Article(id=1278659649624851169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1278659625226571818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1774972800000, receivedDateStr=2026-04-01, revisedDate=1778774400000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782785816818, onlineDateStr=2026-06-30, pubDate=1781884800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782785816818, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782785816818, creator=system, updateTime=1782785816818, updator=system, issue=Issue{id=1278659625226571818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2026', volume='5', issue='2', pageStart='4', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782785810998, creator='system', updateTime=1784705974158, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1286713373307941448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1278659625226571818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1286713373307941449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1278659625226571818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=37, endPage=52, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1278659649863926498, articleId=1278659649624851169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Current Status and Prospects of Battery Management Systems for Low-altitude Aircraft, columnId=1278659626640052268, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Special Topic, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The development of low-altitude aircraft is a core component in advancing the development of the low-altitude economy and the transformation of transportation. As the core of the energy system in low-altitude aircraft, the battery management system (BMS) directly determines the safety limits and commercial viability of low-altitude aircraft. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the stringent performance requirements, airworthiness certification standards, and operational constraints of low-altitude aircraft BMS. On this basis, it systematically reviews the physical architecture evolution of BMS, with a focus on the technical status of core functions such as state estimation, fault diagnosis, and health management. To address key challenges such as high-rate discharge, operation in extreme temperature ranges, and lifecycle safety, this paper analyzes the application potential and development trends of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, wireless transmission, and cloud-edge collaboration, and discusses the evolutionary paths for BMS toward high intelligence, integration, and proactive safety defense. This paper aims to provide a theoretical reference for the technological innovation and engineering application of low-altitude aircraft BMS, supporting the sustainable development of the low-altitude economy industry.

, authors=Shichun YANG1, *, Zhihua DU1, Peizhe LIU1, Jiatong XU1, Fei CHEN1, authorsList=Shichun YANG, Zhihua DU, Peizhe LIU, Jiatong XU, Fei CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shichun YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology Foresight. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1278659652300817141, articleId=1278659649624851169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=CN, title=低空航空器动力电池管理研究现状及展望, columnId=1278659626858156078, journalTitle=前瞻科技, columnName=专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

发展低空航空器是推动低空经济发展和交通变革的核心环节。动力电池管理系统作为低空航空器能源系统的核心,直接决定了低空航空器的安全边界与商业化前景。在深入分析低空航空器动力电池系统严苛的性能要求、适航认证标准及运营约束的基础上,系统梳理了动力电池管理系统的物理架构演进,重点阐述了状态估计、故障诊断与健康管理等核心功能的技术现状。针对高倍率放电、极端温域运行和全生命周期安全等关键挑战,分析了人工智能、无线传输和云边协同等前沿技术在动力电池管理系统中的应用潜力与发展趋势,并探讨了其向高度智能化、集成化和主动安全防御方向的演进路径。旨在为低空航空器动力电池管理系统的技术创新和工程应用提供理论参考,支撑低空经济产业的可持续发展。

, authors=杨世春1, *, 杜志华1, 柳沛喆1, 许家铜1, 陈飞1, authorsList=杨世春, 杜志华, 柳沛喆, 许家铜, 陈飞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨世春, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杨世春,教授。北京航空航天大学交通科学与工程学院院长。中国汽车工程学会会士。国家高层次人才计划入选者,中青年科技创新领军人才,全国优秀科技工作者。主要从事智能网联新能源汽车安全技术、端云融合智能安全预警、飞行汽车安全控制等研究。获国家级/省部级科技奖励10余项,其中,以第一完成人获国家科技进步二等奖1项、教育部科技进步一等奖1项、中国汽车工程学会技术发明特等奖1项、中国汽车工业技术发明一等奖1项和教育部科技进步二等奖1项。电子信箱:
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Energy characteristics of different eVTOL mission profiles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
任务类型典型距离/km垂直起降
能量占比/%
峰值功率与
平均功率比
能源系统关键需求最优架构
城市空中交通20~5030~402.0~2.5快速充电、高循环寿命、峰值功率输出能力高功率密度电池电动系统
跨区域空中交通50~30015~251.8~2.2续航能力强、巡航能效高混合电动或氢燃料电池
应急/医疗服务30~15025~352.2~2.8快速部署、长时间悬停、可靠性高带备份能源路径的混合系统
物流货运(小型)5~3040~601.5~2.0载荷灵活性、成本优化电池电动、简化架构
物流货运(大型)50~20020~301.8~2.3载荷灵活性、能效高可扩展容量的混合系统
), ArticleFig(id=1278659656709030705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1278659649624851169, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同eVTOL任务剖面的能量特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
任务类型典型距离/km垂直起降
能量占比/%
峰值功率与
平均功率比
能源系统关键需求最优架构
城市空中交通20~5030~402.0~2.5快速充电、高循环寿命、峰值功率输出能力高功率密度电池电动系统
跨区域空中交通50~30015~251.8~2.2续航能力强、巡航能效高混合电动或氢燃料电池
应急/医疗服务30~15025~352.2~2.8快速部署、长时间悬停、可靠性高带备份能源路径的混合系统
物流货运(小型)5~3040~601.5~2.0载荷灵活性、成本优化电池电动、简化架构
物流货运(大型)50~20020~301.8~2.3载荷灵活性、能效高可扩展容量的混合系统
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低空航空器动力电池管理研究现状及展望
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杨世春 1, * , 杜志华 1 , 柳沛喆 1 , 许家铜 1 , 陈飞 1
前瞻科技 | 专题 2026,5(2): 37-52
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前瞻科技 | 专题 2026, 5(2): 37-52
低空航空器动力电池管理研究现状及展望
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杨世春1, * , 杜志华1, 柳沛喆1, 许家铜1, 陈飞1
作者信息
  • 1北京航空航天大学交通科学与工程学院, 北京 100191

通信作者:

杨世春,教授。北京航空航天大学交通科学与工程学院院长。中国汽车工程学会会士。国家高层次人才计划入选者,中青年科技创新领军人才,全国优秀科技工作者。主要从事智能网联新能源汽车安全技术、端云融合智能安全预警、飞行汽车安全控制等研究。获国家级/省部级科技奖励10余项,其中,以第一完成人获国家科技进步二等奖1项、教育部科技进步一等奖1项、中国汽车工程学会技术发明特等奖1项、中国汽车工业技术发明一等奖1项和教育部科技进步二等奖1项。电子信箱:
杨世春,教授。北京航空航天大学交通科学与工程学院院长。中国汽车工程学会会士。国家高层次人才计划入选者,中青年科技创新领军人才,全国优秀科技工作者。主要从事智能网联新能源汽车安全技术、端云融合智能安全预警、飞行汽车安全控制等研究。获国家级/省部级科技奖励10余项,其中,以第一完成人获国家科技进步二等奖1项、教育部科技进步一等奖1项、中国汽车工程学会技术发明特等奖1项、中国汽车工业技术发明一等奖1项和教育部科技进步二等奖1项。电子信箱:
Current Status and Prospects of Battery Management Systems for Low-altitude Aircraft
Shichun YANG1, * , Zhihua DU1, Peizhe LIU1, Jiatong XU1, Fei CHEN1
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  • 1School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2026-06-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260010
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发展低空航空器是推动低空经济发展和交通变革的核心环节。动力电池管理系统作为低空航空器能源系统的核心,直接决定了低空航空器的安全边界与商业化前景。在深入分析低空航空器动力电池系统严苛的性能要求、适航认证标准及运营约束的基础上,系统梳理了动力电池管理系统的物理架构演进,重点阐述了状态估计、故障诊断与健康管理等核心功能的技术现状。针对高倍率放电、极端温域运行和全生命周期安全等关键挑战,分析了人工智能、无线传输和云边协同等前沿技术在动力电池管理系统中的应用潜力与发展趋势,并探讨了其向高度智能化、集成化和主动安全防御方向的演进路径。旨在为低空航空器动力电池管理系统的技术创新和工程应用提供理论参考,支撑低空经济产业的可持续发展。

低空经济  /  电池管理系统  /  低空航空器  /  状态估计  /  故障诊断  /  主动安全

The development of low-altitude aircraft is a core component in advancing the development of the low-altitude economy and the transformation of transportation. As the core of the energy system in low-altitude aircraft, the battery management system (BMS) directly determines the safety limits and commercial viability of low-altitude aircraft. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the stringent performance requirements, airworthiness certification standards, and operational constraints of low-altitude aircraft BMS. On this basis, it systematically reviews the physical architecture evolution of BMS, with a focus on the technical status of core functions such as state estimation, fault diagnosis, and health management. To address key challenges such as high-rate discharge, operation in extreme temperature ranges, and lifecycle safety, this paper analyzes the application potential and development trends of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, wireless transmission, and cloud-edge collaboration, and discusses the evolutionary paths for BMS toward high intelligence, integration, and proactive safety defense. This paper aims to provide a theoretical reference for the technological innovation and engineering application of low-altitude aircraft BMS, supporting the sustainable development of the low-altitude economy industry.

low-altitude economy  /  battery management system  /  low-altitude aircraft  /  state estimation  /  fault diagnosis  /  proactive safety
杨世春, 杜志华, 柳沛喆, 许家铜, 陈飞. 低空航空器动力电池管理研究现状及展望. 前瞻科技, 2026 , 5 (2) : 37 -52 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260010
Shichun YANG, Zhihua DU, Peizhe LIU, Jiatong XU, Fei CHEN. Current Status and Prospects of Battery Management Systems for Low-altitude Aircraft[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2026 , 5 (2) : 37 -52 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260010
在“十五五”规划纲要中,低空经济已被定位为国家“新兴支柱产业”[1],其以各种低空飞行活动为牵引,辐射带动航空器研发、低空基础设施和综合保障服务等多元产业的融合发展。特别是以电动垂直起降飞行器(Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing, eVTOL)为代表工具的先进空中交通模式[2],在物流运输、应急救援、农林植保和城市空中交通等领域展现出巨大的发展潜力,深刻改变着传统出行与物流方式。锂离子动力电池是各类电动航空器的核心动力源,其能量供给能力、功率响应、安全性和寿命可靠性,直接关系到航空器的续航能力、运行安全与商业化应用前景[3]
在此背景下,动力电池管理系统(Battery Management System, BMS)的职能已从传统的单一监测与均衡控制,演变为集状态感知、性能评估、能量控制、安全预警和健康管理于一体的复杂智能系统。高效可靠的BMS不仅是挖掘高比能电池潜力的关键,更是保障飞行安全、实现低空经济规模化运营的技术基石[4]。因此,文章系统梳理eVTOL动力电池管理系统的研究现状,深入剖析其在复杂飞行任务剖面下面临的核心技术挑战,前瞻性展望其未来的演进趋势,以期为推动低空经济的高质量、可持续发展提供理论参考和技术支撑。
相比地面交通工具,eVTOL等电动飞行器对动力电池提出了更严苛的使用要求。这类飞行器既需要电池具备高能量密度,以此突破续航限制、减轻机体自重,还需具备更高的功率密度,满足垂直起降、空中悬停和高速巡航等工况下剧烈波动的负载需求[5-6]。此外,航空器还需在多样化的环境下可靠运行,这均对电池的温度适应性、安全性和寿命提出了严峻的技术挑战[7-8]
不同于地面电动车辆或传统固定翼飞机,eVTOL在任务剖面中通常包含垂直起降、悬停等高功率飞行阶段。如图1所示,这些阶段具有显著的短时、高功率输出特征,对推进系统与储能子系统提出了更高要求。典型的垂直起降过程中,eVTOL动力系统峰值功率需求可达0.2~0.4 kW/kg [9-10],致使电池系统承受明显高于地面交通场景的热负荷强度。反复高倍率放电易加剧电池的热衰退和性能衰减,进而影响系统工作效率、实际可用容量和续航能力[11]
为应对短时负载骤增的高功率工况,低空航空器推进系统需要预留充足的功率裕度。然而,高负荷阶段在实际任务中占比不高且间断出现,因此,电池系统设计时必须在功率需求与能量需求之间进行权衡。例如,具有较高比功率的锂钛酸盐电池能够提供垂直起降工况所需的快速放电能力,但其能量密度相对有限;锂硫电池等新型电池体系具备更高的储能潜力,但在高倍率放电需求下的性能水平难以维持。拉贡图(Ragone plot)反映的基本规律表明,现阶段电池技术在比功率与比能量之间仍存在明显瓶颈,低空航空器动力系统设计难以同时兼顾峰值功率输出与长航时续航需求。此外,传统电池估算方法往往将功率和能量视为独立的变量,对倍率效应、热电耦合效应,以及瞬态工况下的容量衰减考虑不足。而在高功率放电条件下,电池的可用容量和持续输出能力都会受到影响[13]。功率瞬态跃升过程中,电池内部热量持续集聚,既会降低系统运行效率,也会制约其持续放电输出能力[14]。因此,面向低空航空器应用的动力电池研究,需要更加重视任务剖面、倍率特性与热管理之间的耦合关系。
适航审定要求对eVTOL电池系统的总体架构设计具有重要影响。围绕可充电锂电池及其系统,RTCA/DO-311A《可充电锂电池及电池系统最低运行性能标准》提供了与设计、测试和安装相关的最低运行性能标准与指导[15]。RTCA/DO-160G《机载设备环境条件和试验程序》主要用于机载设备环境适应性和电磁兼容等方面的试验验证,为满足环境适应性、电磁兼容及安全冗余等要求,电池系统通常需要引入结构防护和冗余监测等附加设计[16],这在提升系统安全性和适航符合性的同时,也会增加系统重量、体积和集成复杂度,可能会对航空器的有效载荷产生不利影响[17]。在软件和电子硬件层面,RTCA/DO-178C《机载系统和设备合格审定中的软件考虑》和《机载电子硬件设计保证:RTCA/DO-254 标准实践指南》分别为机载软件和机载电子硬件的设计提供了重要依据。上述标准和指导文件共同影响电池系统在安全防护、故障监测、热管理、环境适应性,以及控制逻辑等方面的工程实现。
与此同时,监管体系与新兴能源技术之间仍存在一定程度的不匹配。对于固态电池等新型储能技术[18],以及氢燃料电池等新型航空能源系统,其审定路径、符合性方法和系统级验证要求仍在持续发展[19]。目前中国民用航空局、欧洲航空安全局及美国联邦航空管理局均已出台eVTOL等新型飞行器的审定规范与政策文件,但各方在审定理念、适用范围和合规验证方式上尚存差异,一定程度抬高了全球化产品平台的研发、验证和合规成本。
低空航空器电池系统的设计,本质上由具体飞行任务决定。现阶段典型的城市低空飞行任务通常在20~50 km运行,并伴随频繁的垂直起降操作。尽管单次垂直起飞或降落持续时间较短,但由于其功率需求较高[20],往往会对总任务能量分配产生显著影响。在应急救援等场景中,供能系统还需应对临时转场、地面等待或备份任务等不确定工况,进一步加大了系统设计的复杂性。在货运任务中,载荷变化也会显著放大飞行能耗的不确定性。不同eVTOL任务剖面的能量特性见表1
除满足任务本身的能量需求外,电池系统还必须综合考虑法定或运行备用能量要求,如仪表飞行与目视飞行所要求的30~45 min备用航程的能量需求。对于本就受限于电池比能量水平的低空航空器而言,备用能量要求会进一步压缩任务可用能量,并对航程、载荷和调度策略产生直接影响。
BMS的物理架构是决定系统性能、可靠性、扩展性和成本效益的基石。随着低空航空器对电池功率和能量需求的急剧增加,电池包的电压和串并联节数攀升,这对BMS的架构设计提出了前所未有的挑战。如图2所示,从早期简单的集中式监控,到如今高度分布、模块化和智能化的架构,BMS的演进深刻反映了电子技术、通信技术和控制理论的进步。
集中式BMS是最早也是最常见的一类架构。其基本特征是将电压采集、温度采集、电流检测、状态估计、保护决策和通信管理等功能集中部署于单个主控单元中,由主控板直接通过线束连接所有电芯或采样点,实现全包统一监测与控制[21]。集中式架构的主要优势在于结构相对简单、控制逻辑集中、硬件设计成熟、成本较低,具有较高效率,尤其适用于小型无人机或早期验证平台。
然而,集中式BMS也存在着线束布设复杂、电磁干扰增强、接插件可靠性不足等问题[22]。因此,集中式BMS更适合应用于小功率、短航时、低电芯串数的低空航空器,如小型多旋翼无人机、消费级或轻工业级无人机等。对于中大型eVTOL或高安全等级飞行平台,其扩展性、冗余能力和故障隔离能力通常难以满足更高要求。
分布式BMS将采集与部分控制功能下放至多个从控单元,再由主控单元负责全局协调。各从控单元通常靠近电芯或电池模组布置,使用控制器局域网总线(Controller Area Network, CAN)、串行外设接口、菊花链、以太网或其他专用通信链路向主控单元汇报数据,由主控进行状态估计、故障诊断、保护执行和上层通信[23],其架构拓扑如图3所示。分布式架构具备抗信号干扰能力强、线束质量轻、系统布置灵活、扩展性强等适配低空航空器的突出优势,是现阶段中大型电动航空平台动力电池管理系统极具实践价值的主流发展方向。
不过,分布式BMS也会带来新的系统复杂性。分布式BMS对通信链路的可靠性、实时性和同步精度依赖更强。多个从控节点间需要进行数据一致性校验、时间同步和故障隔离;主从节点之间的通信失效、节点失效和异常数据传播也需要增加系统级保护逻辑。从适航和安全性角度看,还需要分析节点间通信失效、故障传播路径、主从切换策略和网络安全风险。因此,其软件架构、功能安全设计和验证难度通常高于集中式BMS。
模块化BMS可视为在分布式架构基础上的进一步工程抽象与功能封装,其核心理念为将动力电池系统划分为若干标准化功能模块。各模块集成电芯状态采样、局部保护、均衡控制、热管理对接和局部状态估计等功能,通过统一通信和功率接口构成可插拔、可扩展的一体化系统。模块化架构强调标准单元复用、系统可重构和运维便利性,符合低空航空器多平台、多任务、快速迭代的发展需求。
从工程角度看,模块化BMS有利于平台化开发与系统扩展,便于后期维护,并能够更好地支持冗余设计与故障隔离,可与换电、航材快速周转和任务级电池管理等运维模式深度结合。但是,模块化BMS并非简单的物理分块,其实现的前提是统一接口规范、标准化设计、可靠的模块间同步机制和高层能源调度策略。同时,模块化BMS也对系统集成和安全控制策略提出更高要求,需要在设计阶段充分论证。
BMS的核心功能是实现电池状态感知、安全保护、寿命管理和能量协同控制,是连接电池物理状态与航空器能源决策系统的关键。这些功能共同构成了一个完整的闭环控制系统,确保电池在整个生命周期内都能安全、可靠、高效地工作。BMS功能的完备性、算法可靠性和安全控制能力,直接影响电池系统安全边界、任务可达性和航空器运行安全。
1)电池荷电状态
电池荷电状态(State of Charge, SOC)是表征电池工作状态的重要指标,用于反映电池剩余可用容量占额定容量的比例。低空航空器起飞和悬停阶段通常需要高倍率放电,端电压与真实剩余电量之间的非线性关系更复杂,传统工况下构建的模型在此类场景中可能失配。此外,低温、低压和电池老化都会改变电池参数,增大低空航空器的SOC估计难度,使单一固定参数模型难以维持高精度。
2)电池健康状态与剩余寿命
电池健康状态(State of Health, SOH)表征电池老化程度,通常可通过容量衰减或内阻增加来描述。当电池在运行过程中,容量衰减至初始容量的80%时,电池将难以匹配系统峰值功率负载响应要求,进而影响航空器整体运行性能[24]。电池剩余寿命(Remaining Useful Life, RUL)表示电池电芯在满足性能要求下所剩余的载荷循环次数或可用时间。对于低空航空器而言,SOH和RUL不仅关系到电池更换策略和运营成本,更直接与飞行安全边界设定、任务可达性分析相关。
3)电池功率状态
电池功率状态(State of Power, SOP)用于表征电池在特定时间窗口内可安全充放电的最大功率,是动力响应管理和飞行安全保障的关键指标。eVTOL等飞行器对电池瞬态大功率输出能力要求远高于地面车辆,一旦SOP估计失准,可能导致推进系统供能不足,直接危及飞行安全。面向航空器的SOP估计通常与任务能源管理相结合,不再是单一的电池内部状态计算问题,而是一个系统级耦合决策问题。
4)电池温度状态
电池温度状态(State of Temperature, SOT)通常用于表征电池系统当前及未来一段时间内的热状态,包括电芯温度、温度梯度、热点位置和热安全裕度等信息,是连接性能管理与安全管理的重要桥梁。低空航空器应用场景下,SOT不应局限于温度本身,而应同时评估当前热安全边界、未来短时热演化趋势和热失控触发概率。这意味着SOT功能将逐步与热管理控制、故障预警和SOP限制策略深度融合。
低空航空器动力电池系统在使用过程中可能面临电气、热、机械和通信等多维度故障风险。与地面车辆不同,航空器缺乏安全停车缓冲,一旦动力电池系统在空中发生异常,必须依赖BMS快速识别、准确定位并实施分级控制,以便最大程度降低事故风险。因此,故障诊断与控制不仅是BMS的重要组成部分,更是航空级动力电池系统安全设计的核心内容。
1)故障诊断
故障诊断是指利用传感器数据、系统模型和历史信息,对电池系统运行异常进行识别、分类和定位的过程。对于低空航空器而言,故障诊断算法需要具备更高的实时性、准确性和抗误报能力。例如,诊断逻辑未充分考虑工况动态,可能将飞行过程中出现的负载、电压和温度的正常波动误判为故障。过于保守的防护策略虽能提升运行安全性,却易频繁触发功率限制甚至返航机制,大幅降低任务执行效率。因此,在安全防护与使用效能之间寻求动态平衡,成为故障诊断体系设计的关键。
2)故障预测与健康管理
与故障诊断相比,故障预测与健康管理(Prognostics and Health Management, PHM)更强调面向未来的风险感知与寿命管理,即在故障尚未完全发生前识别其演化趋势,预测潜在失效时间,并制定相应维护与运行决策。对于高频次运营的低空航空器而言,PHM有助于从事后维修向预测性维护转变,增加机队利用率并降低全生命周期成本。
3)电芯一致性管理与负载均衡控制
电芯一致性偏差是动力电池系统长期运行中不可避免的核心难题。一致性管理的核心目标在于减缓电芯间状态偏差持续扩展,进而提升整包容量利用率和寿命均衡性。对于低空航空器而言,电池系统通常在较高功率密度状态下工作,任何一个短板电芯都可能提前触发系统降级,对飞行安全带来难以忽视的影响。
4)电池热管理系统
电池热管理系统(Battery Thermal Management System, BTMS)是BMS实现安全运行和性能保障的重要支撑。严格来说,BTMS既可视为独立热控子系统,也可视为BMS功能链条中的关键组成部分。BTMS的作用主要体现在实时温度监测、温升趋势预测和过热保护3个层面。低空航空器在高功率运行阶段易产生显著热冲击,同时受整机轻量化要求约束,冷却系统的结构设计、散热能力和冗余配置均受到限制,因此其动力电池热管理相比新能源汽车面临更为复杂的挑战。因此,如何在轻量化前提下实现高效、均匀、可靠的温度控制,是当前的研究重点。图4为一种适用于高空低温环境中使用的混合冷却系统。
随着电动航空技术的发展,对电池状态实时、准确的估计需求愈加迫切。尽管基于电化学理论等传统机理的估计方法具有较强的理论基础,但存在固有滞后,难以处理动态响应等局限性,制约了其在电动航空中的应用。尽管已有快速开路电压(Fast Open Circuit Voltage, Fast-OCV)技术等多种改进策略被提出以加速估计过程,但此类方法仍对由载荷波动、温度突变及放电倍率变化所引入的噪声表现出较高敏感性。
近年来以卡尔曼滤波(Kalman Filtering, KF)为代表的滤波估计技术成为研究热点。卡尔曼滤波能有效融合带噪声的实时观测数据与模型预测,并在运行过程中实现持续校正与自适应更新,可以对隐含状态实现低延迟的跟踪,同时能够修正传感噪声及模型不确定性,因此被视为由基于电池机理模型的状态估计向更适配工程应用转变的关键,逐渐成为电池状态估计的基础框架。
KF应用于电池状态估计,可有效适配系统非线性特征、动态载荷波动与外界噪声干扰[25]。在实际应用中,扩展卡尔曼滤波(Extended Kalman Filters, EKF)、无迹卡尔曼滤波(Unscented Kalman Filters, UKF)、双卡尔曼滤波(Dual Kalman Filters, DKF)和Σ点卡尔曼滤波(Sigma Points Kalman Filters, SPKF)等[26-28]技术广泛应用于无人机领域,但面向eVTOL平台的应用研究仍较为匮乏。上述方法虽能在一定程度上提高估计精度,但在面对温度变化、放电倍率波动等极端条件时,仍存在不足。
粒子滤波(Particle Filtering, PF)技术在航空电池状态估计中的应用逐渐成为重要研究方向。其优势在于能够更自然地处理强非线性、噪声,以及随时间变化的运行工况,可进一步优化低温条件下的估计误差。此外,为提升估计的鲁棒性,也引入机器学习、自适应技术等方法,以处理温度变化对电池性能的影响。
各类机器学习架构在动力电池状态估计中也得到了广泛应用。其中,浅层学习模型相对轻量、计算开销较低,在小规模数据集上能取得较好的效果,适合部署于机载算力和能量资源受限的eVTOL平台。深度学习架构具备更优异的特征提取与时序建模能力,在动态工况下表现更为出色,尤其适配任务切换频繁、状态演变复杂的应用场景。为兼顾精度、鲁棒性与可部署性,混合式建模方法通常将物理机理模型与数据驱动模型相结合来增强模型的可解释性和泛化能力。总体来看,机器学习方法已成为电池状态估计的重要方向[29],但其在低空航空器中的进一步应用仍需在模型精度、数据获取成本和机载实时性之间寻求平衡,并着重开展对于可解释性指标和评估方向的研究以应对愈发严格的合规性审查。
浅层学习模型,例如反向传播神经网络(Backpropagation Neural Networks, BPNN)、随机森林(Random Forest, RF)、k-近邻(k-Nearest Neighbor, k-NN)、支持向量回归(Support Vector Regression, SVR)、支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)和动态模式分解(Dynamic Mode Decomposition, DMD)等,因结构简单、计算开销低且可解释性强,具有向低空航空器BMS迁移的潜力。浅层学习方法能够有效捕捉电池电压、温度与载荷间的非线性关系,并在动态能量需求场景中展现一定的鲁棒性。在典型任务条件下,浅层学习方法能够保持较高精度和一致性,其优势在于适配算力有限的机载平台,尤其适合对计算资源敏感的eVTOL系统。然而,这类方法在过渡工况和极端环境条件下表现仍不够稳定[30]。多数研究基于固定温度下的数据集进行训练和验证,未充分覆盖全任务过程中的动态特征,导致在真实飞行环境下的泛化能力受限。总体来看,浅层学习方法在轻量化和低算力约束下仍具重要价值,为低空航空器电池管理提供了一种可行的实时估计方案
深度学习方法通过多层网络结构从原始或半处理的电池运行数据中自动提取特征,在复杂非线性关系建模和时序依赖捕捉方面具有优势。常用架构包括深度神经网络(Deep Neural Networks, DNN)、长短期记忆网络(Long Short-Term Memory, LSTM)、门控循环单元(Gated Recurrent Unit, GRU)、极限学习机(Extreme Learning Machine, ELM)和演化型Elman神经网络(Evolving Elman Neural Network, EENN)等。在SOC估计中,深度学习模型能够利用电池状态数据,学习复杂工况下的非线性映射关系,提供更强的时序建模能力和实时泛化性能,减少人工分段建模需求[31]。该类模型在美国国家航空航天局(NASA)与先进生命周期工程中心(CALCE)数据集上进行验证,结果表明其在不同预测起点下均具有较高的精度和鲁棒性[32],具备向航空场景迁移的能力。
深度学习在SOH、RUL估计中同样优势明显,通过分解高频波动和低频趋势,可以准确刻画航空电池的非线性退化规律和周期性波动特征,增强对复杂循环工况的适应能力。而物理信息或域适应技术的引入,可进一步提升模型在不同电池类型或不同飞行任务间的泛化性。深度学习模型常结合时序建模、注意力加权或传感器融合策略、飞行阶段标注等方法,以增强对复杂动态工况的鲁棒性。
总体来看,深度学习方法因其强表征能力和时间建模特性,已成为应对无人机和eVTOL电池状态估计复杂性的重要工具,但其工程应用仍需在计算资源、数据量和输入信号质量之间寻求平衡,以保证在动态和极端环境下的可靠性。
基于Transformer架构(图5)的状态估计技术通过自注意力机制捕捉序列中任意元素之间的依赖关系,可在所有时间步上并行执行,从而消除对循环结构的依赖。该架构能够更有效地捕捉序列数据中的长期依赖关系和复杂时序特征,因此Transformer在电池状态预测与寿命评估等时序建模任务中表现出较强优势。从已有研究的总体结论来看,Transformer架构在SOC、SOH估计和预测任务中表现优于传统深度学习结构[33-34],并在不同数据集上展现出更强的泛化能力。
Transformer架构在电动航空领域的直接落地仍相对有限。现有工作多侧重于模型性能验证,较少考虑模型在低空航空器BMS中的实时性、算力和数据可用性约束。另外航空场景下的高质量标签数据相对稀缺,导致Transformer跨平台迁移困难。因此,Transformer要真正实现工程层面的应用落地,需解决模型轻量化和数据高效学习两大问题。
混合机器学习架构通过结合基于物理的建模与数据驱动方法,成为航空动力电池状态估计的有效手段。相比纯物理模型,混合架构既保留理论严谨性,又可缩减计算开销、提升适应性;对比纯数据驱动方法,其更增强了对物理约束和动力学规律的保真度,从而在动态、高负载工况下提供更可靠的SOC和SOH估计[35]。这类方法在数据稀缺、信号噪声大或系统非线性强的场景下表现更好,能够缩小理论预测与观测数据之间的差距。混合模型在寒冷环境和高倍率放电条件下的鲁棒性也得到验证[36],显示出在低温或高空任务中维持高精度的潜力。
目前,混合模型在电池状态估计中的应用研究仍主要关注估计精度和泛化性能,而对模型可解释性评价指标、评估方法和验证体系的系统性考虑仍显不足[37],致使相应的航空BMS难以满足未来更加严格的适航审定要求。未来需要通过规则约束、参数简化和优化策略提升模型可解释性与透明度,以满足航空应用对安全性与可靠性的要求。
故障诊断作为故障管理的首要环节,旨在实现对潜在异常的早期识别。现有故障诊断方法大致可分为基于规则阈值、基于模型残差和基于数据驱动3类。基于规则阈值的方法实现简单、工程应用广泛,是当前商用BMS中的基础手段,但对复杂耦合故障和早期异常敏感性不足。基于模型残差的方法通过构建电压、电流或温度响应的参考模型,分析实测值与模型输出之间的残差,实现对异常状态的检测和定位,适用于可解释性要求高的场景。基于数据驱动的方法则利用机器学习、深度学习方法,通过挖掘电压、电流和SOC等多源数据特征,可在不干扰系统正常运行的前提下实现高精度在线检测[38],显著提升系统安全性。总体而言,智能诊断方法在处理复杂工况和弱故障识别方面具有优势。
在故障诊断的基础上,PHM进一步评估SOH,并预测RUL,以支持预防性维护决策。基于数据驱动的方法在该领域表现突出,能够刻画电池非线性退化过程,并逐步展现出替代传统机理模型的潜力[39]。然而,由于电池老化机理复杂,其高精度预测仍具有挑战性。针对电芯差异问题,可采用人工神经网络建立阻抗与容量之间的关联,以表征单体电池的SOH和老化状态,进而将相关信息输入SOC均衡控制器以调节各单体SOC。该方法能够有效避免低SOH电芯过放[40]。热管理方面,空气冷却、液冷及相变材料等技术被广泛应用,并逐步结合智能算法实现热生成率检测、电池热管理系统冷却能力预测、电池热建模和温度均匀性提升等方式支持热管理过程,从而在保证安全的同时降低能耗。
电化学阻抗谱(Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, EIS)技术基于交流小扰动原理,通过对电池施加不同频率的正弦电流/电压激励,测量对应的响应信号,并将结果在频域中表示为阻抗谱。如图6所示,阻抗谱的频率特性进一步反映了电池内部电荷传递、电极活性材料扩散、电解质电导等多重物理过程。通过阻抗谱形态、幅值与相位变化,EIS技术可实现电池故障定位与机理分析,结合SVM、深度学习等算法,将显著提升BMS的监测与诊断能力[41]
EIS在电池状态估计与故障诊断中展现出不可替代的优势。状态估计方面,欧姆阻抗、固体电解质界面(Solid Electrolyte Interphase, SEI)阻抗、电荷转移阻抗与锂离子扩散阻抗分别对应不同频段特征,并与SOC、SOH、电池内部温度具有强相关性[42]。例如,电荷转移阻抗随老化循环显著增大,可作为SOH估算核心指标;特定频段阻抗幅值与相位可用于SOC校准,修正安时积分与扩展卡尔曼滤波的累积误差;兆赫兹频段阻抗对温度变化高度敏感,可实现无温度传感器的内部温度在线估算。基于EIS的电池状态估计流程如图7所示。结合等效电路模型(Equivalent Circuit Model, ECM)与弛豫时间分布方法,可将阻抗谱解耦为不同极化过程,进一步提升估算物理可解释性与精度。
在故障诊断方面,EIS可实现析锂、漏液、内短路、机械挤压、过充/过放、热失控等典型故障的早期识别。常见的锂电池故障中,机械挤压会导致欧姆阻抗显著上升;析锂表现为中频容抗弧明显扩大;电解液漏液使整体阻抗急剧升高;内短路会同时引起扩散阻抗相位下降与电荷转移阻抗上升;过充/过放会造成电荷转移阻抗激增与中频弧扩张;热失控初期阻抗短暂降低,随隔膜微孔闭合呈现不可逆上升。
图8所示,电化学阻抗谱技术可对锂离子电池实现全面的状态监测和故障诊断。EIS作为一种非侵入式、多尺度频域表征手段,能够精准解析锂离子电池内部的多种理化过程,弥补了传统BMS仅依靠电压、电流、温度实现状态监测的局限性,已成为新一代智能BMS的核心支撑技术。
1)高倍率放电/充电与功率密度需求的挑战
以eVTOL为代表的低空飞行器在常态化、商业化运营过程中,要求电池能够在短时间内反复进行高倍率的充放电。这种工况特性会加剧电池极化效应,造成可用容量衰减和能量利用效率下降,同时,在电池内部和连接结构处产生大量焦耳热,对整机热管理系统提出极高要求。因此,如何在保障高功率输出的前提下,将电池温升控制在安全范围内,并兼顾长循环使用寿命,已成为BMS设计和电池材料研发领域亟待攻克的核心难题。
2)极端温度与宽温域操作范围的挑战
低空航空器的飞行高度和地域跨度极大,使其暴露在更加复杂的温度环境中。BMS及其热管理系统必须能够在更为宽泛的温度范围内提供精确、可靠的保护和性能管理。这要求BMS的传感器、算法和执行器都具备极强的环境适应性,而能够在极低温度下实现高效、快速自加热的技术,以及能在高温下依然保持稳定性能的电子元器件,都是当前技术链路上的薄弱环节。
3)轻量化和高能量密度带来的安全性与可靠性挑战
为了提升有效载荷和飞行效率,低空航空器对轻量化有着严格的要求,这直接压缩了电池包和BMS系统的设计空间和质量预算。在有限的体积和质量内,需要集成更多的电芯、更复杂的均衡与热管理电路、功能更强大的主控单元,以及更多的传感器,这对系统的空间布局、电磁兼容性和热设计提出了极高的挑战。高能量密度本身也意味着单位体积内存储了更多的化学能,一旦发生热失控等安全事故,其后果将更为严重。因此,如何在满足电池系统轻量化与高能量密度要求的同时,构建兼具航空级安全性和高可靠性的BMS,是贯穿电池系统设计、集成与运行管理全过程的关键工程难题。
4)全生命周期安全性与健康管理的挑战
航空器的安全性要求贯穿其整个服役生命周期。这意味着BMS不仅要能应对突发性的故障,更要具备PHM的能力。然而,电池的老化机理复杂,受到充放电倍率、温度、放电深度等多种因素的耦合影响,其性能衰减路径具有很强的非线性和非确定性。如何建立精确、鲁棒的电池老化模型,并在此基础上实现高精度的SOC/SOH/RUL预测,是当前BMS算法研究的前沿和难点。
5)实时性与系统集成的挑战
BMS作为低空航空器中的一个关键子系统,其控制决策和响应速度直接影响着飞行的安全性和稳定性。对于功率突变的响应、对热失控的识别,都必须在ms级的时间内完成。这要求BMS的硬件平台具有强大的计算能力,软件架构具有高效的实时性。此外,BMS并非一个孤立的单元,它需要与飞控计算机、电机控制器、能量管理系统等紧密协作。如何设计标准化的、高带宽、低延迟的通信接口和协议,实现BMS与航空器其他系统之间的无缝信息交互和协同控制,是确保整个系统最优性能的关键。
面对上述挑战,BMS技术正朝着更智能、更集成、更协同的方向演进。一系列新兴技术正被引入并重塑BMS的形态和能力。
人工智能,特别是深度学习和强化学习,正成为推动BMS变革的最核心驱动力。人工智能和机器学习方法能够从海量、多维度的运行数据中自动学习复杂的内在规律,相比传统基于模型的控制方法展现出更强大的能力。未来,基于神经网络的数据驱动模型将与传统物理机理模型深度融合,形成物理机理−数据双驱动的混合智能模型,突破兼顾模型可解释性与数据驱动高精度的先进BMS技术,为低空产业的可持续发展保驾护航。
随着物联网、云计算与人工智能技术飞速发展,BMS的架构迎来新一轮革新。无线BMS(Wireless BMS,WBMS)旨在彻底去除电池包内部通信线束,依托无线通信技术替代主从控制单元间的物理连接,有效削减电池包整体质量,简化结构设计,进一步提升系统柔性和运行可靠性。同时,BMS也在从封闭的本地系统走向开放的云端一体化架构。云端一体化BMS架构的核心思想是将BMS的计算和数据存储任务部分或全部转移到云端服务器上。如图9所示,云端一体化BMS由边缘侧的BMS负责实时数据采集、基础安全保护和快速响应等传统的BMS功能,云端服务器则负责海量数据的存储、深度分析和复杂模型的运算。这种架构既可以突破机载计算资源有限的瓶颈,也为电池全生命周期数字孪生构建提供支撑,能够实现机队电池性能持续优化和健康管理能力的整体提升,是保障低空航空器安全高效飞行的重要技术支撑。
EIS在电池状态监测、故障诊断等领域具备广阔的应用前景,但现阶段在工程落地应用中仍存在诸多亟待突破的难题。由于阻抗测量易受多种干扰因素影响,未来研究应聚焦于提升阻抗测量的可靠性。在简化阻抗测定流程方面,为进一步降低成本,应将信号注入和数据采集设备集成到现有的车载BMS中;针对复杂场景构建一套完整的阻抗模型,优化状态估计流程,为解读阻抗特性提供支撑,以应对航空器适航审定过程中的强安全性、强可解释性需求。未来仍需进一步研究不同运行条件下电池阻抗特性的演化规律,并建立阻抗特征与电化学过程之间的可解释映射关系,为状态估计与故障诊断提供支撑。最后,EIS与机器学习算法的深度融合也将成为重要研究方向。通过在电池全生命周期内持续获取电池的宽频阻抗谱数据,可为构建全面的数据驱动模型提供基础,并进一步提升电池状态估计和故障诊断的准确性。
为抢抓低空经济战略性新兴产业发展机遇,保障“十五五”时期低空经济的安全、高效与可持续发展,针对面向低空航空器的动力电池管理系统,提出以下发展建议。
(1)目前低空航空器在全球市场上日益普及,新兴需求快速增长,国家层面的战略推动将成为加速我国航空动力电池领域技术革新与产业升级的关键。因此,建议以科技引领和适航安全为导向,加大对航空BMS的研发与生产的政策扶持力度,推动新型动力电池管理系统成为低空经济产业链安全可持续发展的重要保障。
(2)为促进低空动力电池技术的全面发展并确保其全生命周期效益和安全性,应构建一套适配低空经济的航空级电池标准与适航评估体系,以科学量化电池系统在复杂气象、高频大倍率充放电等运行工况下的安全冗余和性能表现。高可靠性的电池管理是突破当前低空飞行器航程和载重瓶颈的重要手段,但航空BMS的研究需要跳出传统车用标准进行专门的研制与匹配。在此基础上,推动实施针对新型航空电池系统的适航验证绿色通道和创新监管政策,加快新技术在低空飞行器上的验证和装机应用。
(3)加大对高安全等级软硬件架构、全生命周期热管理算法两大关键核心技术的研发力度。尤其注重系统冗余设计与高精度能量管理带来高安全性、高功率密度、长寿命的技术优势,不断提升系统的集成度、可靠性、响应速度和适航符合性,推动低空航空器动力系统技术发展。同时,抓住数字化与低空智联网的时代趋势,在电动化的基础上重点发展云端协同、数字孪生和健康状态主动预测等智能化技术在动力电池管理系统中的应用,这对于保证国家低空产业链协调发展,保持航空电池产业链韧性和完整性,具有重大战略意义。
(4)加强关键基础器件研发攻关与产业化布局,深耕适配航空领域高效能、高可靠性需求的微控制器、模拟前端芯片、高精度传感器等底层元器件研发攻关,提升动力电池管理系统的状态估算精度和整体安全防范性能,助力我国航空动力电池产业实现技术进阶与产业升级,有效降低核心元器件的对外依存度。
(5)高度重视并切实加强相关基础研究工作。加大航空级动力电池安全管控与后市场循环利用领域的科研投入,鼓励科研院所与高校深度协同攻关,聚焦电池系统内在电化学机理、极端环境下的热失控演化规律和整体能效等技术难题,开展系统性、前瞻性的探索与研究。通过构建坚实的理论基础与技术支持体系,为航空级动力电池管理技术的产业化发展提供强有力的科学支撑,进而引领我国在全球低空经济动力技术竞争中占据领先地位。
低空经济的蓬勃发展,对以eVTOL为代表的低空飞行器提出了前所未有的性能要求,动力电池管理系统作为航空器能源网络的核心,直接决定了飞行器的能力边界、运行安全和商业化潜力。当前BMS技术在新能源汽车领域已日趋成熟,但低空航空器在运行工况、功率需求和安全约束等方面与新能源汽车存在显著差异,使现有技术在全生命周期健康管理、实时系统集成及适航认证等方面仍面临诸多挑战。如何在提升能量与功率密度的同时,严守安全性与可靠性的底线,是当前亟待突破的技术瓶颈。
低空飞行器动力电池管理系统的发展将呈现出高度智能化与高度集成化的趋势。人工智能与大数据的深度融合将推动云−端一体化协同的下一代BMS架构落地,实现全生命周期的高精度状态预测与主动安全预警;无线BMS架构的引入将有效降低线束复杂度、减轻机体质量并提高系统容错率;随着固态电池等新型高比能电池技术的突破,与之相匹配的先进智能热管理系统和高效均衡控制策略将成为新的研究热点。
综上,构建高安全、高可靠、智能化的动力电池管理系统,是跨越低空电动航空器技术鸿沟的必由之路。未来需整合航空工程、材料科学、人工智能等多学科资源,共同推动低空飞行器动力电池管理技术的创新与突破,为我国低空经济产业的全面繁荣与可持续发展提供坚实的技术保障。
  • 吉林省重大科技专项(20240301003ZD)
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2026年第5卷第2期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260010
  • 接收时间:2026-04-01
  • 出版时间:2026-06-20
  • 发布时间:2026-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2026-04-01
  • 修回日期:2026-05-15
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吉林省重大科技专项(20240301003ZD)
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    1北京航空航天大学交通科学与工程学院, 北京 100191

通讯作者:

杨世春,教授。北京航空航天大学交通科学与工程学院院长。中国汽车工程学会会士。国家高层次人才计划入选者,中青年科技创新领军人才,全国优秀科技工作者。主要从事智能网联新能源汽车安全技术、端云融合智能安全预警、飞行汽车安全控制等研究。获国家级/省部级科技奖励10余项,其中,以第一完成人获国家科技进步二等奖1项、教育部科技进步一等奖1项、中国汽车工程学会技术发明特等奖1项、中国汽车工业技术发明一等奖1项和教育部科技进步二等奖1项。电子信箱:
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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