Article(id=1315718855356432639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1315718825799168011, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1784563200000, receivedDateStr=2026-07-21, revisedDate=1787587200000, revisedDateStr=2026-08-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791621419991, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1789833600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791621419991, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791621419991, creator=system, updateTime=1791621419991, updator=system, issue=Issue{id=1315718825799168011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2026', volume='5', issue='3', pageStart='4', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789833600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791621412943, creator='system', updateTime=1791623747519, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315728617838068612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1315718825799168011, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315728617838068613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1315718825799168011, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=7, endPage=18, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315718855599702272, articleId=1315718855356432639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Operational Mechanisms and Practical Pathways of the New System for Mobilizing Resources Nationwide: An Analysis Based on the “3+5” Framework, columnId=1278659626640052268, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Special Topic, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation accelerates, the global landscape of scientific and technological competition is undergoing profound changes, and competition over key and core technologies is intensifying. Against this backdrop, the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide has become an important institutional guarantee for China to achieve breakthroughs in key and core technologies and accelerate its development into a leading global power in science and technology. Based on the “3+5” framework for science and technology innovation policy, this paper systematically analyzes the full-chain operational mechanisms of the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide from three top-level governance dimensions—Strategic guideline orientation, mission planning and layout, and institutional coordination and safeguards—As well as five implementation mechanisms: resource allocation, talent deployment, attraction and cultivation, multi-actor collaboration, achievement transformation, and environment creation. Drawing on typical domestic and international cases, it examines its practical pathways, identifies shortcomings in its operational mechanisms, and proposes recommendations for further improving the system. The paper proposes optimization pathways including: establishing a balanced innovation strategy guidance system, building a task layout model that coordinates short-term and long-term goals, and improving cross-domain collaborative governance institutions; strengthening a government-enterprise collaborative resource allocation mechanism, a tiered and classified talent incentive and cultivation system, and unimpeded multi-actor collaborative breakthrough and achievement industrialization chains; fostering a fault-tolerant, inclusive, open, and win-win innovation ecosystem. These pathways aim to further enhance the modern governance efficiency of the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide and provide references for China to improve the efficient organization and implementation of major scientific and technological tasks under the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide.

, authors=yunqiqige Wu1, Qianqian LI1, Jiaofeng PAN1, 2, *, authorsList=yunqiqige Wu, Qianqian LI, Jiaofeng PAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiaofeng PAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology Foresight. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315718857940123911, articleId=1315718855356432639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=CN, title=基于“3+5”框架的新型举国体制运行机制与实践路径研究, columnId=1278659626858156078, journalTitle=前瞻科技, columnName=专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

当前新一轮科技革命和产业变革加速演进,全球科技竞争格局深刻调整,关键核心技术博弈愈发激烈,新型举国体制已成为我国突破关键核心技术、加快建设世界科技强国的重要制度保障。文章基于科技创新政策“3+5”框架体系,从战略方针引领、任务规划布局、制度保障统筹3个顶层治理维度,以及资源配置、人才调配引育、多主体协同、成果转化和环境营造5个落地实施运行机制,系统阐释了新型举国体制的全链条运行机制,结合国内外典型科技攻关案例剖析其实践路径,识别当前运行机制中存在的问题与不足。提出均衡化创新战略引领体系、构建长短期统筹的任务布局模式、完善跨域协同治理制度;健全政企协同的资源配置机制、分层分类的人才激励培育体系、畅通多元主体协同攻关与成果产业化链路,营造容错包容、开放共赢的创新生态等优化路径,以期进一步提升新型举国体制的现代化治理效能,为我国完善新型举国体制高效组织实施重大科技任务提供参考。

, authors=乌云其其格1, 李倩倩1, 潘教峰1, 2, *, authorsList=乌云其其格, 李倩倩, 潘教峰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=潘教峰, authorNote=

乌云其其格,中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院智库科学与工程研究所副所长、研究员。主要从事科技政策与管理、国际科技人才政策等研究。电子信箱:

潘教峰,中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院院长、研究员,中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院院长。中国发展战略学研究会理事长。主要从事科技战略规划、创新政策和智库理论方法等研究。“百千万人才工程”国家级人选,国家“有突出贡献中青年专家”。电子信箱:。

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乌云其其格,中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院智库科学与工程研究所副所长、研究员。主要从事科技政策与管理、国际科技人才政策等研究。电子信箱:

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潘教峰,中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院院长、研究员,中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院院长。中国发展战略学研究会理事长。主要从事科技战略规划、创新政策和智库理论方法等研究。“百千万人才工程”国家级人选,国家“有突出贡献中青年专家”。电子信箱:。

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潘教峰,中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院院长、研究员,中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院院长。中国发展战略学研究会理事长。主要从事科技战略规划、创新政策和智库理论方法等研究。“百千万人才工程”国家级人选,国家“有突出贡献中青年专家”。电子信箱:。

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基于“3+5”框架的新型举国体制运行机制与实践路径研究
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乌云其其格 1 , 李倩倩 1 , 潘教峰 1, 2, *
前瞻科技 | 专题 2026,5(3): 7-18
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前瞻科技 | 专题 2026, 5(3): 7-18
基于“3+5”框架的新型举国体制运行机制与实践路径研究
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乌云其其格1 , 李倩倩1, 潘教峰1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院, 北京 100190
  • 2中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院, 北京 100049
  • 乌云其其格,中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院智库科学与工程研究所副所长、研究员。主要从事科技政策与管理、国际科技人才政策等研究。电子信箱:

    潘教峰,中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院院长、研究员,中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院院长。中国发展战略学研究会理事长。主要从事科技战略规划、创新政策和智库理论方法等研究。“百千万人才工程”国家级人选,国家“有突出贡献中青年专家”。电子信箱:。

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Operational Mechanisms and Practical Pathways of the New System for Mobilizing Resources Nationwide: An Analysis Based on the “3+5” Framework
yunqiqige Wu1 , Qianqian LI1, Jiaofeng PAN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2School of Public Policy and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2026-09-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260027
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当前新一轮科技革命和产业变革加速演进,全球科技竞争格局深刻调整,关键核心技术博弈愈发激烈,新型举国体制已成为我国突破关键核心技术、加快建设世界科技强国的重要制度保障。文章基于科技创新政策“3+5”框架体系,从战略方针引领、任务规划布局、制度保障统筹3个顶层治理维度,以及资源配置、人才调配引育、多主体协同、成果转化和环境营造5个落地实施运行机制,系统阐释了新型举国体制的全链条运行机制,结合国内外典型科技攻关案例剖析其实践路径,识别当前运行机制中存在的问题与不足。提出均衡化创新战略引领体系、构建长短期统筹的任务布局模式、完善跨域协同治理制度;健全政企协同的资源配置机制、分层分类的人才激励培育体系、畅通多元主体协同攻关与成果产业化链路,营造容错包容、开放共赢的创新生态等优化路径,以期进一步提升新型举国体制的现代化治理效能,为我国完善新型举国体制高效组织实施重大科技任务提供参考。

新型举国体制  /  “3+5”框架体系  /  科技创新  /  运行机制

As a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation accelerates, the global landscape of scientific and technological competition is undergoing profound changes, and competition over key and core technologies is intensifying. Against this backdrop, the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide has become an important institutional guarantee for China to achieve breakthroughs in key and core technologies and accelerate its development into a leading global power in science and technology. Based on the “3+5” framework for science and technology innovation policy, this paper systematically analyzes the full-chain operational mechanisms of the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide from three top-level governance dimensions—Strategic guideline orientation, mission planning and layout, and institutional coordination and safeguards—As well as five implementation mechanisms: resource allocation, talent deployment, attraction and cultivation, multi-actor collaboration, achievement transformation, and environment creation. Drawing on typical domestic and international cases, it examines its practical pathways, identifies shortcomings in its operational mechanisms, and proposes recommendations for further improving the system. The paper proposes optimization pathways including: establishing a balanced innovation strategy guidance system, building a task layout model that coordinates short-term and long-term goals, and improving cross-domain collaborative governance institutions; strengthening a government-enterprise collaborative resource allocation mechanism, a tiered and classified talent incentive and cultivation system, and unimpeded multi-actor collaborative breakthrough and achievement industrialization chains; fostering a fault-tolerant, inclusive, open, and win-win innovation ecosystem. These pathways aim to further enhance the modern governance efficiency of the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide and provide references for China to improve the efficient organization and implementation of major scientific and technological tasks under the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide.

new system for mobilizing resources nationwide  /  the “3+5” framework  /  science and technology innovation  /  operational mechanisms
乌云其其格, 李倩倩, 潘教峰. 基于“3+5”框架的新型举国体制运行机制与实践路径研究. 前瞻科技, 2026 , 5 (3) : 7 -18 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260027
yunqiqige Wu, Qianqian LI, Jiaofeng PAN. Operational Mechanisms and Practical Pathways of the New System for Mobilizing Resources Nationwide: An Analysis Based on the “3+5” Framework[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2026 , 5 (3) : 7 -18 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260027
“十五五”规划提出“坚持技术驱动和需求拉动相结合、锻长板和补短板相结合,完善新型举国体制,推动产出更多标志性原创成果。”当前,新一轮科技革命和产业变革加速演进,全球科技竞争深度重塑。一方面,国际科技竞争加速向基础前沿前移,原创性、颠覆性创新已经成为大国科技竞争博弈的核心;另一方面,科技发展进入大科学时代,科学研究的复杂性、系统性、协同性显著增强,多主体协同联合攻关已经成为重大科技突破的主流组织模式,新型举国体制正是契合这一时代发展趋势的重要制度安排。
举国体制并非我国科技创新领域的新制度,其发展演变与国家发展阶段、科技发展需求紧密相关。我国早期的举国体制诞生于新中国成立初期工业基础薄弱、外部全面封锁的特殊历史环境,是以行政计划为核心、由国家指令驱动的高度集中式科技治理模式。这一体制曾在“两弹一星”等国家重大工程中发挥决定性作用,完成了新中国成立初期国防与工业体系建设的历史使命。但随着我国社会主义市场经济体制的逐步完善,科技创新进入高质量发展阶段,传统举国体制的局限性逐步显现,其资源配置的高度行政化、攻关目标单一、运行模式封闭等问题日益突出,严重制约新时代高质量创新发展,亟待通过体制机制创新实现制度升级。
新型举国体制充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用,实现有为政府与有效市场有机统一。攻关目标从单一国防安全拓展至科技安全、产业升级、民生保障及基础研究的多元统筹,资源配置从传统行政计划转向政府引导与市场化运行的双重配置,创新主体从单一国有机构拓展至国有企业、民营企业、高校、科研机构多元协同,运行生态从封闭自研转向高水平自主可控性研究与对外开放创新的有机融合。作为我国科技体制改革的重大制度创新,新型举国体制已经在载人航天、探月、北斗导航、高速铁路等重大科技工程中成功实践,取得突出成效。但目前学术界对新型举国体制从顶层设计到落地实施再到成果转化的创新全过程运行机制尚缺乏系统性的理论总结。已有研究主要关注从宏观制度层面定性阐释新型举国体制的制度优势[1-3]、侧重单一案例的经验归纳[4-5],还没有从科技创新的顶层逻辑和实现路径的现实需求出发,揭示新型举国体制的全链条运行机制。2024年科技创新政策“3+5”框架体系[6](图1)的提出,为破解这一研究局限提供了有效的分析范式。“3+5”框架将科技创新战略政策体系划分为“设计图层”和“施工图层”。“设计图层”包括战略方针、规划布局、制度安排3个层面,重点解决重大攻关项目往哪儿攻、怎么布、如何统筹组织的顶层治理问题。“施工图层”包括资源配置政策、创新主体政策、科技人才政策、成果转化政策、环境营造政策5个关键环节,贯穿科技创新落地实施的全流程,着重解决资源怎么配、主体怎么融、人才队伍怎么建、成果怎么转、生态环境怎么育的落地实施问题,推动顶层设计的战略部署转化为实实在在的创新成果。“设计图层”与“施工图层”之间的协同联动、各类政策要素的有机衔接,形成顶层设计引领落地实施、落地实施支撑顶层设计的格局,完整覆盖新型举国体制从战略谋划到创新产出的全过程,为学术界构建新型举国体制运行机制的理论体系提供了清晰的分析思路。相比单纯的“政府−市场”二元分析,“3+5”框架能够同时呈现顶层设计、落地实施及其反馈关系。基于此,文章以“3+5”科技创新政策框架为工具,系统剖析新型举国体制的运行机制,并结合国内外举国体制的典型实践,提炼经验,总结教训,为新时期完善新型举国体制、组织重大科技攻关提供理论支撑。
对应科技创新政策“3+5”框架的“设计图层”,可从战略方针引领、任务规划布局、制度保障统筹3个方面,解析新型举国体制顶层治理体系。
战略方针引领机制为新型举国体制提供方向指引,对应设计图层的第1层功能,重点厘清攻关的目标与主攻方向。新型举国体制以国家重大战略需求为出发点,坚持党中央对科技工作的集中统一领导,从国家科技安全和长远发展全局开展前瞻布局,划定科技创新优先领域与重点任务。
任务规划布局机制,对应设计图层的第2层功能,是承接顶层战略方针,将战略目标转化为可落地推进任务的载体。该机制将确定的总体目标清晰地分解为阶段性目标、技术需求和系统任务,形成明确的任务清单,并建立里程碑式的任务管理机制。
制度保障统筹是新型举国体制高效运行的基础,对应设计图层的第3层功能,其任务是根据攻关类型设立组织机制,打破部门间、领域间的利益壁垒,保障攻关任务落地,在此基础上通过系统性制度设计,如组建一个新的执行重大任务的特殊机构[7],为稳定推进攻关任务提供保障。
“3+5”框架的“施工图层”,是将顶层战略规划转化为实质性技术突破与创新成果产出的工具。基于此,新型举国体制的落地实施可细化为资源配置、人才调配引育、多主体协同、成果转化、环境营造5个相互联动的运行机制。
高效的资源配置为举国体制下科研攻关提供有力支撑。资源配置机制的逻辑在于实现有为政府与有效市场的有机结合。一方面,政府要发挥引导作用,通过组织管理把握战略目标和技术方向,利用政策、资金、项目,引导优质资源聚集;另一方面,发挥市场对资源配置的决定性作用,吸引社会资本和企业资源参与创新,形成多元化的投入渠道与模式,激活创新要素的流动与集聚,提升资源使用效率[8]。
人才调配引育机制为新型举国体制开展创新攻关提供基础保障,其核心功能是聚焦重大任务需求,构建统筹调配、精准引育、科学评价、长效激励的系统性人才发展体系。一方面,需要通过特殊机制,动态调配科技人才,精准匹配攻关需求;同时,要建立与重大科技攻关特点相匹配的差异化人才评价与激励机制,释放人才创新活力,并为其攻关结束后的职业发展提供通道。另一方面,在重大任务攻关中要建立人才引育机制,为构建高水平攻关人才队伍提供保障,并依托重大任务同步培育后备人才力量。
多主体协同机制是凝聚创新合力、激活全社会创新活力的有效路径。该机制统筹协调中央与地方政府、高等院校、科研院所、国有企业及民营科创企业等各类创新主体,构建分工明确、优势互补的协同创新网络。同时,该机制还通过明确各类主体的功能定位,解决创新活动中各类主体定位模糊、功能错位等问题。
成果转化机制的重点在于破解研发与转化脱节问题,将成果转化贯穿科技攻关全过程,使“转化”成为研发的自然结果而非独立环节[9],推动成果加快应用到产业场景和转化为市场终端产品。该机制是科技创新衔接产业发展、兑现创新价值的关键枢纽,也是新型举国体制以攻关成果服务高质量发展的落脚点。
建立健全科研容错机制,包容前沿探索中的合理试错,鼓励科研人员大胆创新;完善知识产权保护制度,保障科研人员和科研主体权益;深化高水平对外开放,推动合作与交流,吸纳全球优质创新资源等。该机制致力于打通科技创新链条,营造鼓励探索、宽容失败、公平竞争、开放包容的创新生态。
基于“3+5”框架,新型举国体制形成了完整的运行逻辑:“设计图层”的3个机制发挥统领作用,决定了新型举国体制攻关的方向、路径和组织模式;“施工图层”的5个机制发挥落地作用,将顶层设计转化为可落地、可评估的创新活动与产出,二者相互衔接、互为支撑,共同构成了新型举国体制“从战略任务到成果落地”的完整运行链路。
“新型举国体制”虽然是我国特色科技创新组织模式的表述,但国家主导、系统组织重大科技攻关并非我国独有。从国际实践看,在新一轮科技革命和大国科技竞争背景下,各主要科技强国均在探索面向国家战略需求组织重大科技攻关的新型制度安排。从美国“创世纪计划”、日本超大规模集成电路(VLSI)计划到我国高速铁路技术创新和超级计算机自主研发,这些案例均体现出国家战略牵引、多主体协同、资源集中配置和成果导向攻关等特征。4个案例分别侧重前沿科研组织模式、产业技术追赶、重大工程建设和战略技术突破。为增强横向可比性,主要从战略引领、规划布局、制度组织、资源配置、主体协同、人才支撑、成果转化和创新环境等方面进行对照分析。
美国2025年启动的“创世纪计划”(Genesis Mission)是其面向前沿科技竞争布局的高优先级国家安全导向科技战略,核心是以人工智能赋能科研创新。这项国家级科技工程由联邦政府顶层统筹、推动公私协同,突破了以往自由市场主导的创新模式,反映出美国政府主动干预、集中统筹前沿科技攻关的治理新变化。
从“3+5”框架来看,在战略方针引领上,该计划立足大国科技竞争与国家安全需求重构科研发展逻辑,将国家安全目标嵌入前沿研发体系,确立了人工智能赋能科学研究的核心发展方针。在任务规划布局上,确立了美国能源部牵头,依托下属17家国家实验室搭建“美国科学与安全平台”,聚焦先进制造、生物技术、关键材料、核裂变与核聚变能源、半导体与微电子、量子信息科学六大优先领域,针对20余项国家级重大攻关挑战,按照概念验证、规模化攻关分阶段推进研发的布局。在制度保障统筹上,该计划通过组建“创世纪计划”联盟,推进公私协同,以竞争性项目资助方式集聚优质产学研攻关主体,保障跨主体、跨领域科研协作有序开展。
为使工程落地,在资源配置上,联邦政府整合了国家实验室算力、联邦政府数据与企业人工智能工具底座,以联邦政府承诺的50亿美元投资,撬动联盟成员进行包括资金、计算资源、技术与工程服务等在内的多元组合投入;在人才队伍建设上,主要以任务集聚学科专业和人工智能交叉科研队伍,以高校为核心强化“学科+人工智能”跨学科人才培育;在多主体协同上,“创世纪计划”联盟是公私协同的核心载体,联盟内的各主体依托自身优势分别承担算力设施供给、基础理论探索、工程化落地与模型研发等任务,实现产学研联合攻关;在成果转化上,“创世纪计划”要求能源部制定合作框架,明确知识产权归属、商业秘密保护及商业化政策;在环境营造上,能源部实施统一的数据访问管理流程与网络安全标准,对非联邦合作方接入数据集、模型和计算环境进行分级安全管控,并通过创世纪开放模型倡议(Genesis Open Models Initiative),鼓励科研机构贡献科学数据与开放权重模型,形成开放共享与安全管控并行的科研协作环境[10-12]。
“创世纪计划”攻关模式的优势在于,基础研究实力深厚,市场主体活力强、转化效率高;不足之处在于联邦的统筹能力有限,且长线投入可持续性尚待观察。该案例启示我国新型举国体制须坚持顶层体系统筹与市场化机制的有机结合[13]。
日本VLSI计划是政府主导、产业协同、举国攻关的典型案例。20世纪70年代,在面临美国动态随机存取存储器(DRAM)等技术竞争压力下,1976—1980年以日本通商产业省(简称通产省)统筹行业资源,整合富士通株式会社、株式会社日立制作所、三菱电机株式会社、日本电气株式会社和东京芝浦电气株式会社等5家企业的技术力量,联合计算机综合研究所(CDL)、日电东芝信息系统(NTIS)组建研究组合,聚焦半导体产业关键共性技术进行了集中攻关,快速突破了大规模集成电路制程短板,帮助日本实现了半导体产业跨越式赶超。
对照“3+5”框架来看,在战略方针引领和任务规划布局上,通产省立足日本半导体产业追赶的现实诉求,推出VLSI计划,确立了以产业共性技术攻关为基础,推动计算机与半导体产业实现整体能力跃升的发展目标。在制度保障上,研究组合被赋予特殊法人地位,由企业代表与通产省代表共同组建理事会,采用重大事项集体商议决策方式,保障攻关工作统筹推进;同时设立共同研究所,明确了研究所的共性技术联合攻关职责,保障了跨主体协作有序开展。
落地实施方面,在资源配置上,通产省以291亿日元的高额研发投入,撬动了5家参与企业的400多亿日元投资,以及实验装置、测试平台等的实物投入;人才配置上,参与企业均派遣技术骨干进驻共同研究所,联合开展共性技术攻关;成果转化上,明确了研究组合产出的专利与共性技术,参与企业可无偿使用,企业开发的差异化技术归企业所有,由企业独立完成产品化、产业化;在环境营造上,研究组合的制度安排有效缓和了企业之间的恶性竞争,清晰划分了联合攻关与商业竞争的边界,聚焦产业追赶目标统一研发导向,构建了协作共赢的产业创新生态。
VLSI计划充分体现了政企协同、举国攻关创新的效能,但该计划存在显著的缺陷:① 规划布局片面且缺乏持续性,攻关重心聚焦关键共性技术研发,未布局基础研究长效培育工作,也未对计划进行持续升级,当日本成为“领跑者”时,其缺乏强大基础研究支撑的短板便暴露无遗;② 落地机制不健全,攻关主体仅限头部企业,中小配套企业、高校参与度低,未形成多元创新主体协同深度合作的格局;③ 后备人才培育机制缺失,共性技术攻关进程中,并未通过任务带动后备攻关人才的持续培育,后续在日本遭遇美国打压时,部分人才还遭遇其他国家定向争夺,导致人才断层。日本这种偏重短期产业突破的模式,导致其半导体产业未能实现持续性技术迭代与颠覆性创新,在全球科技竞争从应用工艺比拼转向基础理论、前沿技术的源头博弈时,引爆了内部的结构性危机,导致其产业技术优势逐步衰退[14]。该案例充分证明,新型举国体制不能片面依赖单一产业攻关,须兼顾顶层均衡布局、基础研究源头培育与人才培养、多元主体协同与计划持续升级,才能构建稳定可持续的创新体系。
我国高速铁路技术创新是适配“3+5”框架、落地新型举国体制较为成熟的实践案例。20世纪末,我国铁路运力短板凸显,难以适应经济社会高速发展需求,且高速铁路核心技术长期被国外垄断。为突破技术瓶颈、补齐交通发展短板,我国依托新型举国体制,坚持自主创新与开放合作相结合的发展路径,统筹推进高速铁路技术研发、装备制造与工程建设一体化布局,集中开展全产业链协同攻关,实现了高速铁路产业的跨越式发展。
在战略引领上,党中央和国务院始终关注世界科技发展趋势、我国科技发展需求,通过多方论证,形成了《关于“八五”期间开展高速铁路技术攻关的报告》等,最终形成修建高速铁路的共识[15]。在规划布局上,我国自“八五”时期启动高速轨道交通技术预研以来,构建起了从技术追赶到自主创新再到引领创新的分阶段梯次攻关布局,至“十五五”规划,我国高速铁路研发目标已进入多网融合的高质量发展阶段;此外,我国还着眼于高速铁路长远布局,在2004年发布首个《中长期铁路网规划》,且后续多次修订,提出了2030年的远景目标,2020年发布的《新时代交通强国铁路先行规划纲要》,则进一步明确了我国铁路在2035年、2050年的发展目标和任务。在制度保障上,我国构建起国务院统筹顶层部署、原铁道部联合科学技术部牵头组织实施的一体化攻关组织架构,联动铁路科研院所、交通领域重点高校、整车制造龙头企业与全产业链配套单位,搭建了产学研用一体化协同平台,定向开展高速铁路成套装备与核心技术集中攻关,形成多方联动的特色创新组织模式。其中,高速铁路建造技术国家工程实验室就是该体系中最具标志性的协同创新载体[16]。
落地实施方面,多元高效的运行机制,为高速铁路技术突破和产业高质量发展提供了制度保障。在资源配置上,政府与企业合作,通过市场机制极大拓宽了参与主体范围与资金来源。2005年,原铁道部出台《关于鼓励支持和引导非公有制经济参与铁路建设经营的实施意见》,鼓励非公有资本进入铁路建设和经营等领域。之后,参与我国高速铁路建设的创新主体越来越多,市场化运作机制逐步健全,有力推动了资源的精准集聚。各攻关机构根据自身需求建立相应人才调配、评价和激励机制。以中车株洲电力机车研究所有限公司为例,在人才调配方面,研究所整合行业力量,组建产学研用联合创新团队,创新采用了科学家、工程师、技能大师三轨并行的职业发展体系,实现了人才专业能力与组织战略的精准匹配;在评价方面,建立了基础研究领域评价体系,推行里程碑式考核机制,缓解科研人员常规性考核压力;在人才激励方面,通过“揭榜挂帅”和“赛马机制”等,大胆启用青年人才,打造了可持续的创新人才生态[17]。在多主体协作上,中国中车集团有限公司充分发挥“链主”企业作用,协调科研院所、高校、实验室等创新主体,围绕关键核心技术攻关,构建起产业链上下游协同共生的创新格局。在成果转化方面,高速铁路创新贯通了从基础研究到产业化推广的全链条,同时积极整合全球创新资源,建立海外研发中心和国际合作平台,依托“一带一路”建设推动高速铁路技术和装备大规模海外应用,推动我国实现了从技术引进国到技术输出国的转变。在环境营造方面,我国秉持开放创新理念,在引进、消化、吸收、再创新的基础上实现自主创新、引领创新,持续推动技术标准国际化和产业国际化发展,构建起开放的创新生态。
对标高质量创新发展与“3+5”框架,我国高速铁路创新体系短板在于:一是创新重心更多聚焦工程应用与工艺优化,对前沿基础、颠覆性材料、底层核心控制算法的前瞻性布局不足,原始创新储备仍需提升;二是多元化主体按功能定位分工合作的协同机制仍有局限,高校和科研院所不仅承担了大量本应由企业承担的应用研究和开发研究,甚至由于基础研究的导向、激励和支持不足,直接通过校办企业和院办企业进入生产领域;三是开放创新层次有待提升,在国际标准主导、全球技术协同、原创性技术输出等高端开放创新层面仍存在短板;四是成果转化方面,技术专利转化、跨行业技术应用、民用技术衍生复用的市场化效益不足[18-19]。
超级计算机成功研发是我国战略科技领域新型举国体制落地实践的典型代表。对标“3+5”框架来看,在顶层战略引领和规划布局上,面对外部技术封锁的现实压力和高端算力供给不足的困境,我国确立了自主创新的路径,先后通过国家高技术研究发展计划(简称863计划)、国家重点研发计划开展长期持续的战略布局,从“十一五”到“十四五”分阶段设定了超级计算机的明确发展目标,制定了循序渐进的攻关路线,为超级计算机技术持续突破提供了稳定的战略引领与政策支撑。在制度保障统筹上,我国构建了由国务院统筹、科学技术部专项牵引,国防科技大学、江南计算技术研究所、中国科学院计算技术研究所等科研机构联合超级计算机整机研制企业、国家级超级计算机中心、重点高校协同攻关的组织体系,形成了上下联动、优势互补的协同创新格局[20]。在成果转化上,我国超级计算机研发始终坚持技术与产业协同布局,科学技术部通过863计划,先后部署了“高性能计算机及其核心软件”重大专项,以及“高效能计算机及网格服务环境”“高效能计算机及应用服务环境”等重大项目,提出了高性能计算机硬件、算力环境和行业场景应用三位一体协调均衡发展的整体思路,构建了自主完整的超级计算机产业生态,为超级计算机技术的持续迭代和各领域落地应用打下了坚实的体系基础。
但是超级计算机组织创新模式也存在明显的不足:一是多元创新主体协同不充分,攻关主体高度集中于科研院所,市场化科技企业参与不足,社会创新活力调动有限;二是成果转化弱,相关应用主要集中于国防科研、气象预报、重大基础科学研究等公共领域,面向民用产业、智能制造等市场化场景的算力赋能不足,商业化利用有限;三是高水平对外开放创新受限,长期受外部技术封锁影响,超级计算机相关国际人才交流、技术合作渠道窄,极大限制了技术多元融合。
结合美国、日本及我国的案例实践来看,我国新型举国体制在顶层治理方面存在以下问题。
(1)战略方针引领机制存在布局偏差。当前举国创新战略导向呈现明显的重应用攻坚、轻基础探索,战略重心高度倾斜于工程落地快、产业成效显著的硬核技术领域,对基础前沿、颠覆性技术领域的战略性引领不足。这种偏差与日本VLSI计划重应用、轻基础的问题相类似,若持续发展可能导致原始创新战略储备薄弱、底层理论积累不足,不能有效支撑可持续的科技创新发展需求。
(2)任务规划布局机制系统性不足。现有科技攻关任务规划更多聚焦于单一技术、单一产业链环节的应急突破,缺乏体系化的长期布局。任务规划偏重于短期赶超,对产业体系整体升级、前沿领域长期培育的布局不足,难以形成系统性产业技术优势。
(3)协同创新治理体系壁垒未完全破除。尽管新型举国体制强调举国优势,但实践中仍存在部门间协调不足、区域间资源流动不畅、高校和科研院所与企业之间合作衔接不紧密等问题。跨部门资源整合、跨区域协同创新、跨主体资源共享的制度建设不完善,创新资源统筹不足,导致举国体制集中力量办大事的制度优势未能完全释放。
结合案例实践和我国创新发展中暴露出的问题来看,我国新型举国体制在落地实施方面存在以下堵点。
(1)资源配置机制的统筹与效率适配性不足。当前创新资源配置仍高度依赖财政统筹与行政布局,市场化调节的优胜劣汰机制不完善;部分领域存在资源固化、投向单一和效率低等问题,资源配置难以适配多元化、长效化创新发展需求。
(2)人才调配引育机制中存在重引进、轻培育和长效激励不足等问题。项目攻关中,人才队伍建设偏重顶尖人才引进与短期项目动员,对青年人才梯队培育、长线科研人才激励、复合型产业人才培养力度不足;科研评价短期量化导向突出,长周期、高风险基础研究人才容错激励不足,任务结束后的人才流动、岗位适配激励机制不够灵活,难以稳定支撑重大攻关研究。
(3)多主体协同机制中壁垒和错位问题仍旧突出。重大科研攻关资源高度集中于国有科研院所与头部国有企业,民营企业、中小企业存在隐性准入壁垒,核心研发环节参与度不足;各类创新主体分工边界仍旧模糊,存在职能越位、角色错位现象。
(4)成果转化机制不健全,产学研用衔接脱节。我国科技创新普遍存在重研发、轻转化倾向,各类重大攻关任务考核侧重技术指标达成,对攻关成果工程化、产业化落地统筹谋划不足,大量科研成果难以向产业端转化,创新全链条存在堵点。如在超级计算机领域,科研成果虽然丰硕,但民用化、产业化严重不足。
(5)环境营造机制包容性不足,开放受限。科研容错机制细则不完善,对探索性失败、前沿试错的包容度有限,制约重大攻关中的自由探索性创新。同时,受美西方技术封锁与遏制打压影响,我国高端技术引进、国际联合攻关、高端人才对外交流合作的渠道明显收窄,开放创新生态整合全球创新资源的能力不足。此外,人工智能驱动科研范式变革及产业链供应链安全要求提高,也对科研数据、算力平台和跨主体协作提出了新的治理要求。
结合国内外攻关案例中暴露出的治理问题,建议通过精准优化战略方针引领、任务规划布局、制度保障统筹3个机制,以提升举国体制治理效能。
(1)优化战略方针引领机制,构建均衡化创新发展格局。调整重应用、轻基础的单一任务战略导向,建立工程技术迭代与基础前沿探索、颠覆性技术培育一体化的战略引领体系,补齐攻关战略中原始创新研究扶持机制的缺失,规避类似日本VLSI计划等创新后劲不足隐患。
(2)升级任务规划布局机制,推动短期攻关与长期发展的有机统一。建立国家战略清单、产业链短板清单、前沿基础领域培育清单动态调整和规划机制,推动攻关布局从单点问题突破向链条化、体系化、长远化规划转变;统筹短期攻关与长期培育的关系,分层分类部署攻关任务,持续塑造产业技术长期竞争优势。
(3)完善制度保障统筹机制,打通攻关创新中的堵点。发挥好国家级科技统筹协同平台协调调度作用,建立重大科技任务高层定期会商机制,健全跨部门、跨主体统筹协调制度;统一项目布局、资源调度和考评标准,促进资源共享与攻关协同,充分释放举国统筹治理优势;结合任务特点采用差异化组织模式,完善重大事项协调、里程碑评估和动态退出机制。
针对五大落地实践机制运行中的问题,须靶向施策,打通科技创新链条上的堵点,提升举国创新落地效能。
(1)优化资源配置机制,更好兼顾集中统筹与市场效率。构建政府统筹和市场高效配置的双重资源体系,厘清财政与市场资源投放边界,将财政资源重点投向攻关任务重的基础研究、重大基础设施、战略前沿领域,引导社会资本和市场资源投向产业技术迭代与场景创新;建立竞争性择优、动态评估和优胜劣汰的资源投入机制,优化资源投入结构,破解资源固化、低效投入问题;构建分层分类、长短结合的资源供给模式,满足多元化、长效化创新发展需求,确保资源精准供给,保障各类重大任务攻关的高效推进。
(2)健全人才调配引育机制,强化攻关人才队伍建设。围绕攻关任务构建人才跨主体调配体系,实行适配攻关特点的差异化人才评价与激励保障制度,推动不同单位科研力量在面临重大攻关任务时能够高效重组;完善攻关任务结束后人才有序流转的配套制度,保障科研人员持续开展创新研究;通过开放合作吸引全球智力资源参与我国重大攻关,完善重大攻关任务中培养青年人才的制度设计,持续壮大攻坚人才梯队,强化创新人才储备,提升重大攻关队伍实力。探索跨单位兼职、项目聘用和阶段派驻机制,对基础研究实行长周期评价,对工程攻关突出节点贡献和团队协作,并完善成果收益分配。
(3)深化多主体协同机制,破除市场主体参与攻关壁垒,理顺各类创新主体分工体系。清理重大科研任务中设置的各类隐性门槛,健全公平准入制度,保障符合条件的高校、科研院所和各类企业公平参与重大科技攻关项目的申报与实施,适度向专精特新企业开放核心研发环节参与通道;规范创新联合体组建运营规则,清晰界定国家科研机构、国有企业、民营企业、中小企业、高校的功能定位,细化各主体攻关分工、权责边界,建立分领域任务清单,解决职能越位、角色错位问题。对任务中组建的创新联合体实行章程化管理,明确牵头单位、成员单位、知识产权归属、数据共享和风险承担规则。
(4)升级成果转化机制,畅通产学研用衔接通道。在重大攻关任务立项时同步明确应用场景、技术成熟度目标和成果承接主体,在验收流程中,增加产业化可行性评价,配套建设中试与工程化支撑平台,搭建攻关成果产业对接渠道,推动硬核技术向实体经济、民生领域延伸落地,将应用验证和产业化成效纳入攻关考核,以制度引导同步抓好技术攻关与产业转化。
(5)优化环境营造机制,构建包容开放创新生态。细化重大科研探索容错免责细则,明确创新试错边界,鼓励科研团队围绕重大攻关任务开展高风险自由探索与颠覆性技术研发;在守住核心技术安全底线的基础上扩大高水平对外开放,多元拓宽国际技术、人才合作渠道,主动对接全球前沿创新资源,构建自主可控、开放共赢的长效创新生态。
当前,我国新型举国体制正由面向单项技术突破的集中攻关模式,向提升国家创新体系整体效能的系统治理模式转变。针对实践中存在的基础研究与应用攻关布局不均衡、短期突破与长期能力建设衔接不足、创新资源市场化配置效能不高、多元主体协同不畅、人才长效激励不足、成果转化渠道不健全等问题,需要进一步完善战略规划、组织协调和制度保障体系,推动五大落地实施运行机制协同。未来,应根据基础研究、关键核心技术和重大工程任务的不同特点,构建分类组织、动态调整、全程评价的运行模式,促进有为政府与有效市场更好结合,推动新型举国体制从“集中力量实现技术突破”向“系统塑造持续创新能力”深化,为实现高水平科技自立自强和建设世界科技强国提供更加坚实的制度保障。
  • 国家社会科学基金重大项目(2025MZD012)
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2026年第5卷第3期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260027
  • 接收时间:2026-07-21
  • 出版时间:2026-09-20
  • 发布时间:2026-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2026-07-21
  • 修回日期:2026-08-25
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目(2025MZD012)
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    1中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院, 北京 100190
    2中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院, 北京 100049

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family
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Number of
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Number of
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Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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