Article(id=1277330225499345691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277330185204666919, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.03.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1667750400000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-07, revisedDate=1671984000000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782468857406, onlineDateStr=2026-06-26, pubDate=1711296000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782468857406, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782468857406, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782468857406, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277330185204666919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='443', pageEnd='652', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1711296000000', pubDateStr='2024-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1782468847800, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782468948575, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1277330607961150151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277330185204666919, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1277330607961150152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277330185204666919, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=485, endPage=494, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1277330225843278621, articleId=1277330225499345691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Effect of Free Amino Acids of 20 Wampee Germplasm Resources Pulp on Flavor Quality and Medicinal Value and its Evaluation, columnId=1236256430060261740, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Germplasm Resources, Genetics & Breeding, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the characteristics of free amino acids in wampee, the scientific evaluation of the effects of free amino acids in different wampee germplasm on fruit flavor and medicinal value, the contents of 20 common free amino acids were determined using HPLC with the pulp of 20 wampee germplasms. By using taste activity values, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate each wampee germplasm. The results showed that the pulp contained 18 kinds of free amino acids except Cys and Arg. The content was significantly different among major wampee germplasm. The mass concentration of total free amino acids of the 20 wampee germplasms ranged from 1309.7 to 9832.0 mg/kg, among which the content of non-essential amino acids was the highest, the content of essential amino acids was the second, and the content of essential amino acid for children was the lowest. And the content of medicinal amino acids ranged from 6.3% to 18.6% of the total free amino acids, of which Asp and Glu were the major components. According to the different flavor characteristics of amino acids, 18 amino acids were divided into three categories of flavor amino acids, and found that M1 had the highest content of sweet amino acids, and G2 had the highest content of delicious and bitter amino acids. And the TAV of Ala in 16 wampee germplasm resources and Asp and Asn in a few wampee germplasm resources was greater than 1, which contributed to the flavor of wampee. Most free amino acid showed significant or highly significant positive relationships. Meanwhile, four principal components were extracted by principal component analysis, and the cumulative contribution reached 89.766%, which could better reflect the comprehensive characteristics of free amino acids of pulp. In general, the overall scores of each wampee germplasm ranged from –3.18 to 3.51, with M1 having the highest overall score. The 20 wampee germplasms were then clustered into three major groups by clustering analysis, among which X2, Y-1, G2 and M1 of group Ⅲ had high contents of total free amino acids, medicinal amino acids and flavor amino acids, with good amino acid nutritional quality and flavor quality. The results could provide some reference for superior seed breeding and quality evaluation.

, authors=null, authorsList=Ruixiong LUO, Ling WEI, Guangying WANG, Huaping YU, Zhichang ZHAO, Aiping GAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhichang ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1277330228368249639, articleId=1277330225499345691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=20份黄皮种质资源果肉游离氨基酸对风味品质和药用价值的影响及其评价, columnId=1236256430219645304, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=种质资源与遗传育种, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究黄皮果实中游离氨基酸的组分特征、科学评价不同黄皮种质游离氨基酸对果实风味和药用价值的影响,利用高效液相色谱法,测定20份黄皮种质果肉的20种常见游离氨基酸,采用味觉活度值、主成分分析和聚类分析等方法对各种质进行综合评价。结果表明:在20份黄皮种质果肉中均含有除胱氨酸和精氨酸以外的18种游离氨基酸,种类丰富,且多数种质间含量差异显著;各种质的总游离氨基酸质量浓度在1309.7~9832.0 mg/kg之间,其中非必需氨基酸含量最高,必需氨基酸含量次之,半必需氨基酸含量最低;药用氨基酸占总游离氨基酸的6.3%~18.6%,以天冬氨酸和谷氨酸为主;根据氨基酸呈味特性的不同,将18种氨基酸分为3大类呈味氨基酸,发现种质M1的甜味氨基酸含量最高,G2的鲜味氨基酸和苦味氨基酸含量最高;仅16份种质中的丙氨酸与少数种质中的天冬酰胺、天冬氨酸的味觉活度值(taste activity values,TAV)>1,对黄皮果实风味有贡献;大多数游离氨基酸呈显著或极显著正相关关系;主成分分析提取到4个主成分,累计贡献率达到89.766%,能较好地反映出黄皮果肉游离氨基酸的综合特征;各黄皮种质的综合得分在–3.18~3.51之间,M1的综合得分最高;聚类分析将20份黄皮种质聚为3大类,其中第Ⅲ类群的X2、Y-1、G2、M1的总游离氨基酸、药用氨基酸、呈味氨基酸含量高,氨基酸营养品质好,风味品质佳。研究结果可为黄皮良种选育和品质评价提供参考依据。

, authors=

罗睿雄(1987—),男,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:热带果树种质资源与育种。

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* 赵志常(ZHAO Zhichang),E-mail:
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罗睿雄(1987—),男,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:热带果树种质资源与育种。

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罗睿雄(1987—),男,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:热带果树种质资源与育种。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis of soluble sugar components and contents in fruits from different wampee germplasm resources, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277330247792071580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=7, pageStart=1357, pageEnd=1364, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=43, authorNames=喻华平, 赵志常, 高爱平, 罗睿雄, journalName=热带作物学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=喻华平, 赵志常, 高爱平, 罗睿雄. 基于主成分分析和聚类分析的23份黄皮种质资源的品质评价[J]. 热带作物学报, 2022, 43(7): 1357-1364., articleTitle=基于主成分分析和聚类分析的23份黄皮种质资源的品质评价, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277330247859180445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=7, pageStart=1357, pageEnd=1364, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=44, authorNames=YU H P, ZHAO Z C, GAO A P, LUO R X, journalName=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU H P, ZHAO Z C, GAO A P, LUO R X. Quality evaluation of 23 species of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels germplasm resources based on principal component analysis and cluster analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2022, 43(7): 1357-1364. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Quality evaluation of 23 species of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels germplasm resources based on principal component analysis and cluster analysis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1277330242779878255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, awardId=ZDYF2020057, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省重点研发计划项目(ZDYF2020057), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1277330242951844720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, awardId=320RC728, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(320RC728), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1277330228573770537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277330228582159146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, companyId=1277330228573770537, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / National Cultivar Improvement Center of Tropical Fruit Tree, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277330228590547755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, companyId=1277330228573770537, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所/国家热带果树品种改良中心,海南海口 571101)]), AuthorCompany(id=1277330228670239532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277330228682822445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, companyId=1277330228670239532, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277330228687016750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, companyId=1277330228670239532, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.海南大学园艺学院,海南海口 570228)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1277330238698820447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Radar chart of taste-active amino acids in different wampee germplasm pulp, figureFileSmall=F6t6GeYs3ppasnmVO1xTeQ==, figureFileBig=lD11ujnjcc05ohaS4eJwAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277330238778512224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同黄皮种质果肉的呈味氨基酸雷达图, figureFileSmall=F6t6GeYs3ppasnmVO1xTeQ==, figureFileBig=lD11ujnjcc05ohaS4eJwAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277330239143416673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Correlation heat map of free amino acids, figureFileSmall=8+MSMWslpHBsmd1PqMsbsg==, figureFileBig=TCSQgWlXfnHTzdfxc9mD6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277330239235691362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各游离氨基酸的相关性热图, figureFileSmall=8+MSMWslpHBsmd1PqMsbsg==, figureFileBig=TCSQgWlXfnHTzdfxc9mD6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277330239562847075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=System cluster analysis of different wampee germplasm resources, figureFileSmall=2EjpGqsmN0Tijri5LSxOlg==, figureFileBig=JhyEl63m5XrCXIqzk3olSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277330240997299044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同黄皮种质资源系统聚类分析, figureFileSmall=2EjpGqsmN0Tijri5LSxOlg==, figureFileBig=JhyEl63m5XrCXIqzk3olSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277330241072796517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Free amino acids composition of 20 wampee germplasms pulp

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), ArticleFig(id=1277330241194431334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

20份黄皮种质果肉的游离氨基酸组成

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), ArticleFig(id=1277330241265734503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Statistics of taste active amino acid content

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指标Index含量Content/(mg·kg–1)变异系数CV/%
变幅Amplitude均值Mean标准差SD
甜味氨基酸914.31~5622.892716.691466.1353.97
苦味氨基酸133.05~316.55218.1056.8726.07
鲜味氨基酸201.06~4593.701657.631461.8788.19
), ArticleFig(id=1277330241664193384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

呈味氨基酸含量统计

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指标Index含量Content/(mg·kg–1)变异系数CV/%
变幅Amplitude均值Mean标准差SD
甜味氨基酸914.31~5622.892716.691466.1353.97
苦味氨基酸133.05~316.55218.1056.8726.07
鲜味氨基酸201.06~4593.701657.631461.8788.19
), ArticleFig(id=1277330241756468073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Taste activity values of flavor amino acids in different wampee germplasms pulp

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类别Sort游离氨基酸FAA味道阈值Taste threshold/(mg·kg-1)TAV变异系数CV/%
变幅Amplitude均值Mean
甜味氨基酸苏氨酸Thr26000.007~0.0330.01743.363
丝氨酸Ser15000.065~0.5250.22858.933
丙氨酸Ala6000.838~6.2812.99758.444
甲硫氨酸Met3000.010~0.0310.01434.076
脯氨酸Pro30000.027~0.3650.14658.438
甘氨酸Gly11000.016~0.0780.03746.085
谷氨酰胺Gln25000.007~0.0420.02057.316
苦味氨基酸异亮氨酸Ile9000.012~0.0280.01825.353
亮氨酸Leu19000.006~0.0140.01024.194
缬氨酸Val15000.013~0.0480.02936.260
组氨酸His2000.145~0.3440.18826.626
赖氨酸Lys5000.026~0.0440.03315.923
酪氨酸Tyr26000.005~0.0190.01132.621
苯丙氨酸Phe15000.010~0.0240.01729.888
色氨酸Trp9000.015~0.0630.03545.281
鲜味氨基酸天冬氨酸Asp10000.061~1.0450.35883.025
谷氨酸Glu3000.153~0.5980.32238.860
天冬酰胺Asn10000.084~3.5201.20396.242
), ArticleFig(id=1277330242054263658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同黄皮种质果肉呈味氨基酸的味觉活度值

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类别Sort游离氨基酸FAA味道阈值Taste threshold/(mg·kg-1)TAV变异系数CV/%
变幅Amplitude均值Mean
甜味氨基酸苏氨酸Thr26000.007~0.0330.01743.363
丝氨酸Ser15000.065~0.5250.22858.933
丙氨酸Ala6000.838~6.2812.99758.444
甲硫氨酸Met3000.010~0.0310.01434.076
脯氨酸Pro30000.027~0.3650.14658.438
甘氨酸Gly11000.016~0.0780.03746.085
谷氨酰胺Gln25000.007~0.0420.02057.316
苦味氨基酸异亮氨酸Ile9000.012~0.0280.01825.353
亮氨酸Leu19000.006~0.0140.01024.194
缬氨酸Val15000.013~0.0480.02936.260
组氨酸His2000.145~0.3440.18826.626
赖氨酸Lys5000.026~0.0440.03315.923
酪氨酸Tyr26000.005~0.0190.01132.621
苯丙氨酸Phe15000.010~0.0240.01729.888
色氨酸Trp9000.015~0.0630.03545.281
鲜味氨基酸天冬氨酸Asp10000.061~1.0450.35883.025
谷氨酸Glu3000.153~0.5980.32238.860
天冬酰胺Asn10000.084~3.5201.20396.242
), ArticleFig(id=1277330242146538347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Eigenvalues, contribution rate and loading matrix of principal component

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指标Index主成分Principal component
1234
贡献率/%65.30410.6378.4615.364
累计贡献率/%65.30475.94184.40289.766
特征值11.7551.9151.5230.966
苯丙氨酸Phe0.758–0.2350.447–0.165
甲硫氨酸Met0.5990.5540.244–0.119
赖氨酸Lys0.8650.2020.307–0.214
亮氨酸Leu0.8990.1260.222–0.280
色氨酸Trp0.858–0.322–0.2420.120
苏氨酸Thr0.8700.157–0.3040.059
缬氨酸Val0.917–0.0930.113–0.218
异亮氨酸Ile0.8730.133–0.076–0.378
组氨酸His0.8060.053–0.455–0.018
天冬氨酸Asp0.761–0.5400.2160.121
丙氨酸Ala0.969–0.021–0.1560.058
甘氨酸Gly0.8840.288–0.273–0.062
谷氨酸Glu0.679–0.633–0.0380.166
谷氨酰胺Gln0.698–0.0270.3920.470
酪氨酸Tyr0.6020.3350.5300.303
脯氨酸Pro0.5830.530–0.1880.475
丝氨酸Ser0.8950.099–0.3490.056
天冬酰胺Asn0.878–0.397–0.073–0.023
), ArticleFig(id=1277330242255590252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

主成分特征值、贡献率及载荷矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index主成分Principal component
1234
贡献率/%65.30410.6378.4615.364
累计贡献率/%65.30475.94184.40289.766
特征值11.7551.9151.5230.966
苯丙氨酸Phe0.758–0.2350.447–0.165
甲硫氨酸Met0.5990.5540.244–0.119
赖氨酸Lys0.8650.2020.307–0.214
亮氨酸Leu0.8990.1260.222–0.280
色氨酸Trp0.858–0.322–0.2420.120
苏氨酸Thr0.8700.157–0.3040.059
缬氨酸Val0.917–0.0930.113–0.218
异亮氨酸Ile0.8730.133–0.076–0.378
组氨酸His0.8060.053–0.455–0.018
天冬氨酸Asp0.761–0.5400.2160.121
丙氨酸Ala0.969–0.021–0.1560.058
甘氨酸Gly0.8840.288–0.273–0.062
谷氨酸Glu0.679–0.633–0.0380.166
谷氨酰胺Gln0.698–0.0270.3920.470
酪氨酸Tyr0.6020.3350.5300.303
脯氨酸Pro0.5830.530–0.1880.475
丝氨酸Ser0.8950.099–0.3490.056
天冬酰胺Asn0.878–0.397–0.073–0.023
), ArticleFig(id=1277330242528220013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Principal component scores and comprehensive ranking of different wampee germplasm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种质GermplasmY1Y2Y3Y4Y排序Sorting
300-22.66–0.23–0.161.591.786
A12.04–0.52–0.740.271.239
A21.971.710.832.141.658
A6–4.640.28–0.230.27–3.0119
B12.420.592.19–2.041.727
G1–2.10–0.610.54–1.34–1.4613
G25.68–1.82–0.19–0.473.472
H1–4.290.47–0.350.56–2.7518
J1–4.66–0.44–0.75–0.48–3.1820
J2–3.36–0.400.00–0.04–2.2416
J3–0.840.43–0.65–0.35–0.5812
M15.511.99–3.41–0.203.511
N-3–3.75–0.27–0.710.53–2.5117
T1–3.11–0.110.800.08–1.9714
X1–3.36–0.350.140.28–2.2015
X23.62–2.010.82–0.192.213
X30.220.28–0.60–1.100.0611
X41.16–0.44–1.02–0.790.5810
Y-12.92–2.331.331.401.854
Z11.923.782.17–0.131.835
), ArticleFig(id=1277330242595328878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330225499345691, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同黄皮种质的主成分得分及综合排序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种质GermplasmY1Y2Y3Y4Y排序Sorting
300-22.66–0.23–0.161.591.786
A12.04–0.52–0.740.271.239
A21.971.710.832.141.658
A6–4.640.28–0.230.27–3.0119
B12.420.592.19–2.041.727
G1–2.10–0.610.54–1.34–1.4613
G25.68–1.82–0.19–0.473.472
H1–4.290.47–0.350.56–2.7518
J1–4.66–0.44–0.75–0.48–3.1820
J2–3.36–0.400.00–0.04–2.2416
J3–0.840.43–0.65–0.35–0.5812
M15.511.99–3.41–0.203.511
N-3–3.75–0.27–0.710.53–2.5117
T1–3.11–0.110.800.08–1.9714
X1–3.36–0.350.140.28–2.2015
X23.62–2.010.82–0.192.213
X30.220.28–0.60–1.100.0611
X41.16–0.44–1.02–0.790.5810
Y-12.92–2.331.331.401.854
Z11.923.782.17–0.131.835
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20份黄皮种质资源果肉游离氨基酸对风味品质和药用价值的影响及其评价
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罗睿雄 1 , 魏玲 2 , 王光瑛 1 , 喻华平 1, 2 , 赵志常 1, * , 高爱平 1
热带作物学报 | 种质资源与遗传育种 2024,45(3): 485-494
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热带作物学报 |种质资源与遗传育种 2024 , 45 (3) : 485 -494
20份黄皮种质资源果肉游离氨基酸对风味品质和药用价值的影响及其评价
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罗睿雄1, 魏玲2, 王光瑛1, 喻华平1, 2, 赵志常1, * , 高爱平1
作者信息
  • 1.中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所/国家热带果树品种改良中心,海南海口 571101
  • 2.海南大学园艺学院,海南海口 570228
通讯作者:
* 赵志常(ZHAO Zhichang),E-mail:
Effect of Free Amino Acids of 20 Wampee Germplasm Resources Pulp on Flavor Quality and Medicinal Value and its Evaluation
Ruixiong LUO1, Ling WEI2, Guangying WANG1, Huaping YU1, 2, Zhichang ZHAO1, * , Aiping GAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / National Cultivar Improvement Center of Tropical Fruit Tree, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
  • 2.College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
出版时间: 2024-03-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.03.006
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为研究黄皮果实中游离氨基酸的组分特征、科学评价不同黄皮种质游离氨基酸对果实风味和药用价值的影响,利用高效液相色谱法,测定20份黄皮种质果肉的20种常见游离氨基酸,采用味觉活度值、主成分分析和聚类分析等方法对各种质进行综合评价。结果表明:在20份黄皮种质果肉中均含有除胱氨酸和精氨酸以外的18种游离氨基酸,种类丰富,且多数种质间含量差异显著;各种质的总游离氨基酸质量浓度在1309.7~9832.0 mg/kg之间,其中非必需氨基酸含量最高,必需氨基酸含量次之,半必需氨基酸含量最低;药用氨基酸占总游离氨基酸的6.3%~18.6%,以天冬氨酸和谷氨酸为主;根据氨基酸呈味特性的不同,将18种氨基酸分为3大类呈味氨基酸,发现种质M1的甜味氨基酸含量最高,G2的鲜味氨基酸和苦味氨基酸含量最高;仅16份种质中的丙氨酸与少数种质中的天冬酰胺、天冬氨酸的味觉活度值(taste activity values,TAV)>1,对黄皮果实风味有贡献;大多数游离氨基酸呈显著或极显著正相关关系;主成分分析提取到4个主成分,累计贡献率达到89.766%,能较好地反映出黄皮果肉游离氨基酸的综合特征;各黄皮种质的综合得分在–3.18~3.51之间,M1的综合得分最高;聚类分析将20份黄皮种质聚为3大类,其中第Ⅲ类群的X2、Y-1、G2、M1的总游离氨基酸、药用氨基酸、呈味氨基酸含量高,氨基酸营养品质好,风味品质佳。研究结果可为黄皮良种选育和品质评价提供参考依据。

黄皮  /  游离氨基酸  /  风味品质  /  药用价值  /  评价

To study the characteristics of free amino acids in wampee, the scientific evaluation of the effects of free amino acids in different wampee germplasm on fruit flavor and medicinal value, the contents of 20 common free amino acids were determined using HPLC with the pulp of 20 wampee germplasms. By using taste activity values, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate each wampee germplasm. The results showed that the pulp contained 18 kinds of free amino acids except Cys and Arg. The content was significantly different among major wampee germplasm. The mass concentration of total free amino acids of the 20 wampee germplasms ranged from 1309.7 to 9832.0 mg/kg, among which the content of non-essential amino acids was the highest, the content of essential amino acids was the second, and the content of essential amino acid for children was the lowest. And the content of medicinal amino acids ranged from 6.3% to 18.6% of the total free amino acids, of which Asp and Glu were the major components. According to the different flavor characteristics of amino acids, 18 amino acids were divided into three categories of flavor amino acids, and found that M1 had the highest content of sweet amino acids, and G2 had the highest content of delicious and bitter amino acids. And the TAV of Ala in 16 wampee germplasm resources and Asp and Asn in a few wampee germplasm resources was greater than 1, which contributed to the flavor of wampee. Most free amino acid showed significant or highly significant positive relationships. Meanwhile, four principal components were extracted by principal component analysis, and the cumulative contribution reached 89.766%, which could better reflect the comprehensive characteristics of free amino acids of pulp. In general, the overall scores of each wampee germplasm ranged from –3.18 to 3.51, with M1 having the highest overall score. The 20 wampee germplasms were then clustered into three major groups by clustering analysis, among which X2, Y-1, G2 and M1 of group Ⅲ had high contents of total free amino acids, medicinal amino acids and flavor amino acids, with good amino acid nutritional quality and flavor quality. The results could provide some reference for superior seed breeding and quality evaluation.

wampee (Clausena lansium)  /  free amino acids  /  flavor quality  /  medicinal value  /  evaluation
罗睿雄, 魏玲, 王光瑛, 喻华平, 赵志常, 高爱平. 20份黄皮种质资源果肉游离氨基酸对风味品质和药用价值的影响及其评价. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (3) : 485 -494 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.03.006
Ruixiong LUO, Ling WEI, Guangying WANG, Huaping YU, Zhichang ZHAO, Aiping GAO. Effect of Free Amino Acids of 20 Wampee Germplasm Resources Pulp on Flavor Quality and Medicinal Value and its Evaluation[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (3) : 485 -494 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.03.006
黄皮[Clausena lansium(Lour.)Skeels],为芸香科黄皮属植物,热带、亚热带优稀果树,其果实呈圆、椭圆、阔卵形,富含糖、有机酸、维生素C、黄酮苷等,营养价值较高,味感丰富,具有酸、酸甜、清甜等多种风味,适宜鲜食或加工,具有理气化痰、行气止痛、润肺开胃、利尿消肿等药用价值,属入药良材,因此,在民间被誉为“果中珍宝”,受到众多消费者的喜爱[1-2]
游离氨基酸作为果实重要的生物活性成分之一,对果实的营养价值、香气、口感以及促进人体健康等均具有一定作用,但不同氨基酸的功能各有不同[3]。如苯丙氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸及其衍生物可作为多种疾病的治疗药物[4];某些氨基酸还参与支链脂肪族醇、酮、酯类等部分香气物质的合成[5];各游离氨基酸还具有甜味、苦味、鲜味等不同味觉特性,其含量对果实风味品质的形成具有重要影响[6-7]。因此,各类游离氨基酸经常被作为评价果实风味品质、营养价值、药用价值等的重要指标[8]
随着人类对常见大众水果中营养物质研究体系的逐步完善,各类游离氨基酸的测定及组分分析也相继完成[9]。而关于黄皮游离氨基酸的相关报道仍较少,主要集中在黄皮干果游离氨基酸成分的研究或是对不同贮存条件下游离氨基酸的变化等方面的研究,而对黄皮鲜果的相关报道主要是单一品种游离氨基酸的研究[10-12],尚未进行不同黄皮种质间游离氨基酸的比较、味觉活度值分析以及运用多元统计学方法对其游离氨基酸综合品质进行评价。
因此,本研究以20份黄皮种质果肉为研究材料,对20种常见游离氨基酸含量进行检测、比较、分类、味觉活度值分析及多元统计分析,以期进一步研究黄皮游离氨基酸的组分特征、风味品质、药用价值等,为黄皮的开发利用、品质评价和良种选育提供参考依据。
供试种质:供试的20份黄皮种质由中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所国家热带果树品种改良中心基地提供,种质编号分别为300-2、A1、A2、A6、B1、G1、G2、H1、J1、J2、J3、M1、N-3、T1、X1、X2、X3、X4、Y-1、Z1,涉及甜、酸甜、酸等不同果实风味类型,所取样品分别来自树龄一致且长势健壮的黄皮树,每个种质选取3株。在果实成熟期,从果树不同方位,选择30颗成熟度基本一致且具代表性的果实,于实验室去梗洗净,取果肉混合均匀并匀浆待测。
主要试剂:20种氨基酸对照品(Sigma-Alorich);色谱级乙腈、正己烷(赛默飞世尔科技有限公司);盐酸、三水合乙酸钠、三乙胺等(国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
主要仪器:E2695+2998PDA液相色谱仪(Waters),HH-1水浴锅(金坛市城东新瑞仪器),1006型超声波清洗机(好顺超声设备),BS150M分析天平(上海友声衡器有限公司),ZGDCY-24氮吹仪(上海梓桂仪器有限公司),有机滤膜(13 mm,0.22 μm,天津市津腾实验设备有限公司),5810R高速冷冻离心机(Eppendorf)。
采用高效液相色谱法[13]测定游离氨基酸。色谱参数:柱前衍生试剂0.1 mol/L异硫氰酸苯酯-乙腈溶液;C18-H,色谱柱为4.6 mm×250 mm×5 µm;流动相:A 0.05 mol/L三水合乙酸钠,B 乙腈∶甲醇∶水=6∶2∶2,梯度洗脱;波长为254 nm;流速为1 mL/min;柱温为35 ℃;进样量为10 μL。
运用WPS office软件整理数据,绘制雷达图,使用SAS软件进行差异显著性分析,应用SPSS 18软件进行相关性分析、主成分分析及聚类分析,利用Heml软件制作相关性热图。
为研究黄皮种质果肉中所包含的游离氨基酸种类及含量,对20份黄皮种质果肉中常见的20种游离氨基酸进行检测与分析(表1)。20份黄皮种质果肉中除未检测出胱氨酸(Cys)和精氨酸(Arg)以外,均含有18种游离氨基酸,种类较为丰富。其中,在20份黄皮种质果肉中检测到的18种游离氨基酸包含苯丙氨酸(Phe)、甲硫氨酸(Met)、赖氨酸(Lys)、亮氨酸(Leu)、色氨酸(Trp)、苏氨酸(Thr)、缬氨酸(Val)、异亮氨酸(Ile)等8种必需氨基酸(essential amino acid, EAA),组氨酸(His)1种半必需氨基酸(essential amino acid for children, CEAAs),天冬氨酸(Asp)、丙氨酸(Ala)、甘氨酸(Gly)、谷氨酸(Glu)、谷氨酰胺(Gln)、酪氨酸(Tyr)、脯氨酸(Pro)、丝氨酸(Ser)、天冬酰胺(Asn)等9种非必需氨基酸(non-essential amino acid,NEAA)。其中Phe、Met、Lys、Leu、Asp、Gly、Glu、Tyr等8种氨基酸为药用氨基酸(medicinal amino acid, MAA)。
经进一步分析发现,各游离氨基酸含量在较多黄皮种质间存在显著差异,而在各种质间,脯氨酸和谷氨酰胺的差异性最大;各黄皮种质的总游离氨基酸(total free amino acid,TFAA)含量在1309.7~9832.0 mg/kg,最高为最低的7.51倍,各黄皮种质依照TFAA含量排序依次为A6<J1<N-3<T1<X1<H1<J2<G1<J3<Z1<X3<B1<X4<A2<300-2<A1<Y-1<X2<M1<G2;各种质资源的必需氨基酸含量介于108.8~303.6 mg/kg之间,而必需氨基酸与总游离氨基酸的比值(EAAs/TFAAs)为3.0%~8.6%;药用氨基酸与总游离氨基酸的比值(MAAs/TFAAs)为6.3%~18.6%,其中Y-1的药用氨基酸含量最高为1371.2 mg/kg,占Y-1总游离氨基酸的17.0%,而A6的药用氨基酸含量最低,为207.1 mg/kg,占A6总游离氨基酸的15.8%,在8种药用氨基酸中,以天冬氨酸含量最高,谷氨酸次之,甲硫氨酸含量最低,表明黄皮果实内天冬氨酸和谷氨酸起主要的药用功效。
根据氨基酸的呈味特性,可将检测到的黄皮果肉中的18种氨基酸分为3类,即甜味氨基酸(sweet amino acid,SAA),包括Thr、Ala、Met、Ser、Pro、Gln、Gly等7种氨基酸;苦味氨基酸(bitter amino acid,BAA),包括含Ile、Val、Leu、Lys、His、Tyr、Phe、Trp等8种氨基酸;鲜味氨基酸(delicious amino acid,DAA),包括Asp、Glu、Asn等3种氨基酸[7,14]。由表2图1所示,在不同黄皮种质的果肉中,SAA均值最高,为2716.69 mg/kg,其中M1的SAA含量最高为5622.89 mg/kg,J1的含量最低,仅914.31 mg/kg,7种呈味氨基酸的均值大小为Ala>Pro>Ser>Gln>Thr>Gly>Met;DAA均值为1657.63 mg/kg,其中G2的含量最高,为4593.70 mg/kg,A6含量最低为201.06 mg/kg,其变异系数最高,达88.19%,说明在不同黄皮种质中其差异明显,3种氨基酸的均值大小为Asn>Asp>Glu;BAA含量整体偏低,均值为218.10 mg/kg,变异系数仅为26.07%,在不同种质间其差异不太明显。同时,通过雷达图还可以看出X2、Y-1、G2、M1这4份种质的各类呈味氨基酸含量明显高于其他种质。
呈味氨基酸含量越高并不意味着对食品风味的贡献越大,不同氨基酸具有不同的滋味感知阈值[15]。因此,采用味觉活度值(taste activity values,TAV)进一步研究各呈味氨基酸对黄皮果实风味的影响,当TAV>1时,则认为该氨基酸对果实风味的影响有贡献。如表3所示,同一氨基酸对不同黄皮种质的风味贡献不同,且变异系数均大于10%,其中Asn的变异系数最大,达到96.242%,表明不同种质间味感差异较大,具备较高的发展潜力,可为育种提供丰富的母本材料。不同黄皮种质中18种呈味氨基酸的TAV值也存在较大差异,在20份黄皮种质中,5种甜味氨基酸(Thr、Ser、Met、Pro、Gly、Gln)、所有苦味氨基酸(Ile、Leu、Val、His、Lys、Tyr、Phe、Trp)及1种鲜味氨基酸(Glu)的TAV值均小于1,表明这些呈味氨基酸对果实风味无贡献;甜味氨基酸Ala的TAV值除在种质A6和N-3中小于1外,在其余18份种质中均大于1;鲜味氨基酸Asn的TAV值除在300-2、A1、B1、G2、M1、X2、X4、Y-1等8份种质中大于1外,在其他样品中均小于1;而鲜味氨基酸Asp的TAV值仅在Y-1种质中大于1。说明大多数黄皮种质果实味道酸甘,适宜鲜食,还可加工制成蜜饯、果脯、果酱和极具特色的果汁等食品,具有生津止渴之功效,300-2、X2、Y-1等部分黄皮种质的果实具有鲜、清甜感,还可用于开发制成调味品,具有提效增味、促进食欲的功效。另外,苦黄皮种质味苦难咽,但药用价值高,具有敛气镇咳、养胃去燥等功效。
20份黄皮种质的18种游离氨基酸间存在一定相关性(图2)。18种游离氨基酸间均呈正相关,大多数呈显著或极显著关系,且相关系数≥0.300,相关性较高,其中Gly、Ser、Ala、Leu、Lys、Thr等氨基酸间的相关性系数较高,呈极显著水平,2种甜味氨基酸Ser和Ala间相关性最高,相关性系数为0.952,鲜味氨基酸Glu和甜味氨基酸Met之间的相关系数最低,仅为0.076,相关性不高。
对20份黄皮种质果肉内的18种游离氨基酸进行主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA),以累计贡献率达到85%及以上的标准进行主成分的提取,提取到4个主成分,其累计贡献率为89.776%(表4),说明这4个主成分提取有效,可以代表不同黄皮种质果肉游离氨基酸的品质。在4个主成分中,主成分1的贡献率最高,达到65.304%,说明主成分1对氨基酸品质的影响最大,在主成分1中,18种游离氨基酸的特征值均为正值,对评价结果起正向作用,其中,Lys、Leu、Trp、Thr、Val、Ile、His、Ala、Gly、Ser、Asn等11种游离氨基酸的载荷值均大于0.800,包含了大部分游离氨基酸,体现了总游离氨基酸的品质。主成分2的方差贡献率为10.637%,主要由Met、Asp、Glu、Pro共同影响,其中苦味氨基酸Asp、Glu的特征值为负值,甜味氨基酸Met和Pro的特征值为正值,主要体现不同黄皮种质果肉中鲜味氨基酸和甜味氨基酸的品质。主成分3的方差贡献率为8.461%,主要由苦味氨基酸Phe、Tyr、His等共同影响,主要反映苦味氨基酸的品质。主成分4的贡献率最低,为5.364%,对游离氨基酸品质的影响最小,主要受非必需氨基酸Gln和Pro的影响,反映非必需氨基酸的信息。
根据主成分分析发现,提取出的4个主成分累计贡献率达89.766%,可以有效替代18种氨基酸对20份黄皮种质进行综合评价。而4个主成分分别从不同方面体现了各黄皮种质果肉的游离氨基酸品质,单一主成分不能对其品质进行综合评价,因此,通过4个主成分的特征向量权重值和对应方差贡献率对各主成分的得分进行加权求和[14],构建得到综合评价方程为:Y=0.653 04×Y1+ 0.106 37×Y2+0.084 61×Y3+0.053 64×Y4,最终计算得到不同黄皮种质的主成分得分和综合排序(表5)。20份黄皮种质的综合排名由低到高依次为J1<A6<H1<N-3<J2<X1<T1<G1<J3<X3<X4<A1<A2<B1<300-2<Z1<Y-1<X2<G2<M1,综合得分在–3.18~3.51之间,其中有9份黄皮种质的氨基酸品质综合得分为负数,其余均为正数,说明多数种质的游离氨基酸高于平均水平。
采用ward最小方差法和平方欧氏距离法对20份黄皮种质果肉的18种游离氨基酸进行系统聚类分析(图3)。在欧式距离为5时,可将20份黄皮种质分为3大类。第Ⅰ类由A6、H1、J1、N-3、J2、X1、G1、T1等8份黄皮种质组成,其品质相近,综合得分均为负值,排名靠后,总游离氨基酸和各呈味氨基酸含量低,氨基酸综合品质不佳;第Ⅱ大类群由8份黄皮种质组成,即B1、Z1、X3、X4、J3、300-2、A1、A2,其总游离氨基酸、药用氨基酸和各类呈味氨基酸均较高;第Ⅲ类群包括X2、Y-1、G2、M1等4份黄皮种质,其总游离氨基酸、药用氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸和甜味氨基酸高,营养价值高,氨基酸综合品质好。
氨基酸作为组成蛋白质的基本单位,是影响果实品质的重要成分之一[9]。本研究检测到20份黄皮种质果肉中含有18种常见的游离氨基酸,其中包括8种EAAs,1种CEAAs以及9种NEAAs,表明黄皮果肉的游离氨基酸种类较多,20份黄皮种质中的TFAA浓度在1309.7~9832.0 mg/kg之间,均值为4592.4 mg/kg,总体高于猕猴桃、杨梅、苹果等的鲜果[16-18],与张永明等[11]的研究结果基本一致。同时,各种质间游离氨基酸的差异性也反映出黄皮遗传积累特征及种质间的复杂多样性,可为育种提供丰富的母本材料。黄皮果肉中主要的药用氨基酸为Asp与Glu,与戴宏芬等[18]在黄皮果肉药用氨基酸的相关研究结果一致,Asp有镇咳祛痰的功效,Glu有健脑的功效[17],因此,黄皮的药用价值也可能与药用氨基酸含量相关。但据张永明等[11]对黄皮鲜品和药材中的氨基酸进行对比分析发现,在药材的加工过程中,氨基酸的含量可能会发生改变,同时氨基酸含量在各种质间存在较大差异,所以需要尽可能地选择Y-1等药用氨基酸含量高的种质进行药用加工。
游离氨基酸作为水果营养品质的重要评价标准之一,游离氨基酸会对水果风味产生影响[9]。本研究检测出的游离氨基酸均为呈味氨基酸,其中,SAA和DAA占比最大,二者总含量占TFAA的89.30%~96.82%,根据TAV>1来判断不同氨基酸对黄皮种质风味的影响发现,仅甜味氨基酸Ala和鲜味氨基酸Asn、Asp对黄皮种质的风味具有贡献,其中Ala对18份种质的风味有影响,Asn对8份黄皮种质风味有贡献,而Asp仅对Y-1的风味有贡献,表明Ala是影响多数黄皮种质口感的主要物质,且Ala、Asn和Asp对Y-1的风味均有贡献,说明其味感比较丰富,这与实际口感评价结果一致。同时,Asn的变异系数最大,达到96.242%,在各种质间差异明显,表明其具备较大的发展空间。
目前,多元统计法已广泛应用于众多科研的综合评价及特征性指标筛选中[19],但该方法主要运用于黄皮糖组分、香气成分、有机酸成分等评价方面[20-23],因此,本研究运用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析,对20份黄皮种质果肉中检测到的18种游离氨基酸组分含量进行综合评价,结果表明18种游离氨基酸间均互为正相关,且多数氨基酸间存在显著或极显著关系,这说明氨基酸间相互起到促进作用;经主成分分析提取到4个有效主成分,累计方差贡献率达到89.776%,并构建了综合评价方程,即Y=0.653 04×Y1+ 0.106 37×Y2+0.084 61×Y3+0.053 64×Y4,可用来预测黄皮果肉游离氨基酸品质的高低,其中,综合得分最高的前4份种质依次为M1、G2、X2、Y-1;同时,通过聚类分析,将20份黄皮种质分为3大类,分析得到X2、Y-1、G2、M1等4份氨基酸品质较好的黄皮种质,与主成分分析结果一致,进一步说明二者的结果均能较好地反映不同黄皮种质间游离氨基酸的差异。
综合上述分析,黄皮果肉中游离氨基酸种类及含量丰富,具有一定的营养价值和药用价值,其中以种质G2的总游离氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量最高,种质Y-1的药用氨基酸含量高,种质M1的甜味氨基酸含量最高,可为今后黄皮的优良品种选育提供参考依据。
  • 海南省重点研发计划项目(ZDYF2020057)
  • 海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(320RC728)
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2024年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.03.006
  • 接收时间:2022-11-07
  • 首发时间:2026-06-26
  • 出版时间:2024-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-07
  • 修回日期:2022-12-26
基金
海南省重点研发计划项目(ZDYF2020057)
海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(320RC728)
作者信息
    1.中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所/国家热带果树品种改良中心,海南海口 571101
    2.海南大学园艺学院,海南海口 570228

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* 赵志常(ZHAO Zhichang),E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rdzwxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.03.006
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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