Article(id=1300156563944132979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1315718825799168011, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260032, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1786982400000, receivedDateStr=2026-08-18, revisedDate=1787760000000, revisedDateStr=2026-08-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787911080585, onlineDateStr=2026-08-28, pubDate=1789833600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791621418566, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1787911080585, onlineFirstDateStr=2026-08-28, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787911080585, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787911080585, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315718825799168011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2026', volume='5', issue='3', pageStart='4', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789833600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791621412943, creator='system', updateTime=1791623747519, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315728617838068612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1315718825799168011, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315728617838068613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1315718825799168011, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=124, endPage=138, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1300156564183208308, articleId=1300156563944132979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Reconstruction of U.S. Social Contract for Science and Its Implications: From
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In 2026, the White House released Science: A New Golden Age, invoking Science: The Endless Frontier as its historical reference and seeking to usher in a new golden age of American science by reshaping the organization and governance of research. From the perspective of the social contract for science, this paper analyzes the report’s formation logic, governance role, and redefinition of the postwar social contract for science. It argues that the report not only systematically articulates the second Trump administration’s approach to science and technology governance, but also seeks to provide a new direction and rationale for restructuring the U.S. science and technology system, reflecting significant changes in the relationship between science and the state. However, tensions exist between its stated vision and actual policy practice, and relevant reforms face controversy within the scientific community and uncertainty about their institutionalization. Science: A New Golden Age is therefore better regarded as a systematic redefinition amid the reconstruction of the U.S. social contract for science, rather than an already established new contract.
, authors=Chunliang FAN
1, authorsList=Chunliang FAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology Foresight. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1300156564627804535, articleId=1300156563944132979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=CN, title=美国科学的社会契约重构及启示, columnId=1278659643035594937, journalTitle=前瞻科技, columnName=科技政策, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
2026年,美国白宫发布《科学:新的黄金时代》,以《科学:无止境的边疆》为历史参照,试图通过重塑科研组织和治理方式,开启美国科学发展的“新黄金时代”。文章从科学社会契约视角,分析该报告的形成逻辑、治理作用及其对战后科学社会契约的再定义。研究认为,该报告不仅是特朗普政府第二任期科技治理理念的系统表达,也试图为美国科学技术体系重构提供新的方向和依据,反映了美国科学与国家关系的重要变化。但该报告提出的理念与现实政策之间存在张力,相关改革也面临科学界的争议和制度化的不确定性。因此,《科学:新的黄金时代》更适宜被视为美国科学社会契约重构过程中的一次系统性再定义,而非已经形成的新契约。
, authors=樊春良
1, authorsList=樊春良, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=
 |
樊春良,博士,二级研究员。中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院岗位教授,博士研究生导师。中国科学学与科技政策研究会常务理事,学术交流工作委员会副主任,科技政策专业委员会主任。长期从事科技政策与管理方面的研究,主要研究方向为:科技政策理论、中国科技政策、美国科技政策、国际科技合作、科学与社会等。参与国家中长期科学技术发展规划战略研究、《科技进步法》修订等多项国家任务,负责和参与多项国家重大课题研究。荣获中国科学学与科技政策研究会2022年“杰出贡献学者”称号。发表学术论文100余篇,出版专著《全球化时代的科技政策》。电子信箱:fcl@casisd.cn |
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樊春良,博士,二级研究员。中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院岗位教授,博士研究生导师。中国科学学与科技政策研究会常务理事,学术交流工作委员会副主任,科技政策专业委员会主任。长期从事科技政策与管理方面的研究,主要研究方向为:科技政策理论、中国科技政策、美国科技政策、国际科技合作、科学与社会等。参与国家中长期科学技术发展规划战略研究、《科技进步法》修订等多项国家任务,负责和参与多项国家重大课题研究。荣获中国科学学与科技政策研究会2022年“杰出贡献学者”称号。发表学术论文100余篇,出版专著《全球化时代的科技政策》。电子信箱:fcl@casisd.cn
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樊春良,博士,二级研究员。中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院岗位教授,博士研究生导师。中国科学学与科技政策研究会常务理事,学术交流工作委员会副主任,科技政策专业委员会主任。长期从事科技政策与管理方面的研究,主要研究方向为:科技政策理论、中国科技政策、美国科技政策、国际科技合作、科学与社会等。参与国家中长期科学技术发展规划战略研究、《科技进步法》修订等多项国家任务,负责和参与多项国家重大课题研究。荣获中国科学学与科技政策研究会2022年“杰出贡献学者”称号。发表学术论文100余篇,出版专著《全球化时代的科技政策》。电子信箱:fcl@casisd.cn
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Science: A New Golden Age[EB/OL]. (2026-07-22)[2026-08-12]. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Science-A-New-Golden-Age.pdf., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315718854635016379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1300156563944132979, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bush V. Science: The endless frontier[EB/OL]. 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(2026-07-24)[2026-08-12]. https://www.statnews.com/2026/07/24/science-new-golden-age-report-draws-mixed-reaction/., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315718858464415956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1300156563944132979, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mervis J. Trump adviser’s Golden Age report on U. S. science is a missed opportunity, critics say[EB/OL]. (2026-07-26)[2026-08-12]. https://www.science.org/content/article/trump-adviser-s-golden-age-report-u-s-science-missed-opportunity-critics-say., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315718858527330517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1300156563944132979, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Donovan C. OSTP vision for science is a “Golden Age” for corporations[EB/OL]. (2026-07-24)[2026-08-12]. https://www.techpolicy.press/ostp-vision-for-science-is-a-golden-age-for-corporations/., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315718858602827990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1300156563944132979, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hart R. The tech-broification of American science has officially begun[EB/OL]. (2026-07-24)[2026-08-12]. https://www.theverge.com/science/970534/genesis-mission-ai-science-funding-trump-grants., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315718858678325463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1300156563944132979, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Garisto D, Glickman K. White House rolls out AI funding — and signals a new era for US science[EB/OL]. (2026-07-24)[2026-08-12]. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-02332-8., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315718858741240024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1300156563944132979, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Marder M. Thoughts on education proposals in Science: A New Golden Age[EB/OL]. (2026-07-22)[2026-08-12]. https://chaosmarder.substack.com/p/thoughts-on-education-proposals-in., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1315718854320443577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1300156563944132979, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315718850818199714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1300156563944132979, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315718850826588323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1300156563944132979, companyId=1315718850818199714, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院, 北京 100190)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315718853703880883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1300156563944132979, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Comparison of two models of the social contract for science
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| 比较维度 | 《无止境的边疆》 | 《新黄金时代》 |
|---|
| 合法性基础 | 科学进步具有内在价值,并通过长期知识积累产生公共收益 | 科学必须更直接地转化为创新能力、国家竞争力和战略优势 |
| 责任结构 | 以政府长期支持和对科学共同体的专业信任为基础,对科研回报保持较长周期和较大不确定性的容忍 | 强调科研活动与国家目标保持一致,提高绩效、成果和公共回报的可见性,强化政府问责 |
| 制度与资源支持 | 以联邦资助、大学研究和同行专业评价为核心 | 从科研资助扩展到人工智能(AI)、数据、算力和基础设施建设,并通过多元主体和新型机制组织科学 |
| 自治空间 | 政府提供支持,科学共同体在研究选择和评价中保持较大的专业自主 | 科学自主性更多置于国家战略目标和公共责任框架中,政府对科研方向和治理过程的介入增强 |
| 功能期待 | 通过知识增长间接、长期地促进健康、经济发展和国家安全 | 科学发现与技术领导、产业竞争、国家安全和国家能力建设更加直接地结合 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315718853808738484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1300156563944132979, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
两种科学社会契约模式的比较
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| 比较维度 | 《无止境的边疆》 | 《新黄金时代》 |
|---|
| 合法性基础 | 科学进步具有内在价值,并通过长期知识积累产生公共收益 | 科学必须更直接地转化为创新能力、国家竞争力和战略优势 |
| 责任结构 | 以政府长期支持和对科学共同体的专业信任为基础,对科研回报保持较长周期和较大不确定性的容忍 | 强调科研活动与国家目标保持一致,提高绩效、成果和公共回报的可见性,强化政府问责 |
| 制度与资源支持 | 以联邦资助、大学研究和同行专业评价为核心 | 从科研资助扩展到人工智能(AI)、数据、算力和基础设施建设,并通过多元主体和新型机制组织科学 |
| 自治空间 | 政府提供支持,科学共同体在研究选择和评价中保持较大的专业自主 | 科学自主性更多置于国家战略目标和公共责任框架中,政府对科研方向和治理过程的介入增强 |
| 功能期待 | 通过知识增长间接、长期地促进健康、经济发展和国家安全 | 科学发现与技术领导、产业竞争、国家安全和国家能力建设更加直接地结合 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315718853896818869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1300156563944132979, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Responses of different actors
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| 立场类型 | 代表来源 | 核心观点 |
|---|
| 政府及改革倡导者 | 白宫/OSTP、部分产业界和创新政策人士 | 美国科学体系过去取得巨大成功,但面临制度僵化、激励失调和创新能力下降问题,需要进行系统改革;AI、产业参与和新型科研组织是未来科学发展的重要方向。《新黄金时代》被视为继《无止境的边疆》之后重新思考科学体系的重要尝试 |
| 支持改革但保持谨慎者 | 部分科技政策专家、科学界人士 | 认可科研体系存在效率、组织和评价机制问题,也支持探索新的资助方式、鼓励高风险研究和制度创新,但认为改革必须建立在保护基础研究、同行评议和科学质量原则基础上 |
| 制度谨慎派 | 研究型大学、科研组织、部分科学政策专家 | 承认现有科研体系需要改进,但认为报告低估了大学、国家实验室、同行评议和稳定资助制度对美国科学优势的贡献;担心改革可能削弱已有有效制度 |
| 强烈批评派 | 科学媒体The Verge、部分科学家和科技评论者 | 认为报告体现硅谷式技术治理逻辑,将企业、AI和风险投资模式过度引入科学体系,可能导致大学地位下降、基础研究被工具化及科学自治受到削弱 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315718853972316342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1300156563944132979, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
不同主体的反应
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| 立场类型 | 代表来源 | 核心观点 |
|---|
| 政府及改革倡导者 | 白宫/OSTP、部分产业界和创新政策人士 | 美国科学体系过去取得巨大成功,但面临制度僵化、激励失调和创新能力下降问题,需要进行系统改革;AI、产业参与和新型科研组织是未来科学发展的重要方向。《新黄金时代》被视为继《无止境的边疆》之后重新思考科学体系的重要尝试 |
| 支持改革但保持谨慎者 | 部分科技政策专家、科学界人士 | 认可科研体系存在效率、组织和评价机制问题,也支持探索新的资助方式、鼓励高风险研究和制度创新,但认为改革必须建立在保护基础研究、同行评议和科学质量原则基础上 |
| 制度谨慎派 | 研究型大学、科研组织、部分科学政策专家 | 承认现有科研体系需要改进,但认为报告低估了大学、国家实验室、同行评议和稳定资助制度对美国科学优势的贡献;担心改革可能削弱已有有效制度 |
| 强烈批评派 | 科学媒体The Verge、部分科学家和科技评论者 | 认为报告体现硅谷式技术治理逻辑,将企业、AI和风险投资模式过度引入科学体系,可能导致大学地位下降、基础研究被工具化及科学自治受到削弱 |
), ArticleFig(id=1315718854068785335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1300156563944132979, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Major controversies over Science: A New Golden Age and their implications for the social contract for science
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| 结构性张力 | 主要争议及其科学社会契约含义 | 主要证据 |
|---|
| 战略责任强化与国家支持承诺 | 《新黄金时代》要求科学更加直接服务国家竞争、安全和技术领导,但特朗普政府第二任期此前又削减部分科研预算和人员。争议由此集中于:国家在要求科学承担更多战略责任的同时,是否仍承担长期稳定支持科学,特别是基础研究的责任?这种做法的潜在变化可能是由广泛稳定支持转向更加选择性、战略性的支持 | Science记录了Natelson、Goldston、Lane等对“黄金时代”愿景与现实科研政策之间反差的质疑[19,21]。STAT指出,过去18个月来,科学倡导者一直指责特朗普政府正在“撕裂”学术研究人员与联邦政府之间长期形成的“社会契约”,而《新黄金时代》则提出了“重建美国科学”的方案[20]。这使报告所强调的国家战略责任与政府此前科研支持政策之间的反差尤为突出 |
| 多元创新生态与大学中心体系 | 报告提出优先支持科学家个人而非“传统机构”,并扩大国家实验室、企业和新型科研组织的作用。争议的核心不是是否需要多元主体,而是大学究竟是需要突破的制度固化力量,还是科研基础设施、人才培养和长期知识积累不可替代的载体;新的多元体系是否会改变不同科研主体之间的资源和权力结构 | Olds认为报告一方面向布什致敬,另一方面却冲击研究型大学和大学医学中心等战后科研体系的支柱;Delaney强调科学家不能脱离大学科研基础设施[21]。科技政策专业媒体Tech Policy Press进一步提出报告可能带来企业的“黄金时代”[22]。The Verge也记录了对大学地位下降和技术企业影响上升的担忧[23]。Nature关于“创世纪计划”项目的报道同时称大学仍是实际科研活动的重要参与者[24]。因此,不能简单理解为“企业取代大学” |
| 外部问责与科学自治 | 《新黄金时代》批评传统同行评议缓慢、保守和趋同,主张扩大项目官员的裁量权,试验“二次资助”“黄金入场券”等机制,并通过“黄金标准科学”强化透明、可重复和问责。科学界并非否认同行评议需要改革,真正的问题是:传统专业评价机制改变以后,判断科学价值和配置科研资源的权力将转移给谁? 科学自治问题由此从政府是否干预科学转变为国家战略、行政问责与专业判断之间如何重新划界 | Olds指出,报告一方面批评同行评议受到政治因素影响,另一方面又提出按照政府确定的优先事项重新组织联邦科研组合,却没有充分说明两者的区别[21]。Nature关于OMB联邦资助规则改革的报道显示,扩大政治任命者对科研资助的影响已经引起“科研政治化”的担忧[24]。Tech Policy Press和The Verge也对行政和政治权力扩大提出类似质疑[22-23] |
| 创新效率与基础研究长期性 | 报告强调重大挑战、大型团队、AI for Science、快速资助、成果导向和技术转化,试图克服传统小团队、研究者自主选题模式的局限。批评者担心:技术创新和风险投资式的治理逻辑可能被过度移植到基础科学,从而压缩长期、不可预测和暂时没有明确用途的研究空间。 问题因此不是战略任务与自由探索二选一,而是如何重新确定两者的制度关系 | Stassun认为报告实际上更加重视快速技术开发和商业化,却可能低估了基础研究、专家同行评议和科研人才体系的作用[19]。The Verge集中讨论了将硅谷和风险投资式逻辑应用于学术科学可能带来的问题[23]。Marder认为报告对现有体系若干弊端的诊断值得重视,但正确诊断问题并不意味着已经建立了更好的替代制度[25]。Nature关于“创世纪计划”的报道则显示AI驱动、重大挑战和新的科研组织方式已经开始进入政策实践[24] |
), ArticleFig(id=1315718854190420152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1300156563944132979, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
《新黄金时代》引发的主要争议及其科学社会契约含义
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 结构性张力 | 主要争议及其科学社会契约含义 | 主要证据 |
|---|
| 战略责任强化与国家支持承诺 | 《新黄金时代》要求科学更加直接服务国家竞争、安全和技术领导,但特朗普政府第二任期此前又削减部分科研预算和人员。争议由此集中于:国家在要求科学承担更多战略责任的同时,是否仍承担长期稳定支持科学,特别是基础研究的责任?这种做法的潜在变化可能是由广泛稳定支持转向更加选择性、战略性的支持 | Science记录了Natelson、Goldston、Lane等对“黄金时代”愿景与现实科研政策之间反差的质疑[19,21]。STAT指出,过去18个月来,科学倡导者一直指责特朗普政府正在“撕裂”学术研究人员与联邦政府之间长期形成的“社会契约”,而《新黄金时代》则提出了“重建美国科学”的方案[20]。这使报告所强调的国家战略责任与政府此前科研支持政策之间的反差尤为突出 |
| 多元创新生态与大学中心体系 | 报告提出优先支持科学家个人而非“传统机构”,并扩大国家实验室、企业和新型科研组织的作用。争议的核心不是是否需要多元主体,而是大学究竟是需要突破的制度固化力量,还是科研基础设施、人才培养和长期知识积累不可替代的载体;新的多元体系是否会改变不同科研主体之间的资源和权力结构 | Olds认为报告一方面向布什致敬,另一方面却冲击研究型大学和大学医学中心等战后科研体系的支柱;Delaney强调科学家不能脱离大学科研基础设施[21]。科技政策专业媒体Tech Policy Press进一步提出报告可能带来企业的“黄金时代”[22]。The Verge也记录了对大学地位下降和技术企业影响上升的担忧[23]。Nature关于“创世纪计划”项目的报道同时称大学仍是实际科研活动的重要参与者[24]。因此,不能简单理解为“企业取代大学” |
| 外部问责与科学自治 | 《新黄金时代》批评传统同行评议缓慢、保守和趋同,主张扩大项目官员的裁量权,试验“二次资助”“黄金入场券”等机制,并通过“黄金标准科学”强化透明、可重复和问责。科学界并非否认同行评议需要改革,真正的问题是:传统专业评价机制改变以后,判断科学价值和配置科研资源的权力将转移给谁? 科学自治问题由此从政府是否干预科学转变为国家战略、行政问责与专业判断之间如何重新划界 | Olds指出,报告一方面批评同行评议受到政治因素影响,另一方面又提出按照政府确定的优先事项重新组织联邦科研组合,却没有充分说明两者的区别[21]。Nature关于OMB联邦资助规则改革的报道显示,扩大政治任命者对科研资助的影响已经引起“科研政治化”的担忧[24]。Tech Policy Press和The Verge也对行政和政治权力扩大提出类似质疑[22-23] |
| 创新效率与基础研究长期性 | 报告强调重大挑战、大型团队、AI for Science、快速资助、成果导向和技术转化,试图克服传统小团队、研究者自主选题模式的局限。批评者担心:技术创新和风险投资式的治理逻辑可能被过度移植到基础科学,从而压缩长期、不可预测和暂时没有明确用途的研究空间。 问题因此不是战略任务与自由探索二选一,而是如何重新确定两者的制度关系 | Stassun认为报告实际上更加重视快速技术开发和商业化,却可能低估了基础研究、专家同行评议和科研人才体系的作用[19]。The Verge集中讨论了将硅谷和风险投资式逻辑应用于学术科学可能带来的问题[23]。Marder认为报告对现有体系若干弊端的诊断值得重视,但正确诊断问题并不意味着已经建立了更好的替代制度[25]。Nature关于“创世纪计划”的报道则显示AI驱动、重大挑战和新的科研组织方式已经开始进入政策实践[24] |
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