Article(id=1277255926373549006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277255754218337268, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.01.023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1655136000000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-14, revisedDate=1665676800000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782451143115, onlineDateStr=2026-06-26, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782451143115, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782451143114, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782451143114, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277255754218337268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='224', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1706112000000', pubDateStr='2024-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782451102069, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782451256326, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1277256402011816133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277255754218337268, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1277256402011816134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277255754218337268, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=215, endPage=224, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1277255926700704720, articleId=1277255926373549006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Method to Stain Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi in the Roots of Guangxi Camellia nitidissima, columnId=1236292524264968282, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Protection & Bio-safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Camellia nitidissima belongs to the genus Camellia of theaceae and belongs to the first-level national protection plant, with high ornamental value and medicinal value. However, at present, there are few wild resources of C. nitidissima. It is necessary to find efficient artificial cultivation methods, rapidly propagate excellent C. nitidissima seedlings, and then greatly improve the yield of large-scale cultivation of C. nitidissima. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can significantly promote plant growth and development, increase crop yield, and enhance plant stress and disease resistance. Inoculation of AM fungi into C. nitidissima has a positive effect on the cultivation of C. nitidissima. Since almost all AM fungal inoculation test involves the growth of mycorrhizal observation and infection rate determination, and AM infection situation observation methods available are not efficient. An efficient dyeing of AM fungi C. nitidissima was reported. In this study, the effects of five dyes (Sudan red Ⅳ, acid fuchsin, trypan blue, aniline blue and acetic acid ink) on AM fungi of healthy plant roots of C. nitidissima were investigated. The results showed that 5% acetic acid ink staining solution had the best staining effect. Mycelia, vesicles, spores and other structures of AM fungi in root cortex cells were clearly visible, and AM fungi could be clearly distinguished from other unknown fungi, and the root staining effect could be preserved for a long time. The mycelia and vesicles of AM fungi stained with Sudan red Ⅳ and acid fuchsin were not in obvious contrast with the background, and the preservation time of acid fuchsin staining was short, which was not conducive to observation. The dyeing effect of aniline blue and trypan blue was slightly inferior to acetic acid ink, and the price was expensive and the experimental cost was high. The last four dyes are suspected of causing cancer, and the long-term use has great potential safety risks to the health of operators. Acetic acid ink dyeing is simple, low toxicity, low cost and excellent dyeing effect. It is suitable for the staining and section observation of AM fungi in the roots of C. nitidissima. The results would provide new ideas for the future application of C. nitidissima mycorrhizal seedlings.

, authors=Shiping XU1, 2, 3, Rifang GAO2, Jinlian ZHANG2, Juan SONG2, Dongping LI2, Yuanhao HE1, *, Shiyuan ZENG3, *, Tingsu CHEN2, authorsList=Shiping XU, Rifang GAO, Jinlian ZHANG, Juan SONG, Dongping LI, Yuanhao HE, Shiyuan ZENG, Tingsu CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuanhao HE, Shiyuan ZENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1277255928760107996, articleId=1277255926373549006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=广西金花茶根系丛枝菌根真菌染色方法探讨, columnId=1236292524520820846, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=植物保护与生物安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

金花茶(Camellia nitidissima)为山茶科山茶属植物,属于国家一级保护植物,具有很高的观赏价值及药用价值。但目前金花茶野生资源少,因此寻找高效的人工种植方法快速繁殖金花茶优良种苗,进而大幅度提高规模化种植金花茶的产量十分必要。丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌能显著促进植物生长发育、提高作物产量、增强植物抗逆性和抗病性,金花茶接种AM真菌,对金花茶有积极的影响。由于几乎所有的AM真菌接种试验均涉及菌根发育状况观察与侵染率测定,而目前AM侵染状况的观察测定方法种类繁多,良莠不齐,因此本研究探究一种金花茶根系AM真菌检测的最佳染色方法,以便更好地观察AM真菌对金花茶根系的侵染情况。本研究以金花茶健康植株根系为试验材料,探讨5种染色剂(苏丹红Ⅳ、酸性品红、苯胺蓝、台酚蓝、醋酸墨水)对金花茶根系AM真菌的染色效果。研究表明:5%醋酸墨水染色液的染色效果最佳,根皮层细胞内AM真菌的菌丝、泡囊、孢子等结构清晰可见,且能够明确分辨AM真菌与其他未知真菌,根的染色效果可以长久保存;利用苏丹红Ⅳ和酸性品红染色的AM真菌菌丝、泡囊与背景反差不明显,而且酸性品红的染色效果保存时间短,不利于观察;苯胺蓝和台酚蓝的染色效果略次于醋酸墨水,且价格昂贵,成本高。除醋酸墨水外,其他4种染色剂均是疑似致癌物,长期使用对操作人员的健康产生非常大的安全隐患。醋酸墨水染色操作简便、毒性低、成本低廉、染色效果极佳,适用于金花茶根系AM真菌的染色和制片观察。本研究结果可为今后金花茶菌根种苗的应用提供新的思路。

, authors=许诗萍1, 2, 3, 高日芳2, 张金莲2, 宋娟2, 李冬萍2, 何苑皞1, *, 曾诗媛3, *, 陈廷速2, authorsList=许诗萍, 高日芳, 张金莲, 宋娟, 李冬萍, 何苑皞, 曾诗媛, 陈廷速, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=何苑皞, 曾诗媛, authorNote=

许诗萍(1996—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物检疫。

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* 何苑皞(HE Yuanhao),E-mail:
曾诗媛(ZENG Shiyuan),E-mail:
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许诗萍(1996—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物检疫。

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Comparison of staining methods on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in banana roots[J]. Genomics and Applied Biology, 2017, 36(6): 2447-2451. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Comparison of staining methods on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in banana roots, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1279857932988814282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255926373549006, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=18, issue=4, pageStart=294, pageEnd=303, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=77, authorNames=冯中红, 孙广宇, journalName=菌物研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=冯中红, 孙广宇. 链格孢属及相关属分类研究新进展[J]. 菌物研究, 2020, 18(4): 294-303., articleTitle=链格孢属及相关属分类研究新进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1279857933060117451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255926373549006, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=18, issue=4, pageStart=294, pageEnd=303, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=78, authorNames=FENG Z H, SUN G Y, journalName=Journal of Fungal Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FENG Z H, SUN G Y. Advances in the classification of Alternaria and related genera[J]. Journal of Fungal Research, 2020, 18(4): 294-303. 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A: Internal hyphae; B: External hyphae; C, D: Vesicle; E: DSE hypha and branches; F: Microsclerotia.

, figureFileSmall=fuaFWgBcAsAe4K+wsflZ5A==, figureFileBig=obZCoHWvDb4zDOyaQHPtPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279857919730619237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255926373549006, language=CN, label=图1, caption=苏丹红Ⅳ对金花茶根系AM真菌的染色效果

A:根内菌丝;B:根外菌丝;C、D:泡囊;E:深色有隔菌丝及其分枝;F:微菌核。

, figureFileSmall=fuaFWgBcAsAe4K+wsflZ5A==, figureFileBig=obZCoHWvDb4zDOyaQHPtPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279857919831282534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255926373549006, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Dyeing effect of acid fuchsin on AM fungi in C. nitidissima roots

A: Hyphae; B, C: Vesicle; D: Hyphae and vesicle; E: DSE hypha and branches; F: Microsclerotia.

, figureFileSmall=PNZE+kQi333ngKbi7Ee2FA==, figureFileBig=079orwqIkDm0wRIiAvwfFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279857919894197095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255926373549006, language=CN, label=图2, caption=酸性品红对金花茶根系AM真菌的染色效果

A:菌丝;B、C:泡囊;D:菌丝和泡囊;E:深色有隔菌丝及其分枝;F:微菌核。

, figureFileSmall=PNZE+kQi333ngKbi7Ee2FA==, figureFileBig=079orwqIkDm0wRIiAvwfFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279857919965500264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255926373549006, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Dyeing effect of aniline blue on AM fungi in C. nitidissima roots

A: AM fungi hyphae and DSE hypha; B, C: Vesicle; D, E: Spongy arbuscule; F: Structure of unknown fungi.

, figureFileSmall=bP1/Ncoe+7vVSX5BWMtEkg==, figureFileBig=H5KaAQ1tmriGX43CMQ5Suw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279857920036803433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255926373549006, language=CN, label=图3, caption=苯胺蓝对金花茶根系AM真菌的染色效果

A:AM真菌菌丝和深色有隔内生真菌菌丝;B、C:泡囊;D、E:海绵状丛枝;F:未知真菌的结构。

, figureFileSmall=bP1/Ncoe+7vVSX5BWMtEkg==, figureFileBig=H5KaAQ1tmriGX43CMQ5Suw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279857920108106602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255926373549006, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Dyeing effect of trypan blue on AM fungi in C. nitidissima roots

A-C: Different forms of hyphae and vesicle; D, E: Different forms of arbuscule; F, G: Hyphae circle; H: DSE hypha and branches, I: Microsclerotia.

, figureFileSmall=Ljk5sJ5dynBkV/0SPlaF1g==, figureFileBig=ngvRxYiQU2rMWSmU3Mlo+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279857920179409771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255926373549006, language=CN, label=图4, caption=台酚蓝对金花茶根系AM真菌的染色效果

A~C:不同形态的菌丝和泡囊;D、E:各种形态的丛枝;F、G:菌丝圈;H:深色有隔菌丝及其分枝;I:微菌核。

, figureFileSmall=Ljk5sJ5dynBkV/0SPlaF1g==, figureFileBig=ngvRxYiQU2rMWSmU3Mlo+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279857920246518636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255926373549006, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Dyeing effect of acetic acid ink on AM fungi in C. nitidissima roots

A-D: Different forms of hyphae and vesicle; E-G: Different forms of arbuscule; H: DSE hypha; I: Microsclerotia.

, figureFileSmall=DySrtEVv0wFMbfjuvcCvJg==, figureFileBig=CJixIG+pyvs0wErSjISLvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279857921915851629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255926373549006, language=CN, label=图5, caption=醋酸墨水对金花茶根系AM真菌的染色效果

A~D:形态各异的菌丝和泡囊;E~G:各种形态的丛枝;H:深色有隔菌丝;I:微菌核。

, figureFileSmall=DySrtEVv0wFMbfjuvcCvJg==, figureFileBig=CJixIG+pyvs0wErSjISLvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279857922033292142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255926373549006, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Comparison of staining effect of five dyes on AM fungi structure and root tissue of C. nitidissima roots

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
染色剂Dye根内菌丝Internal hyphae根外菌丝External hyphae泡囊Vesicle丛枝Arbuscule根组织Root tissue
苏丹红Ⅳ+++
酸性品红++
苯胺蓝++++
台酚蓝++++
醋酸墨水+++++
), ArticleFig(id=1279857922108789615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255926373549006, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

5种染色剂对金花茶根系AM真菌结构及根组织的染色效果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
染色剂Dye根内菌丝Internal hyphae根外菌丝External hyphae泡囊Vesicle丛枝Arbuscule根组织Root tissue
苏丹红Ⅳ+++
酸性品红++
苯胺蓝++++
台酚蓝++++
醋酸墨水+++++
), ArticleFig(id=1279857922184287088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255926373549006, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comprehensive comparison of effect of five dyes on AM fungi staining of C. nitidissima roots

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
染色剂Dye总体染色效果Overall dyeing effect内含物Contents反差效果Contrast effect保存时间Save time成本Cost/(yuan·g–1)毒性Toxicity
苏丹红Ⅳ可观察到不明显很久不褪色3疑似致癌物[36-37]
酸性品红可观察到不明显持续褪色10疑似致癌物[33]
苯胺蓝一般观察不到一般很久不褪色12疑似致癌物
台酚蓝可观察到不明显很久不褪色16疑似致癌物[33]
醋酸墨水可观察到明显很久不褪色2无毒[38]
), ArticleFig(id=1279857922263978865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277255926373549006, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

5种染色剂对金花茶根系AM真菌染色效果综合比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
染色剂Dye总体染色效果Overall dyeing effect内含物Contents反差效果Contrast effect保存时间Save time成本Cost/(yuan·g–1)毒性Toxicity
苏丹红Ⅳ可观察到不明显很久不褪色3疑似致癌物[36-37]
酸性品红可观察到不明显持续褪色10疑似致癌物[33]
苯胺蓝一般观察不到一般很久不褪色12疑似致癌物
台酚蓝可观察到不明显很久不褪色16疑似致癌物[33]
醋酸墨水可观察到明显很久不褪色2无毒[38]
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广西金花茶根系丛枝菌根真菌染色方法探讨
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许诗萍 1, 2, 3 , 高日芳 2 , 张金莲 2 , 宋娟 2 , 李冬萍 2 , 何苑皞 1, * , 曾诗媛 3, * , 陈廷速 2
热带作物学报 | 植物保护与生物安全 2024,45(1): 215-224
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热带作物学报 |植物保护与生物安全 2024 , 45 (1) : 215 -224
广西金花茶根系丛枝菌根真菌染色方法探讨
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许诗萍1, 2, 3, 高日芳2, 张金莲2, 宋娟2, 李冬萍2, 何苑皞1, * , 曾诗媛3, * , 陈廷速2
作者信息
  • 1.中南林业科技大学林学院,湖南长沙 410004
  • 2.广西农业科学院微生物研究所,广西南宁 530007
  • 3.玉林师范学院,广西玉林 537000
通讯作者:
* 何苑皞(HE Yuanhao),E-mail:
曾诗媛(ZENG Shiyuan),E-mail:
作者简介:

许诗萍(1996—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物检疫。

Method to Stain Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi in the Roots of Guangxi Camellia nitidissima
Shiping XU1, 2, 3, Rifang GAO2, Jinlian ZHANG2, Juan SONG2, Dongping LI2, Yuanhao HE1, * , Shiyuan ZENG3, * , Tingsu CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
  • 2.Institute of Microbiology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
  • 3.Yulin Normal University, Yulin, Guangxi 537000, China
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.01.023
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金花茶(Camellia nitidissima)为山茶科山茶属植物,属于国家一级保护植物,具有很高的观赏价值及药用价值。但目前金花茶野生资源少,因此寻找高效的人工种植方法快速繁殖金花茶优良种苗,进而大幅度提高规模化种植金花茶的产量十分必要。丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌能显著促进植物生长发育、提高作物产量、增强植物抗逆性和抗病性,金花茶接种AM真菌,对金花茶有积极的影响。由于几乎所有的AM真菌接种试验均涉及菌根发育状况观察与侵染率测定,而目前AM侵染状况的观察测定方法种类繁多,良莠不齐,因此本研究探究一种金花茶根系AM真菌检测的最佳染色方法,以便更好地观察AM真菌对金花茶根系的侵染情况。本研究以金花茶健康植株根系为试验材料,探讨5种染色剂(苏丹红Ⅳ、酸性品红、苯胺蓝、台酚蓝、醋酸墨水)对金花茶根系AM真菌的染色效果。研究表明:5%醋酸墨水染色液的染色效果最佳,根皮层细胞内AM真菌的菌丝、泡囊、孢子等结构清晰可见,且能够明确分辨AM真菌与其他未知真菌,根的染色效果可以长久保存;利用苏丹红Ⅳ和酸性品红染色的AM真菌菌丝、泡囊与背景反差不明显,而且酸性品红的染色效果保存时间短,不利于观察;苯胺蓝和台酚蓝的染色效果略次于醋酸墨水,且价格昂贵,成本高。除醋酸墨水外,其他4种染色剂均是疑似致癌物,长期使用对操作人员的健康产生非常大的安全隐患。醋酸墨水染色操作简便、毒性低、成本低廉、染色效果极佳,适用于金花茶根系AM真菌的染色和制片观察。本研究结果可为今后金花茶菌根种苗的应用提供新的思路。

金花茶  /  根系  /  丛枝菌根真菌  /  染色

Camellia nitidissima belongs to the genus Camellia of theaceae and belongs to the first-level national protection plant, with high ornamental value and medicinal value. However, at present, there are few wild resources of C. nitidissima. It is necessary to find efficient artificial cultivation methods, rapidly propagate excellent C. nitidissima seedlings, and then greatly improve the yield of large-scale cultivation of C. nitidissima. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can significantly promote plant growth and development, increase crop yield, and enhance plant stress and disease resistance. Inoculation of AM fungi into C. nitidissima has a positive effect on the cultivation of C. nitidissima. Since almost all AM fungal inoculation test involves the growth of mycorrhizal observation and infection rate determination, and AM infection situation observation methods available are not efficient. An efficient dyeing of AM fungi C. nitidissima was reported. In this study, the effects of five dyes (Sudan red Ⅳ, acid fuchsin, trypan blue, aniline blue and acetic acid ink) on AM fungi of healthy plant roots of C. nitidissima were investigated. The results showed that 5% acetic acid ink staining solution had the best staining effect. Mycelia, vesicles, spores and other structures of AM fungi in root cortex cells were clearly visible, and AM fungi could be clearly distinguished from other unknown fungi, and the root staining effect could be preserved for a long time. The mycelia and vesicles of AM fungi stained with Sudan red Ⅳ and acid fuchsin were not in obvious contrast with the background, and the preservation time of acid fuchsin staining was short, which was not conducive to observation. The dyeing effect of aniline blue and trypan blue was slightly inferior to acetic acid ink, and the price was expensive and the experimental cost was high. The last four dyes are suspected of causing cancer, and the long-term use has great potential safety risks to the health of operators. Acetic acid ink dyeing is simple, low toxicity, low cost and excellent dyeing effect. It is suitable for the staining and section observation of AM fungi in the roots of C. nitidissima. The results would provide new ideas for the future application of C. nitidissima mycorrhizal seedlings.

Camellia nitidissima  /  roots  /  arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi  /  staining
许诗萍, 高日芳, 张金莲, 宋娟, 李冬萍, 何苑皞, 曾诗媛, 陈廷速. 广西金花茶根系丛枝菌根真菌染色方法探讨. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (1) : 215 -224 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.01.023
Shiping XU, Rifang GAO, Jinlian ZHANG, Juan SONG, Dongping LI, Yuanhao HE, Shiyuan ZENG, Tingsu CHEN. Method to Stain Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi in the Roots of Guangxi Camellia nitidissima[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (1) : 215 -224 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.01.023
金花茶(Camellia nitidissima)属于山茶科山茶属植物,是国家一级保护植物和世界珍稀观赏植物[1-2],素有“植物界大熊猫”“茶族皇后”的美称,具有较高的观赏性以及极大的市场开发潜力[3]。金花茶植物含有黄酮类、多糖、茶多酚等多种活性成分[4-6]以及丰富的天然微量元素[7],具有降血脂、降血糖、抗氧化、抗肿瘤等多种功效[8-11]。金花茶自然分布区域窄,采种困难,近年来人们过度开发,导致其野生资源减少[12-13],寻找高效的人工种植方法,快速繁殖金花茶优良种苗[14-16],以期大幅度提高规模化种植金花茶的产量,精深开发金花茶新一代医药保健产品[17-18],造福人类的健康极具重要的科研价值。
丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌广泛分布于土壤中,是一类专性活体营养共生菌[19]。许多研究表明,AM真菌不仅能促进宿主植物对水分和土壤矿质元素(尤其是磷、锌、铜等)的吸收和利用,还能增强宿主植物对贫瘠、干旱、病虫害等不良环境的抵抗能力,以及改善土壤的理化性状,促进植物生长,提高植物品质和产量[20-21]。探究AM真菌与金花茶根系所形成的互惠共生体,有助于金花茶菌根种苗的应用,可以为提高金花茶存活率、解决其生长慢产量低的问题提供思路。目前,国内外有关AM真菌在金花茶上的侵染状况尚无报道,但同属于山茶科山茶属的茶树根际均有AM真菌定殖,能形成典型的AM真菌结构[22],AM真菌能增强茶树的耐盐性[23]、抗旱性[24]、抗重金属胁迫能力[25]
丛枝菌根真菌通常从植物的幼嫩根系进行侵染,多数情况下是从根系成熟区的根毛、根表皮短细胞或细胞间隙侵入,形成丛枝、泡囊、根内菌丝等典型的菌根结构。部分根内菌丝顶端膨大形成圆形、椭圆形泡囊或菌丝二分叉式生长形成丛枝结构,有些根内菌丝在细胞内形成螺旋状菌丝圈。根内菌丝、泡囊可存在于细胞中,也可存在于细胞间隙,而丛枝只存在于细胞中,后期处于消解状态,呈海绵状,泡囊壁薄,内含不同形态的油滴等内含物[26-28]。通常认为深色有隔菌丝和微菌核是深色有隔内生真菌(dark septate endophytes,DSE)在植物根内的2种典型特征结构。深色有隔菌丝分布于根的表皮、皮层的胞间和胞内,颜色深浅不一,常见深棕色至浅棕色,随着菌丝的延伸,颜色可能逐渐变浅。菌丝壁较厚,具明显的横隔,菌丝直或曲,常伴有树枝状随意隆起的分枝。微菌核由细胞壁加厚的膨大的细胞紧密堆积形成,形状大小不一,颜色多为深棕色,同一微菌核团块的颜色也有深浅变化。分布于根的表皮、皮层细胞中或细胞间隙,有时可见与其相连的菌丝[29]
由于几乎所有的AM真菌接种试验均涉及菌根发育状况观察与侵染率测定,因此人们十分重视其观察与测定方法研究,相继建立了台酚蓝染色法和酸性品红染色法来观察植物根系AM真菌的侵染状况。如PHILLIPS等[30]和KORMANIK等[31]分别利用台酚蓝和酸性品红染色法观察根系AM真菌,但AM真菌结构和周围的根皮层组织均染上了相近的颜色,使二者颜色反差不大,不利于观察拍照。吴强盛等[32]利用台酚蓝染柑橘的根样可以清楚地看到AM真菌的各个结构,但是未能拍到柑橘根清晰的丛枝结构。VIERHEILIG等[33]将醋酸墨水染色法应用于根系AM真菌染色,并指出台酚蓝和酸性品红均为致癌疑似物。唐燕等[34]用苯胺蓝染色液对腋花杜鹃的根系进行染色,能清楚地观察到AM真菌和内生真菌的侵入,并能观察到AM真菌菌丝、泡囊和深色有隔内生真菌菌丝。不同种、属的植物根系结构存在差异,因此前人的染色方法并不一定适用于金花茶。
本研究以广西防城港市原生金花茶科技有限公司金花茶资源圃的金花茶(品种名为防普金花茶)根系为样品,比较和评价苏丹红Ⅳ、酸性品红、苯胺蓝、台酚蓝、醋酸墨水5种常用染色剂对其AM真菌的染色效果,以建立安全、可靠、理想的染色方法,为金花茶根系的AM真菌研究提供支持。
选取种植多年的金花茶健康植株根系。于2021年7月29日采自广西防城港市原生金花茶科技有限公司金花茶资源圃种植基地,清水冲洗干净后置于50%乙醇溶液,室温保存。
染色剂各成分比例参考李冬萍等[35]的方法。(1)苏丹红Ⅳ:0.1 g苏丹红Ⅳ+ 10 mL 95%乙醇+10 mL甘油;(2)酸性品红:0.05 g酸性品红+100 mL乳酸-甘油-蒸馏水(1∶1∶1)混剂;(3)苯胺蓝:0.1 g苯胺蓝+100 mL 95%乙醇;(4)台酚蓝:0.05 g台酚蓝+100 mL乳酸-甘油-蒸馏水(1∶1∶1)混剂;(5)醋酸墨水:95 mL 5%冰乙酸+5 mL Quink牌纯黑墨水(上海派克笔有限公司)。
参考文献[19]的方法,对以上5种染色剂进行根系菌根染色试验,略作改进。取保存于50%乙醇溶液的根系,清水冲洗干净并将水分控干。(1)透明:将金花茶的3~4级根(直径1~2 mm)剪成约1 cm长,加入20%KOH溶液完全浸泡根系,于90 ℃水浴120 min,清水冲洗3次并控干水分。(2)脱色:加入碱性H2O2(30 mL 10%H2O2+3 mL氨水+567 mL蒸馏水)室温脱色60 min,用清水冲洗3次并控干水分。(3)酸化:加入5%冰乙酸,室温酸化5 min,清水冲洗3次并控干水分。(4)染色:用5种染色剂分别进行染色处理,66 ℃水浴染色60 min,并用清水漂洗数次。(5)褪色:用4 ℃清水浸泡12 h以上,备用,因酸性品红染色后极易褪色,故该染色组免去褪色步骤,需及时制片观察。
将脱色处理后的根段置于载玻片上,用尖嘴镊子挑出金花茶根的坚硬组织,剩余组织平展在载玻片上,盖上盖玻片,然后用镊子轻轻敲压使平展均匀。每个处理制片3张,3次重复。使用尼康EclipseCi-L和DS-Ri2观察、拍照。
用苏丹红Ⅳ染色时,根内和根外的AM真菌菌丝着色均不明显(图1A图1B);部分泡囊主体被染成橘黄色,观察不到内含物(图1C);另一部分泡囊着色不明显,但能观察到内含物(图1D);DSE的菌丝和微菌核着色不明显(图1E),可观察到微菌核的油滴状内含物(图1F)。
酸性品红将AM真菌菌丝和部分泡囊及二者的连接处染成肉粉色,与背景反差不明显,泡囊可观察到内含物(图2A~图2D)。DSE的菌丝和微菌核与背景反差明显(图2E图2F)。
用苯胺蓝染色时,AM真菌菌丝和泡囊呈蓝色,边缘清晰,观察不到泡囊内含物(图3A~图3C)。丛枝呈浅蓝色的海绵状,边缘模糊,但根皮层也被染上了相同或略浅的颜色(图3D图3E)。深色有隔内生真菌的菌丝与背景反差明显,易观察(图3A)。还分辨出一种未知真菌结构(图3F)。
用台酚蓝染色后,根皮层细胞为浅蓝色,AM真菌菌丝和泡囊呈略深的蓝色,可观察到泡囊内含物(图4A~图4C)。能轻易分辨不同形态的丛枝(图4D图4E)。细胞内的菌丝圈清晰可见(图4F图4G)。DSE的菌丝和微菌核染色效果不明显(图4H图4I)。
经醋酸墨水染色的AM真菌结构均清晰可见,AM真菌根内和根外菌丝均呈紫色,走向明显(图5A图5B)。泡囊和不同形态的丛枝均染上深浅不一的蓝紫色,均与浅色的背景反差大,易观察,泡囊可观察到内含物(图5B~图5G)。DSE的菌丝和微菌核清晰(图5H图5I)。以上各种典型结构在低倍镜下均能清晰地观察到。
比较5种染色剂分别对金花茶根系AM真菌结构及根组织的染色效果,结果显示,每种染色剂均使根内菌丝和泡囊染色,丛枝的染色情况与根组织很接近,酸性品红染色的结构数量最少,醋酸墨水能使金花茶根系AM真菌的所有典型结构染色(表1)。
观察5种染色剂对金花茶根系AM真菌结构的染色效果,结果显示,不同染色剂对AM真菌结构染色的清晰度、反差效果、保存时间以及染色剂的成本、毒性等方面存在较大差别(表2)。
根系菌根的染色效果直接影响菌根定殖分析的准确性,因此找到稳定可靠、染色对象与背景反差大、安全无毒的染色方法,十分必要。
在光学显微镜下,观察5种染色剂对金花茶根系AM真菌结构的染色效果,结果表明,不同染色剂对AM真菌结构染色的清晰度、稳定性、反差效果等方面存在较大差异。当采用苏丹红Ⅳ染色时,泡囊外轮廓模糊,很难观察到完整的泡囊结构,也不易观察到泡囊和AM真菌菌丝的相对位置,染色不均;AM真菌菌丝染色清晰度不高,不易辨别其形态;未观察到丛枝结构。而在枳砧纽荷尔脐橙[39]根系AM真菌染色中,可观察到丛枝在细胞内呈淡粉色,其原因可能是取样的根系无丛枝结构或者丛枝染色非常浅,难以鉴别。酸性品红染色后,泡囊和AM真菌菌丝着色浅,在脱色阶段,皮层组织与AM真菌结构同步脱色且速度极快,若不能及时观察,需放回酸性品红染液中常温复染,复染时间在10 h以上效果较好,操作繁琐。汪茜等[40]和覃晓娟等[41]采用酸性品红分别观察生姜根系和香蕉根系,也出现同样的现象。而高秀兵等[22]采用酸性品红观察茶树根系,可清楚地观察到菌丝、泡囊、丛枝等AM真菌结构,推测是染色剂的具体使用步骤或对不同科、属植物的着色效果不同而导致观察结果有差异。用苯胺蓝染色时,AM真菌结构的颜色与根内的皮层细胞相近且略深,与背景反差小,看不到泡囊内含物,但唐燕等[34]可以清楚地观察到腋花杜鹃的泡囊内含物,其原因可能是苯胺蓝未能使金花茶根系的泡囊内含物染色,或者取样根系的泡囊处于内含物不明显的生理阶段。用台酚蓝染色,可辨别AM真菌的菌丝形态。在66 ℃水浴加热1 h的条件下,染色效果很强,根段整体呈现灰蓝色,细胞壁颜色更深,只能观察到染成深蓝色的AM真菌菌丝和深褐色的DSE菌丝;将染色操作换成66 ℃水浴加热15 min后,清水浸泡下根皮层细胞褪色效果较好,能分辨不同形态的丛枝,但染色清晰度不高,这与香蕉根系AM真菌染色方法[41]的报道一致,猜测是根系皮层组织与AM真菌结构同步褪色的缘故,说明台酚蓝对AM真菌结构的染色无特异性。采用醋酸墨水染色时,金花茶根系经清水浸泡12 h后,大部分的皮层细胞已褪至浅紫色,而AM真菌各结构仍然保持鲜亮的蓝紫色。清水浸泡36 h后,皮层细胞接近完全脱色,丛枝等典型的AM真菌结构边缘清晰,能轻易分辨海绵状和二分叉式的丛枝,染色效果稳定不褪色。
从5种染色剂的染色效果来看,每种染色剂均能使根内菌丝和泡囊染色,说明这2个结构比较常见,也较容易染上色,具体的染色机理需要进一步探讨。苏丹红Ⅳ和酸性品红均未能使丛枝和根组织染上明显的颜色,结合这2种染色剂对其他结构的染色情况,可以初步得出这2种染色剂均不是理想的染色剂的结论。醋酸墨水能使金花茶根系AM真菌的所有典型结构染色,也能使根组织染上颜色,表明醋酸墨水的染色能力强。在染色能力方面,苯胺蓝和台酚蓝并不比醋酸墨水逊色,但是醋酸墨水对根组织的染色在清水中就能迅速褪色,并且可以使AM真菌结构染上的颜色保持鲜亮,在浅色的背景上很容易进行进一步观察。
5种染色剂均能分辨出AM真菌与DSE的主要原因:一是本次样品中DSE侵染的范围广,未出现取样的根系无特征结构的情况;二是作为背景的根组织,在染色的透明和脱色步骤成功脱去本色,而DSE的2种典型结构(即深色有隔菌丝和微菌核)颜色深,未受到20% KOH溶液和碱性H2O2溶液的明显影响,后期也不易被染色,与背景反差明显;三是DSE的菌丝具明显的横隔特征。有文献报道,在显微镜下观察经苏丹红Ⅳ染色的DSE,能看到DSE透明菌丝中的油滴体[29]。本研究中能观察到浅色微菌核的油滴体,在DSE菌丝里却未观察到。其原因可能是DSE菌丝颜色太深,掩盖了油滴体的颜色,或者油滴体只出现在DSE结构的特定阶段,而能在微菌核里看到油滴体,可能原因是DSE的菌丝和微菌核成分相近,结构相似,文献报道有时可见与微菌核相连的菌丝[29]也可印证这个猜测。DSE菌丝分布于根的表皮、皮层的胞间和胞内[29],而本研究中的DSE菌丝在视觉上相对完整紧凑地出现在根组织的上方,且沿根的纵轴方向延伸,形成菌丝网络,可能原因是在制片时过于用力,压碎了根组织,影响了后续的观察和拍照,同时能判断出此根段中的DSE菌丝均为胞间菌丝。在苯胺蓝染色时,还分辨出第三种真菌的未知真菌结构,疑似链格孢属(Alternaria)真菌的分生孢子[42],因该种真菌侵染程度不深,未留下更多可供观察和分析判断的结构。
此外,Quink牌墨水由淡黄色的喹啉黄(CI 47005,CI Food yellow 13)、橙色的日落黄(CI 15985,CI Food yellow 3)和蓝色的阴丹士林蓝(CI 69800,CI Food Blue 4,又名蓝蒽酮)3种染料组成,安全无毒[38]。从保存时间、成本、毒性、操作复杂程度等方面考虑,醋酸墨水染色法均更优于其他4种染色方法,因此醋酸墨水较其他几种染色剂更适用于金花茶根系AM真菌的染色观察。
  • 广西科技基地和人才专项(桂科AD20159001)
  • 广西农业科学院基本科研业务专项(桂农科2021YT097)
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2024年第45卷第1期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.01.023
  • 接收时间:2022-06-14
  • 首发时间:2026-06-26
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-14
  • 修回日期:2022-10-14
基金
广西科技基地和人才专项(桂科AD20159001)
广西农业科学院基本科研业务专项(桂农科2021YT097)
作者信息
    1.中南林业科技大学林学院,湖南长沙 410004
    2.广西农业科学院微生物研究所,广西南宁 530007
    3.玉林师范学院,广西玉林 537000

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* 何苑皞(HE Yuanhao),E-mail:
曾诗媛(ZENG Shiyuan),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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