Coffee Origins Based on Main Taste Compontents Fingerprint and Chemometrics, columnId=1236286112713470633, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Post-harvest Treatment & Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The main taste components of six different coffee beans from various regions in Hainan, including Xinglong coffee beans (XL), Fushan coffee beans (FS), Qionghai coffee beans (QH), YSL coffee beans from Baisha Yushiling (YSL), MS1 coffee beans from Mushan No.1 (MS1), and MS2 coffee beans from Mushan No.2 (MS2) were studied. Differences in taste composition and component content of the roasted coffee beans from different regions were compared. Based on the chemical characterization of the beans using the fingerprinting of the main taste components, the influence of the origin on the taste characteristics components of coffee beans was investigated and the roasted beans were distinguished. The levels of eight chlorogenic acids, caffeine, trigonelline and eight organic acids in the roasted beans were measured using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), while the composition and content of monosaccharides in the coffee samples were determined using pulsed amperometry by ion exchange chromatography (HPAEC-PAD) and the composition and content of amino acids were determined using an automatic amino acid analyser. The results showed significant differences in the content of taste components among the roasted beans, with the highest content of caffeine and trigonelline found in MS2 beans and the lowest in MS1 beans. The highest content of amino acids was found in QH beans, while the lowest content of chlorogenic acids and monosaccharides was found in QH beans. The content of chlorogenic acids in the roasted beans was as follows: caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs)>feruloylquinic acids (FQAs)>dicaffeoylquinic acids (diCQAs). Only eight monosaccharide components were detected in the six varieties, with the highest content of galactose. Based on principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the six coffees beans were successfully discriminated, with high similarity between the XL coffee beans, YSL and MS2 coffees beans, indicating that the major chemical taste components can be used to distinguish coffee beans from different regions of Hainan. The results show that the fingerprinting of key taste components can effectively distinguish coffee beans from different regions. This study would provide information on the chemical composition and quality characteristics of coffee beans from different regions and provide a theoretical basis for improving coffee flavour quality, which is important for the screening and differentiation of high-quality coffee samples.

, authors=null, authorsList=Huinan ZHAI, Fei YU, Yumei TANG, Wenjiang DONG, Ya’nan LI, Rongsuo HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenjiang DONG, Ya’nan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276190649133175769, articleId=1276190645274416067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=基于主要滋味成分指纹图谱和化学计量学鉴别海南不同地区咖啡豆, columnId=1236286112877048492, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=采后处理与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究对海南不同产地6种咖啡豆即兴隆咖啡(XL)、福山咖啡(FS)、琼海咖啡(QH)、白沙陨石岭咖啡(YSL)、母山1号咖啡(MS1)、母山2号咖啡(MS2)的主要滋味特征成分进行研究,比较不同产地咖啡烘焙豆间滋味特征成分组成和含量的差异性。基于主要滋味成分指纹图谱对海南6种咖啡豆的化学表征,研究产地对咖啡滋味特征成分的影响,并对6种咖啡进行区分。采用超高效液相色谱法测定6种咖啡豆中8种绿原酸、咖啡因、葫芦巴碱以及8种有机酸的含量;采用离子交换色谱-脉冲安培法测定咖啡样品中单糖的组成及含量;利用全自动氨基酸分析仪测定样品中氨基酸组成及含量。研究结果表明:6种咖啡的滋味成分含量差异显著,咖啡因和葫芦巴碱含量均在母山2号(MS2)咖啡豆中最高,在母山1号(MS1)中最低。氨基酸含量在琼海(QH)豆中最高,绿原酸和单糖含量在琼海(QH)豆中最低。绿原酸在6种咖啡烘焙豆中的含量顺序依次为:咖啡酰奎宁酸(CQAs)>阿魏酰奎宁酸(FQAs)>二咖啡酰奎宁酸(diCQAs)。6种咖啡样品中只有8种单糖组分被检测到,其中半乳糖含量最高。结合主成分分析(PCA)和偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)化学计量学分析,成功将6种咖啡区分,其中兴隆咖啡、白沙陨石岭咖啡和母山二号咖啡间具有较高的相似性,表明基于主要滋味化学组分含量可用于鉴别海南不同产地咖啡。结果证明,通过主要滋味成分指纹图谱能够对不同产地咖啡进行良好区分。该研究揭示了不同产地咖啡的化学组成及品质特征,对咖啡风味品质提升及对优质产品的筛选和鉴别具有重要意义。

, authors=

翟慧楠(1998—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全。

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* 董文江(DONG Wenjiang),E-mail:
李亚男(LI Ya’nan),E-mail:
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翟慧楠(1998—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全。

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翟慧楠(1998—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全。

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AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277242097874891471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, companyId=1277242097858114253, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.海南省特色热带作物适宜性加工与品质控制重点实验室,海南万宁 571533)]), AuthorCompany(id=1277242097942000337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, xref=5., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277242097950388946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, companyId=1277242097942000337, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.National Center of Important Tropical Crops Engineering and Technology Research, Wanning, Hainan 571533, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277242097975554771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, companyId=1277242097942000337, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.国家重要热带作物工程技术研究中心,海南万宁 571533)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1277242110998868739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=UPLC separation chromatograms of alkaloids (A) and chlorogenic acids (B) in six roasted coffee beans, figureFileSmall=w+MNtDMAh6NQNdmSg1JGfA==, figureFileBig=CFzCbXq6Ua0lxtWC4UH+TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242111351190276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=CN, label=图1, caption=咖啡烘焙样品生物碱(A)和绿原酸(B)分离色谱图, figureFileSmall=w+MNtDMAh6NQNdmSg1JGfA==, figureFileBig=CFzCbXq6Ua0lxtWC4UH+TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242111443464965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Alkaloids (A) and chlorogenic acids (B) content of six different coffee samples, figureFileSmall=/AmThlSKN9/+PiP8eQUXAQ==, figureFileBig=UPGeMd3pVk438i+9bOZbGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242111531545350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=CN, label=图2, caption=6种咖啡烘焙豆生物碱(A)及绿原酸(B)含量柱状图, figureFileSmall=/AmThlSKN9/+PiP8eQUXAQ==, figureFileBig=UPGeMd3pVk438i+9bOZbGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242111707706119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=UPLC separation chromatograms of organic acid in roasted coffee beans, figureFileSmall=kO9ta0IH7H1uLvUDLkMWGg==, figureFileBig=fWRPwIFzL04S6100zAVGew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242113351873289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=CN, label=图3, caption=咖啡烘焙样品有机酸分离色谱图, figureFileSmall=kO9ta0IH7H1uLvUDLkMWGg==, figureFileBig=fWRPwIFzL04S6100zAVGew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242113427370762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Organic acid content of six different coffee samples, figureFileSmall=nP0J1H6jOj6EJMumeUOPxw==, figureFileBig=ff3ywvyVG9+4+hhWnHb6Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242113498673931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=CN, label=图4, caption=6种咖啡烘焙豆有机酸含量柱状图

不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=nP0J1H6jOj6EJMumeUOPxw==, figureFileBig=ff3ywvyVG9+4+hhWnHb6Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242113586754316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Typical chromatograms of 10 standard monosaccharides (A) and component monosaccharides (B) released from six roasted coffee beans polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=1/nG+5NjFoMsRuHhDQbeLQ==, figureFileBig=BI+2VF3b98fF/EguGL4NfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242113670640397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=CN, label=图5, caption=10种标准单糖(A)和6种烘焙咖啡豆中单糖组分(B)的分离色谱图, figureFileSmall=1/nG+5NjFoMsRuHhDQbeLQ==, figureFileBig=BI+2VF3b98fF/EguGL4NfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242113725166350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Monosaccharides content of different origins roasted coffee beans, figureFileSmall=k2V1fEOYetVQVOW+5vY5nA==, figureFileBig=kJsURk2FD1FoZJF8sQr0IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242113788080911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同产地咖啡烘焙豆单糖含量, figureFileSmall=k2V1fEOYetVQVOW+5vY5nA==, figureFileBig=kJsURk2FD1FoZJF8sQr0IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242113855189776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Diagram of 10 standard amino acid (A) and amino acid (B) composition analysis of roasted coffee beans, figureFileSmall=waH4JGuu4aTkpePUawCgSg==, figureFileBig=q/4t1Ns96CYeOLnswB8hsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242113934881553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=CN, label=图7, caption=17种标准氨基酸(A)和烘焙咖啡豆中氨基酸(B)组成分析图谱, figureFileSmall=waH4JGuu4aTkpePUawCgSg==, figureFileBig=q/4t1Ns96CYeOLnswB8hsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242114001990418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Percentage of amino acids of different roasted coffee beans, figureFileSmall=wXRgzjnBTYLEjtuoym4Djg==, figureFileBig=rABBXIHCztRDU0DlhuYKcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242114106848019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同产地咖啡烘焙豆氨基酸含量百分比, figureFileSmall=wXRgzjnBTYLEjtuoym4Djg==, figureFileBig=rABBXIHCztRDU0DlhuYKcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242114169762580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Multivariate statistical analyses of six different origins coffee samples, figureFileSmall=TGYqWuvNlTboGJN0m2+EfA==, figureFileBig=H/a4Z0d2PDghMdOkH/tjEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242114236871445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=CN, label=图9, caption=6个不同产地咖啡豆多元统计分析, figureFileSmall=TGYqWuvNlTboGJN0m2+EfA==, figureFileBig=H/a4Z0d2PDghMdOkH/tjEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242114312368918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Information on six Hainan coffee bean samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Sample咖啡品种Coffee cultivar产地Origin
兴隆咖啡(XL)中粒种咖啡海南万宁
福山咖啡(FS)中粒种咖啡海南澄迈
琼海咖啡(QH)中粒种咖啡海南琼海
白沙陨石岭咖啡(YSL)中粒种咖啡海南白沙
母山1号咖啡(MS1)中粒种咖啡海南琼中
母山2号咖啡(MS2)中粒种咖啡海南琼中
), ArticleFig(id=1277242114408837911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

6种海南咖啡豆样品信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Sample咖啡品种Coffee cultivar产地Origin
兴隆咖啡(XL)中粒种咖啡海南万宁
福山咖啡(FS)中粒种咖啡海南澄迈
琼海咖啡(QH)中粒种咖啡海南琼海
白沙陨石岭咖啡(YSL)中粒种咖啡海南白沙
母山1号咖啡(MS1)中粒种咖啡海南琼中
母山2号咖啡(MS2)中粒种咖啡海南琼中
), ArticleFig(id=1277242114475946776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Standard curve and correlation coefficient of monosaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号No.物质Component保留时间Retention time/min回归曲线Regression curveR2
1岩藻糖-Fuc2.954y=2358.6x+0.50010.9970
2鼠李糖-Rha4.939y=1626.9x-0.13960.9938
3阿拉伯糖-Ara5.627y=2547.2x +0.98260.9972
4半乳糖-Gal7.275y=2709.3x+2.28220.9941
5葡萄糖-Glc8.115y=2413.6x+6.18240.9963
6木糖-Xyl9.404y=2961.7x+1.08520.9978
7半乳糖醛酸-GalA21.583y=856.63x+0.39250.9971
8葡萄糖醛酸-GlcA22.702y=1420.9x-0.12660.9961
), ArticleFig(id=1277242114543055641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

单糖标准曲线和相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号No.物质Component保留时间Retention time/min回归曲线Regression curveR2
1岩藻糖-Fuc2.954y=2358.6x+0.50010.9970
2鼠李糖-Rha4.939y=1626.9x-0.13960.9938
3阿拉伯糖-Ara5.627y=2547.2x +0.98260.9972
4半乳糖-Gal7.275y=2709.3x+2.28220.9941
5葡萄糖-Glc8.115y=2413.6x+6.18240.9963
6木糖-Xyl9.404y=2961.7x+1.08520.9978
7半乳糖醛酸-GalA21.583y=856.63x+0.39250.9971
8葡萄糖醛酸-GlcA22.702y=1420.9x-0.12660.9961
), ArticleFig(id=1277242114614358810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Monosaccharides composition and content from roasted coffee powder of different origins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单糖Monosaccharide含量Content/[g·(100 g)–1]
XLFSQHYSLMS1MS2分布范围Distribution range
岩藻糖0.175±0.015a0.154±0.010ab0.141±0.011b0.158±0.009ab0.173±0.007a0.150±0.021ab0.141~0.175
鼠李糖0.176±0.003bc0.217±0.005a0.157±0.013c0.225±0.009a0.181±0.008b0.221±0.026a0.157~0.225
阿拉伯糖2.267±0.016b2.348±0.069b1.837±0.093c2.199±0.110b2.607±0.100a2.210±0.151b1.837~2.607
半乳糖3.894±0.100b3.758±0.046bc3.332±0.079d3.810±0.154b4.336±0.070a3.538±0.242cd3.332~4.336
葡萄糖0.307±0.013a0.275±0.006ab0.203±0.008c0.226±0.041bc0.310±0.012a0.262±0.057ab0.203~0.310
木糖3.246±0.077b3.022±0.116bc2.520±0.180d2.973±0.151bc3.604±0.090a2.793±0.260cd2.520~3.604
半乳糖醛酸0.041±0.004b0.028±0.003c0.020±0.005cd0.015±0.007d0.038±0.001b0.062±0.009a0.015~0.062
葡萄糖醛酸0.136±0.008a0.134±0.008a0.086±0.005b0.118±0.013a0.136±0.011a0.131±0.023a0.086~0.136
总计10.241±0.0379.936±0.0418.297±0.0649.724±0.06611.386±0.0429.368±0.1048.297~11.386
), ArticleFig(id=1277242114685661979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同产地咖啡烘焙豆单糖组成及含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单糖Monosaccharide含量Content/[g·(100 g)–1]
XLFSQHYSLMS1MS2分布范围Distribution range
岩藻糖0.175±0.015a0.154±0.010ab0.141±0.011b0.158±0.009ab0.173±0.007a0.150±0.021ab0.141~0.175
鼠李糖0.176±0.003bc0.217±0.005a0.157±0.013c0.225±0.009a0.181±0.008b0.221±0.026a0.157~0.225
阿拉伯糖2.267±0.016b2.348±0.069b1.837±0.093c2.199±0.110b2.607±0.100a2.210±0.151b1.837~2.607
半乳糖3.894±0.100b3.758±0.046bc3.332±0.079d3.810±0.154b4.336±0.070a3.538±0.242cd3.332~4.336
葡萄糖0.307±0.013a0.275±0.006ab0.203±0.008c0.226±0.041bc0.310±0.012a0.262±0.057ab0.203~0.310
木糖3.246±0.077b3.022±0.116bc2.520±0.180d2.973±0.151bc3.604±0.090a2.793±0.260cd2.520~3.604
半乳糖醛酸0.041±0.004b0.028±0.003c0.020±0.005cd0.015±0.007d0.038±0.001b0.062±0.009a0.015~0.062
葡萄糖醛酸0.136±0.008a0.134±0.008a0.086±0.005b0.118±0.013a0.136±0.011a0.131±0.023a0.086~0.136
总计10.241±0.0379.936±0.0418.297±0.0649.724±0.06611.386±0.0429.368±0.1048.297~11.386
), ArticleFig(id=1277242114752770844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Comparative analysis of content and composition of amino acids of roasted coffee beans of different origins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
保留时间Retention time/min氨基酸AA氨基酸含量AA content/[g·(100 g)–1]
XLFSQHYSLMS1MS2
9.000Asp0.874±0.007b0.844±0.021b0.947±0.015a0.853±0.009b0.828±0.034b0.817±0.074b
11.157Thr0.262±0.009b0.263±0.010b0.302±0.005a0.253±0.009b0.254±0.015b0.259±0.014b
12.053Ser0.309±0.028bc0.322±0.007b0.360±0.009a0.282±0.024c0.290±0.022bc0.294±0.013bc
13.733Glu1.758±0.093b1.738±0.016b1.956±0.031a1.697±0.103b1.671±0.110b1.497±0.056c
15.355Pro0.432±0.014b0.418±0.001b0.469±0.009a0.438±0.004ab0.414±0.015b0.419±0.040b
20.413Gly0.700±0.013a0.665±0.004ab0.707±0.010a0.667±0.003ab0.668±0.026ab0.638±0.068b
21.720Ala0.498±0.054a0.443±0.004b0.494±0.008a0.458±0.002ab0.441±0.017b0.431±0.048b
22.877Cys0.138±0.001a0.116±0.004b0.113±0.005bc0.110±0.002bc0.100±0.005cd0.093±0.017d
23.816Val0.328±0.004ab0.300±0.002c0.346±0.004a0.325±0.004abc0.316±0.009bc0.303±0.033bc
25.787Met0.142±0.015ab0.139±0.005abc0.143±0.007a0.135±0.006abc0.126±0.000c0.127±0.005bc
27.880Ile0.227±0.006ab0.204±0.001c0.245±0.003a0.222±0.004bc0.213±0.007bc0.208±0.024bc
28.856Leu0.701±0.016ab0.643±0.002bc0.743±0.010a0.689±0.006ab0.652±0.021bc0.617±0.071c
31.229Tyr0.362±0.009ab0.335±0.005b0.374±0.005a0.347±0.003ab0.347±0.014ab0.335±0.038b
32.461Phe0.489±0.008ab0.444±0.004c0.517±0.017a0.458±0.002bc0.422±0.015cd0.407±0.044d
35.984His0.637±0.053a0.577±0.004ab0.615±0.012ab0.591±0.019ab0.558±0.017b0.545±0.076b
39.229Lys0.146±0.055a0.093±0.007b0.106±0.002ab0.093±0.001b0.093±0.003b0.089±0.011b
42.440Arg0.083±0.005b0.076±0.000c0.098±0.002a0.072±0.003cd0.070±0.003d0.074±0.004cd
总计8.0857.6208.5357.6917.4647.154
), ArticleFig(id=1277242114832462621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190645274416067, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同产地咖啡烘焙豆的氨基酸组成及含量比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
保留时间Retention time/min氨基酸AA氨基酸含量AA content/[g·(100 g)–1]
XLFSQHYSLMS1MS2
9.000Asp0.874±0.007b0.844±0.021b0.947±0.015a0.853±0.009b0.828±0.034b0.817±0.074b
11.157Thr0.262±0.009b0.263±0.010b0.302±0.005a0.253±0.009b0.254±0.015b0.259±0.014b
12.053Ser0.309±0.028bc0.322±0.007b0.360±0.009a0.282±0.024c0.290±0.022bc0.294±0.013bc
13.733Glu1.758±0.093b1.738±0.016b1.956±0.031a1.697±0.103b1.671±0.110b1.497±0.056c
15.355Pro0.432±0.014b0.418±0.001b0.469±0.009a0.438±0.004ab0.414±0.015b0.419±0.040b
20.413Gly0.700±0.013a0.665±0.004ab0.707±0.010a0.667±0.003ab0.668±0.026ab0.638±0.068b
21.720Ala0.498±0.054a0.443±0.004b0.494±0.008a0.458±0.002ab0.441±0.017b0.431±0.048b
22.877Cys0.138±0.001a0.116±0.004b0.113±0.005bc0.110±0.002bc0.100±0.005cd0.093±0.017d
23.816Val0.328±0.004ab0.300±0.002c0.346±0.004a0.325±0.004abc0.316±0.009bc0.303±0.033bc
25.787Met0.142±0.015ab0.139±0.005abc0.143±0.007a0.135±0.006abc0.126±0.000c0.127±0.005bc
27.880Ile0.227±0.006ab0.204±0.001c0.245±0.003a0.222±0.004bc0.213±0.007bc0.208±0.024bc
28.856Leu0.701±0.016ab0.643±0.002bc0.743±0.010a0.689±0.006ab0.652±0.021bc0.617±0.071c
31.229Tyr0.362±0.009ab0.335±0.005b0.374±0.005a0.347±0.003ab0.347±0.014ab0.335±0.038b
32.461Phe0.489±0.008ab0.444±0.004c0.517±0.017a0.458±0.002bc0.422±0.015cd0.407±0.044d
35.984His0.637±0.053a0.577±0.004ab0.615±0.012ab0.591±0.019ab0.558±0.017b0.545±0.076b
39.229Lys0.146±0.055a0.093±0.007b0.106±0.002ab0.093±0.001b0.093±0.003b0.089±0.011b
42.440Arg0.083±0.005b0.076±0.000c0.098±0.002a0.072±0.003cd0.070±0.003d0.074±0.004cd
总计8.0857.6208.5357.6917.4647.154
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基于主要滋味成分指纹图谱和化学计量学鉴别海南不同地区咖啡豆
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翟慧楠 1, 2 , 于菲 1, 2 , 唐玉妹 2, 4 , 董文江 2, 4, 5, * , 李亚男 3, * , 胡荣锁 2, 4, 5
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与质量安全 2024,45(5): 1007-1020
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热带作物学报 |采后处理与质量安全 2024 , 45 (5) : 1007 -1020
基于主要滋味成分指纹图谱和化学计量学鉴别海南不同地区咖啡豆
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翟慧楠1, 2, 于菲1, 2, 唐玉妹2, 4, 董文江2, 4, 5, * , 李亚男3, * , 胡荣锁2, 4, 5
作者信息
  • 1.宁夏大学食品与葡萄酒学院,宁夏银川 750021
  • 2.中国热带农业科学院香料饮料研究所,海南万宁 571533
  • 3.云南省农业科学院热带亚热带经济作物研究所,云南保山 678000
  • 4.海南省特色热带作物适宜性加工与品质控制重点实验室,海南万宁 571533
  • 5.国家重要热带作物工程技术研究中心,海南万宁 571533
通讯作者:
* 董文江(DONG Wenjiang),E-mail:
李亚男(LI Ya’nan),E-mail:
Identification of Hainan Robusta Coffee Origins Based on Main Taste Compontents Fingerprint and Chemometrics
Huinan ZHAI1, 2, Fei YU1, 2, Yumei TANG2, 4, Wenjiang DONG2, 4, 5, * , Ya’nan LI3, * , Rongsuo HU2, 4, 5
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Food and Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
  • 2.Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, Hainan 571533, China
  • 3.Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, Yunnan 678000, China
  • 4.Key Laboratory of Suitability Processing and Quality Control of Characteristic Tropical Crops, Wanning, Hainan 571533, China
  • 5.National Center of Important Tropical Crops Engineering and Technology Research, Wanning, Hainan 571533, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.05.016
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本研究对海南不同产地6种咖啡豆即兴隆咖啡(XL)、福山咖啡(FS)、琼海咖啡(QH)、白沙陨石岭咖啡(YSL)、母山1号咖啡(MS1)、母山2号咖啡(MS2)的主要滋味特征成分进行研究,比较不同产地咖啡烘焙豆间滋味特征成分组成和含量的差异性。基于主要滋味成分指纹图谱对海南6种咖啡豆的化学表征,研究产地对咖啡滋味特征成分的影响,并对6种咖啡进行区分。采用超高效液相色谱法测定6种咖啡豆中8种绿原酸、咖啡因、葫芦巴碱以及8种有机酸的含量;采用离子交换色谱-脉冲安培法测定咖啡样品中单糖的组成及含量;利用全自动氨基酸分析仪测定样品中氨基酸组成及含量。研究结果表明:6种咖啡的滋味成分含量差异显著,咖啡因和葫芦巴碱含量均在母山2号(MS2)咖啡豆中最高,在母山1号(MS1)中最低。氨基酸含量在琼海(QH)豆中最高,绿原酸和单糖含量在琼海(QH)豆中最低。绿原酸在6种咖啡烘焙豆中的含量顺序依次为:咖啡酰奎宁酸(CQAs)>阿魏酰奎宁酸(FQAs)>二咖啡酰奎宁酸(diCQAs)。6种咖啡样品中只有8种单糖组分被检测到,其中半乳糖含量最高。结合主成分分析(PCA)和偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)化学计量学分析,成功将6种咖啡区分,其中兴隆咖啡、白沙陨石岭咖啡和母山二号咖啡间具有较高的相似性,表明基于主要滋味化学组分含量可用于鉴别海南不同产地咖啡。结果证明,通过主要滋味成分指纹图谱能够对不同产地咖啡进行良好区分。该研究揭示了不同产地咖啡的化学组成及品质特征,对咖啡风味品质提升及对优质产品的筛选和鉴别具有重要意义。

咖啡豆  /  产地溯源  /  指纹图谱  /  化学计量学

The main taste components of six different coffee beans from various regions in Hainan, including Xinglong coffee beans (XL), Fushan coffee beans (FS), Qionghai coffee beans (QH), YSL coffee beans from Baisha Yushiling (YSL), MS1 coffee beans from Mushan No.1 (MS1), and MS2 coffee beans from Mushan No.2 (MS2) were studied. Differences in taste composition and component content of the roasted coffee beans from different regions were compared. Based on the chemical characterization of the beans using the fingerprinting of the main taste components, the influence of the origin on the taste characteristics components of coffee beans was investigated and the roasted beans were distinguished. The levels of eight chlorogenic acids, caffeine, trigonelline and eight organic acids in the roasted beans were measured using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), while the composition and content of monosaccharides in the coffee samples were determined using pulsed amperometry by ion exchange chromatography (HPAEC-PAD) and the composition and content of amino acids were determined using an automatic amino acid analyser. The results showed significant differences in the content of taste components among the roasted beans, with the highest content of caffeine and trigonelline found in MS2 beans and the lowest in MS1 beans. The highest content of amino acids was found in QH beans, while the lowest content of chlorogenic acids and monosaccharides was found in QH beans. The content of chlorogenic acids in the roasted beans was as follows: caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs)>feruloylquinic acids (FQAs)>dicaffeoylquinic acids (diCQAs). Only eight monosaccharide components were detected in the six varieties, with the highest content of galactose. Based on principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the six coffees beans were successfully discriminated, with high similarity between the XL coffee beans, YSL and MS2 coffees beans, indicating that the major chemical taste components can be used to distinguish coffee beans from different regions of Hainan. The results show that the fingerprinting of key taste components can effectively distinguish coffee beans from different regions. This study would provide information on the chemical composition and quality characteristics of coffee beans from different regions and provide a theoretical basis for improving coffee flavour quality, which is important for the screening and differentiation of high-quality coffee samples.

coffee beans  /  geographical origin  /  fingerprint  /  chemometrics
翟慧楠, 于菲, 唐玉妹, 董文江, 李亚男, 胡荣锁. 基于主要滋味成分指纹图谱和化学计量学鉴别海南不同地区咖啡豆. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (5) : 1007 -1020 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.05.016
Huinan ZHAI, Fei YU, Yumei TANG, Wenjiang DONG, Ya’nan LI, Rongsuo HU. Identification of Hainan Robusta Coffee Origins Based on Main Taste Compontents Fingerprint and Chemometrics[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (5) : 1007 -1020 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.05.016
咖啡(coffee)是一种茜草科(Rubiaceae)的热带植物,分布在23°26ʹN和23°26ʹS之间的地区,有60多个国家种植。在中国,咖啡主要生长于云南和海南,小粒种和中粒种咖啡分别种植在这2个地区。咖啡是世界上最重要的贸易产品之一,是广受全球消费者欢迎的饮料,并用作许多其他饮料和食品的添加剂,具有长供应链和高经济价值[1]。据统计,2021年全国咖啡种植面积9.39万hm2,同比下降4.58%;总产量10.91万t,同比下降17.85%;农业总产值26.51亿元,同比上涨15.22%。海南省咖啡面积、产量和农业产值分别占全国的1.12%、0.36%和0.30%[2]。我国海南地区种植的咖啡品种主要为中粒种咖啡,通常具有浓而不苦,香而不烈的风味特征。咖啡中除了碳水化合物、脂质、蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素、矿物质等成分外,还富含生物碱类(咖啡因和葫芦巴碱)、绿原酸及二萜类等成分,这些成分的存在使其具有抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、降血糖血脂、神经保护、抗抑郁及保肝护肝等功能特性[3]
咖啡作为世界上最受欢迎的饮品之一,同时也是世界上消费量最大的饮品,与世界各地数十亿人的生活密切相关。咖啡含有多种生物活性成分,包括生物碱(咖啡因、可可碱、茶碱、葫芦巴碱)、多酚(绿原酸、类黄酮、香豆素、木脂素)、碳水化合物、氨基酸、蛋白质和脂类[4]。咖啡活性成分也是咖啡风味的前体物质。随着全球对高品质咖啡的需求和对生产精品咖啡的兴趣不断增加,探究不同咖啡产区对咖啡品质影响的研究已成为国内外学者研究的热点。FASSIO等[5]研究表明,咖啡豆的质量受到不同产区的环境条件、作物管理、收获和收获后处理的显著影响。由海拔和纬度决定的环境因素与饮料质量密切相关,环境作用极大地影响了最终产品的质量。因此,区分不同产区咖啡化学成分的差异对于咖啡鉴定研究至关重要。
本研究对海南不同产地6种咖啡的滋味成分进行研究。通常能够被人们感知的咖啡基本滋味包括酸味、甜味、苦味和涩味。感官属性对于最终咖啡饮品的质量尤为重要,主要由咖啡中部分水溶性滋味成分形成,包括绿原酸、生物碱、有机酸、单糖、氨基酸等构成咖啡滋味品质的主要成分。这些物质在进入口腔后继续与各类受体结合相互作用,进而形成的“味觉”图像,即为滋味特征,又因各组分间组成、含量及交互作用的影响而使咖啡表现出不同的风格。咖啡风味对咖啡质量至关重要,其主要由挥发性风味组分和滋味组分两部分组成,针对咖啡滋味组分化学组成,LANG等[6]研究表明,咖啡具有明显苦味,其中最重要的苦味成分为咖啡因,一种具有显著药理活性的甲基黄嘌呤生物碱,进入人体后反馈出强烈的苦味刺激,对抑郁症、心血管疾病和高血压等具有防护作用。CORDOBA等[7]报道指出,咖啡因、胡芦巴碱和绿原酸还与咖啡的涩味有关。虽然烘焙咖啡豆中的滋味成分变换已经得到了很好的研究,但关于产地对咖啡豆中滋味成分影响的信息尚缺乏。MIAO等[8]研究表明不同产区咖啡豆滋味成分含量显著不同,亚洲咖啡豆的类黄酮含量显著高于其他大洲的咖啡。南美和北美咖啡豆的还原糖含量显著高于大洋洲咖啡豆。MEHARII等[9]研究埃塞俄比亚4个地理区域的生咖啡豆中可溶性和细胞壁结合多酚的浓度,已发现生咖啡豆的多酚含量因地理来源而异。
咖啡受欢迎程度来自于咖啡对消费者的刺激效果,一方面因其具有潜在的健康效益,另一方面来自于咖啡独特的感官特性。因此,作为全球流行饮品和世界市场上价值最高的经济作物之一,影响其感官质量的物质基础一直备受关注。但对于海南不同产地咖啡烘焙豆主要滋味成分组成含量的差异性尚未得到很好的阐明。因此,本实验目的是表征海南6种咖啡烘焙豆的主要滋味成分,研究烘焙后6种咖啡豆滋味成分的差异。本研究主要采用超高效液相色谱法、离子交换色谱法以及氨基酸检测分析技术,对构成咖啡滋味品质的主要成分(生物碱类、酸类、单糖等)进行定性及定量分析,最后使用多元统计手段利用滋味特征成分的差异对海南6种咖啡豆加以区分。了解烘焙豆中主要滋味成分的化学组成参数以及品种间成分组成的变量值,将为优质咖啡品种筛选、品种区分及产地溯源提供理论支持,同时为咖啡饮品开发、进一步提高咖啡经济价值提供科学依据。
以海南6个地区咖啡鲜果为原料,选择红色成熟、无霉烂变质、无病虫害的果实,经过统一采收、热风干燥(40 ℃处理至水分含量为10%~12%)、机械脱壳等过程,最后获取6种咖啡生豆,具体样品信息见表1。将准备好的生豆在阴凉干燥避光环境下储藏备用。
8种绿原酸标品:3-咖啡酰奎宁酸(3-CQA)、5-咖啡酰奎宁酸(5-CQA)、4-咖啡酰奎宁酸(4-CQA)、3,4-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(3,4-diCQA)、3,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(3,5-diCQA)、4,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(4,5-diCQA)、5-阿魏酰奎宁酸(5-FQA)、4-阿魏酰奎宁酸(4-FQA)、葫芦巴碱和咖啡因标准品,四川省维克奇生物科技公司;8种有机酸标准品,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;18种氨基酸混标、氨基酸分析仪试剂(缓冲液、再生液及茚三酮套装),北京赛卡姆科学仪器有限公司;单糖标准品,上海源叶生物科技有限公司。以上标准品均为HPLC级,纯度≥98%。其他试剂和耗材:三水合亚铁氰化钾(AR,99%),上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;冰乙酸(HPLC级,≥98%)、二水合乙酸锌及三氟乙酸(AR,99%),上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;甲醇(HPLC级,≥98%),美国默克公司;试验用水全部为娃哈哈纯净水;盐酸、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸(AR),广州化学试剂厂。
1290 Infinity型超高效液相色谱仪(UPLC),美国安捷伦公司;ICS-5000+型离子交换色谱,美国Thermofisher公司;S-433D型全自动氨基酸分析仪,德国Sykam公司;LXJ-IIB型离心机,上海安亭科学仪器厂;AL204型电子天平,梅特勒托利多仪器有限公司;PROBATINO Typ 2SSH型咖啡豆烘焙机,德国Probat仪器公司;VTA-6S3型咖啡豆研磨机,德国MAHLKONIG仪器公司;SB-5200DT型超声波清洗器,宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;Lighttells CM-100咖啡烘焙色度仪,上海大正器具有限公司。
在滚筒式咖啡烘焙机中对每批次500.0 g的咖啡生豆进行烘焙处理。设置烘焙初始入锅温度180 ℃,烘焙机燃气火力为1.7,烘焙时长7.5~8.0 min,最终出锅温度为208~ 209 ℃,得到中等烘烤度(CM-100得分#55.0~ 60.0)。烘焙前进行预热处理(20~30 min),保证后续烘焙过程炉温的稳定;烘焙结束后,采取冷风降温3~5 min,使烘焙豆温度快速冷却至室温,豆内成分较快趋于稳定。试验前,烘焙咖啡豆经研磨处理,过40目筛(425 μm)后,置于4 ℃下真空贮存,备用。
采用UPLC法测定6种咖啡烘焙豆中生物碱(咖啡因及葫芦巴碱)、绿原酸组成及含量,单位g/100 g。(1)标准曲线绘制:将咖啡因、葫芦巴碱和8种绿原酸类标准品3-CQA(新绿原酸)、5-CQA(绿原酸)、4-CQA(隐绿原酸)、3,4-diCQA(异绿原酸B)、3,5-diCQA(异绿原酸A)、4,5-diCQA(异绿原酸C)、5-FQA(5-阿魏酰奎宁酸)和4-FQA(4-阿魏酰奎宁酸)用甲醇溶液配制成1 mg/mL的储备液。制备成100、50、20、10、5、1、0.5 µg/mL标准溶液,进行UPLC检测。以标准液浓度为横坐标,峰面积为纵坐标绘制标准曲线。(2)样液制备:参考CLIFFORD等[10]的方法并适量修改。称取0.5 g咖啡粉,加入50 mL 70%的甲醇溶液,室温超声提取30 min后25 ℃下5000 r/min离心10 min。取4 mL上清液,分别加入250 mmol/L三水合亚铁氰化钾溶液(卡瑞试剂I)和1 mmol/L含3%冰乙酸的二水合乙酸锌溶液(卡瑞试剂Ⅱ)各0.1 mL,5000 r/min离心10 min以沉淀和除去蛋白质。取上清液过0.22 μm滤膜,经UPLC检测,每种样品平行测定3次,结果以平均值±标准偏差表示。(3)UPLC测定条件:色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax Eclispe Plus C18(4.6 mm×100 mm,3.5 μm)。流动相A为甲醇,B为0.1%甲酸水。梯度洗脱程序为0~20 min:5%~30%A;20~20.5 min:30%~35%A;20.5~45 min:35%~45%A;45~ 50 min:45%~100%A;50~55 min:100%A;运行时间6 min。柱温25 ℃;流速0.5 mL/min;进样体积2 μL;生物碱及绿原酸类DAD检测波长分别为254 nm和325 nm。
采用UPLC法测定6种咖啡烘焙豆中8种有机酸(草酸、酒石酸、奎尼酸、甲酸、苹果酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸)的组成及含量,单位g/100 g。(1)标准曲线绘制:将8种有机酸标准品用甲醇溶液配制成1 mg/mL的储备液。逐级稀释,制备成100、50、20、10、5、1、0.5 µg/mL标准溶液经UPLC检测。以标准液浓度为横坐标,峰面积为纵坐标绘制标准曲线。(2)样液制备:取5.0 g咖啡样品于100 mL圆底烧瓶,用60 mL纯净水70 ℃水浴回流提取2.5 h,4000 r/min下离心10 min,取上清液用超纯水定容置于100 mL容量瓶,样液过0.22 µm水相滤膜后用于UPLC分析。(3)UPLC测定条件:色谱柱为Zorbax SB-AQ柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5.0 µm),柱温30 ℃。流动相A为甲醇,B为0.01 mol/L NaH2PO4溶液(用0.5 mol/L的磷酸将pH调至2.0),5%甲醇等度洗脱,流速为0.5 mL/min,DAD检测器波长为210 nm,进样量10 µL。
采用离子交换色谱-脉冲安培法测定10种单糖(岩藻糖-Fuc、鼠李糖-Rha、阿拉伯糖-Ara、半乳糖-Gal、葡萄糖-Glc、木糖-Xyl、果糖-Fru、核糖-Rib、半乳糖醛酸-GalA、葡萄糖醛酸-GlcA)的组成及含量。仪器配备安培检测器,利用Dionex CarboPac PA20(150 mm×3 mm,6.5 μm)高效阴离子色谱柱进行分离,配备CarboPac PG20保护柱(30 mm×3 mm,6.5 μm)。结果以“g/100 g”表示。(1)标准曲线绘制:分别取10种单糖标品配制5 mg/mL的单糖母液。逐级稀释母液,配置成浓度范围在0.0005~ 0.05 mg/mL的单糖混标,过0.45 μm滤膜后上机检测。(2)样液制备:在分析之前,用50 mL石油醚55 ℃水浴提取细磨的2.0 g烘焙咖啡粉25 min,提取2次以除去脂肪(脱脂),后用温和的N2流除去残留的石油醚得脱脂粉[11]。称取20 mg脱脂后的咖啡粉,加入2.0 mL 2 mol/L的三氟乙酸(trifluoroacetic acid,TFA),抽真空封管后置于110 ℃烘箱水解2 h。旋干三氟乙酸后加入1.0 mL甲醇洗涤旋干,重复3次。加入1.0 mL纯净水溶解成20 mg/mL的母液,最终稀释配制成1.0 mg/mL样品试液。(3)仪器测定条件。流动相:A相为去离子水;B相为200 mmol NaOH;C相为1 mol/L NaAc/25 mmol NaOH;流速为0.5 mL/min,进样量为25 μL。洗脱条件:0~5 min:9%B;5.1~ 14 min:4%B;14.1~24 min:4%B、5%C;24~ 24.1 min:4%B、20%C;24.2~40 min:100%B。
使用全自动氨基酸分析仪进行茚三酮柱后衍生法同时测定6种咖啡烘焙豆中18种氨基酸的组成及含量,最终结果以“g/100 g”表示。使用S-433D氨基酸分析检测系统,配备有电子恒温自动进样器S5200、Sykam S2100四元梯度泵及DataApex U-PAD2检测器,用于测定样品中的氨基酸。100 mg咖啡粉加入10 mL盐酸(6 mol/L),冰藏5 min取出,抽真空后封管,置于110 ℃下水解22 h,取出冷却至室温。取水解液过滤置10 mL离心管,-4 ℃下贮存备用。取0.2 mL于5 mL试管中,氮气吹干后加入1 mL专用样品稀释液,过0.22 μm滤膜后上机检测。通过比较氨基酸的保留时间与混合氨基酸标准品的保留时间来鉴定氨基酸。使用峰面积的外部标准校准与真实标准的浓度进行定量分析。数据分析软件ClarityAmino提供快捷准确的图谱数据分析。
采用SPSS 22.0软件进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),Origin 2018软件和SIMCA 14.1软件绘图。所有实验平行测定3次,结果以用M±SD表示。
图1咖啡烘焙样品生物碱和绿原酸分离色谱图所示,利用UPLC法能够使咖啡样品中生物碱及绿原酸实现良好的分离效果,进而测定2种生物碱(葫芦巴碱、咖啡因)和8种绿原酸组成及含量。
GINZ等[12]研究表明咖啡的苦味来源于咖啡中所含的苦味物质,咖啡因和葫芦巴碱被认为是咖啡苦味的主要贡献者。咖啡因和葫芦巴碱是咖啡中最主要的2种生物碱,葫芦巴碱是一种吡啶生物碱,来源于烟酸氮原子的甲基化,故又被称为N-甲基烟酸,二者对咖啡饮品苦味和涩味影响较大。6个产地烘焙咖啡豆中,咖啡因含量范围为1.389~1.644 g/100 g,葫芦巴碱含量则分布在0.399~0.560 g/100 g之间,如图2A所示,咖啡因和葫芦巴碱均在MS2咖啡豆中存在最高含量,相反,在MS1中含量均最低。此外,咖啡因含量QH(1.633 g/100 g)>YSL(1.595 g/100 g)>XL(1.540 g/100 g)>FS(1.532 g/100 g),葫芦巴碱含量XL(0.514 g/100 g)>YSL(0.470 g/100 g)>FS(0.424 g/100 g)>QH(0.407 g/100 g)。
综上,咖啡因和葫芦巴碱含量因咖啡产地不同而产生差异,可能会影响最终咖啡感官品质。就葫芦巴碱而言,MS2咖啡比MS1咖啡含有较高水平的葫芦巴碱,由于其不同的含量产生了2种咖啡风味特征。葫芦巴碱会伴随着烘焙过程发生热降解反应,最终形成一系列不同挥发性化合物,如吡啶和吡咯衍生物、烟酸、烟酸甲酯等,这些化合物则会影响咖啡饮品的风味形成和香气产生[13]
绿原酸(CGAs)是咖啡中的主要酚类化合物,在烘焙咖啡风味的形成中起着重要作用,有助于最终的酸度,并对确定咖啡杯的质量有显著影响。有文献指出,低浓度CGAs会导致苦味,而高浓度则会导致酸味[14]。本研究测定6种咖啡豆中均含有8种CGAs,如图1B所示,已按出峰时间依次分离为新绿原酸、绿原酸、隐绿原酸、5-阿魏酰奎宁酸、4-阿魏酰奎宁酸、异绿原酸B、异绿原酸A和异绿原酸C。CGAs通常被分为3种,包括咖啡酰奎宁酸(CQAs)、二咖啡酰奎宁酸(diCQAs)和阿魏酰奎宁酸(FQA),由于碳-碳共价键的热断裂,导致它们在烘焙初期阶段发生异构化,例如CQAs产生3种异构体即新绿原酸、绿原酸和隐绿原酸(3-CQAs、5-CQAs、4-CQAs);异绿原酸B(3,4-diCQAs)、异绿原酸A(3,5-diCQAs)和异绿原酸C(4,5-diCQAs)则互为diCQAs异构体。在烘焙后期发生差向异构化、内酯化以及降解反应,含量会有所损失,其损失量CQAs>diCQAs>FQAs[15]。尽管CGAs不耐热,但在咖啡中含量相对较高,是咖啡功能特性的主要成分,如除抗氧化能力和抗炎作用外,还具有抗癌和抗突变特性[16]。如图2B所示,6种咖啡豆中8种CGAs的含量分布各不相同。其中,3-CQAs含量(0.473~0.509 g/100 g)在QH豆中最低,FS中最高;5-CQAs含量(1.200~ 1.293 g/100 g)在MS1豆中最低,FS中最高;4-CQAs(0.635~ 0.722 g/100 g)在XL豆中最低,YSL中最高。与3-CQAs和5-CQAs相反,FS豆中5-FQA含量(0.549~0.814 g/100 g)最低,MS2中最高;而MS2咖啡豆中的4-FQA含量(0.079~0.184 g/100 g)最低,XL中含量最高。结果与ONAKPOYA等[17]研究结果一致,咖啡中绿原酸类化合物主要以绿原酸、新绿原酸和隐绿原酸3种异构体为主,含量十分丰富,三者在咖啡中占多酚总量的80%以上。就二咖啡酰奎宁酸而言,3,4-diCQAs(0.086~ 0.102 g/100 g)和4,5-diCQAs(0.063~0.081 g/100 g)含量均在MS1豆中最低,MS2豆中最高;3,5-diCQAs含量(0.040~0.052 g/100 g)则在MS1豆中最低,FS豆中含量最高。可以看出,CGAs含量在不同咖啡品种中分布不同,表明产地对咖啡中CGAs的含量有影响。整体看,CGAs在6种咖啡烘焙豆中的含量为CQAs>FQAs>diCQAs。这些酸与咖啡饮品的涩味、苦味和酸度有关,但并非含量越高对咖啡的感官质量效益越好,例如,已经发现一些以高含量存在的物质,如咖啡酰奎宁酸CQAs和阿魏酰奎宁酸FQA,与不良风味有关[18]。CGAs是在烘焙过程中产生的苯酚和儿茶酚前体,可在冲泡过程中形成令人不快的感官味道[19]
酸度与甜度、苦度和香味是评价咖啡饮品品质的重要因素之一,咖啡的酸度主要与咖啡烘焙过程中产生的有机酸有关,通常能够被感知到的酸度主要归因于咖啡中的水溶性羧酸,如甲酸、乙酸、柠檬酸及苹果酸等,因带有大量H+,是使冲泡咖啡呈现酸滋味的主要来源[20]。因此考察不同产地咖啡烘焙豆中有机酸含量变化对冲泡咖啡口感影响极为重要。采用UPLC对咖啡烘焙豆中的有机酸进行测定,由样品有机酸分离色谱图(图3)所示,8种有机酸按保留时间长短依次分离为草酸(5.612 min)、酒石酸(6.076 min)、奎宁酸(6.355 min)、甲酸(6.661 min)、苹果酸(7.089 min)、乙酸(8.234 min)、柠檬酸(9.757 min)以及琥珀酸(10.776 min)。如图3B可知,8种有机酸在6种咖啡烘焙豆中均有检出。
图4为8种有机酸在6种咖啡样品中的含量分布,可看出不同咖啡有机酸含量存在一定差异。其中,6种咖啡豆中草酸含量范围为0.130~0.335 g/100 g、酒石酸为0.092~0.233 g/100 g、奎宁酸为0.184~0.241 g/100 g、甲酸为12.381~14.011 g/100 g、苹果酸为1.901~2.085 g/100 g、乙酸为0.204~ 1.246 g/100 g、柠檬酸为0.321~ 0.425 g/100 g以及琥珀酸0.667~0.856 g/100 g;即样品中含量:甲酸>苹果酸>琥珀酸>柠檬酸>乙酸>奎宁酸>草酸>酒石酸。草酸、酒石酸和乙酸含量在6种咖啡样品间差异显著(P<0.05),其中,草酸和乙酸含量在FS咖啡豆中最高,而酒石酸含量在FS中最低;MS1中草酸含量最低,其乙酸含量(1.079 g/100 g)和酒石酸含量(0.223 g/100 g)较高。奎宁酸是CGAs的主要降解产物,会随着烘焙时间和烘焙程度的增长或增强而降解,形成儿茶酚、苯酚、苯甲酸和2-呋喃基甲醇等物质[21]。奎宁酸、柠檬酸和苹果酸有助于增加咖啡饮品的酸度[22]。同样,FS豆中奎宁酸、甲酸、苹果酸及柠檬酸含量最高,尤其奎宁酸含量(0.241 g/100 g)远超其他产地,而奎宁酸含量在XL和YSL豆(约0.191 g/100 g)间无显著性差异,在QH、MS1和MS2豆(约0.185 g/100 g)间差异不显著。另外,琥珀酸在FS咖啡豆中含量较低,为0.731 g/100 g,在XL豆中含量最低,MS2豆中含量最高,而在QH、YSL及MS1豆(0.830~ 0.840 g/100 g)之间差异不显著。奎宁酸和CGAs一样,属于酚酸类,高浓度时会使咖啡饮品呈现苦味和涩感;而酒石酸、甲酸、苹果酸以及柠檬酸等属于脂肪族酸,浓度高时会产生尖酸味[23]。综上,烘焙咖啡中有机酸的含量受咖啡产地的影响,因产地不同导致其有机酸含量的分布差异,进而可能会影响最终咖啡饮品的感官质量。
除了酸度和苦味,甜度等感官属性对咖啡饮品的质量亦至关重要。离子色谱-脉冲安培法(HPAEC-PAD)是近年发展起来的一种糖类物质分析方法,其原理是单糖通过在安培检测器的金电极表面发生氧化反应,引起电流变化而被检测。本研究采用HPAEC-PAD法测定6种样品中10种单糖的组成及含量,如图5所示,6种咖啡样品中只检测到8种单糖组分,其中果糖-Fru和核糖-Rib在样品中均未检测到。蔗糖是生咖啡豆中最丰富的糖,在烘焙过程中,被水解成影响咖啡甜度的葡萄糖和果糖[24]。如表2所示,8种单糖回归曲线相关系数R2>0.990,证明拟合度良好,能够准确测定烘焙咖啡豆中单糖组成含量。
表3可知,8种单糖在6个不同产地咖啡豆中的含量分布各不相同,其含量为MS1(11.386 g/100 g)>XL(10.241 g/100 g)>FS(9.936 g/100 g)>YSL(9.724 g/100 g)>MS2(9.368 g/100 g)>QH(8.297 g/100 g),其总含量在QH中含量最少,MS1中含量最多(图6)。除半乳糖醛酸外(FS和MS2中含量分别为最低和最高),其他单糖含量均在QH中最低,而多数单糖均在MS1中含量最高。鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖含量较高的样品在感官品质上会表现出明显的甜香,鼠李糖在FS、YSL和MS2豆中含量较高且差异较小;阿拉伯糖在MS1中含量最高,在QH中含量最低,与XL、FS、YSL和MS2咖啡豆相比差异显著(P<0.05),而XL、FS、YSL和MS2咖啡豆间差异不显著;XL和MS1中葡萄糖含量较高,QH和YSL中含量较低。8种单糖在6种咖啡豆中含量由高到低依次为:半乳糖>木糖>阿拉伯糖>葡萄糖>鼠李糖>岩藻糖>葡萄糖醛酸>半乳糖醛酸。与KIM等[25]的研究结果一致,半乳糖是咖啡豆中的主要单糖,其次是阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖和鼠李糖。因此,由于咖啡产地的多样性,单糖的含量出现了差异性。一般来说,较高的糖含量与更好的杯品质量有关[19]
氨基酸作为咖啡风味的前体物质,烘焙过程中会与糖类发生美拉德反应生成吡嗪类、吡咯类以及呋喃类化合物;也可发生斯特克降解反应生成醛类、酮类化合物,进而形成特有的咖啡风味、香气和滋味[26]。本研究采用氨基酸柱后衍生法即茚三酮法,具有衍生反应迅速、产物稳定、重现性好、能检测多数氨基酸等优点,原理主要是茚三酮可以与一级氨基酸产生深蓝或蓝紫色衍生物,与二级氨基酸反应生成黄色衍生物[27]
图7可知,对咖啡中17种氨基酸含量进行了分析,分别为7种必需氨基酸:异亮氨酸(Ile)、甲硫氨酸(Met)、缬氨酸(Val)、亮氨酸(Leu)、苏氨酸(Thr)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)以及赖氨酸(Lys);10种非必需氨基酸:天冬氨酸(Asp)、丝氨酸(Ser)、谷氨酸(Glu)、脯氨酸(Pro)、甘氨酸(Gly)、丙氨酸(Ala)、半胱氨酸(Cys)、酪氨酸(Tyr)、组氨酸(His)以及精氨酸(Arg)。烘焙咖啡豆中单个氨基酸含量略有不同,且6种咖啡中含量分布和占比也不同(表4)。XL和QH咖啡豆中大多数氨基酸含量略高,相反,MS1和MS2中多数氨基酸含量较低。氨基酸受热会降解生成其他化合物,例如,色氨酸(Trp)降解后会产生吲哚以及3-甲基吲哚,6种咖啡豆中未检测出Trp,可能在烘焙过程中分解程度较剧烈,含量无法到达检出限,故未检测出。
因氨基酸受体不同,氨基酸可分为鲜味、甜味、苦味和无味氨基酸组分,天冬氨酸及谷氨酸等为主要的鲜味氨基酸,呈鲜甜口感;异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和缬氨酸则为苦味氨基酸,呈现苦味;呈甜味氨基酸则包括丝氨酸、苏氨酸、甘氨酸以及丙氨酸[28]。咖啡豆含有多种氨基酸,实际分布取决于许多变量,包括咖啡豆的产区。QH中的Asp含量为0.947 g/100 g,其含量显著高于其他产区(P<0.005),由图8可以看出,Asp占6种咖啡豆总氨基酸含量的11%,说明在不同产地间分布均匀且含量较高。同样,Thr在QH(0.302 g/100 g)中含量仍为最高且较其他产地差异显著,然而整体含量与其他氨基酸相比较低,只占总氨基酸含量的3%~4%。谷氨酸在QH和MS2中分别占据最高和最低含量,且含量与其他产地豆间差异显著(P<0.05);Val在6种咖啡豆中差异性较小,占总氨基酸含量的4%,在FS中发现最低含量为0.300 g/100 g。6种咖啡豆17种氨基酸总含量为7.154~8.535 g/100 g,QH咖啡豆中含量最高,MS2中最低,最终含量分布为QH>XL>YSL>FS>MS1>MS2。不同产区对咖啡豆氨基酸含量影响较大,对咖啡滋味造成影响。17种氨基酸在烘焙咖啡豆中含量分布不同,其中谷氨基酸含量最高(1.497~1.956 g/100 g;占比21%~23%);Asp(0.817~0.947 g/100 g)含量较高、Arg(0.070~0.098 g/100 g)其中含量最低,占比1%。
多元分析技术,如主成分分析(PCA)可进行样品整体品质差异的区分检验,该技术允许从大数据矩阵中减少数据,而不损失重要信息,可用于获得整体质量和化学成分之间的关联,将变量关联为样本,并且还可识别主成分形成中变量之间的关系。PLS-DA分析可用于原产地保护产品以及品牌产品真伪辨识。PLS为多因变量对多自变量的回归建模方法,适于多自变量个数多于观测样本数或变量之间高度相关的数据分析,具有PCA和多元线性回归分析的优点[29]。为更好地了解6种咖啡中主要滋味成分的变化,应用PCA和PLS-DA统计分析方法获得了不同咖啡样品中滋味特征成分的差异概况。
PCA二维得分投影图如图9A所示,前2个主成分PC1和PC2方差贡献率分别为38.7%和20.2%。整体来看,6个品种均处于各自的集中分布区,其中XL、YSL和MS2咖啡豆较密切地聚集,与产地FS、QH和MS1距离较远,说明这3个产地咖啡在主要滋味成分上与其他品种差异较大,且结合载荷图(图9B)可以看出,3个产地咖啡与隐绿原酸和乙酸相关性最高;此外,QH与氨基酸相关性较高,琥珀酸和5-阿魏奎宁酸同MS1相关性较高,而新绿原酸和奎宁酸与FS咖啡相关性较高。PCA基础上采用PLS-DA分析(图9C)产地间差异,所得分析结果和PCA分析结果一致,证实了分析方法的稳定性和重现性[30]。以滋味特征成分为X变量,对应的咖啡产地做Y变量建立偏最小二乘分析模型,进一步探讨不同产地咖啡样品与滋味化学组分之间的关系。PLS模型中包含的2个潜在变量(PC1和PC2)代表了X矩阵方差的38.4%和Y矩阵方差的20.3%。图9D显示XL和QH样品同时位于PC1的正维度中,其中XL中绿原酸和异绿原酸含量较突出,QH则与氨基酸含量呈正相关。另外,FS和YSL接近PC1中心轴线,MS1和MS2则位于PC1的负维度中,因滋味成分含量不同呈现明显区分,且相关性结果与PCA分析结果一致。综上表明主要滋味化学组分可用于鉴别海南不同产地咖啡,结合多种化学计量学方法分析,成功将6种咖啡区分,其中XL、YSL和MS2间具有较高的相似性。
目前,咖啡化学成分以及滋味特征成分的研究较普遍,例如比较不同品种和不同初加工预处理方式、不同烘焙方式以及不同的萃取冲泡方式等对咖啡滋味成分的影响[31];而针对海南目前不同产地咖啡对滋味特征成分表征分析研究尚未见报道。GLOESS等[32]研究来自不同物种和地理来源的小粒种和中粒种咖啡结果表明,在相同烘焙条件下滋味成分绿原酸含量在中粒种咖啡种中高于小粒种咖啡。CIARAMELLI等[33]通过核磁共振波谱研究来自10个不同产区的中度烘焙咖啡豆的代谢物结果表明,来自肯尼亚的中粒种咖啡提取物中的绿原酸和咖啡因的含量较高,可能与其种植地理环境有关。本研究结果表明,8种绿原酸总含量在6种不同产区的中粒种咖啡豆中分布为MS2(3.483 g/100 g)>YSL(3.439 g/100 g)>FS(3.403 g/100 g)>MS1(3.368 g/100 g)>XL(3.356 g/100 g)>QH(3.318 g/100 g)。6种咖啡豆中检测出咖啡因含量范围为1.532~1.633 g/100 g,而葫芦巴碱含量为0.407~ 0.514 g/100 g,在XL中含量最高,QH中含量最低;即不同产区咖啡豆滋味成分含量不同与其地理环境密切相关。8种有机酸在不同咖啡样品中的含量不同,其中草酸(0.130~0.335 g/100 g)、酒石酸(0.092~ 0.233 g/100 g)和乙酸(0.204~1.246 g/100 g)含量在6种咖啡样品之间差异最为显著。6种咖啡中8种单糖的总含量在8.297~11.386 g/100 g之间,在QH中含量最少,MS1中含量最多。6种咖啡豆17种氨基酸总含量为7.154~8.535 g/100 g,QH咖啡豆中含量最高,MS2豆中最低,最终含量分布为QH>XL>YSL>FS>MS1>MS2;且在烘焙咖啡豆中含量分布不同,其中谷氨基酸含量最高(1.497~1.956 g/100 g;占比21%~23%),精氨酸(0.070~0.098 g/100 g)含量最低,占比1%。PEREZ等[34]论述了基于咖啡豆的化学成分用于追踪咖啡地理起源的技术,该方法可以在大陆或更局部的层面上区分咖啡种植区。本研究的PCA和PLS-DA结果显示,主要滋味化学组分含量可用于鉴别海南不同产地咖啡,并通过多种化学计量学分析方法,成功将6种咖啡区分,其中XL、YSL和MS2间具有较高的相似性。结果证明,通过主要滋味成分指纹图谱,能够对海南6个产地咖啡进行良好区分。综上所述,6种咖啡豆在滋味特征方面呈现不同,并体现在豆间化学组分含量的差异性上。了解不同化学组成参数对海南咖啡风味的调控及影响,将为海南咖啡烘焙工艺改进及品质提升提供参考,为冲泡和影响饮品感官特性的化学成分之间的联系提供有价值的见解,将为优质咖啡品种筛选、品种区分及产地溯源提供理论支持。
  • 云南省重大科技专项计划项目(202302AE090004)
  • 海南省重点研发计划项目(ZDYF2021XDNY147)
  • 海南省自然科学基金项目(320MS107)
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2024年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.05.016
  • 接收时间:2023-03-01
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2024-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-01
  • 修回日期:2023-04-02
基金
云南省重大科技专项计划项目(202302AE090004)
海南省重点研发计划项目(ZDYF2021XDNY147)
海南省自然科学基金项目(320MS107)
作者信息
    1.宁夏大学食品与葡萄酒学院,宁夏银川 750021
    2.中国热带农业科学院香料饮料研究所,海南万宁 571533
    3.云南省农业科学院热带亚热带经济作物研究所,云南保山 678000
    4.海南省特色热带作物适宜性加工与品质控制重点实验室,海南万宁 571533
    5.国家重要热带作物工程技术研究中心,海南万宁 571533

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* 董文江(DONG Wenjiang),E-mail:
李亚男(LI Ya’nan),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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