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Article(id=1276222238814765202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276222165401866613, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.02.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1664294400000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-28, revisedDate=1669564800000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782204692796, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782204692796, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782204692796, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782204692796, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276222165401866613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='225', pageEnd='442', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1708790400000', pubDateStr='2024-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782204675293, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782206804468, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276231096228516439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276222165401866613, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276231096228516440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1276222165401866613, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=296, endPage=303, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276222239053840532, articleId=1276222238814765202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Effects of Low Position-directional Fruiting Guided by Physical Methods on Fruit Traits of Banana, columnId=1236256434120348225, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Banana plant has the characters of fruiting in high position and of hanging in non-fixed orientation, which is not conducive to the flower removal, bud removal breaking, pesticide spraying, bagging and harvesting of banana fruit in production, and make it vulnerable to wind damage, causing lodging and breaking. In order to reduce the height position of banana fruit, make it hang fruit directionally, facilitate management, realize mechanized harvest and improve field management efficiency, a guide outlet was excavated at the lower position on one side of banana pseudostem by physical method to guide banana to fruit at the lower position and predetermined direction, and the differences in fruit characters between physically induced fruit and naturally formed fruit were studied. The results showed that opening the outlet by physical method could guide the banana fruit grow in a low position and a predetermined direction. The average fruit yield per plant was 21.47 kg (with a variation range of 11.5 kg to 36.15 kg), the average number of fruit fingers per plant was 187(with a variation range of 137 to 237), the average weight of single fruit finger was 120 g (with a variation range of 60 g to 190 g), the average length of fruit axis was 41.82 cm (with a variation range of 27.5 cm to 54.5 cm), the average length of outer arc of fruit finger was 17.88 cm (with a variation range of 13.4 cm to 21.1 cm), the average perimeter of fruit finger was 11.44 cm (with a variation range of 9.6 cm to 12.9 cm). Correlation and regression analysis showed that the fruit weight per plant, fruit axis length and fruit finger length were significantly negatively correlated with the time interval from opening outlet day to heading fruit day, respectively. Compared with the natural heading fruit, there was no significant difference in average fruit weight per plant, average total number of fruit fingers per plant and average number of fruit fingers per comb, there was no significant difference in the thickness of the fruit fingers and the curvature of the fruit fingers; but there was significant difference in average weight of single fruit and of fruit axis respectively; The length of fruit axis and the length of fruit finger and the spacing between fruit combs was significantly shortened respectively, the differences are all very significant.

, authors=null, authorsList=Shixiang XIAO, Weiyan XUAN, Dou FENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dou FENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276222240022724762, articleId=1276222238814765202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=物理法引导香蕉低位抽蕾与定向挂果对香蕉果实性状的影响, columnId=1236256434313286224, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=作物栽培与生理生化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

香蕉具有的高位、不定向抽蕾挂果特性，不利于生产中蕉果的抹花、断蕾、喷药、套袋和采收，也易遭受风害，导致蕉株倒伏、折断。为了降低香蕉果实的高度位置，使其定向挂果，方便管理，实现机械化收获，提高田间管理效率，本文采用物理法在蕉株假茎一侧特定位置开导蕾口引导香蕉低位抽蕾和定向挂果，研究物理法导蕾与自然抽蕾蕉株果实的果实性状差异。结果表明：物理法开导蕾口能引导蕉株低位抽蕾和定向挂果。物理引导形成的果实性状如下：平均单株果实产量为21.47 kg（变幅为11.5~36.15 kg），每株平均果指数为187个（变幅为137~237），单果指平均重120 g（变幅为60~190 g），果轴平均长度为41.82 cm（变幅为27.5~54.5 cm），果指外弧平均长度为17.88 cm（变幅为13.4~21.1 cm），果指的平均周长为11.44 cm（变幅为9.6~12.9 cm）。相关和回归分析表明，导蕾蕉株的单株果重、果轴长度和果指长度分别与开口日至抽穗果日的时间间隔呈显著负相关。与自然抽穗果穗相比，单株平均果穗重、平均单株果指总数和平均每梳果指数无显著差异，果指粗度和果指弯曲度均无显著差异；果轴重和单果指重均表现显著性差异；果轴长度、果指长度和果梳平均间距均显著缩短变密，差异均达极显著水平。

, authors=

肖世祥（1995—），男，硕士研究生，研究方向：作物种业与栽培。

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* 冯斗（FENG Dou），E-mail：。
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肖世祥（1995—），男，硕士研究生，研究方向：作物种业与栽培。

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肖世祥（1995—），男，硕士研究生，研究方向：作物种业与栽培。

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Banana nutrition and fertilization[M]. Beijing: China Agricultural Press, 2007. 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Research on the dynamic law of banana fruit growth and development[J]. Agricultural Research and Application, 2015(6): 27-32, 37. 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Changes of main nutrients in banana fruit growth and development process[J]. Journal of Tropical Crops, 2011, 32(11): 2012-2015. 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* indicate significant difference among treatments (P<0.05), ** indicate extremely significant difference among treatments (P<0.01).

, figureFileSmall=+5a6GwRGepifmz3QJ3JdYg==, figureFileBig=C20h3vakFg0ewe+26uTf7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276558388544795435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276222238814765202, language=CN, label=图2, caption=导蕾株果穗总重与导蕾日至抽蕾日间隔时间的关系

*表示处理间差异显著（P<0.05），**表示处理间差异极显著（P<0.01）。

, figureFileSmall=+5a6GwRGepifmz3QJ3JdYg==, figureFileBig=C20h3vakFg0ewe+26uTf7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276558388607709996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276222238814765202, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Comparison of fruit yield-related characters of banana plants guided by physical method and naturally pulled banana plants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment参数Parameter果穗重（含轴）Weight of fruit (including fruit axis)/kg果梳重Weight of fruit comb/kg穗果指总数Total number of fruit fingers/pcs单梳果指数The number of fruit fingers comb/pcs单果指重Weight of single fruit finger/kg
自然抽蕾平均数26.97±2.85a2.95±0.40a174.64±18.69a20.75±1.53a0.14±0.02a
变幅21.78~32.202.39~3.68145~20818.0~23.90.11~0.17
变异系数/%10.5713.5610.707.3714.29
物理法导蕾平均数22.95±6.94a2.57±0.80a186.93±34.92a21.87±1.37a0.12±0.03b
变幅12.46~38.301.12~4.02137~23719.8~24.80.06~0.19
变异系数/%30.2431.1318.686.2625.00
), ArticleFig(id=1276558388695790381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276222238814765202, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

物理法导蕾与自然抽蕾蕉株的果穗产量相关性状比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment参数Parameter果穗重（含轴）Weight of fruit (including fruit axis)/kg果梳重Weight of fruit comb/kg穗果指总数Total number of fruit fingers/pcs单梳果指数The number of fruit fingers comb/pcs单果指重Weight of single fruit finger/kg
自然抽蕾平均数26.97±2.85a2.95±0.40a174.64±18.69a20.75±1.53a0.14±0.02a
变幅21.78~32.202.39~3.68145~20818.0~23.90.11~0.17
变异系数/%10.5713.5610.707.3714.29
物理法导蕾平均数22.95±6.94a2.57±0.80a186.93±34.92a21.87±1.37a0.12±0.03b
变幅12.46~38.301.12~4.02137~23719.8~24.80.06~0.19
变异系数/%30.2431.1318.686.2625.00
), ArticleFig(id=1276558388779676462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276222238814765202, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of fruit axis length and fruit comb distribution between the physically guided budding banana plants and naturally budding banana plants.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment参数Parameter首尾梳间距Distance between the first and the last comb/cm平均梳间距Average comb spacing/cm第1~2梳间距Comb spacing of the 1st–2nd comb/cm第3~4梳间距Comb spacing of the 3rd–4th comb/cm第5~6梳间距Comb spacing of the 5th–6th comb/cm果轴重weight of fruit axis/kg
自然抽蕾平均数64.77±6.07A7.72±0.67A15.05±3.60a8.09±0.97a7.38±1.23a2.28±0.41a
变幅56.5~73.56.6~8.710.5~21.06.0~9.54.5~91.50~2.90
变异系数/%9.378.6823.9212.0016.6718.00
物理法导蕾平均数41.82±9.60B4.91±0.82B9.71±3.01b5.54±1.13b4.11±0.76b1.49±0.54b
变幅27.5~54.53.1~6.46.5~12.03.5~8.03.0~6.00.80~2.40
变异系数/%23.0016.7031.0020.4018.4936.24
), ArticleFig(id=1276558388863562543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276222238814765202, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

物理法导蕾与自然抽蕾蕉株的果轴、果梳分布比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment参数Parameter首尾梳间距Distance between the first and the last comb/cm平均梳间距Average comb spacing/cm第1~2梳间距Comb spacing of the 1st–2nd comb/cm第3~4梳间距Comb spacing of the 3rd–4th comb/cm第5~6梳间距Comb spacing of the 5th–6th comb/cm果轴重weight of fruit axis/kg
自然抽蕾平均数64.77±6.07A7.72±0.67A15.05±3.60a8.09±0.97a7.38±1.23a2.28±0.41a
变幅56.5~73.56.6~8.710.5~21.06.0~9.54.5~91.50~2.90
变异系数/%9.378.6823.9212.0016.6718.00
物理法导蕾平均数41.82±9.60B4.91±0.82B9.71±3.01b5.54±1.13b4.11±0.76b1.49±0.54b
变幅27.5~54.53.1~6.46.5~12.03.5~8.03.0~6.00.80~2.40
变异系数/%23.0016.7031.0020.4018.4936.24
), ArticleFig(id=1276558388934865712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276222238814765202, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Comparison of appearance shape of fruit fingers between the physically guided budding banana plants and naturally budding banana plants.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment参数Parameter果梳外排中间果指Middle fruit finger of the outer row comb果梳内排中间果指Middle fruit finger of the inner row comb
果指粗度Circumference of fruit finger/cm外弧长Outer arc length/cm内弧长Inner arc length/cm外弧长/内弧长Ratio of the outer arc length to the inner arc length果指粗度Circumference of fruit finger/cm外弧长Outer arc length/cm内弧长Inner arc length/cm外弧长/内弧长Ratio of the outer arc length to the inner arc length
自然抽蕾平均数11.48±0.59a21.60±1.50A14.12±0.91A1.53±0.03a12.07±0.58a20.30±1.39A15.72±0.97A1.29±0.04a
变幅10.4~12.419.2~24.412.4~15.81.48~1.611.0~12.918.7~23.114.60~18.01.25~1.4
变异系数/%5.146.946.441.964.816.856.173.10
物理法导蕾平均数11.44±0.91a17.88±2.20B12.01±1.64B1.49±0.05a11.81±1.11a16.83±2.09B12.89±1.79B1.31±0.06a
变幅9.6~12.913.4~21.18.5~14.51.4~1.69.1~13.512.1~19.98.9~15.101.18~1.4
变异系数/%7.9512.3013.662.639.4012.4213.894.58
), ArticleFig(id=1276558389022946097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1276222238814765202, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

物理法导蕾与自然抽蕾蕉株的果指形态外观品质比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment参数Parameter果梳外排中间果指Middle fruit finger of the outer row comb果梳内排中间果指Middle fruit finger of the inner row comb
果指粗度Circumference of fruit finger/cm外弧长Outer arc length/cm内弧长Inner arc length/cm外弧长/内弧长Ratio of the outer arc length to the inner arc length果指粗度Circumference of fruit finger/cm外弧长Outer arc length/cm内弧长Inner arc length/cm外弧长/内弧长Ratio of the outer arc length to the inner arc length
自然抽蕾平均数11.48±0.59a21.60±1.50A14.12±0.91A1.53±0.03a12.07±0.58a20.30±1.39A15.72±0.97A1.29±0.04a
变幅10.4~12.419.2~24.412.4~15.81.48~1.611.0~12.918.7~23.114.60~18.01.25~1.4
变异系数/%5.146.946.441.964.816.856.173.10
物理法导蕾平均数11.44±0.91a17.88±2.20B12.01±1.64B1.49±0.05a11.81±1.11a16.83±2.09B12.89±1.79B1.31±0.06a
变幅9.6~12.913.4~21.18.5~14.51.4~1.69.1~13.512.1~19.98.9~15.101.18~1.4
变异系数/%7.9512.3013.662.639.4012.4213.894.58
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物理法引导香蕉低位抽蕾与定向挂果对香蕉果实性状的影响
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肖世祥 , 禤维言 , 冯斗 *
热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2024,45(2): 296-303
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热带作物学报 |作物栽培与生理生化 2024 , 45 (2) : 296 -303
物理法引导香蕉低位抽蕾与定向挂果对香蕉果实性状的影响
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肖世祥, 禤维言, 冯斗*
作者信息
  • 广西大学农学院，广西南宁　530005
通讯作者:
* 冯斗（FENG Dou），E-mail：。
Effects of Low Position-directional Fruiting Guided by Physical Methods on Fruit Traits of Banana
Shixiang XIAO, Weiyan XUAN, Dou FENG*
Affiliations
  • College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.02.009
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摘要
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香蕉具有的高位、不定向抽蕾挂果特性，不利于生产中蕉果的抹花、断蕾、喷药、套袋和采收，也易遭受风害，导致蕉株倒伏、折断。为了降低香蕉果实的高度位置，使其定向挂果，方便管理，实现机械化收获，提高田间管理效率，本文采用物理法在蕉株假茎一侧特定位置开导蕾口引导香蕉低位抽蕾和定向挂果，研究物理法导蕾与自然抽蕾蕉株果实的果实性状差异。结果表明：物理法开导蕾口能引导蕉株低位抽蕾和定向挂果。物理引导形成的果实性状如下：平均单株果实产量为21.47 kg（变幅为11.5~36.15 kg），每株平均果指数为187个（变幅为137~237），单果指平均重120 g（变幅为60~190 g），果轴平均长度为41.82 cm（变幅为27.5~54.5 cm），果指外弧平均长度为17.88 cm（变幅为13.4~21.1 cm），果指的平均周长为11.44 cm（变幅为9.6~12.9 cm）。相关和回归分析表明，导蕾蕉株的单株果重、果轴长度和果指长度分别与开口日至抽穗果日的时间间隔呈显著负相关。与自然抽穗果穗相比，单株平均果穗重、平均单株果指总数和平均每梳果指数无显著差异，果指粗度和果指弯曲度均无显著差异；果轴重和单果指重均表现显著性差异；果轴长度、果指长度和果梳平均间距均显著缩短变密，差异均达极显著水平。

挂果  /  物理法导蕾  /  果实性状  /  产量差异  /  果梳分布

Banana plant has the characters of fruiting in high position and of hanging in non-fixed orientation, which is not conducive to the flower removal, bud removal breaking, pesticide spraying, bagging and harvesting of banana fruit in production, and make it vulnerable to wind damage, causing lodging and breaking. In order to reduce the height position of banana fruit, make it hang fruit directionally, facilitate management, realize mechanized harvest and improve field management efficiency, a guide outlet was excavated at the lower position on one side of banana pseudostem by physical method to guide banana to fruit at the lower position and predetermined direction, and the differences in fruit characters between physically induced fruit and naturally formed fruit were studied. The results showed that opening the outlet by physical method could guide the banana fruit grow in a low position and a predetermined direction. The average fruit yield per plant was 21.47 kg (with a variation range of 11.5 kg to 36.15 kg), the average number of fruit fingers per plant was 187(with a variation range of 137 to 237), the average weight of single fruit finger was 120 g (with a variation range of 60 g to 190 g), the average length of fruit axis was 41.82 cm (with a variation range of 27.5 cm to 54.5 cm), the average length of outer arc of fruit finger was 17.88 cm (with a variation range of 13.4 cm to 21.1 cm), the average perimeter of fruit finger was 11.44 cm (with a variation range of 9.6 cm to 12.9 cm). Correlation and regression analysis showed that the fruit weight per plant, fruit axis length and fruit finger length were significantly negatively correlated with the time interval from opening outlet day to heading fruit day, respectively. Compared with the natural heading fruit, there was no significant difference in average fruit weight per plant, average total number of fruit fingers per plant and average number of fruit fingers per comb, there was no significant difference in the thickness of the fruit fingers and the curvature of the fruit fingers; but there was significant difference in average weight of single fruit and of fruit axis respectively; The length of fruit axis and the length of fruit finger and the spacing between fruit combs was significantly shortened respectively, the differences are all very significant.

fruit hanging  /  physical guidance technology  /  fruit characters  /  yield difference  /  fruit combs distribution
肖世祥, 禤维言, 冯斗. 物理法引导香蕉低位抽蕾与定向挂果对香蕉果实性状的影响. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (2) : 296 -303 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.02.009
Shixiang XIAO, Weiyan XUAN, Dou FENG. Effects of Low Position-directional Fruiting Guided by Physical Methods on Fruit Traits of Banana[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (2) : 296 -303 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.02.009
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香蕉被联合国粮农组织认定为第四大粮食。我国香蕉产量占热带水果总产量的60%，种植面积高达40多万hm2，年生产总量1200多万t，常年消费量1300多万t[1]。香蕉种植经济效益高，已成为我国广东、广西、海南、云南和福建等省区的农业支柱性产业，在这些区域的经济和农村社会发展中发挥着重要作用[2]。
香蕉具有顶部抽蕾和不确定挂果的特性，且其植株茎秆常高达2~4 m，根系分布较浅，顶生果穗重量可高达数十公斤。这些生物学特性使得香蕉生产过程中面临以下问题：（1）因重心高、风害等引发倒伏折断而带来减产甚至绝收的风险[3]。因此，常需采取拉绳、立桩、搭架等技术防范措施[4]，这既增加香蕉生成的成本投入，又增加劳动工作量，且不利农事操作，尤其妨碍机械化作业。（2）香蕉过高的抽蕾位置和随机挂果方向的特性制约着香蕉标准化生产技术的应用。垫把、抹花、喷药、套袋和无损化采收等能增加香蕉产量和改善果品品质，提升果品商品性和市场竞争力，提高香蕉生产的经济效益[5]，成为香蕉标准化生产的必备技术。而人工作业的劳动强度增大和工作效率降低，甚至因需借助梯子增高操作存在安全风险[6-7]。这些都制约了香蕉的标准化生产。
目前，降低香蕉抽蕾挂果高度主要通过以下途径与方法实现：（1）品种选育。即利用遗传变异方法选育矮杆香蕉良种推广应用，这是降低香蕉抽蕾高度的行之有效的途径[8-9]。但受限于缺乏优良的香蕉矮化种质和有效的香蕉育种方法，获得矮化的优良品种寥寥无几[10-11]。香蕉品种多为三倍体，无法通过杂交筛选优良的矮化品种，株高性状为数量性状，转基因技术难以获得矮化植株。目前，在田间筛选的矮杆突变株的果实产量和品质性状不够好，无法在生产中大面积种植。（2）栽培技术调控。即喷施植物生长调节剂的生理调控的方法建立矮化栽培技术[12]。生理途径的栽培调控也是降低香蕉抽蕾高度的可行方法，但其也存在因矮化引起生物产量减少带来果品产量下降、技术操作不当造成控制失效或过渡、药物残留等问题。（3）研发制适于现行农艺技术的农机具[13]。香蕉高位抽蕾，尤其挂果方向的随机性，增加了研发机具的构造复杂性和制造成本，影响机具应用过程的操作简便性和效率。此外，有学者探索采用物理途径的截茎方法，此法对台风等风害折断蕉株的恢复生产中有一定的应用效果，但由于生产成本高，在香蕉生产中难于被接受采用。
建立控制香蕉低位抽蕾和定向挂果的技术，对提升香蕉生产中蕉果护养的人工操作、机械化作业效率、降低风害风险均有重大意义。本研究采用一种技术方法，有效降低香蕉果实的生长高度，并将其悬挂在预定的同一方向，有利于人工操作和机械化管理，降低风害风险，提高生产效率[14]。以期为建立更适于蕉园护果采收机械化、轻简化人工作业和提升香蕉防风与抗倒伏的农艺技术提供参考。
1　材料与方法
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1.1　材料
供试材料来自广西大学广西亚热带农科新城内香蕉种植示范园的留芽代蕉株，品种为桂蕉1号，于2020年10月初进行定植。
1.2　方法
1.2.1　试验设计
设物理法导蕾和自然抽蕾2种处理，4次重复。采用随机区组设计，即在示范蕉园中选数行蕉株，随机选取蕉株分别进行物理法导蕾和自然抽蕾处理，每个处理的蕉株数3~5个。试验行区两端留数株及两边留数行作为保护区。
于蕉株进入抽蕾前期的幼蕾上升阶段，即香蕉苗定植8个半月左右，最大叶片抽出之后的2片叶完全展开后，物理法导蕾的蕉株，用电动马刀锯在其假茎的离地1.6~1.8 m处的统一朝向侧开一个25 cm×8 cm的导蕾口，引导蕉蕾从导蕾口抽出而形成低位定向抽蕾挂果。自然抽蕾处理的蕉株则是在正常栽培下让其自然抽蕾。于2020年6月17日随机选择大小、生长一致的蕉株实施导蕾处理，导蕾处理日试验蕉株有12~14片绿叶。
试验实施的示范蕉园由广西大学与捷佳润科技股份集团有限公司共建，全园采用智能化水肥一体化管理系统。试验蕉株的水肥管理、病虫防治和断蕾抹花套袋护果等田间日常种植管理工作由该公司负责，按公司的规范统一种植管理。
1.2.2　项目测定
导蕾处理后，记录蕉株蕉蕾抽出导蕾口的日期。蕉果达七成熟度时采收，测定果穗的总鲜重、果轴重、单梳果重、梳果指数、果梳外排和内排中间果指的内弧长（果指外侧弧面从果柄与果指交接出至果指末端抹花口边缘的长度）和外弧长（果指内侧弧面从果柄与果指交接出至果指末端抹花口边缘的长度）及其中部粗度（周长）。
1.3　数据处理
采用Excel 2007软件整理数据，用SPASS 26.0软件对数据进行单因素方差分析，用t-检验法进行差异显著性检验。
2　结果与分析
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2.1　物理法导蕾与自然抽蕾蕉株的果穗产量相关性状表现
由试验结果表1、图1可见，采用物理法开导蕾口能引导蕉蕾低位定向抽蕾挂果。
物理法导蕾蕉株的平均单株穗重（含果轴，下同）为22.95 kg，较自然抽蕾蕉株的26.97 kg低4.02 kg，但2种蕉株间的单株果穗重差异未达显著水平。导蕾蕉株的单株果穗重的变幅和变异系数增大，最重的为38.30 kg，最轻的为12.46 kg，变异系数为30.24%，与自然抽蕾相比，最高产量增加6.1 kg，最低产量减少9.32 kg，变异系数增加1.86倍。导蕾蕉株的果梳重、单果指重表现趋势与果穗重的表现类似，但单果指重与自然抽蕾株的差异达到显著水平。导蕾株果穗和果梳的果指数均较自然抽蕾株的有所增加，但差异均未达到显著性水平。
2.2　物理法导蕾与自然抽蕾蕉株的果轴与果梳分布变化
表2结果显示，物理法导蕾株果穗的果轴长度（首尾梳间距）、重量和果梳分布间距都比自然抽蕾蕉株的明显变小，其中，首尾梳间距和平均梳间距分别缩短了35.43%和36.4%，第1~2梳、第3~4梳、第5~6梳的梳间距分别缩短了35.48%、31.52和44.31%，果轴重量减轻了34.65%，前二者在2种不同处理蕉株间的差异均达到极显著水平，其它的达显著水平。
2.3　物理法导蕾与自然抽蕾蕉株的果指外观性状表现
由表3可见，导蕾蕉株的果指长度（果指外弧长）较自然抽蕾蕉株的短，外排和内排果梳中间果指的平均外弧长度变短量都约为17%，二者在2种处理蕉株间的差异均达到极显著水平。导蕾蕉株的果指粗度（果指中部最大处的周长）和果指弯曲度（果指的外弧长度与内弧长度之比）均与自然抽蕾蕉株的相近，外排和内排中间果指的粗度和弯度在2种蕉株间的差异均不显著。
2.4　物理法导蕾蕉株的果穗总重、果轴长和内、外排果指外弧长与导蕾日至抽蕾日间隔时间的相关与回归分析
由图2A可知，导蕾蕉株的果穗总重与导蕾日至抽蕾日的间隔时间之间存在负相关，相关系数r=–0.9362，在0.01水平上差异极显著。决定系数r2为0.8765，直线回归关系为：y=33.7302–0.6262x。分析结果显示，导蕾株间形成的果穗总重与导蕾日至抽蕾日的间隔时间密切相关，表现趋势为：导蕾后蕉蕾抽出的时间越早，发育形成的果穗越重；反之，则果穗重量减轻。导蕾后5 d内抽出的蕉蕾，果穗产量可达30 kg；导蕾后20 d内抽出的，果穗产量达到20 kg；导蕾后迟于20 d抽出的，果穗产量小于20 kg。
由图2B可见，导蕾蕉株形成果穗的果穗首尾梳间距与导蕾日至抽蕾日间隔时间之间存在负相关性，相关系数r=–0.6237，在0.05水平差异显著。决定系数r2为0.3890，直线回归关系为：y=51.7536–0.577x。分析结果显示，导蕾形成果穗的首尾梳间距与导蕾日至抽蕾日的间隔时间有关，表现趋势是，导蕾至抽蕾的间隔时间越长，形成的果穗的首尾梳间距越短。
从图2C可见，导蕾蕉株形成果梳内排果指（中间果指）平均外弧长度与导蕾日至抽蕾日间隔时间之间存在负相关，相关系数r=–0.8292，在0.01水平差异极显著。决定系数r2为0.6876，直线回归关系为：y=19.7000–0.1668x。分析结果显示，导蕾形成果穗的内排果指外弧长与导蕾日至抽蕾日的间隔时间有关，表现趋势是，导蕾至抽蕾的间隔时间越长，形成果穗的内排果指外弧长越短。
从图2D可见，导蕾蕉株形成果梳外排果指（中间果指）平均外弧长度与导蕾日至抽蕾日间隔时间之间存在负相关，相关系数r=–0.8135，在0.01水平差异极显著。决定系数r2为0.6617，直线回归关系为：y=20.8465–0.1724x。分析结果显示，导蕾形成果穗的外排果指外弧长与导蕾日至抽蕾日的间隔时间有关，表现趋势是，导蕾至抽蕾的间隔时间越长，形成果穗的外排果指外弧长越短。
3　讨论
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香蕉假茎高度受内遗传基因及其表达控制。CHEN等[15]研究发现，赤霉素代谢相关基因是引起香蕉矮化突变体株高较其野生型变矮的原因。迄今，已建立2类有效降低香蕉抽蕾挂果高度的途径方法：选择矮杆突变培育矮杆品种和采用抑制生长调节剂进行生理调控。近年来，广东农业科学院果树研究所通过诱导和选择矮化变异育成的矮杆品种中，中蕉11号的假茎高度约175.5 cm，新植蕉单株果穗平均21.5 kg，中蕉12号的假茎高度仅0.82~0.95 m，新植蕉单株果穗平均8.4 kg，矮粉1号的假茎平均高度2.5~3.0 m，比常规粉蕉品种矮了1.5~2 m，新植蕉平均单株产量21 kg[16-17]。通过选育矮杆品种，株高幅度的降低和绝对高度的矮化在程度上都可获得明显效果，适度矮化仍具高产性能，过渡矮化单株产量受较大影响。赵明等[18-19]的研究结果表明，在株高90~120 cm时开始用多效唑淋施金粉1号蕉株，矮化幅度达20.9%，株施用量5克的范围内，使用剂量越大，矮化效果越显著，对果穗的产量性状无显著性影响，采用土壤淋施或蕉株喷施2种施用方式，多效唑在蕉果及土壤中残留值低于检出限（2×10–4mg/kg）。使用剂量适当、施用时期和方式适宜，施用多效唑的生理调控途径也有效降低蕉株高度和获得较好的蕉果产量品质及安全的药剂残留水平。余赟等[20]研究采用物理法对留芽二代香蕉进行截茎处理的矮化效果结果显示，在选留的吸芽长出第一片叶宽达20 cm的正常叶时，在其离地15 cm处截茎1次和在此次截茎后新长蕉株高度达80 cm时，再在其离地15 cm处第二次截茎的2种处理，其株高降低幅度分别10.9%和16.3%，矮化效果显著，但文中未报道截茎蕉株的果穗产量情况。本研究以留芽代桂蕉1号蕉株为材料，采用物理法在蕉株假茎侧面开导蕾口引导和改变蕉株果穗抽出的路程、路径，结果表明，果穗可经导蕾口抽出，形成的果穗产量可达自然抽蕾株果穗的产量水平，可实现低位定向抽蕾挂果。采用物理法开口导蕾，其果穗抽蕾高度和朝向可根据需要确定，不再受香蕉品种自身具有的株高等特性制约，类似的研究迄今未见报道，其为研究改变香蕉抽蕾挂果特性和降低抽蕾挂果高度和朝向提供了新的思路、新途径方法和技术应用基础。
植株矮化后果穗的产量和外观品质是香蕉生产关注的重要目标，也是建立矮化栽培农艺技术的基础。果穗的产量和品质涉及果指数目、形态和果指重量。香蕉果穗的果梳数和果指数，尽管与抽蕾后蕉果膨大成果过程所需的物质供应量有关，但其主要还是取决于蕉蕾抬升期前的幼穗分化形成阶段。本研究结果显示，物理法导蕾形成的果穗的果指总数、梳果指数比自然抽蕾的略有增加，但差异未达显著性水平，表明导蕾对果梳数和果指数影响不大，原因在于导蕾时蕉株幼穗的果梳数和果指数已完成分化。前人的研究显示，果指的长度和粗度从幼穗分化完成至抽穗后的整个果穗发育过程都有快速增长[21-22]。本研究中，物理法导蕾形成的果穗的果轴长度（首尾果梳间距）、果梳分布间距、果指长度、果指粗度等形态相关的性状指标，除果指粗度与自然抽蕾的无显著差异外，其余指标均比自然抽蕾的显著变短。同时，各性状指标值在导蕾株间都表现出不同程度的较大变化幅度。推测其原因可能是由导蕾处理造成蕉株内正在发育未抽出的叶片被损伤去除引起。由于开导蕾口以后，叶片从导蕾口抽出而影响蕉蕾的抽出，所以一般需要去除1~3片叶片，这些与幼穗紧密相邻的叶片可能供应处于生长发育的果轴和果指所需的植物激素，损伤除去使供应不足而减缓生长，最终造成果轴、果指长度变短，但对果实产量的形成并无显著影响。导蕾日期越早（实质是发育的幼果穗与其上方导蕾口的距离较远），被损伤去除的叶片数越多，抽蕾更晚，因此，表现出果轴长度、果梳、果指长度与导蕾日至抽蕾日间隔时间存在显著负相关。前人的研究结果显示，果穗的果指增重主要在果穗抽出断蕾后，尤其是断蕾后40~70 d，单果增重快速[23-24]。果穗的增重源于蕉株绿叶光合产物和假茎已贮藏产物的不断转运贮藏累积。物理法导蕾形成的果穗的平均穗重、果梳重、单果指重、果轴重4个涉及重量的性状指标，单果指重和果轴重均较自然抽蕾的小，并均达显著性差异水平，果穗重、果梳重与自然抽蕾相比均无显著性差异，同时，各性状指标值均表现出在导蕾株间有较大的变化幅度。因此推测，果轴和单果指重下降可能是由于导蕾处理引起果轴和果指长度缩短而导致果指容纳贮藏物质库容能力变小所致。而导蕾处理时，蕉株假茎粗度、高度和绝大部分叶片发育成熟抽生均已完成，导蕾对蕉果所需贮藏物质的贮藏供应能力影响不大，因此形成果穗的总果指数、梳果指数也有所增加，从而在一定程度上弥补因果指变短引起的果梳重和果穗重的降幅，并且因果实相对较小，对女性和老人、儿童比较友好，可能存在一定的市场优势。
综上所述，物理法导蕾为实现蕉株低位定向抽蕾挂果提供了新思路和途径，也为进一步研发应用提供了依据和技术支撑；导蕾处理引起蕉株果穗果轴长度、果梳分布间距和果指长度缩短，且处理时期不同对导蕾果穗的产量高低有重要影响。因此，进一步探索检测判断果穗在假茎内的发育进程的上升位置的技术方法，是后续开发导蕾技术应用的核心。我们的研究结果（研究结果未报道）显示，采用X光扫描检测方法能获得准确检测定位。导蕾引起果轴、果指和果梳分布间距缩短是导蕾技术开发应用的主要限制因素，进一步探明其内在机制，尤其是生理调控的植物生长调节剂的作用机理，将有利于克服物理开口导蕾的不足。如与生理调控方法相结合，对抽出的蕉蕾外施相关的植物生长调节剂，促进果轴和果指伸长。因此，低位定向抽蕾挂果技术在香蕉生产中可能是一项很有前景的技术。
基金
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  • 国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-31)
  • 广西创新驱动发展专项资金项目(AA18118028-8)
  • 广西农业厅项目(201401)
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参考文献 引证文献
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2024年第45卷第2期
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文章信息
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.02.009
  • 接收时间：2022-09-28
  • 首发时间：2026-06-23
  • 出版时间：2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期：2022-09-28
  • 修回日期：2022-11-28
基金
国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-31)
广西创新驱动发展专项资金项目(AA18118028-8)
广西农业厅项目(201401)
作者信息
    广西大学农学院，广西南宁　530005

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* 冯斗（FENG Dou），E-mail：。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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