Article(id=1276190581302891192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276190518317023323, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.05.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1667750400000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-07, revisedDate=1671379200000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782197145056, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1716566400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782197145056, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782197145056, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782197145056, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276190518317023323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='873', pageEnd='1093', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1716566400000', pubDateStr='2024-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782197130040, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782197317472, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276191304694493587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276190518317023323, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276191304694493588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276190518317023323, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=955, endPage=963, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276190581537772218, articleId=1276190581302891192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Regulation of Starch Degradation by AQPs and NO During the Germination of Rice Seeds, columnId=1236256434120348225, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important food crop, and the normal germination of rice seeds is related to the growth and yield of the plant in the later period. The germination begins with water absorption by dry seeds and ends with cotyl elongation. Water transport within and between cells is highly selectively regulated by aquaporins (AQPs). The seeds of cereal are rich in starch. And the endogenous gibberellin can induce the synthesis of hydrolase such as α-amylase in the embryo and secrete them into the starchy endosperm to degrade starch into small molecules for seed germination. Studies have shown that only α-amylase can complete the degradation of starch in rice seeds. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that forms a variety of active nitrogen substances. It also participated in the signaling process of seed dormancy removal. NO donor plays a role in seed germination by enhancing amylase activity. NO donor can promote seed germination by improving the activity of amylase. Rice hybrid seeds of ‘BoⅡ you 767’ were used as experimental materials to investigate the effects of aquaporins (AQPs) and nitric oxide (NO) on the germination of rice seeds. In this study, NO synthesis inhibitors N-(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and sodium tungstate (ST), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an exogenous donor of NO, and mercury chloride (HgCl2), an activity inhibitor of AQPs, were used to treat rice seeds. The changes of water absorption capacity, amylase activity and starch degradation rate during germination of rice seeds were determined in virtue of apparent analysis and index detection. The results showed that the water absorption capacity, amylase activity and germination rate decreased in the rice seeds treated with 90 mg/L HgCl2, while the starch content remained high, and the growth of radicle and germ was inhibited. However, NO exogenous donor SNP could reverse the effect of HgCl2. And the effect of NO synthesis inhibitors L-NAME (15 mmol/L) and ST (80 µmol/L) on the germination of rice seeds was similar to that of HgCl2. The results indicated that AQPs could induce water uptake, stimulate amylase, accelerate starch degradation and promote seed germination in the early germinating stage of rice seeds through NO. The study would lay a theoretical foundation for improving rice yield.

, authors=null, authorsList=Zhixia LU, Chunlin TAN, Huiping CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huiping CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276190584368927431, articleId=1276190581302891192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=AQPs、NO调节水稻种子萌发过程淀粉降解的研究, columnId=1236256434313286224, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=作物栽培与生理生化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)是一种重要的粮食作物,其种子的正常萌发关乎后期植株的生长及产量。种子萌发始于干种子对水分的吸收,止于胚轴伸长。细胞内部及细胞间的水分运输,受水通道蛋白(aquaporins,AQPs)高度选择性调节。禾谷类的种子富含淀粉,内源性赤霉素可诱导α-淀粉酶等水解酶在胚中合成,并将其分泌至淀粉性胚乳中降解淀粉为小分子物质,供种子萌发需要。研究表明,只有α-淀粉酶才能完成水稻种子淀粉的降解。一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)是一种信号分子,可形成各种活性氮物质,并参与解除种子休眠信号传导过程,NO供体可通过提高淀粉酶活性促进种子萌发。为探究AQPs、NO对水稻种子萌发的影响,本研究以博Ⅱ优767的水稻杂交种子为试验材料,采用NO合成抑制剂N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯[N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester,L-NAME]、钨酸钠(sodium tungstate,ST)与NO外源供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)、AQPs活性抑制剂氯化汞(HgCl2)等对水稻种子进行处理,并借助表观分析和指标检测等手段确定水稻种子萌发过程中种子吸水能力、淀粉酶活性和淀粉降解速率等的变化。研究结果表明:经90 mg/L HgCl2预处理的水稻种子,其吸水能力、淀粉酶活性和萌发率均下降,淀粉含量保持较高水平,胚根和胚芽的生长受到抑制;而NO外源供体SNP则可逆转HgCl2的效应,且NO合成抑制剂L-NAME(15 mmol/L)和ST(80 µmol/L)对水稻种子萌发的作用效应与HgCl2的相似。结果表明,在水稻种子早期萌发阶段,AQPs可通过NO介导诱发种子吸收水分,激发淀粉酶,加速淀粉降解,从而促进种子的萌发。探究AQPs与NO在调节水稻种子萌发过程中的关系,对提高农作物产量奠定理论基础。

, authors=

卢志霞(1999—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物生长发育与调控。

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* 陈惠萍(CHEN Huiping),E-mail:
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卢志霞(1999—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物生长发育与调控。

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Plant Signaling and Behavior, 2017, 12(12): e1293217., articleTitle=Involvement of nitric oxide in enhanced germination and seedling growth of magnetoprimed maize seeds, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1277242003293344203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190581302891192, awardId=31960453, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(31960453), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1277241990530077092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190581302891192, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277241990551048613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190581302891192, companyId=1277241990530077092, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Life Science, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277241990572020134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190581302891192, companyId=1277241990530077092, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=海南大学生命科学学院,海南海口 570228)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1277242000252473792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190581302891192, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Changes of water absorption capacity in rice seeds after different treatments, figureFileSmall=lEgMbesCWwUj62lpX6nxfQ==, figureFileBig=+9YdQ6WM6PrdxE2gucJgcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242000608989633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190581302891192, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同处理下水稻种子吸水能力的变化

不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=lEgMbesCWwUj62lpX6nxfQ==, figureFileBig=+9YdQ6WM6PrdxE2gucJgcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242000709652930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190581302891192, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Changes of germination rate in rice seeds after different treatments, figureFileSmall=u6u50WS16oT/MbkU68uXlg==, figureFileBig=cKx0y5WXNC9fw/f8FcZxqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242001036808643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190581302891192, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同处理下种子萌发率的变化

不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=u6u50WS16oT/MbkU68uXlg==, figureFileBig=cKx0y5WXNC9fw/f8FcZxqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242001099723204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190581302891192, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Changes of radicle length and germ length in rice seeds after different treatments, figureFileSmall=RcwN17fd5cH1kjY/McS38w==, figureFileBig=WluJdsQzuinEKZ/U53eXFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242001162637765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190581302891192, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同处理下水稻种子胚根长和胚芽长的变化

不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。1:CK;2:HgCl2;3:L-NAME;4:ST;5:SNP;6:HgCl2+SNP;7:L-NAME+SNP;8:ST+SNP。

, figureFileSmall=RcwN17fd5cH1kjY/McS38w==, figureFileBig=WluJdsQzuinEKZ/U53eXFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242001242329542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190581302891192, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Apparent activities (A) and relative activities (B) of total amylase and apparent α-amylase activities (C) in rice seeds after different treatments, figureFileSmall=iuJuoABsPOdgn19MIOPTnQ==, figureFileBig=KT57pOfJLei/R5qhQrsjmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242001431073223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190581302891192, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同处理下水稻种子总淀粉酶表观活性(A)及相对活性(B)和α-淀粉酶表观活性(C)

不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=iuJuoABsPOdgn19MIOPTnQ==, figureFileBig=KT57pOfJLei/R5qhQrsjmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242003112989129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190581302891192, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Changes of starch content in rice seeds after different treatments, figureFileSmall=TvuNdSdZmV8mxIzRe4Rp2A==, figureFileBig=leC1qqk3BSwPLlVYwy1AwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277242003167515082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276190581302891192, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同处理下水稻种子淀粉含量的变化

不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

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AQPs、NO调节水稻种子萌发过程淀粉降解的研究
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卢志霞 , 谭春林 , 陈惠萍 *
热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2024,45(5): 955-963
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热带作物学报 |作物栽培与生理生化 2024 , 45 (5) : 955 -963
AQPs、NO调节水稻种子萌发过程淀粉降解的研究
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卢志霞, 谭春林, 陈惠萍*
作者信息
  • 海南大学生命科学学院,海南海口 570228
通讯作者:
* 陈惠萍(CHEN Huiping),E-mail:
Regulation of Starch Degradation by AQPs and NO During the Germination of Rice Seeds
Zhixia LU, Chunlin TAN, Huiping CHEN*
Affiliations
  • College of Life Science, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.05.010
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水稻(Oryza sativa L.)是一种重要的粮食作物,其种子的正常萌发关乎后期植株的生长及产量。种子萌发始于干种子对水分的吸收,止于胚轴伸长。细胞内部及细胞间的水分运输,受水通道蛋白(aquaporins,AQPs)高度选择性调节。禾谷类的种子富含淀粉,内源性赤霉素可诱导α-淀粉酶等水解酶在胚中合成,并将其分泌至淀粉性胚乳中降解淀粉为小分子物质,供种子萌发需要。研究表明,只有α-淀粉酶才能完成水稻种子淀粉的降解。一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)是一种信号分子,可形成各种活性氮物质,并参与解除种子休眠信号传导过程,NO供体可通过提高淀粉酶活性促进种子萌发。为探究AQPs、NO对水稻种子萌发的影响,本研究以博Ⅱ优767的水稻杂交种子为试验材料,采用NO合成抑制剂N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯[N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester,L-NAME]、钨酸钠(sodium tungstate,ST)与NO外源供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)、AQPs活性抑制剂氯化汞(HgCl2)等对水稻种子进行处理,并借助表观分析和指标检测等手段确定水稻种子萌发过程中种子吸水能力、淀粉酶活性和淀粉降解速率等的变化。研究结果表明:经90 mg/L HgCl2预处理的水稻种子,其吸水能力、淀粉酶活性和萌发率均下降,淀粉含量保持较高水平,胚根和胚芽的生长受到抑制;而NO外源供体SNP则可逆转HgCl2的效应,且NO合成抑制剂L-NAME(15 mmol/L)和ST(80 µmol/L)对水稻种子萌发的作用效应与HgCl2的相似。结果表明,在水稻种子早期萌发阶段,AQPs可通过NO介导诱发种子吸收水分,激发淀粉酶,加速淀粉降解,从而促进种子的萌发。探究AQPs与NO在调节水稻种子萌发过程中的关系,对提高农作物产量奠定理论基础。

AQPs  /  NO  /  α-淀粉酶  /  种子萌发  /  种子吸胀

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important food crop, and the normal germination of rice seeds is related to the growth and yield of the plant in the later period. The germination begins with water absorption by dry seeds and ends with cotyl elongation. Water transport within and between cells is highly selectively regulated by aquaporins (AQPs). The seeds of cereal are rich in starch. And the endogenous gibberellin can induce the synthesis of hydrolase such as α-amylase in the embryo and secrete them into the starchy endosperm to degrade starch into small molecules for seed germination. Studies have shown that only α-amylase can complete the degradation of starch in rice seeds. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that forms a variety of active nitrogen substances. It also participated in the signaling process of seed dormancy removal. NO donor plays a role in seed germination by enhancing amylase activity. NO donor can promote seed germination by improving the activity of amylase. Rice hybrid seeds of ‘BoⅡ you 767’ were used as experimental materials to investigate the effects of aquaporins (AQPs) and nitric oxide (NO) on the germination of rice seeds. In this study, NO synthesis inhibitors N-(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and sodium tungstate (ST), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an exogenous donor of NO, and mercury chloride (HgCl2), an activity inhibitor of AQPs, were used to treat rice seeds. The changes of water absorption capacity, amylase activity and starch degradation rate during germination of rice seeds were determined in virtue of apparent analysis and index detection. The results showed that the water absorption capacity, amylase activity and germination rate decreased in the rice seeds treated with 90 mg/L HgCl2, while the starch content remained high, and the growth of radicle and germ was inhibited. However, NO exogenous donor SNP could reverse the effect of HgCl2. And the effect of NO synthesis inhibitors L-NAME (15 mmol/L) and ST (80 µmol/L) on the germination of rice seeds was similar to that of HgCl2. The results indicated that AQPs could induce water uptake, stimulate amylase, accelerate starch degradation and promote seed germination in the early germinating stage of rice seeds through NO. The study would lay a theoretical foundation for improving rice yield.

AQPs  /  NO  /  α-amylase  /  seed germination  /  seed imbibition
卢志霞, 谭春林, 陈惠萍. AQPs、NO调节水稻种子萌发过程淀粉降解的研究. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (5) : 955 -963 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.05.010
Zhixia LU, Chunlin TAN, Huiping CHEN. Regulation of Starch Degradation by AQPs and NO During the Germination of Rice Seeds[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (5) : 955 -963 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.05.010
种子萌发是植物生长的开始,是一个受内源及外源因素精确调控的复杂生理生化过程[1]。种子要完成萌发,必须得先吸收水分,因此,吸水膨胀触发了种子的萌发过程[2]
植物水通道蛋白(aquaporins,AQPs)可促进植物根部对水分吸收,而后通过茎将水输送到叶或种子等器官中,并且AQPs可根据细胞需水量来调节水跨膜运输[3-5]。植物可通过促进AQPs编码基因过表达,增强自身吸水能力,从而响应低氧胁迫[6]。在AQPs活性抑制剂HgCl2处理下,蚕豆种子的吸水能力显著降低,而AQPs过表达提高了番茄种子的导水率和存活率,同时增强渗透胁迫下油菜种子萌发特性及吸水率[7-9]
一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)是一种小的水溶性和脂溶性气体,易透膜扩散。它既是生物体内主要的信号分子[10],也是种子休眠的内源性调节剂,可促进种子萌发,并参与缓解盐、干旱以及重金属等逆境对种子萌发的胁迫作用[11-16]。盐胁迫下,外源NO供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)可以适当提高水稻、紫苏及白菜的种子发芽指数,促进种子萌发及早期幼苗生长,而NO合成抑制剂N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯[N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester,L-NAME]和钨酸钠(sodium tungstate,ST)则显著降低种子的活力,阻止种子的萌发[17-20]
水稻等禾谷类种子萌发时,所需的物质能量来源于胚乳中淀粉降解的小分子物质[21]。淀粉的降解可通过α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶的共同作用实现,其中α-淀粉酶是贯穿被子植物生长周期和生命周期的关键酶,也是第一个附着在淀粉颗粒上的酶,可以释放葡聚糖,进一步降解底物,为发育中的胚提供营养物质[22]。大多数水稻α-淀粉酶只在发育的种子胚中表达,并在种子萌发过程中被诱导[23]
外源NO可通过提高七叶一枝花种子的淀粉酶活性,加速淀粉的溶解,促进种子的萌发[24],而SNP可缓解盐胁迫抑制蒺藜苜蓿种子中淀粉酶活性及淀粉水解的效应[25]
本研究通过药理学实验并结合表观分析和指标检测等手段,探究AQPs、NO对水稻种子萌发的影响,为农业生产提供理论基础。
采用杂交品种博Ⅱ优767的水稻(Oryza sativa L.)种子,购自海南儋州种子站。选取大小均一、谷粒饱满的水稻籽粒,剥去谷壳,将余下的种子用0.1%高锰酸钾消毒10 min。
分别用90 mg/L HgCl2、15 mmol/L L-NAME和80 µmol/L ST浸种水稻种子12 h后,再设置以下8个处理:(1)H2O(CK);(2)90 mg/L HgCl2(HgCl2);(3)15 mmol/L L-NAME(L-NAME);(4)80 µmol/L ST(ST);(5)200 µmol/L SNP(SNP);(6)HgCl2+SNP(90 mg/L HgCl2预处理12 h后,将处理液换成200 µmol/L SNP);(7)L-NAME+SNP(15 mmol/L L-NAME预处理12 h后,将处理液换成200 µmol/L SNP);(8)ST+SNP(80 µmol/L ST预处理12 h后,将处理液换成200 µmol/L SNP)。
在不同处理液中播种50粒水稻种子,分别记录20、24、36 h下的种子露白数目。种子萌发率=对应时间的露白数/供试种子总数×100%。
将水稻种子消毒后用蒸馏水清洗干净,播种于分别盛有8个处理液的培养皿中,并分别在0、8、16、24 h吸干种子表面水分,称取每个处理中所有种子的重量,计算每个处理时间段种子的吸水重量。每个培养皿中放置50粒种子,加处理液7 mL。
随机从每个处理中选取萌发4 d的10粒种子,用直尺测量胚根长及胚芽长,取其平均值。
总淀粉酶表观活性测定。取200 mL蒸馏水置于微波炉加热2 min,加入4 g琼脂粉及2 g可溶性淀粉,制成培养基。随机取不同处理萌发4 d的水稻种子3粒,将其去胚后,置于盛有液氮的小研钵中研磨,静置20 min。取上层酶液20 μL,垂直滴至配好的培养基上,静置15 min,加入10 mL的0.01 mol/L碘-碘化钾溶液,观察淀粉酶与淀粉反应形成的圆斑大小及亮度,并拍照记录。
α-淀粉酶表观活性测定。将4 g琼脂粉和0.5 g可溶性淀粉溶于198 mL蒸馏水中,充分溶解后,分别加入0.06 g的CaCl2、2 mL 10 mmol/L pH 5.3的醋酸缓冲液和4 mL 0.1 mol/L的碘-碘化钾溶液,混匀后倒入培养皿待用。随机选取10粒萌发4 d的水稻种子进行横切,将带有胚的一半种子接种在上述培养基上,25 ℃下放置12 h,观察种子周围白色斑点直径大小及亮度,并拍照记录。
待水稻种子萌发至第4天,称取0.4 g胚乳,用液氮进行研磨,置于25 mL试管中,加入10 mL 1 mol/L稀硫酸,沸水浴20 min。过滤后,取上清液0.5 mL定容至50 mL。向试管中加入2 mL待测液与1.5 mL 3,5-二硝基水杨酸试剂,沸水浴5 min,定容至20 mL,并于540 nm测定吸光度,根据标准曲线计算出其淀粉含量。
所有数据均为3次重复试验的平均值,用Microsoft Excle软件对数据进行统计及处理,采用SPSS 23.0软件分析差异显著性(P<0.05)。
图1可知,随着处理时间的延长,各处理的吸水量均呈现上升趋势。在8 h,HgCl2处理的种子其吸水量比对照的降低了11.89%;处理16 h,HgCl2+SNP结合处理的种子吸水量比单独HgCl2处理的提高了12.56%;处理24 h,与对照相比,单独HgCl2处理的种子吸水量降低了16.86%,而加入SNP后的HgCl2+SNP处理的吸水量仅下降了7.61%,说明抑制AQPs活性,水稻种子的吸水能力受阻,而SNP则可逆转HgCl2对水稻种子吸水的阻碍。
在8 h,与对照的吸水量相比,SNP处理的种子吸水量提高了3.53%,而L-NAME与ST处理的水稻种子的吸水量则分别下降了8.59%和4.61%(P<0.05);处理16 h,与对照的吸水量相比,L-NAME与ST处理的水稻种子的吸水量分别下降了13.07%和9.45%,而L-NAME+SNP处理和ST+SNP处理的吸水量仅分别降低了4.65%和2.73%;处理24 h,与L-NAME处理的吸水量相比,L-NAME+SNP结合处理的吸水量提高了10.51%,ST+SNP结合处理的吸水量也比单独ST处理的提高了9.17%。以上结果说明,抑制种子中AQPs的活性,种子的吸水能力降低,而外源NO则可以逆转HgCl2受抑的效应。同样,抑制NO的合成对种子的吸水能力也造成一定的影响。
综上可推测,在水稻种子早期吸水阶段,NO可介导水稻种子中AQPs运输水分。
图2可知,在20 h,HgCl2+SNP结合处理的种子萌发率比HgCl2单独处理的高16.66%(P<0.05),且这2个处理的种子萌发率均比对照的低;在24 h,与单独HgCl2处理的萌发率相比,HgCl2+SNP处理的种子萌发率提高了20.00%;在36 h,HgCl2及HgCl2+SNP两个处理的种子萌发率与对照的一致,说明外源NO供体SNP的加入可逆转HgCl2对水稻种子萌发的抑制效应。在20 h,与对照的种子萌发率相比,单独SNP处理的萌发率提高了10.66%,而NO抑制剂L-NAME及ST处理的萌发率则分别降低了28.00%和18.00%。加入SNP后的L-NAME+SNP结合处理的种子萌发率比单独L-NAME处理的提高了12.00%,ST+SNP处理的种子萌发率比单独ST处理的提高了14.66%;在24 h,L-NAME+SNP处理的种子萌发率比单独L-NAME处理的提高了12.00%,与单独ST处理的萌发率相比,ST+SNP处理的提高了6.66%,此时,ST+SNP处理的萌发率与对照的一致;在36 h,各处理及对照的种子均具有相同的萌发率。以上结果说明,外源NO可促进水稻种子的萌发,并缓解AQPs活性抑制剂及NO合成抑制剂对种子萌发的抑制效应。
通过对图3A图3B进行分析可看出,加入SNP后的HgCl2+SNP处理的种子胚根及胚芽的长度比单独HgCl2处理的分别增加了2.50倍和0.31倍,说明AQPs活性抑制剂HgCl2处理水稻种子后,均对胚根和胚芽的生长起到了抑制作用,而外源NO供体SNP则缓解了HgCl2对胚根及胚芽的抑制效应。此外,与对照处理的种子其胚根长相比,单独L-NAME及单独ST两个处理的胚根长分别降低了59.52%和92.86%(P<0.05),而与对照处理的胚芽长相比,SNP单独处理的胚芽增加了6.39%(P<0.05),单独L-NAME及单独ST两个处理的胚芽长分别下降了56.55%(P<0.05)和11.82%(P<0.05))。将外源NO分别与NO合成抑制剂L-NAME和ST组合的L-NAME+SNP及ST+SNP两个处理的胚根长与对照的胚根长相比分别仅降低了42.86%和35.71%(P<0.05),且L-NAME+SNP处理及ST+SNP处理的胚芽长比对照的胚芽长相比分别仅下降了8.63%和5.43%(P<0.05)。
从萌发种子外观(图3C)上看,HgCl2、L-NAME和ST三个处理的胚根长和胚芽长均明显短于对照,其中,ST处理对水稻种子胚根生长的抑制幅度最大。相比于上述3个处理的种子形态,加入外源NO供体SNP后的组合处理均缓解胚根及胚芽生长迟缓的效应。说明抑制AQPs的活性及内源性NO的合成会阻碍水稻种子胚根及胚芽的生长,而外源NO供体SNP则缓解这种抑制作用。
以上结果可推测,AQPs和NO均可促进水稻种子萌发过程中胚根及胚芽的生长,且AQPs可能通过NO发挥作用。
根据总淀粉酶表观活性的测定方法,培养基上圆斑的亮度越大,表示总淀粉酶活性越强,因此,圆斑的明暗可代表总淀粉酶活性的强弱。由图4A可知,单独SNP处理的圆斑亮度是所有处理液中最亮的,而HgCl2、L-NAME和ST三个处理的圆斑亮度都比对照的暗。分别加入SNP后,含HgCl2、L-NAME和ST的3个处理均提高了圆斑的亮度。
使用Image J软件将不同处理的圆斑亮度转化成数值绘制柱形图(图4B),以便更直接地比较不同处理间的总淀粉酶相对活性。与对照相比,单独HgCl2处理的萌发水稻种子的总淀粉酶相对活性降低了24.77%,而加入SNP后的HgCl2+SNP处理的仅降低了8.18%,说明了AQPs活性受抑制时,萌发水稻种子中总淀粉酶的活性减弱,外源NO则阻缓HgCl2引起总淀粉酶活性的下调。单独SNP处理的萌发水稻种子其总淀粉酶相对活性比对照的高7.50%,而单独L-NAME处理和单独ST处理的萌发水稻种子的总淀粉酶相对活性分别比对照的低22.50%和16.36%。加入SNP后,L-NAME+SNP处理及ST+SNP处理的总淀粉酶相对活性分别比对照的降低了5.45%和3.41%。说明外源NO可显著提高总淀粉酶活性,并缓解AQPs活性抑制剂及NO合成抑制剂降低水稻种子总淀粉酶相对活性的效应。
根据α-淀粉酶表观活性的测定方法,培养基上白色斑块的大小及亮度可代表α-淀粉酶活性的强弱,白色斑块越大越亮表明α-淀粉酶活性越强。由图4C可知,在所有的处理中,单独SNP处理的萌发水稻种子其对应的白斑直径最大,亮度最亮,其次为对照的。单独HgCl2处理的白斑直径最小,且亮度最暗,而HgCl2+SNP处理的白斑直径比单独HgCl2处理的大且亮,说明抑制AQPs活性,α-淀粉酶活性受到显著抑制,而这种抑制效应可被外源NO供体SNP所缓解。NO合成抑制剂L-NAME及ST分别单独处理的白斑直径比对照的小且暗,而加入SNP后的L-NAME+SNP处理和ST+SNP处理比单独L-NAME、单独ST处理的白斑直径大且亮。说明AQPs活性及NO合成受抑下,萌发水稻种子的α-淀粉酶活性大幅度降低,而且外源NO均可适当解除AQPs活性抑制剂和NO合成抑制剂对萌发水稻种子中α-淀粉酶活性的抑制作用。
上述结果说明,AQPs活性及外源NO均有助于提高萌发水稻种子中总淀粉酶及α-淀粉酶的活性。由此以上结果推测,NO可通过介导AQPs增强萌发水稻种子中总淀粉酶及α-淀粉酶的活性。
图5显示,单独HgCl2处理的萌发水稻种子其淀粉含量比对照的提高0.99倍,是所有处理中淀粉含量最高的,而加入SNP后的HgCl2+SNP处理的萌发种子淀粉含量仅比对照的提高了0.39倍,说明抑制AQPs的活性会显著减弱其降解淀粉的能力,而这种能力的下降可由外源NO逆转。单独L-NAME处理和单独ST处理的种子中淀粉含量分别比对照的高0.74倍和0.59倍;而L-NAME+SNP处理及ST+SNP处理的种子中淀粉含量则分别比单独L-NAME处理和单独ST处理的降低了25.41%和23.90%。说明抑制AQPs的活性及内源性NO的合成会减少水稻种子中淀粉的降解,而SNP既可显著增加水稻种子中淀粉的降解,也可缓解AQPs活性抑制剂及NO合成抑制剂对淀粉降解的阻碍效应。
植物的AQPs具有运输水分的功能,可通过协调细胞水分平衡,控制植物的生长,其活性受到HgCl2的抑制[26-27]。研究表明,汞化合物影响AQPs功能是通过与NPA基序的半胱氨酸残基的-SH基团结合,引起AQPs孔隙堵塞,从而影响AQPs活性[28]。在水分及盐胁迫下,种子萌发及根系生长均受到明显的抑制,而AQPs转基因植株及过表达系赋予植物胁迫耐受性,种子显示出高活力,根长得到明显改善[29-31]。在本研究中,采用AQPs活性抑制剂HgCl2处理水稻种子后,种子吸水量减少,萌发率降低,胚根及胚芽的生长受到抑制,VANDER等[32]的研究也得到与此类似的结果。而外源信号分子(如乙烯和NO)可通过增强白杨根及水稻种子的AQPs转录水平,介导水分运输[33-34]。本研究结果表明,在AQPs的活性受到抑制时,外源NO供体SNP可提高HgCl2处理后的吸水量,促进水稻种子对水分的吸收,提高种子的萌发率。田又升等[35]的研究也显示,NO可解除HgCl2对种子萌发的胁迫作用,与本研究结果一致。为了进一步探究AQPs与NO在水稻种子萌发早期(0~24 h)的关系,采用NO合成抑制剂L-NAME和ST及NO供体SNP分别处理萌发水稻种子,结果发现,单独SNP处理的水稻种子其吸水量及萌发率均明显比对照的高,而抑制NO的合成,种子的吸水能力受阻,萌发率亦随之下降。因此,推测在水稻种子早期吸水阶段,NO可通过介导AQPs活性,诱发水稻种子吸收水分,促进种子发芽。
淀粉酶是淀粉类种子萌发过程最主要的水解酶类,主要包括α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶。只有α-淀粉酶才能完成水稻种子中淀粉的降解[36],其活性与水稻的发芽率和幼苗生长属性高度相关[37-38]。外源NO可增强高粱及小麦种子早期萌发过程中的淀粉酶活性,提高淀粉转化能力,为种子的胚根及胚芽的伸长提供物质基础[39-40]。本研究发现,单独SNP处理水稻种子后,其总淀粉酶及α-淀粉酶的活性均显著上升,淀粉则快速降解,水稻种子胚芽得到较快的生长。HAJIHASHEMI等[41]的研究表明,SNP可显著提高藜麦种子中α-淀粉酶的活性,并降低盐胁迫对酶活性的影响,从而恢复种子的萌发进程。本研究结果揭示,萌发水稻种子AQPs活性受抑下,α-淀粉酶及总淀粉酶的活性均显著下降,淀粉含量则维持在较高的水平,胚根及胚芽的生长也都被明显抑制,外源NO则可逆转这些抑制效应。与AQPs活性受抑类似,NO合成受到抑制后,萌发水稻种子的总淀粉酶及α-淀粉酶的活性均减弱,由此导致淀粉降解进程减慢、胚根及胚芽的生长受阻,这些因抑制NO合成而引发的抑制效应同样可以被外源NO所逆转。有研究证实,NO合成抑制剂L-NAME及ST显著抑制莴苣及玉米种子中的α-淀粉酶活性及其幼苗的生长,而SNP可缓解这种抑制效应[42-43]
综上可知,在水稻种子萌发的早期,NO通过介导AQPs调节种子的吸水,从而诱导α-淀粉酶及总淀粉酶的活性,促进淀粉的降解及胚根、胚芽的生长,提高种子的萌发进程。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(31960453)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.05.010
  • 接收时间:2022-11-07
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2024-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-07
  • 修回日期:2022-12-19
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国家自然科学基金项目(31960453)
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    海南大学生命科学学院,海南海口 570228

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* 陈惠萍(CHEN Huiping),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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