Article(id=1315718827862769755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1315718825799168011, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1783958400000, receivedDateStr=2026-07-14, revisedDate=1786291200000, revisedDateStr=2026-08-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791621413435, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1789833600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791621413435, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791621413435, creator=system, updateTime=1791621413435, updator=system, issue=Issue{id=1315718825799168011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2026', volume='5', issue='3', pageStart='4', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789833600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791621412943, creator='system', updateTime=1791623747519, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315728617838068612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1315718825799168011, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315728617838068613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1315718825799168011, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=70, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315718828944900188, articleId=1315718827862769755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Interpreting Moore’s Law and the τ Scaling Law: A Path to Performance Enhancement from Spatial Compression to Temporal Compression, columnId=1315718827791462412, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Sci-Tech Focus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Moore’s law has long driven the growth of electronic computing performance through geometric transistor scaling and increased integration density. With the breakdown of Dennard scaling and the increasing prominence of power, interconnect, memory, and thermal constraints, semiconductor performance improvement is expanding from device-dominated scaling to multilevel temporal optimization across circuits, chips, and systems. This paper employs matter, energy, structure, and time from cognitive physics as a conceptual framework, regards chips and computing systems as the material substrate of machine cognition, and examines the intrinsic continuity between Moore’s law and the τ scaling law. The analysis shows that Moore’s law primarily delivers performance, energy-efficiency, and cost benefits through reduced physical dimensions and increased spatial density, whereas the Tau scaling law promotes coordinated optimization of critical paths, data movement, communication synchronization, and end-to-end execution time through logic folding, local interconnection, hardware-software co-design, and system interconnect reconfiguration. The transition from Moore’s law to the Tau scaling law is therefore not the replacement of one law by another, but an expansion of semiconductor performance optimization from geometry-dominated scaling toward the parallel development of spatial and temporal scaling. Matter provides the physical carrier, energy drives state transitions, structure organizes the paths of information and energy, and time enables computational processes to unfold in continuous temporal sequences. The coupling of these four elements offers a unified interpretive perspective for understanding post-Moore chip architectures, intelligent computing systems, and their constraints in terms of energy consumption, thermal dissipation, and reliability.

, authors=Deyi LI1, Nan HE2, *, authorsList=Deyi LI, Nan HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Nan HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology Foresight. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315718831587311714, articleId=1315718827862769755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=CN, title=解释摩尔定律和韬定律, columnId=1315718827976011789, journalTitle=前瞻科技, columnName=科技焦点, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

摩尔定律通过晶体管几何缩微和集成度提升长期推动电子计算效能增长。随着登纳德缩放失效,以及功耗、互连、存储和散热约束显性化,半导体效能提升正在由器件尺度主导,拓展到电路、芯片和系统的多层级时间优化。文章以认知物理学的物质、能量、结构、时间四要素为概念框架,将芯片和计算系统视为机器认知的物质硬构体,分析摩尔定律与韬定律之间的内在连续性。研究表明,摩尔定律主要通过物质尺度下降和空间结构增密释放性能、能效与成本红利;韬定律则通过逻辑折叠、就近互连、软硬协同和系统互联重构,推动关键路径、数据搬运、通信同步及端到端执行时间的协同优化。从摩尔定律到韬定律,并非一种规律取代另一种规律,而是半导体效能优化由单一几何缩微主导走向几何缩微与多层级时间优化并行的维度拓展。物质提供载体,能量驱动状态变化,结构组织信息和能量的路径,时间使计算过程形成连续时序;四要素的耦合为理解后摩尔时代芯片架构、智能计算系统及其能耗、散热和可靠性约束提供了统一的解释视角。

, authors=李德毅1, 赫南2, *, authorsList=李德毅, 赫南, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赫南, authorNote=

李德毅,中国工程院院士,研究员。中国人工智能学会和中国指挥和控制学会名誉理事长。主要从事计算机工程、不确定性人工智能、数据挖掘、知识发现、智能驾驶、认知物理学和认知工程研究。电子信箱:

赫南,中英人寿保险有限公司AI架构师。主要从事不确定性人工智能、复杂网络及人工智能技术架构研究。电子信箱:。

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李德毅,中国工程院院士,研究员。中国人工智能学会和中国指挥和控制学会名誉理事长。主要从事计算机工程、不确定性人工智能、数据挖掘、知识发现、智能驾驶、认知物理学和认知工程研究。电子信箱:

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李德毅,中国工程院院士,研究员。中国人工智能学会和中国指挥和控制学会名誉理事长。主要从事计算机工程、不确定性人工智能、数据挖掘、知识发现、智能驾驶、认知物理学和认知工程研究。电子信箱:

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赫南,中英人寿保险有限公司AI架构师。主要从事不确定性人工智能、复杂网络及人工智能技术架构研究。电子信箱:。

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赫南,中英人寿保险有限公司AI架构师。主要从事不确定性人工智能、复杂网络及人工智能技术架构研究。电子信箱:。

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IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 1969, 16(4): 338-347., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315718831813804131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1315718827862769755, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315718831826387044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1315718827862769755, companyId=1315718831813804131, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100840, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315718831834775653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1315718827862769755, companyId=1315718831813804131, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1军事科学院系统工程研究院, 北京 100840)]), AuthorCompany(id=1315718831918661734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1315718827862769755, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315718831956410471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1315718827862769755, companyId=1315718831918661734, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2AVIVA-COFCO Life Insurance Co., Ltd., Beijing 100020, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315718831968993384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1315718827862769755, companyId=1315718831918661734, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中英人寿保险有限公司, 北京 100020)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315718835529957505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1315718827862769755, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Boundaries and relationships of concepts related to spatial and temporal optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
概念文章定义主要尺度与其他概念的关系
空间压缩器件、连接、功能和系统在有限空间中的结构化收敛器件至系统用于概括电子计算技术长期空间演进的跨层级概念
几何缩微晶体管和互连特征尺寸随工艺代际缩小器件、工艺空间压缩在半导体制造中的主要形式
时间压缩减少状态转换、访问、通信和任务完成所需时间器件至系统用于统摄不同层级时间优化的分析概念
时间缩微某一已定义时间指标随技术代际持续下降特定层级必须说明指标、工作负载和测量条件
τ缩微韬定律提出的跨层级时间优化技术原则器件至系统不是单一物理常数,尚待工程和产业验证
), ArticleFig(id=1315718835618037890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1315718827862769755, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

空间与时间优化相关概念的边界和关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
概念文章定义主要尺度与其他概念的关系
空间压缩器件、连接、功能和系统在有限空间中的结构化收敛器件至系统用于概括电子计算技术长期空间演进的跨层级概念
几何缩微晶体管和互连特征尺寸随工艺代际缩小器件、工艺空间压缩在半导体制造中的主要形式
时间压缩减少状态转换、访问、通信和任务完成所需时间器件至系统用于统摄不同层级时间优化的分析概念
时间缩微某一已定义时间指标随技术代际持续下降特定层级必须说明指标、工作负载和测量条件
τ缩微韬定律提出的跨层级时间优化技术原则器件至系统不是单一物理常数,尚待工程和产业验证
), ArticleFig(id=1315718835701923971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1315718827862769755, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Representative metrics and boundaries of multilevel temporal optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层级代表性时间指标单位主要决定因素评价边界
器件级开关时间、RC时间常数ps,ns材料、器件结构、寄生参数和负载需在给定器件与测试条件下比较
电路级关键路径延迟、时钟周期ps,ns逻辑深度、布线长度、扇出和时序收敛受具体电路和工作频率约束
芯片级存储访问、片上数据搬运和任务执行时间ns,μs,ms缓存层次、存储结构、数据流和软硬协同需给出任务与数据规模
系统级芯片间通信、同步和端到端时延μs,ms,s互联拓扑、协议、调度、网络和工作负载不能以单一器件τ替代
结果指标吞吐量、带宽和单位时间有效工作量bit/s,任务数/s上述多层级因素的综合结果不是时间常数,应与延迟分开评价
), ArticleFig(id=1315718835802587268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1315718827862769755, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

多层级时间优化的代表性指标及其边界

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层级代表性时间指标单位主要决定因素评价边界
器件级开关时间、RC时间常数ps,ns材料、器件结构、寄生参数和负载需在给定器件与测试条件下比较
电路级关键路径延迟、时钟周期ps,ns逻辑深度、布线长度、扇出和时序收敛受具体电路和工作频率约束
芯片级存储访问、片上数据搬运和任务执行时间ns,μs,ms缓存层次、存储结构、数据流和软硬协同需给出任务与数据规模
系统级芯片间通信、同步和端到端时延μs,ms,s互联拓扑、协议、调度、网络和工作负载不能以单一器件τ替代
结果指标吞吐量、带宽和单位时间有效工作量bit/s,任务数/s上述多层级因素的综合结果不是时间常数,应与延迟分开评价
), ArticleFig(id=1315718835886473349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1315718827862769755, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Scales, mechanisms, and limitations of spatial and temporal optimization cases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
案例作用尺度主要优化对象关键评价指标机制与局限
主频提升处理器、电路时钟周期频率、周期、功耗缩短局部机器节拍;受电压、功耗和散热限制
逻辑折叠电路、芯片关键路径和数据邻近性路径延迟、功耗、面积、结温结构重排可能缩短互连;仍需工艺和实测验证
光互联芯片至系统数据传输和通信带宽密度、能耗/bit、端到端时延适合高带宽互联;受光电转换、封装和热调谐约束
异构协同芯片、系统计算−存储−通信等待端到端时延、吞吐、利用率和能效依赖拓扑、协议、调度、软件和工作负载
脑皮层折叠生物组织皮层表面积与连接布局生物形态与连接指标提供结构组织启示;与芯片工程机制不同,需避免直接类比
), ArticleFig(id=1315718835961970822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1315718827862769755, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

空间与时间优化案例的作用尺度、机制及局限

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
案例作用尺度主要优化对象关键评价指标机制与局限
主频提升处理器、电路时钟周期频率、周期、功耗缩短局部机器节拍;受电压、功耗和散热限制
逻辑折叠电路、芯片关键路径和数据邻近性路径延迟、功耗、面积、结温结构重排可能缩短互连;仍需工艺和实测验证
光互联芯片至系统数据传输和通信带宽密度、能耗/bit、端到端时延适合高带宽互联;受光电转换、封装和热调谐约束
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解释摩尔定律和韬定律
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李德毅 1 , 赫南 2, *
前瞻科技 | 科技焦点 2026,5(3): 70-78
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前瞻科技 | 科技焦点 2026, 5(3): 70-78
解释摩尔定律和韬定律
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李德毅1 , 赫南2, *
作者信息
  • 1军事科学院系统工程研究院, 北京 100840
  • 2中英人寿保险有限公司, 北京 100020
  • 李德毅,中国工程院院士,研究员。中国人工智能学会和中国指挥和控制学会名誉理事长。主要从事计算机工程、不确定性人工智能、数据挖掘、知识发现、智能驾驶、认知物理学和认知工程研究。电子信箱:

    赫南,中英人寿保险有限公司AI架构师。主要从事不确定性人工智能、复杂网络及人工智能技术架构研究。电子信箱:。

通信作者:

Interpreting Moore’s Law and the τ Scaling Law: A Path to Performance Enhancement from Spatial Compression to Temporal Compression
Deyi LI1 , Nan HE2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100840, China
  • 2AVIVA-COFCO Life Insurance Co., Ltd., Beijing 100020, China
出版时间: 2026-09-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260023
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摩尔定律通过晶体管几何缩微和集成度提升长期推动电子计算效能增长。随着登纳德缩放失效,以及功耗、互连、存储和散热约束显性化,半导体效能提升正在由器件尺度主导,拓展到电路、芯片和系统的多层级时间优化。文章以认知物理学的物质、能量、结构、时间四要素为概念框架,将芯片和计算系统视为机器认知的物质硬构体,分析摩尔定律与韬定律之间的内在连续性。研究表明,摩尔定律主要通过物质尺度下降和空间结构增密释放性能、能效与成本红利;韬定律则通过逻辑折叠、就近互连、软硬协同和系统互联重构,推动关键路径、数据搬运、通信同步及端到端执行时间的协同优化。从摩尔定律到韬定律,并非一种规律取代另一种规律,而是半导体效能优化由单一几何缩微主导走向几何缩微与多层级时间优化并行的维度拓展。物质提供载体,能量驱动状态变化,结构组织信息和能量的路径,时间使计算过程形成连续时序;四要素的耦合为理解后摩尔时代芯片架构、智能计算系统及其能耗、散热和可靠性约束提供了统一的解释视角。

摩尔定律  /  韬定律  /  认知物理学  /  空间压缩  /  时间压缩  /  逻辑折叠  /  系统级时间优化

Moore’s law has long driven the growth of electronic computing performance through geometric transistor scaling and increased integration density. With the breakdown of Dennard scaling and the increasing prominence of power, interconnect, memory, and thermal constraints, semiconductor performance improvement is expanding from device-dominated scaling to multilevel temporal optimization across circuits, chips, and systems. This paper employs matter, energy, structure, and time from cognitive physics as a conceptual framework, regards chips and computing systems as the material substrate of machine cognition, and examines the intrinsic continuity between Moore’s law and the τ scaling law. The analysis shows that Moore’s law primarily delivers performance, energy-efficiency, and cost benefits through reduced physical dimensions and increased spatial density, whereas the Tau scaling law promotes coordinated optimization of critical paths, data movement, communication synchronization, and end-to-end execution time through logic folding, local interconnection, hardware-software co-design, and system interconnect reconfiguration. The transition from Moore’s law to the Tau scaling law is therefore not the replacement of one law by another, but an expansion of semiconductor performance optimization from geometry-dominated scaling toward the parallel development of spatial and temporal scaling. Matter provides the physical carrier, energy drives state transitions, structure organizes the paths of information and energy, and time enables computational processes to unfold in continuous temporal sequences. The coupling of these four elements offers a unified interpretive perspective for understanding post-Moore chip architectures, intelligent computing systems, and their constraints in terms of energy consumption, thermal dissipation, and reliability.

Moore’s law  /  τ scaling law  /  cognitive physics  /  spatial scaling  /  temporal scaling  /  logic folding  /  system-level optimization
李德毅, 赫南. 解释摩尔定律和韬定律. 前瞻科技, 2026 , 5 (3) : 70 -78 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260023
Deyi LI, Nan HE. Interpreting Moore’s Law and the τ Scaling Law: A Path to Performance Enhancement from Spatial Compression to Temporal Compression[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2026 , 5 (3) : 70 -78 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260023
摩尔定律以晶体管几何缩微和集成度提升持续推动电子信息产业在性能、能效和成本方面进步[1-7]。从电子管、晶体管、分立元器件到集成电路和超大规模集成电路,电子计算技术走过的是一条空间结构持续压缩的道路:器件越来越小,连接越来越短,系统越来越密。进入深纳米尺度以后,量子隧穿、漏电、功耗密度、互连延迟、存储访问和制造成本等问题相继显现[5-11]。半导体演进面临的紧迫问题,已经从“能否继续做小”扩展到“如何在物质和能量约束下继续提高系统效能”。
华为技术有限公司(简称华为)于2026年电气与电子工程师学会国际电路与系统研讨会(IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems,IEEE ISCAS)上提出韬定律,主张以“时间缩微”替代“几何缩微”,通过逻辑折叠、垂直互连、软硬协同和系统互联重构降低多层级时延[12-14]。摩尔定律已有60余年的产业数据和技术实践,韬定律则是新近提出的技术原则,其长期价值仍需工程和产业实践检验。
文章将韬定律作为后摩尔时代重新审视时间、互连和系统协同的技术命题,重点讨论其与摩尔定律在半导体演进逻辑上的连续性。将芯片和计算系统视为机器认知的物质硬构体,以认知物理学的物质、能量、结构、时间四要素作为概念性分析框架[15-18],讨论半导体效能提升如何由几何尺度主导,拓展到器件、电路、芯片和系统多个层级的时间优化,旨在厘清几何缩微与多层级时间优化的连续性、层级差异和工程边界,并揭示物质、能量、结构和时间在后摩尔时代芯片及计算系统演进中的耦合关系。
空间压缩是文章对电子计算技术长期演进特征的概括,既包括器件尺寸减小,也包括连接缩短、功能集成和系统体积收敛;几何缩微则有更具体的半导体含义,主要指晶体管及互连特征尺寸随工艺代际持续缩小,并由此提高单位面积器件密度。前者是较宽泛的解释概念,后者是其中可由工艺节点、特征尺寸和晶体管密度表征的工程过程。
因此,从电子管到集成电路可以称为空间结构的持续压缩;进入硅基集成电路以后,摩尔定律将其中的几何缩微和密度增大变成了产业共同遵循的技术节奏。空间压缩并不等同于把物体简单做小,只有器件、互连和功能按照一定结构重新组织、压缩才可能转化为性能、能效和可靠性收益。
时间压缩是文章为统摄不同层级时间优化而采用的分析概念,指减少计算系统完成状态转换、信号传播、数据访问、通信同步和端到端任务所需的时间。时间缩微则强调某一明确时间指标随技术代际持续下降。τ缩微是华为韬定律采用的技术表述,覆盖器件、电路、芯片和系统多个层级,但并不意味着这些层级共用一个具有相同物理含义的时间常数。
文章沿用韬定律的表述,以τ表示不同层级的特征时延,各层级τ的物理含义和测量条件并不相同。器件电阻−电容(Resistance-Capacitance,RC)时间常数、关键路径延迟、时钟周期、存储访问时间、数据搬运时间和系统端到端时延,都可以用时间单位表示,却分别由不同结构、工作负载和边界条件决定。吞吐量反映单位时间内完成的工作量,是时间优化可能产生的系统结果,也不能直接等同于τ。相关概念的边界和关系见表1。
认知物理学认为,机器认知离不开物质、能量、结构和时间[15-18]。对应到半导体和计算系统,物质是晶体管、互连、存储介质和封装材料;能量是器件开关、数据搬运和系统运行的驱动力;结构规定器件布局、互联拓扑、存储层次和软硬件关系;时间则表现为时钟、时序、延迟、同步和任务进程。物质提供载体,能量驱动状态变化,结构组织能量和信息的路径,时间使这些变化形成可重复、可递归的计算过程。
物质、能量、结构和时间具有不同的物理内涵和度量方式,共同构成文章的概念性解释框架:摩尔缩微首先改变物质尺度和空间结构,时间收益在早期随之出现;当功耗、互连和存储成为瓶颈后,结构如何组织能量流、信息流和时间序,逐渐成为系统效能的重要问题。该框架用于揭示不同层级之间的联系,并与器件、电路、芯片、系统已有的定量模型和实验数据相互补充。
生物认知系统与硅基计算硬件具有不同的运行机制:前者依靠代谢、神经活动和具身交互维持运行,后者依靠电源、时钟、程序和制造结构执行任务。二者可以在“物质承载−能量驱动−结构组织−时间展开”的抽象层面比较,由此为理解机器认知硬构体中的能量流、结构组织和时间过程提供跨学科视角。
从电子管到晶体管、分立元器件、集成电路,本质上是在做3件事:把器件做小,把连接做短,把系统做密。电子管体积大、功耗高、寿命和可靠性受限;晶体管把开关器件从真空管压缩为固态器件;集成电路进一步把分立器件、焊点和板级连接共同收进芯片,使原来由机柜、电路板和模块完成的功能逐步变成片上系统。
这种结构化压缩同时减少了连接路径、寄生参数和故障点。摩尔定律不是这条道路的起点,却把空间压缩在硅基集成电路时代转化为可持续的密度增长节奏[1-2]。从认知物理学看,它主要体现物质可加工尺度下降和结构集成能力提高,即“物质−结构”维度的协同演进。
摩尔定律长期有效,不只是因为晶体管数量增加,还因为几何缩微曾经同时带来路径缩短、电容降低、开关速度提升和单位晶体管成本下降。在登纳德(Dennard)缩放有效的时期,器件尺寸、电压和电流可以按比例调整,单位面积功耗大体可控,“更小”往往同时意味着“更多、更快、更省、更便宜”[3-4]。
处理器主频从千赫兹(kHz)、兆赫兹(MHz)提升到吉赫兹(GHz),是几何缩微曾经释放出的局部时间收益。时钟频率提高意味着时钟周期缩短,单位时间内可以完成更多状态转换。这种时间压缩主要体现在处理器的时钟周期,并不意味着存储访问时间、芯片间通信时延和端到端任务执行时间也会同步缩短。
进入深纳米尺度后,几何缩微不再自动带来系统收益。器件层面出现量子隧穿、漏电、工艺波动和可靠性压力;能量层面出现功耗密度和散热约束;结构层面,互连、缓存、存储、封装和数据流的重要性上升;时间层面,存储访问、数据搬运、芯片间通信和系统同步逐渐成为主导瓶颈[5-11]。
登纳德缩放结束以后,单纯提高时钟频率的道路趋于收窄,体系结构转向多核、并行、专用加速、异构计算和存储互联优化[7,9-10]。这不是几何缩微的终结,而是说明半导体效能提升不能只依赖单一尺度。空间结构仍然是基础,时间组织开始由几何缩微曾经带来的局部收益,转变为需要直接面对的系统目标。
根据华为公开表述,韬定律以τ缩微作为半导体与电子系统演进的新指导原则,并提出在器件、电路、芯片和系统4个层级协同降低时延[12]。器件级关注电阻、寄生电容和开关过程,电路级关注逻辑折叠与关键路径,芯片级关注软硬协同和端到端执行时间,系统级关注互联协议和通信时延[12-14]。
但“定律”二字应当审慎使用。摩尔定律经过60余年产业实践,已经成为研发、制造和商业节奏的经验共识;韬定律则是2026年最新提出的企业技术原则,尚缺少跨企业采用、长期产品数据和独立测评。业内对其新颖性和影响也存在不同判断[13,19]。文章沿用“韬定律”这一公开名称,但不将其视作摩尔定律成熟度对等的并列,而是一个有待验证的τ缩微命题。
讨论时间缩微,首先要说明缩微什么。器件级开关时间和RC时间常数由材料、器件结构和负载决定;电路级关键路径延迟和时钟周期由逻辑深度、布线和时序收敛决定;芯片级存储访问和片上数据搬运时间与缓存层次、存储结构和数据流有关;系统级通信、同步和端到端执行时间还取决于协议、拓扑、调度和工作负载。各层级代表性指标见表2。
这些指标虽然具有层级传递关系,却不能简单合并为一个τ。器件延迟会影响电路关键路径,电路延迟和存储访问时间会影响芯片任务执行时间,多芯片协同与通信协议又共同影响系统端到端时延。上层系统可以通过并行处理、流水线执行、缓存机制和任务调度部分隐藏下层延迟,也可能因排队、同步和拥塞增加等待时间。因而,韬定律若要形成可检验的工程规律,必须分别报告各层级指标及其测量条件,不能只给出一个抽象的“时间缩微”结论。
逻辑折叠可视为韬定律目前最直接的工程抓手。按照华为公开介绍,它试图突破传统平面布局边界,缩短关键路径走线,降低互连电阻和电容负载,并以更紧密的结构组织逻辑、存储和其他功能模块[12-13]。从已有三维集成研究看,垂直互连和单片三维集成确有缩短部分连线、提高集成密度和改善局部通信的潜力[20-23]。
认知物理学在这里提供的解释是:时间不能脱离结构单独优化。几何缩微通过缩短物理尺度间接改善时间;逻辑折叠则以关键路径和数据邻近性为目标重新组织空间结构,直接面向时间指标。但结构重组是否真正产生系统收益,仍取决于布局、时序、功耗、热、制造、良率和软件映射,不能由“折叠”这一形态本身推出。
主频提升是局部时间指标的缩短,系统级时间优化则要减少计算、存储、互联和调度之间的等待。后摩尔时代的关键问题往往不是孤立计算单元是否足够快,而是数据能否及时到达、不同处理单元能否同步、端到端任务能否在给定能耗内完成。韬定律的意义在于把这些原本分散的问题放到时间维度重新审视。
因此,文章所说的“从空间压缩到时间压缩”,不是由空间转向时间以后不再需要先进制程,而是效能优化维度的拓展:物质尺度和空间结构继续提供基础,电路、芯片和系统则更加自觉地优化关键路径、数据搬运、通信同步和端到端时延。
光子集成电路(Photonic Integrated Circuit, PIC)和硅光子的重要应用首先是高速互联,而不是用光全面替代电子计算。其主要优势在于高带宽密度、波分复用能力,以及在一定传输距离和带宽条件下降低单位比特传输能耗的潜力[24-27]。对数据中心和人工智能计算集群而言,光互联可用于缓解芯片间、板间和节点间的数据搬运压力。
光互联的价值不能简单归结为“光传播得更快”。在芯片和封装尺度上,端到端时延还包括调制、探测、光电转换、协议和排队时间;激光源、耦合损耗、热调谐、封装和成本也会抵消部分收益[24-27]。因此,光互联只是系统级时间优化的一条工程路径,其有效性应以带宽密度、能耗/bit、端到端时延和系统吞吐共同评价。
大模型和生成式人工智能使计算基础设施的瓶颈进一步从孤立算力转向数据流。参数、激活值、缓存、梯度、存储访问和多卡同步形成持续的数据搬运压力,系统常常不是算术单元“算不动”,而是数据“搬不动”、组件“等不起”、同步成本过高[7-10,28-29]。
中央处理器、图形处理器、神经网络处理器、数据处理器、高带宽存储器、Chiplet和高速互联的价值,不是部件数量的简单叠加,而在于计算、存储和通信能否按照统一时间序协同。这里的时间优化表现为减少空等、缩短数据路径、降低同步开销,并提高端到端有效吞吐,它属于系统级工程问题,不能用单一时钟频率评价。
人脑皮层通过沟回折叠,使较大表面积的皮层能够容纳于有限颅腔中,并改变脑区之间的空间邻近关系和连接布局。关于折叠形成机制,既有轴突张力假说,也有灰质相对扩张产生的受限生长和屈曲模型[30-32]。这一自然结构启示:当平面展开受到边界约束时,分层、折叠和邻近组织可能改变空间利用方式和连接拓扑。
这种启示需要建立在生物神经系统与硅基芯片差异的基础上。两者在材料、信号机制、能量供给、容错方式和制造过程上根本不同,折叠对连接路径的影响也取决于具体拓扑。脑皮层折叠所提供的是“结构能够同时影响空间利用和时间过程”的仿生提示,可用于启发分层、邻近和折叠组织的工程思考。不同案例的尺度、对象、指标和局限见表3。
芯片不是只在空间中集成、在时间中运行,还必须由能量持续驱动。电能使晶体管完成开关、使存储状态发生变化、使数据沿互连移动;与此同时,动态开关、漏电、互连和存储访问均会产生能量耗散。最终需要从芯片和封装导出的是这些损耗转化形成的热。工程上更准确的目标是降低单位操作或单位比特能耗,提高有效计算所占的能量比例。
结构既规定信息传播路径,也规定功率密度分布和热传导路径。二维平面结构中的热源较为展开,三维堆叠和逻辑折叠则可能将计算单元和热源集中在更小体积。于是,信号路径变短不必然意味着热路径也变短。结构设计必须同时考虑信息路、供电路和散热路。
三维集成能够提高密度并缩短部分连线,同时也会提高体积功率密度、增大热阻并形成局部热点。已有研究把热管理视为三维集成可扩展性和可靠性的关键限制因素[20-23,33]。热问题并不只表现为温度升高,还会通过材料膨胀失配、封装翘曲和热循环影响互连与封装寿命。
温度和电流密度还会影响电迁移等失效过程。经典电迁移研究已经表明,导体寿命与温度、电流密度、材料结构密切相关[34]。因此,时间缩微若以更高功率密度、更严重热点或更短可靠寿命为代价,就不能被视为完整的效能提升。韬定律能否从技术原则发展为长期工程规律,必须同时回答“能否更快”“是否更省”“能否散热”“能否长期稳定工作”。
韬定律需要建立分层级、可复现的评价体系。器件和电路层应报告开关时间、RC负载、关键路径、频率、面积和功耗;芯片层应报告存储访问、数据搬运、任务时延和能耗;系统层应报告通信时延、同步开销、端到端时间、吞吐和利用率。与此同时,还应报告功率密度、结温、热阻、良率、成本和寿命相关可靠性。
只有在明确工作负载、制造条件和对照基线的情况下,才能判断某种结构重组究竟是在压缩某一局部时间,还是改善系统整体效能。跨代产品和跨企业的长期数据,才可能使τ缩微从技术主张逐步形成产业经验。认知物理学四要素的作用,是提醒评价不能只看一个时间数字,而要同时考察物质、能量、结构和时间之间的约束。
摩尔定律与韬定律之间不宜被描述为一个规律取代另一个规律。先进制程、晶体管结构和几何缩微仍然决定芯片的基础能力;逻辑折叠、先进封装、光互联和异构协同则把优化对象拓展到关键路径、数据搬运和系统通信。更准确的表述是:后摩尔时代的缩微范式由几何尺度主导,走向几何缩微与多层级时间优化并行。
这条逻辑链条可以概括为:几何缩微曾同时释放空间密度和局部时间红利;登纳德缩放失效后,主频增长受到功耗和散热约束;互连墙和存储墙使系统等待更加突出;因此,结构重组和系统协同成为新的优化重点。韬定律把这一趋势概括为τ缩微,但它不是这些技术方向的唯一来源,也不能覆盖所有后摩尔路径。
四要素框架提供了跨层级的解释视角:几何缩微主要改变物质尺度和结构密度,多层级时间优化则通过结构重组和系统协同减少不同层级的等待;能量既驱动这些过程,也以功耗和热的形式设置约束。由此,器件、电路、芯片和系统得以置于同一问题链条中观察,既呈现各层级的独立规律,也揭示它们在效能演进中的耦合关系。
四要素框架的价值在于形成从器件到系统的统一问题链条,并为不同技术路径建立共同的观察维度。脑皮层折叠提供结构组织的仿生启示,光互联和异构协同展示系统级时间优化的工程路径,企业公开资料则呈现韬定律的提出背景和技术主张。韬定律的进一步发展仍需器件模型、电路仿真、芯片实测、系统基准测试,以及长期制造和可靠性数据支持。
从摩尔定律到韬定律,并非一种成熟规律被另一项新技术原则简单取代,而是半导体效能优化维度的拓展。逻辑折叠、光互联和异构协同分别从结构、互联和系统组织层面探索时间优化,物质、能量、结构和时间的协同共同决定这些路径能否转化为可持续的系统效能。
韬定律尝试将原本分散在器件、电路、芯片和系统各层级的时间指标纳入跨层级协同优化框架,提出了后摩尔时代值得持续研究的核心问题:当几何缩微的边际收益下降以后,如何以结构重组组织能量流、信息流和时间序,并在可制造、可供能、可散热和长期可靠的条件下继续提升电子系统效能。对这一问题的回答,将推动半导体演进从单一尺度竞争走向多要素、多层级的系统协同。
面向这一转变,应做好3方面准备:建立覆盖器件、电路、芯片、系统的分层时间指标和评价体系;推进先进制程、结构重组、系统互联、热管理和可靠性的协同设计;加强基础研究、工程实测和长期数据积累。只有将时间收益与能耗、散热、成本、良率和寿命共同纳入评价,才能使时间缩微从技术主张逐步发展为可检验、可复制的工程路径。
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2026年第5卷第3期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260023
  • 接收时间:2026-07-14
  • 出版时间:2026-09-20
  • 发布时间:2026-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2026-07-14
  • 修回日期:2026-08-10
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    1军事科学院系统工程研究院, 北京 100840
    2中英人寿保险有限公司, 北京 100020

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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