Article(id=1315718859655590132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1315718825799168011, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260031, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1786464000000, receivedDateStr=2026-08-12, revisedDate=1788451200000, revisedDateStr=2026-09-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791621421015, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1789833600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791621421015, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791621421015, creator=system, updateTime=1791621421015, updator=system, issue=Issue{id=1315718825799168011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2026', volume='5', issue='3', pageStart='4', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789833600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791621412943, creator='system', updateTime=1791623747519, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315728617838068612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1315718825799168011, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315728617838068613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1315718825799168011, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=43, endPage=55, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315718859869499637, articleId=1315718859655590132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Thoughts on Promoting Scientific and Technological Innovation in Hydrogen-powered Aviation through the New System for Mobilizing Resources Nationwide, columnId=1278659626640052268, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Special Topic, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hydrogen-powered aviation represents a strategically important pathway for achieving deep decarbonization of the aviation industry, promoting the development of the aviation industry of the future, and reshaping the global competitive landscape. Its development is characterized by uncertainty in technological pathways, a high degree of system coupling, long innovation cycles, extensive industrial linkages, and substantial capital requirements. Conventional fragmented innovation models are therefore inadequate to support systematic breakthroughs. Through national strategic guidance, cross-organizational resource integration, and coordination between an enabling government and an efficient market, the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide can provide sustained and stable organizational support for major hydrogen-powered aviation projects. At present, scientific and technological innovation in hydrogen-powered aviation faces several major challenges, including translating strategic objectives into research tasks, achieving system-wide integration and coordination among diverse actors, integrating technology development with engineering applications, coordinating testing, airworthiness certification, and infrastructure development, and sustaining long-term investment while sharing innovation risks. It is therefore necessary to strengthen strategic coordination at the national level and establish a tiered system of research tasks. Cross-departmental coordination should be improved through major science and technology projects, while the primary responsibilities of different innovation actors should be clearly defined and innovation consortia established with well-defined rights and responsibilities, as well as mechanisms for benefit and risk sharing. In addition, systems for testing and validation, airworthiness certification, and demonstration applications should be improved, together with mechanisms for long-term investment, risk sharing, evaluation, and institutional support. These measures will accelerate the development of a systematic and efficient organizational model for innovation.

, authors=Qiao XIANG1, *, Jianyi SHI2, Shengnan ZHANG2, authorsList=Qiao XIANG, Jianyi SHI, Shengnan ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiao XIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology Foresight. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315718862298001660, articleId=1315718859655590132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=CN, title=以新型举国体制推进氢能航空科技创新的思考, columnId=1278659626858156078, journalTitle=前瞻科技, columnName=专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

氢能航空是推动航空业深度脱碳、培育未来航空产业和重塑国际竞争格局的重要战略方向,具有技术路线不确定、系统耦合程度高、创新周期长、产业关联广和资金投入大等特征,传统分散式创新模式难以支撑其体系化突破。新型举国体制能够通过国家战略牵引、跨组织资源整合和有为政府与有效市场协同为氢能航空重大工程提供持续稳定的组织保障。当前,氢能航空科技创新主要面临战略目标向科研任务转化、总体集成与多元主体协同、技术开发与工程应用融合、试验适航与基础设施协同、长期投入与创新风险分担等难题。建议:强化国家战略统筹,构建分层级科研任务体系;以重大科技工程为载体,健全跨部门组织体系;合理确定不同创新主体的牵头责任,形成权责明确、收益共享、风险共担的创新联合体;完善试验验证、适航审定和示范应用体系;健全长期投入、风险分担与评价保障机制,加快形成系统高效的创新组织模式。

, authors=向巧1, *, 施建议2, 张胜男2, authorsList=向巧, 施建议, 张胜男, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=向巧, authorNote=

向巧,中国工程院院士。第十四届全国人民代表大会代表、环境与资源保护委员会委员,中国科协副主席,中国航空发动机集团有限公司原副总经理。主要从事未来动力、绿色动力,航空发动机先进制造、再制造,高端装备复杂系统工程管理等研究。以第一完成人获国家科技进步奖二等奖1项、省部级科技进步奖一等奖5项、国家及省部级管理创新类一等奖12项。授权发明专利34项,出版编著8部,译著1部,发表论文100余篇。电子信箱:。

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向巧,中国工程院院士。第十四届全国人民代表大会代表、环境与资源保护委员会委员,中国科协副主席,中国航空发动机集团有限公司原副总经理。主要从事未来动力、绿色动力,航空发动机先进制造、再制造,高端装备复杂系统工程管理等研究。以第一完成人获国家科技进步奖二等奖1项、省部级科技进步奖一等奖5项、国家及省部级管理创新类一等奖12项。授权发明专利34项,出版编著8部,译著1部,发表论文100余篇。电子信箱:。

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向巧,中国工程院院士。第十四届全国人民代表大会代表、环境与资源保护委员会委员,中国科协副主席,中国航空发动机集团有限公司原副总经理。主要从事未来动力、绿色动力,航空发动机先进制造、再制造,高端装备复杂系统工程管理等研究。以第一完成人获国家科技进步奖二等奖1项、省部级科技进步奖一等奖5项、国家及省部级管理创新类一等奖12项。授权发明专利34项,出版编著8部,译著1部,发表论文100余篇。电子信箱:。

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以新型举国体制推进氢能航空科技创新的思考
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向巧 1, * , 施建议 2 , 张胜男 2
前瞻科技 | 专题 2026,5(3): 43-55
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前瞻科技 | 专题 2026, 5(3): 43-55
以新型举国体制推进氢能航空科技创新的思考
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向巧1, * , 施建议2, 张胜男2
作者信息
  • 1中国航空发动机集团有限公司, 北京 100097
  • 2太行国家实验室, 成都 610213
  • 向巧,中国工程院院士。第十四届全国人民代表大会代表、环境与资源保护委员会委员,中国科协副主席,中国航空发动机集团有限公司原副总经理。主要从事未来动力、绿色动力,航空发动机先进制造、再制造,高端装备复杂系统工程管理等研究。以第一完成人获国家科技进步奖二等奖1项、省部级科技进步奖一等奖5项、国家及省部级管理创新类一等奖12项。授权发明专利34项,出版编著8部,译著1部,发表论文100余篇。电子信箱:。

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Thoughts on Promoting Scientific and Technological Innovation in Hydrogen-powered Aviation through the New System for Mobilizing Resources Nationwide
Qiao XIANG1, * , Jianyi SHI2, Shengnan ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1Aero Engine Corporation of China, Beijing 100097, China
  • 2Taihang National Laboratory, Chengdu 610213, China
出版时间: 2026-09-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260031
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氢能航空是推动航空业深度脱碳、培育未来航空产业和重塑国际竞争格局的重要战略方向,具有技术路线不确定、系统耦合程度高、创新周期长、产业关联广和资金投入大等特征,传统分散式创新模式难以支撑其体系化突破。新型举国体制能够通过国家战略牵引、跨组织资源整合和有为政府与有效市场协同为氢能航空重大工程提供持续稳定的组织保障。当前,氢能航空科技创新主要面临战略目标向科研任务转化、总体集成与多元主体协同、技术开发与工程应用融合、试验适航与基础设施协同、长期投入与创新风险分担等难题。建议:强化国家战略统筹,构建分层级科研任务体系;以重大科技工程为载体,健全跨部门组织体系;合理确定不同创新主体的牵头责任,形成权责明确、收益共享、风险共担的创新联合体;完善试验验证、适航审定和示范应用体系;健全长期投入、风险分担与评价保障机制,加快形成系统高效的创新组织模式。

新型举国体制  /  氢能航空  /  组织机制  /  创新体系

Hydrogen-powered aviation represents a strategically important pathway for achieving deep decarbonization of the aviation industry, promoting the development of the aviation industry of the future, and reshaping the global competitive landscape. Its development is characterized by uncertainty in technological pathways, a high degree of system coupling, long innovation cycles, extensive industrial linkages, and substantial capital requirements. Conventional fragmented innovation models are therefore inadequate to support systematic breakthroughs. Through national strategic guidance, cross-organizational resource integration, and coordination between an enabling government and an efficient market, the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide can provide sustained and stable organizational support for major hydrogen-powered aviation projects. At present, scientific and technological innovation in hydrogen-powered aviation faces several major challenges, including translating strategic objectives into research tasks, achieving system-wide integration and coordination among diverse actors, integrating technology development with engineering applications, coordinating testing, airworthiness certification, and infrastructure development, and sustaining long-term investment while sharing innovation risks. It is therefore necessary to strengthen strategic coordination at the national level and establish a tiered system of research tasks. Cross-departmental coordination should be improved through major science and technology projects, while the primary responsibilities of different innovation actors should be clearly defined and innovation consortia established with well-defined rights and responsibilities, as well as mechanisms for benefit and risk sharing. In addition, systems for testing and validation, airworthiness certification, and demonstration applications should be improved, together with mechanisms for long-term investment, risk sharing, evaluation, and institutional support. These measures will accelerate the development of a systematic and efficient organizational model for innovation.

new system for mobilizing resources nationwide  /  hydrogen-powered aviation  /  organizational mechanisms  /  innovation system
向巧, 施建议, 张胜男. 以新型举国体制推进氢能航空科技创新的思考. 前瞻科技, 2026 , 5 (3) : 43 -55 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260031
Qiao XIANG, Jianyi SHI, Shengnan ZHANG. Thoughts on Promoting Scientific and Technological Innovation in Hydrogen-powered Aviation through the New System for Mobilizing Resources Nationwide[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2026 , 5 (3) : 43 -55 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260031
当前,世界百年未有之大变局加速演进,科技竞争日益成为大国博弈的主战场。习近平总书记指出,“科技创新涉及领域、主体、要素多,是一个庞大的系统”,强调要“提高科技攻关组织化程度,提升国家创新体系整体效能”[1]。党的二十届四中全会部署,要“加强原始创新和关键核心技术攻关”“完善新型举国体制”[2]。国家“十五五”规划明确提出“完善新型举国体制”“采取超常规措施”“全链条推动集成电路、工业母机、高端仪器、基础软件、先进材料、生物制造等重点领域关键核心技术攻关取得决定性突破”[3]。面对美西方国家对我国科技持续遏制态势,如何通过新型举国体制提升关键核心技术体系化攻关能力,已成为实现高水平科技自立自强的重要命题。
交通运输、国防军事所使用的各类航空器,广泛使用燃气涡轮发动机、内燃机等热力机械,以及各类型发动机通过组合、联合、混合而构成的复合动力装置。历经百年发展,传统的航空动力机械已相对成熟且热效率得到极大提升,但始终是温室气体排放的主要来源之一。氢能具有零碳排放、高热值、高比热、高燃烧效率、高热沉、灵活变电、易获取等诸多优势,在航空领域应用是航空业可持续发展的战略选择,对推动能源转型和制造业高端化、智能化、绿色化发展也将发挥极大的带动作用,并产生辐射效应[4]。作为各类航空器的能量与动力来源,航空动力是航空器的“心脏”,普遍具有投入多、难度大、风险高、周期长的特点,是多学科交叉、多领域融合的复杂大系统,其发展对研发能力、资源配置、组织管理均有很高要求 [5]。当前,我国氢能航空已具备一定技术和产业基础,但在核心技术、试验验证、适航标准、基础设施和产业链协同等方面仍存在明显短板[6]。鉴于氢能航空任务规模和系统复杂性已超越传统创新模式的组织边界,单个企业、单一科研机构或一般市场机制,难以独立完成此类跨领域、全链条的体系化攻关。
新型举国体制强调在社会主义市场经济条件下发挥集中力量办大事的制度优势,整合“政产学研用金”全链条创新资源,对氢能航空科技创新具有重要指导意义。目前,关于新型举国体制的研究已从理论内涵[7-8]、主体功能[9-10]、运行机制[11-12]和实践路径[13-14]等方面展开,但面向氢能航空这类尚处于技术路线竞争和产业生态构建早期阶段的未来重大工程,仍需进一步回答“新型举国体制何以适用于氢能航空科技创新”“组织难点有哪些”“实施路径是什么”等关键问题。基于此,文章聚焦以新型举国体制推进氢能航空科技创新的内在逻辑,识别其组织实施中的主要难点,并提出相应实践路径,以期为我国抢占未来绿色航空技术制高点提供参考。
新型举国体制是面向国家重大战略需求,在党的集中统一领导下,发挥集中力量办大事的制度优势,组织国家战略科技力量及其他科研主体协同攻克重大科技难题的组织模式和运行机制[15-16]。其核心在于围绕特定战略目标,对分散在不同部门、行业和地域的创新资源进行统筹配置,使科技攻关形成明确的任务导向、稳定的组织关系和持续的资源保障。
与传统举国体制相比,新型举国体制所处的经济基础、任务形态和资源配置方式已经发生深刻变化。传统举国体制主要依靠行政指令集中配置资源,任务边界较为清晰,成果多以“产品导向”直接服务于国家安全等单一国家目标。新型举国体制则在社会主义市场经济条件下运行,面对的多是技术路线尚未收敛、创新主体多元、科技与产业高度关联的复杂任务,需同时发挥有为政府和有效市场的作用。具体而言,国家负责把握战略方向、凝练重大任务、建设公共平台,承担组织者和资助者角色;战略科技力量分工协同,发挥从基础研究到关键核心技术攻关的主力军作用;企业依据产业需求和技术瓶颈提出科技问题,并负责组织产品研制和成果转化[17]。科技创新组织模式从传统的行政指令驱动向以国家使命为导向、多元主体协同的新型体制演进。
概括而言,新型举国体制主要具有3个特征:一是从传统的单一国家安全导向转向发展与安全统筹,并延续了传统举国体制坚持党的集中统一领导、以国家战略需求为牵引、以长期规划和重大任务部署关键核心技术攻关的制度优势。这种制度安排更有利于支持周期长、风险高且技术路线尚未收敛的前沿领域,避免科研方向因短期市场回报或局部利益变化而频繁摇摆。二是以多元主体协同为基础,构建“政产学研用金”深度融合的跨领域、跨部门创新网络。国家科技力量体系由传统“五路大军”向国家实验室、国家科研机构、高水平研究型大学、科技领军企业等战略科技力量转变,突出企业创新主体地位,形成功能互补、良性互动的协同攻关格局。三是充分发挥市场在科技资源配置中的决定性作用,更好发挥政府作用,推动有为政府与有效市场协同发力[18]。总之,新型举国体制制度优势集中体现为把国家的战略组织能力、国家战略科技力量的科研攻关能力与企业的产业转化能力结合起来,既依靠国家力量解决基础研究、共性技术和重大科研设施投入不足问题,也通过企业竞争、产业需求和应用场景提高创新效率。
(1)从战略部署视角来看,氢能航空将推动航空器能源供给方式、动力技术体系和运行保障模式的系统性变革,是面向新一轮航空科技革命与产业变革的战略性重大工程。全球航空业绿色转型不断加快,国际竞争的重心正从单一产品性能竞争向新型动力路线、产业生态和技术规则竞争延伸。在这一背景下,氢能航空价值尤为凸显,在性能提升上展现出显著优势,如氢燃料的能量密度可达航空煤油的约2.8倍,在相同起飞质量条件下,可显著降低燃料消耗率、提升航程。加快打通氢能航空技术研发、工程验证、适航审定和产业应用全链条,推进氢能航空器从技术验证走向商业运营,既是应对航空业碳减排约束的现实需要,也是培育未来航空产业、塑造新一轮航空科技竞争优势的战略选择[4]。
(2)从系统工程视角来看,氢能航空科技创新呈现出显著的多学科深度耦合与复杂系统工程特征[19]。氢燃料特殊的物理化学特性及其储运和使用方式的改变,对飞机总体构型、飞发一体化设计、燃料储供、热管理和安全防护等多个系统提出了颠覆性要求,任何局部技术方案的调整都可能引发整机性能和运行方式的连锁变化。与此同时,氢能航空科技创新的边界已超越传统航空制造业的范畴,演变为全产业链的生态重构。向上涉及清洁低碳氢制取与规模化储运,向下涵盖机场加注、适航审定、运行维护和应急保障,横跨航空、能源、化工和材料等诸多领域。因此,氢能航空的工程化落地,本质上取决于多学科关键技术的突破、各子系统的高度集成和跨领域产业生态的协同推进[20]。
(3)从创新演化视角来看,氢能航空的工程化是科技创新与产业创新深度融合的长期演进过程。从基础科学原理和关键技术突破,到系统集成、地面试验和飞行验证,再到适航审定和商业运行,各阶段之间并非简单的线性递进,而是在总体方案的牵引下反复迭代。科研设施、试验平台、标准规范和机场基础设施既是技术发展的支撑条件,其建设进度又受到技术路线与应用规模的制约,任一环节的滞后都可能演化为整体工程推进的瓶颈。
综上,氢能航空科技创新需要围绕未来航空发展趋势构建新的国家科技能力和产业能力,要求将前沿科学探索、关键核心技术突破、复杂高端装备研制、能源基础设施建设和产业生态培育纳入统一的战略框架统筹推进。
氢能航空作为国家战略性重大工程,其性质决定了新型举国体制的作用在集中投入更多资源之外,还需要形成战略牵引、组织整合与持续攻关能力,将分散的科技基础和产业优势转化为体系化创新能力。
(1)氢能航空科技创新依赖国家战略牵引。氢能航空相关技术路线尚未收敛、商业前景存在不确定性,国家在复杂产品创新中发挥战略控制作用,是排除局部短期利益干扰、坚持长期自主发展方向的重要保障[21]。新型举国体制延续了以国家使命为导向、集中力量办大事的制度优势,能够允许多条技术路线长期竞争发展后逐步收敛。
(2)氢能航空科技创新需要跨组织体系化攻关。氢能航空产业链条长、技术体系复杂、创新资源分散,多元主体数量的联合难以自然形成体系化攻关能力。新型举国体制能够围绕氢能航空总体目标构建贯通创新链和产业链的任务体系,建立起“制氢−储运−加注−飞机/动力研发−适航−维护”的氢能航空全链条创新生态,形成科技创新和产业创新深度融合的管理模式。
(3)氢能航空科技创新要求有为政府与有效市场协同发力。氢能航空科技创新链上游的基础研究、应用研究、共性技术开发和试验测试设施建设具有很强的公共性,需要政府稳定支持;上游创新成果最终需要转化为市场产品,形成未来产业,市场机制在其中发挥重要作用。新型举国体制以国家战略牵引明确方向,一方面依靠战略科技力量突破关键科学技术问题,另一方面依靠企业和市场完成工程化与产业化,实现“产业出题、科技答题、市场阅题”。
因此,必须坚持新型举国体制,将国家战略组织能力、多元主体创新能力与市场产业化能力有机结合,才能推动氢能航空实现全链条协同突破,将技术先发优势转化为产业发展战略主动。
如何将多重战略目标、多条技术路线、多元创新主体、多个创新环节和巨大资源投入纳入统一工程体系,形成目标清晰、权责明确、衔接顺畅且可持续演进的创新机制,是氢能航空科技创新组织实施的核心问题(图1)。
重大科技工程首先需要将宏观战略目标转化为层次清晰、边界明确的任务体系。但氢能航空因其多重使命,加之技术路线尚未收敛,导致宏观意图难以转化为层次清晰、边界明确的具体任务体系。
(1)多元战略诉求间的稳定联系尚未完全建立。氢能航空同时承载航空业绿色转型、新质生产力培育、未来产业发展、能源结构调整等多重战略使命,但不同战略目标对应的技术重点、时间尺度和评价标准并不完全一致。“双碳”目标是国家的战略导向,而航空公司需要时时关注航空器的安全性和经济性;装备研制应用需要又好又快,但氢能航空的前沿性和探索性又需要足够的探索空间与长期投入。因此,如何在国家战略导向、产业实际需求与科技发展规律之间建立稳定联系,是组织攻关首先要解决的问题。
(2)多技术路线并行进一步增加了任务分解难度。燃氢涡轮、氢燃料电池及混合动力等方案具有不同的技术基础和适用场景[22-23],通勤、支线、干线及特种航空器对动力功率、航程和基础设施等要求也不相同。过早集中于单一路线,可能形成路径依赖,一旦“此路不通”则难以实现战略目标;长期平均配置资源,又容易导致力量分散、重点不明。当前仍需建立“应用场景−飞机平台−动力架构−关键系统−基础技术”的逐层分解关系,否则将导致不同层级任务之间缺乏统一的逻辑链条,容易出现技术清单简单拼接、任务边界交叉重复等问题。
(3)战略目标稳定性与科研任务适应性之间平衡难。氢能航空作为探索性重大工程,立项初期可以明确总体方向和目标,但具体性能指标往往需要随着技术成熟度提升及应用需求明晰而逐步细化。例如,我国自主研制的世界首款四座氢内燃飞机验证机2023年首飞时搭载了功率80 kW的发动机,此后研发团队又结合未来应用场景,为满足通航机场正常运行要求进一步提升发动机功率,在原型机首飞时发动机功率达120 kW[24]。
氢能航空科技创新跨越多个领域,不同主体在利益诉求上存在明显差异,“总体牵引弱、联而不合”成为组织攻关的突出难点。
(1)参与创新的多元主体目标诉求不一致。航空主机单位关注整机性能和适航交付,动力企业关注动力系统成熟度,能源企业关注氢能供给规模与经济性,高校和科研机构更重视科学问题和技术先进性,机场、航空公司和监管部门则更加关注运行安全、成本和规则。主体多元固然有利于拓展创新资源来源,但同时也加大了目标协调与组织管理的难度。
(2)多系统接口管理难度大且总体牵引不够。复杂产品系统的突破往往依赖总体牵引。氢能航空各分系统之间接口紧密[25],要求总体单位不仅具备技术集成能力,还应能够统筹基础研究、关键部件、能源供给和应用场景。然而,现有航空研制体系与氢能产业体系、航空器研制单位与航空动力研制单位相对独立,传统航空主机单位难以独立掌握氢能全产业链资源,能源企业也难以从整机层面理解航空特殊要求,导致创新各环节衔接松散。
(3)创新联合体协同多元主体的作用难以完全发挥。氢能航空协同攻关必须采取多类创新力量深度合作的形式,构建面向用户需求和产品问题的创新联合体[26]。英国2023年就成立了氢能航空联盟(Hydrogen in Aviation Alliance, HIA),成员包括空中客车公司、罗尔斯·罗伊斯公司等飞机、发动机制造商,以及航空公司、机场和能源企业等,涵盖氢能航空上下游产业链。但需要注意的是,联合体在缺少统一任务约束的情况下,各主体容易沿自身技术方向分别推进,难以覆盖跨系统、高风险和公共性较强的任务。
氢能航空科技创新既要突破关键核心技术,更要实现其工程化应用,且跨学科、跨行业、多主体,具有颠覆性,使得其技术开发与工程应用存在堵点。
(1)非线性特征使工程化衔接困难。氢能航空科技创新链条极长,各阶段相互交叉循环而非简单线性递进。基础研究需要从工程实践中提炼科学问题,关键技术必须在接近真实工况的环境中验证,整机方案也要根据试验结果反复修正。这种非线性创新过程对不同阶段之间的反馈和协同提出了较高要求。
(2)成果形态差异导致供需脱节。现实中,基础研究、技术开发和工程研制通常分属不同计划体系和承担主体,项目周期、经费渠道和评价标准各不相同,不同主体、不同项目存在明显的成果形态差异。例如,当前氢燃料电池研发的应用场景主要是地面交通,汽车某部件失效后车辆可以停车,但航空器必须保证安全着陆。因此,地面领域形成的成熟技术不能直接复制,必须面向航空需求进行系统性优化。
(3)任务接续与成果承接机制缺失。重大科技工程能够通过总体任务将不同创新阶段连接起来,但前提是建立持续的任务接续和成果承接机制,能够对技术识别、创新战略、研发投入和技术产业化全过程进行组织[27]。美国政府曾在20世纪50年代资助氢能侦察机SUNTAN项目,但由于航程未达预期等原因而终止;20世纪70年代,美国国家航空航天局(NASA)资助的氢能航空项目也随石油危机的缓解未能推进[28]。当前氢能航空领域尚未形成成熟的创新链全链条接续体系,导致部分技术长期停留在原理和样机阶段,而部分工程任务又存在基础理论和共性技术积累不足等问题,前序科研成果难以被后续任务识别、吸收和再开发,不易形成全链条贯通的攻关合力。
试验验证、适航审定与基础设施并非氢能航空器产品研制完成后的配套工作,而是决定技术路线能否走通、产品能否落地的必要条件,是科技创新体系的重要组成部分。若三者与氢能航空器产品研制协同不够,则会制约氢能航空科技创新整体进程。
(1)试验平台公共属性强,建设和共享的动力不足。氢能航空器需要经历材料与部件试验、储供氢系统验证、动力装置试验、整机地面试验和飞行验证,不同层级平台既承担技术考核功能,也承担发现问题、修正设计和积累适航证据的作用。此类设施投资规模大、专业性强且利用周期长,单个企业缺乏独立建设和开放共享的充足动力,导致关键试验能力(如高空模拟、液态加氢等)供给不足,制约技术熟化速度。
(2)安全适航问题加大组织难度。氢燃料在泄漏扩散、燃烧爆炸、材料兼容、低温防护和运行操作等方面呈现出不同于航空煤油的风险特征,现有标准难以直接覆盖氢能航空器的全部审定要求[29]。美国联邦航空局在2024年发布的Hydrogen-Fueled Aircraft Safety and Certification Roadmap[30]指出,现有适航标准对燃氢涡轮发动机和氢燃料电池考虑不足,部分适航认证标准和方法应在应用阶段随具体项目同步推进。标准制定需要足够的试验数据和工程经验,而试验方案与产品设计又需要适航要求提供边界,由此形成技术研发与规则建立相互依赖的关系。
(3)机场基础设施与氢能航空器研制陷于“双向等待”困局。现阶段我国制氢生产与航空用氢需求在空间布局和质量要求上衔接不足,航空液氢储运和机场加注设施仍处于探索阶段。目前,空中客车公司已发起“氢能机场枢纽”计划,联合220多家机场研究氢能源机场储运等问题[31]。如果氢能航空研制、机场改造和供氢网络各自规划,即使飞机技术取得突破,也可能因缺乏加氢、维保等运行条件而无法开展规模示范,并陷于“飞机等待设施、设施等待需求”的相互制约困局。
氢能航空从技术探索到商业运营需要较长周期,且技术路线、氢能价格、适航进程和市场需求均存在多重不确定性因素[32]。现行科研资助体系和投资逻辑尚未适配氢能航空科技创新的特殊规律。
(1)科研资助周期与长线研发规律不匹配。传统科研项目通常以3~5年为周期,重视可量化产出,与氢能航空科技创新长期积累、反复试验和持续迭代的规律并不完全匹配。项目之间缺乏稳定接续机制,可能导致科研团队和试验条件反复重建;过度强调短期成功率,会抑制对高风险、前沿性方向的探索。
(2)氢能航空不同创新环节的投资属性存在明显差异。基础研究、共性技术、适航标准和大型试验设施具有公共属性,而产品研制、低成本优化和商业运营则更依赖市场机制。但两类活动并非截然分开,而是在工程推进中相互交织。例如,企业在系统集成过程中可能发现新的基础科学问题,公共平台形成的技术成果也需要企业开展二次开发。若政府与企业投入边界划分过于僵化,容易形成“政府项目止于样机、企业投资不愿前移”的断层。
(3)早期市场的风险分担与容错机制缺乏。在氢能航空早期市场尚未形成的示范初期,能源企业、机场和航空公司需要承担额外成本与运行风险,单靠研发补助难以调动全链条主体积极性。例如,美国氢能航空初创公司Universal Hydrogen在2023年利用40座级区域支线飞机Dash 8完成氢燃料电池试飞[33],但由于未能获得进一步融资而于2024年进入清算程序。因此,如何在稳定支持与竞争择优、容错探索与绩效约束、政府投入与社会资本之间形成平衡,是新型举国体制能否持续有效运行的重要考验。
破解氢能航空科技创新面临的组织难题,需要按照重大工程规律重塑适应颠覆性技术创新的新型举国体制组织范式,瞄准国家重大战略需求,以重大科技工程为载体,以国家战略科技力量为骨干,以试验验证和示范应用为支撑,形成战略目标稳定、技术路线开放、创新主体协同、资源投入持续的氢能航空科技创新体系,推动科技资源配置由分散布局转向战略统筹、科研组织由主体各自推进转向总体牵引、创新过程由分段实施转向全链条贯通。新型举国体制下氢能航空科技创新的总体实施架构如图2所示。
氢能航空发展尚处于技术培育和产业生态形成阶段,国家层面的首要任务是明确战略定位、发展目标和推进节奏。应统筹航空业绿色低碳转型、航空强国建设、能源结构变革、新质生产力培育和未来产业布局与发展等重大需求,研究制定国家氢能航空发展专项规划和科技创新路线图,明确氢能航空发展的总体目标、阶段安排、重点场景和能力建设要求,保持战略方向和政策预期的连续性[34]。
就氢能商用航空而言,在总体战略下,以不同座级、航程和用途的航空器为牵引,明确其对动力形式、储氢方式、机场保障和适航安全的差异化需求,进而形成整机总体、氢能动力、机载储供氢、能源与热管理、安全适航等相互衔接的任务群。对于已有较好技术基础、应用场景较明确的方向,应加快系统集成和工程验证;对于技术路线尚不清晰的前沿方向,应保持多路径探索,避免过早锁定路线;对于基础机理、共性技术等长期任务,则应给予持续稳定支持。
氢能航空科技创新的不确定性决定了路线图不能成为一次制定、长期不变的静态清单,任务体系还应建立动态调整机制。应以技术成熟度、系统集成度、安全验证结果和应用可行性为主要依据,定期开展技术路线评估,及时增加工程实践中出现的新任务,调整缺乏可行性的方向。对重大节点实行滚动论证和阶段决策,在保持战略目标稳定的同时,为技术路线迭代留出空间,实现国家战略的确定性与科技探索的不确定性相统一。
氢能航空发展涉及科技创新、产业发展、装备制造、能源、民航、交通、生态环保和安全监管等领域,依靠现有部门和计划体系分别布局,难以形成统一的协同节奏。应建立国家层面的氢能航空发展重大任务统筹协调机制,加强国家发展和改革委员会、科学技术部、工业和信息化部、财政部、国家能源局、中国民用航空局、交通运输部、生态环境部等部门之间的政策衔接,统筹战略规划、科研项目、试验设施、适航审定、机场和基础设施、应用示范等重大事项,形成重大决策共同研究、关键资源统筹配置、跨部门事项协同推进的长效协调机制。尤其应加强航空器研制进度与适航规则制定、机场基础设施和航空用氢供给能力建设之间的计划协同,避免飞机、设施和规则各自推进。
在此基础上,将氢能航空科技创新纳入国家重大科技任务布局,以重大工程作为新型举国体制的主要实施载体,突破按学科和单项技术分散设置项目的传统做法,按照“总任务−任务群−项目”构建组织架构,将飞机总体、动力系统、储供氢系统、试验验证、适航标准和基础设施等纳入统一任务体系。
在氢能航空重大工程实施过程中,应建立权责统一的技术决策和项目管理体系。明确具有总体设计和系统集成能力的责任主体,由总体单位负责技术架构、指标分解和系统验证,项目管理机构负责资源配置、进度协调和绩效监督。对跨部门、跨行业的重大分歧,应以整机目标为主要决策依据,减少不同主体围绕局部利益和不同技术路线反复博弈。与此同时,重大工程管理应从重立项、重验收转向重过程、重数据、重迭代,通过里程碑考核、技术成熟度评价和重大风险审查,及时发现并解决任务推进中的系统性问题。
氢能航空科技创新既需要国家战略科技力量提供源头技术供给,也需要企业将技术转化为可制造、可适航、可运营的工程产品。应根据任务性质合理确定牵头主体,涉及基础机理、前沿和共性技术的任务,可由国家实验室、高水平研究型大学和国家科研机构牵头;涉及整机总体、系统集成和工程应用的任务,应强化具有整机研制能力的科技领军企业和主机单位的总体牵引责任;涉及供氢体系、机场保障和运行示范的任务,则应充分发挥能源企业、机场集团和航空公司的场景组织能力。
在具体组织形态上,可围绕氢能航空重大科研任务组建高能级创新联合体,除国家实验室、科技领军企业、科研机构、大学等重大科研任务的牵头和承担单位之外,还应涵盖氢能制储运企业、机场、航司、适航机构和专业服务机构,使科研任务从形成之初即纳入整机、能源供给和运行使用约束。同时,围绕共同任务建立实质性治理机制,明确牵头单位的总体责任和各参与主体的任务边界,建立统一的指标体系、技术接口和数据规范,事先约定知识产权归属、成果使用、风险承担和收益分配规则。对于工程实施中形成的试验数据、失效信息和运行数据,应在保障安全和商业秘密的前提下建立分级共享机制,避免因信息壁垒导致重复研究和系统风险。
科研组织方式还应根据任务类型分类设计。对目标明确、评价标准清晰且存在多种技术方案的关键核心技术任务,可实行“揭榜挂帅”等机制,择优遴选具有攻关能力的承担主体,使真正具有创新能力的团队脱颖而出[35]。对技术路线尚未收敛的任务,可建立多路线并行探索和阶段性竞争择优机制,根据试验结果动态调整后续资源配置。对基础理论、前沿技术、共性技术和长期试验能力建设,则应采取长期任务、稳定团队和持续投入等方式,形成必要的知识与能力积累。
氢能航空的技术成熟必须经过接近真实运行条件的系统验证。应统筹建设并用好覆盖基础研究、部件试验、系统验证、地面试车和飞行试验的氢能航空试验验证体系,对于投资规模大、通用性强、单个企业难以独立建设的设施,应纳入国家重大科研基础设施和公共试验平台布局,实行统一规划、专业运营和开放共享,避免低水平重复建设。针对氢能航空特有需求,应重点补齐液氢储供、高低温环境、氢泄漏与燃爆、材料兼容、动力系统地面试验等关键试验能力。试验平台之间需建立成果和数据接续机制。可依托重大工程建设氢能航空试验数据平台,统一数据格式、测量方法和质量要求,形成从材料性能、部件故障到整机运行的证据链,使试验验证由单纯考核技术指标转向支撑系统迭代和安全审定。
适航审定应由创新链末端前移,实现适航审定与科技创新同步推进。民航监管和适航审定机构应尽早参与总体方案论证、风险识别和试验大纲设计,与研制主体共同研究氢能航空的安全目标和审定方法等。重点围绕液氢储存与加注、氢泄漏扩散、火灾爆炸、低温防护、材料兼容等新型风险,提前形成试验方法和安全评估依据。针对技术快速变化而标准相对滞后的问题,可先通过专项条件和试验指南积累审定经验,在工程实践基础上逐步形成完善的标准体系。
示范应用是连接技术研发、基础设施建设和商业模式验证的关键环节。现阶段可优先从短途运输、支线航空和无人机等任务边界相对清晰、运行环境相对可控的场景开展验证,在确保安全的基础上逐步扩大航空器规模和运行范围[36]。在此基础上,可选择兼具氢能产业基础、机场保障条件和潜在航空需求的地区,建设氢能航空科技与产业融合示范区,统筹布局航空器试飞、机场储运加注、运行保障和应急处置设施。
氢能航空科技创新周期长、风险高,不同环节的公共属性和市场化程度存在较大差异,需要建立分类投入和分险共同分担机制。基础研究、共性技术、重大试验设施、适航标准体系等具有较强公共产品属性,应以中央财政和国家科技计划稳定支持为主;整机研制、产品开发应强化企业投入责任;机场基础设施和示范运营可由中央、地方、企业和社会资本共同参与。通过分类明确政府与市场的投入边界,既防止企业过度依赖财政资金,也避免公共性任务因缺少短期回报而长期投入不足。
财政资金的配置方式应与技术成熟度相适应。对于探索性强、失败概率高的前沿研究,可采取竞争性支持、分阶段拨款和动态退出机制;对于已经进入系统集成和工程验证阶段的任务,应增强资金安排的连续性,防止因年度预算和项目更替中断技术链条。对大型公共试验平台,应由单纯支持建设转向同时支持运行维护和开放共享,避免出现设施建成后因运行经费不足而使用效率偏低的问题。
还应发挥产业基金、政策性金融、绿色金融和科技保险的作用,为工程验证、机场基础设施建设和早期示范提供长期资金。围绕氢能航空早期市场需求,可研究运用示范项目补助、首批次应用支持、保险补偿和政府购买服务等需求侧政策。重点降低首批氢能航空器示范运行、机场储运加注设施建设和航空用氢供应体系形成阶段的增量成本,避免企业因初期利用率不足而缺乏投入意愿。政策支持应设置明确的技术进步、成本降低和运行绩效条件,并根据示范结果逐步退出,防止长期补贴固化低效率技术路线。
评价机制必须适应氢能航空重大工程的长期性和系统性。基础研究应重点评价原创价值和对工程科学问题的支撑作用,关键技术任务应关注技术成熟度、可靠性和系统贡献,工程验证和示范应用则应以安全性、适航性、运行经济性和产业带动效果为主要标准,不能简单以论文、专利和短期经济收益衡量。对于经过科学论证和规范试验仍未达到预期的技术路线,应允许及时调整和有序退出,不因单次失败否定团队的探索价值;对于长期未形成实质进展、重复消耗资源的任务,也应坚决终止。
氢能航空科技创新的竞争,本质上是国家战略牵引能力、复杂工程组织能力和产业生态塑造能力的综合竞争。面对技术高度复杂、产业链条长、投入周期长和不确定性强等特点,传统以单一主体、单项技术为中心的创新模式难以满足重大工程攻关需求。新型举国体制围绕国家战略目标强化系统组织能力,通过顶层设计、资源统筹、多元协同和应用牵引,形成跨领域、跨链条、跨阶段的创新体系。
建议我国以氢能航空重大工程为牵引,探索符合未来航空技术变革规律的新型科技创新组织模式,加快形成从基础科学研究、关键技术攻关到产业落地应用的完整创新链条,力争在全球绿色航空竞争中形成新的战略优势。
  • 中国工程院咨询项目(2026-XZ-143)
  • 中国工程院前瞻性储备性咨询研究项目(2023-JB-09-03)
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2026年第5卷第3期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260031
  • 接收时间:2026-08-12
  • 出版时间:2026-09-20
  • 发布时间:2026-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2026-08-12
  • 修回日期:2026-09-04
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中国工程院咨询项目(2026-XZ-143)
中国工程院前瞻性储备性咨询研究项目(2023-JB-09-03)
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    1中国航空发动机集团有限公司, 北京 100097
    2太行国家实验室, 成都 610213

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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