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前瞻科技
| 专题
2026, 5(3) : 4-6
新型举国体制:从集中力量办大事到体系化攻关
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A New System for Mobilizing Resources Nationwide: From Concentrating Resources on Major Tasks to Systematic Tackling of Key Problems
Science and Technology Foresight Editorial Office,
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出版时间: 2026-09-20
文章导航
本刊编辑部.
新型举国体制:从集中力量办大事到体系化攻关.
前瞻科技,
2026
, 5
(3)
: 4
-6
.
Science and Technology Foresight Editorial Office,.
A New System for Mobilizing Resources Nationwide: From Concentrating Resources on Major Tasks to Systematic Tackling of Key Problems[J].
Science and Technology Foresight ,
2026
, 5
(3)
: 4
-6
.
纵观人类社会现代化进程,科技创新始终是推动生产力跃升、重塑国家竞争优势的决定性力量。当前,新一轮科技革命和产业变革深入发展,人工智能、量子科技、生命科学、新能源、新材料等领域加速突破,科学研究的复杂性、系统性和交叉性显著增强,科技创新与经济发展、国家安全、国际竞争的联系空前紧密。谁能有效组织创新资源、突破关键核心技术、形成持续创新能力,谁就能在未来发展中赢得主动。
党的十八大以来,以习近平同志为核心的党中央把科技创新摆在国家发展全局的核心位置,把科技自立自强作为国家发展的战略支撑。党的二十大提出,要健全新型举国体制,强化国家战略科技力量,提升国家创新体系整体效能。“十五五”规划将加强原始创新和关键核心技术攻关作为重点任务,并提出完善新型举国体制、推动产出更多标志性原创成果。2026年7月,习近平总书记在国家科学技术奖励大会、两院院士大会、中国科协第十一次全国代表大会上深刻指出,“十五五”时期是科技强国建设的关键攻坚期,要增强科技创新体系化攻关能力,提升国家创新体系整体效能。新型举国体制正在成为新时代我国发挥制度优势、组织优势和超大规模市场优势,加快实现高水平科技自立自强的重要组织机制。
理解新型举国体制时代内涵,既要从我国集中力量办大事的制度优势和实践传统中把握其历史脉络,也要立足新时代科技创新规律和经济社会发展条件的深刻变化。
集中力量办大事,是中国特色社会主义制度的显著优势,也是新中国科技事业发展的一条重要经验。新中国成立之初,工业基础薄弱、科技力量有限。面对严峻复杂的国际环境,在党的集中统一领导下,全国上下协同攻关,以“两弹一星”为代表的重大科技成就相继取得历史性突破,不仅维护了国家安全,也奠定了我国独立自主发展科技事业的重要基础。这一时期,我国逐步形成了以国家战略目标牵引、优势资源集中配置、跨部门跨领域协同攻关等为主要特征的举国体制,充分彰显了“集中力量办大事”推进重大战略任务的制度优势。
党的十八大以来,我国经济社会发展条件和科技创新规律发生深刻变化。社会主义市场经济体制不断完善,企业、高校、科研院所、新型研发机构等创新主体蓬勃发展,科技、产业、资本和人才之间的联系日益紧密,科技创新越来越表现为多主体参与、多学科交叉、多要素协同的复杂系统工程。重大科技突破既需要国家战略力量长期积累,也需要企业创新、市场竞争和产业应用。
在这一背景下,举国体制的组织方式也不断与时俱进,更加适应社会主义市场经济规律和科技创新规律的“新型举国体制”逐步形成,并不断完善。
“新”首先体现在国家战略与市场机制的有机结合。对于关系国家安全和发展全局、市场机制难以有效配置资源的战略领域,需要发挥国家组织重大科技创新的作用;对于技术路线的选择、产品迭代和成果产业化,则应充分发挥企业和市场作用,使有为政府与有效市场更好结合。
“新”还体现在创新主体更加多元、组织方式更加协同。国家实验室、国家科研机构、高水平研究型大学、科技领军企业及其他创新主体各有功能定位和比较优势,它们围绕国家重大任务优化配置力量,形成分工合理、优势互补、协同高效的创新体系。
新型举国体制既要发挥集中力量办大事的制度优势,高效完成关系国家全局和长远发展的重大科技任务,也要适应现代科技创新多主体、多要素、多环节深度协同的特点,不断提高创新资源配置和协同组织效率。从这个意义上讲,新型举国体制的核心已不只是“集中力量”,更在于“科学配置力量”,以体系化攻关推动关键技术突破并提升国家创新体系整体效能。
近年来,我国科技事业正在发生历史性、系统性的重大变化,基础研究和原始创新能力持续增强,一批又一批关键核心技术实现突破,科技实力正从量的积累迈向质的飞跃。
在载人航天、探月探火、北斗导航、深海深地探测等战略高技术领域,在高速铁路、新能源汽车、新一代信息通信等产业技术领域,以及人工智能、量子科技等前沿领域,我国不断取得新突破,一些领域实现从跟跑、并跑向领跑转变。重大科技成果不断涌现的背后,既有广大科技工作者长期积累、接续奋斗,也体现了国家战略目标牵引和多领域协同创新的优势。
实践表明,对于目标明确、战略意义重大、技术链条复杂的重大科技任务,新型举国体制具有独特优势。它能够突破单一单位、单一学科和单一行业的能力边界,将举国上下各类力量有效组织起来,加快重大成果形成。与此同时,我国产业基础优势、超大规模市场优势和丰富应用场景,为自主攻关产品推广应用和迭代升级提供了有利条件,有助于加快科技成果从样品走向产品、形成产业,推动科技创新和产业创新深度融合。
虽然科技强国建设已经进入由局部突破向整体跃升的关键阶段,但也必须清醒意识到,我们在科技创新方面还存在一些深层次短板:一些关键核心技术和底层基础技术仍受制约,重大原创成果还不够多;国家战略科技力量之间协同效率有提升空间,部分创新资源分散配置、重复布局;科技成果从科学发现、技术突破走向工程化、产业化的链条不够顺畅;企业创新主体作用需进一步强化;人才评价激励机制和创新资源配置机制尚需完善。
与此同时,科技创新的组织形态也在发生深刻变化。重大科技突破越来越依赖多学科交叉、多主体协同和创新链产业链深度融合,科技竞争日益由单项技术竞争向体系能力竞争拓展。习近平总书记指出,科技创新涉及领域、主体、要素多,是一个庞大的系统,要加强科技战略规划、政策措施、重大任务、科研力量、资源平台和区域创新等方面统筹。这一重要论断,指明了当前科技创新组织方式变革的关键所在。面对科技创新范式的深刻变革和我国科技创新存在的短板,新型举国体制必须不断发展完善,在继续发挥集中力量办大事优势的同时,更加注重提高科技创新体系化攻关能力。
面向科技强国建设的关键期,要进一步发挥新型举国体制优势,将制度优势更好转化为持续创新优势。
一是强化国家战略目标牵引。国家科技创新资源配置必须突出重点,坚持有所为、有所不为。要坚持“四个面向”,加强科技前沿研判和国家战略需求凝练,找准真正关系国家长远发展的战略必争领域和产业链供应链薄弱环节,统筹当前急需与长远考量,补短板与锻长板,形成层次清晰、梯次衔接的国家科技任务布局。
二是发挥国家战略科技力量的骨干作用。要统筹发挥国家实验室、国家科研机构、高水平研究型大学和科技领军企业等创新力量作用,进一步明晰定位、优化布局、加强协同,使基础研究有源头、技术攻关有力量、工程验证有平台、成果转化有载体。重大任务既要能够集中优势力量协同攻关,也要避免简单行政组合和重复建设,真正实现任务协同、资源共享、优势互补。
三是优化科技创新组织机制。体系化攻关不仅需要强大的战略科技力量,更需要与之相适应的组织机制。要强化重大科技任务总体设计和系统集成,完善从任务凝练、方案论证到组织实施、动态调整的全周期机制,科学划分任务单元,明确权责边界和衔接关系,提高任务分解、过程协同和系统集成效率。要遵循不同类型科技创新活动规律,分类探索有组织科研模式,对目标明确、工程性强的任务强化节点管理和责任落实,对基础研究给予长期稳定支持,对高风险、高价值的前沿探索给予必要试错空间,赋予科研团队更大技术路线决定权和资源调度权。推动组织方式与任务特点相匹配、集中攻关与自主探索相协调,不断提高科技攻关组织化、专业化和科学化水平。
四是更加突出企业科技创新主体地位。企业最接近市场,也最能感知产业技术变革。真正具有持续竞争力的创新体系,必须拥有一批掌握核心技术的科技领军企业。要支持企业更多地参与国家科技战略研究和重大任务凝练,鼓励科技领军企业牵头组建创新联合体,推动产业需求成为重要科技创新源头。政府应更多营造环境、建设平台、完善规则,以首试首用、场景开放、科技金融等方式,不断降低创新成果进入市场的成本,让企业真正成为技术创新决策、研发投入、科研组织和成果转化的重要主体,促进创新链、产业链、资金链和人才链的深度融合。
五是推进教育科技人才一体化发展。重大科技任务既是实现科技突破的重要载体,也是发现人才、培养人才、造就人才的重要平台。要发挥国家战略科技力量的育人优势,把重大任务攻关与战略科技人才培养有机结合,完善符合科研规律和人才成长规律的评价激励机制,在科技攻关实践中培养造就更多战略科学家、科技领军和青年科技人才。
《前瞻科技》2026年第3期新型举国体制专题,邀请专家学者围绕新型举国体制的理论逻辑、运行机制与实践路径开展深入讨论。既立足国内重大科技创新实践总结规律,也从国际科技竞争、创新体系演进中汲取经验,系统分析重大科技任务组织、创新资源配置、多元主体协同、成果转化和人才培养等关键问题,提出进一步完善重大科技任务组织实施机制、提高体系化攻关能力、激发各类创新主体活力的对策建议。期望能够为相关科技工作者的研究和有关部门的科学决策提供有价值参考,推动新型举国体制在实践中不断健全,将体系化攻关的制度优势更好转化为科技创新优势和发展优势,为加快推进高水平科技自立自强、向科技强国目标迈进,并以科技创新引领新质生产力发展提供有益支撑。
2026年第5卷第3期
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出版时间:2026-09-20
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表1 2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科 Family 属数 Number of genus 种数 Number of species 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) 属 Genus 种数 Number of species 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78 小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39 红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87 小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26 光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39 红菇属 Russula 17 8.13 栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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