Article(id=1278659626812026990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1278659625226571818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1775145600000, receivedDateStr=2026-04-03, revisedDate=1776960000000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782785811379, onlineDateStr=2026-06-30, pubDate=1781884800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782785811379, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782785811379, creator=system, updateTime=1782785811379, updator=system, issue=Issue{id=1278659625226571818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2026', volume='5', issue='2', pageStart='4', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782785810998, creator='system', updateTime=1784705974158, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1286713373307941448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1278659625226571818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1286713373307941449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1278659625226571818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=66, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1278659627155959919, articleId=1278659626812026990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Current Situation, Problems, and Suggestions of Flying Car Management Policies, columnId=1278659626640052268, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Special Topic, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Combined with collaborative innovation between the automobile and aviation industries, the breakthroughs of electric vertical takeoff and landing technology promote flying cars with the ability to drive on the ground and fly in the air from conceptual vision to industrial reality. The lag problem of existing aviation and automobile management systems behind this emerging cross-industry transportation mode becomes increasingly prominent. This paper systematically sorts out the management policies of flying cars in three major advanced economies of the aviation and automobile industries in the U.S., EU, and China, and analyzes the current management situation and evolutionary trend from the perspectives of management departments, management modes, and policy practices. Additionally, it deeply discusses core problems such as weak top-level design, lagging standards and regulations, insufficient policy coordination, and lack of supervision platforms. On this basis, targeted development suggestions are put forward, including strengthening top-level design, speeding up the construction of standard systems, making greater efforts to promote institutional innovation, and advancing the construction of digital supervision platforms. The supervision of flying cars should follow the core principles of safety first, flexible supervision, inclusiveness and prudence, and avoid hindering large-scale development.

, authors=Zhensen DING1, Yifang ZHU1, Zhanhui YAO1, Haifeng FANG1, *, authorsList=Zhensen DING, Yifang ZHU, Zhanhui YAO, Haifeng FANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haifeng FANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology Foresight. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1278659629282472050, articleId=1278659626812026990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=CN, title=飞行汽车管理政策现状、问题及建议, columnId=1278659626858156078, journalTitle=前瞻科技, columnName=专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

电动垂直起降技术的突破叠加汽车与航空产业的协同创新,推动兼具地面行驶与空中飞行功能的飞行汽车从概念构想走向产业现实,而现行航空与汽车管理体系对这一新生跨界交通业态的监管滞后问题也日益凸显。文章系统梳理美国、欧盟、中国三大航空与汽车产业发达经济体的飞行汽车管理政策,从管理部门、管理方式、政策实践等维度剖析其管理现状与演进趋势,深入探讨了顶层设计薄弱、标准法规滞后、政策协同不足、监管平台缺位等核心问题。在此基础上,针对性提出加强顶层设计、加快标准体系建设、加大制度创新、推进数字化监管平台建设等发展建议。飞行汽车监管需遵循安全第一、柔性监管、包容审慎的核心原则,并避免制约产业规模化发展。

, authors=丁振森1, 朱一方1, 姚占辉1, 方海峰1, *, authorsList=丁振森, 朱一方, 姚占辉, 方海峰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=方海峰, authorNote=

丁振森,高级工程师。主要研究方向为新能源汽车技术政策及生命周期评价。电子信箱:

, correspAuthorsNote=
方海峰,博士,正高级工程师。主要研究方向为新能源汽车技术政策。电子信箱:
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From low-altitude management to low-altitude governance: policy evolution, research context and forward-looking trend[J]. Journal of Xinjiang Normal University (Edition of Philosophy and Social Sciences), doi: 10.14100/j.cnki.65-1039/g4.20251114.001. 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Journal of Civil Aviation University of China, 2025, 43(5): 1-15. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1278659636354068651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1278659626812026990, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国民航局. 动力提升航空器适航标准[EB/OL]. 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Airworthiness standards for restricted category unmanned aircraft systems [EB/OL]. [2026-02-12]. https://www.caac.gov.cn/XXGK/XXGK/GFXWJ/202602/t20260226_230117.html. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1278659638421860531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1278659626812026990, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=党思琛, 周昊. 欧盟eVTOL航空器立法研究: 监管框架、重点及对我国的启[J]. 航空法评论, 2025(4): 61-74., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1278659638509940916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1278659626812026990, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dang S C, Zhou H. Research on EU eVTOL aircraft legislation: Regulatory framework, key points and enlightenment to China[J]. Aviation Law Review, 2025(4): 61-74. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1278659638631575733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1278659626812026990, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Aryendu I, Mak B, Forbes E, et al. Communication systems for autonomous eVTOL: Regulatory challenges, emerging technologies, and future directions[J]. 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U.S. management policies for low-altitude equipment industry

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管理机构政策文件管理对象
FAA《正常(普通)类型飞机适航性标准》(14 CFR Part 23)低空装备
《Joby公司的JAS4-1动力升降机适航准则》
《Archer公司的M001型动力升降机适航准则》
《动力升降机审定政策草案》
《动力升降机咨询通告》
《动力提升操作的飞行员培训和认证》(AC 194-2)人员
), ArticleFig(id=1278659634038812823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1278659626812026990, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

美国低空装备行业管理政策

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管理机构政策文件管理对象
FAA《正常(普通)类型飞机适航性标准》(14 CFR Part 23)低空装备
《Joby公司的JAS4-1动力升降机适航准则》
《Archer公司的M001型动力升降机适航准则》
《动力升降机审定政策草案》
《动力升降机咨询通告》
《动力提升操作的飞行员培训和认证》(AC 194-2)人员
), ArticleFig(id=1278659634198196376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1278659626812026990, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

European management policies for low-altitude equipment industry

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管理机构政策文件管理对象
EASA《小型垂直起降航空器专用条件(第2版)》(SC-VTOL-02)低空装备
《小型具有垂直起降能力的航空器符合性方法指导文件》
《电动/混合推进系统专用条件》(E-19)
《关于建立具有垂直起降能力的有人驾驶飞机的操作要求》(EU 2024/1111)人员
), ArticleFig(id=1278659634294665369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1278659626812026990, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

欧洲低空装备行业管理政策

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管理机构政策文件管理对象
EASA《小型垂直起降航空器专用条件(第2版)》(SC-VTOL-02)低空装备
《小型具有垂直起降能力的航空器符合性方法指导文件》
《电动/混合推进系统专用条件》(E-19)
《关于建立具有垂直起降能力的有人驾驶飞机的操作要求》(EU 2024/1111)人员
), ArticleFig(id=1278659634378551450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1278659626812026990, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

China’s management policies for low-altitude equipment industry

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管理机构政策文件管理对象
CAAC《民用航空产品和零部件合格审定规定正常类飞机适航标准》低空装备
《正常类旋翼航空器适航标准》
《民用无人驾驶航空器系统适航审定管理程序》
《无人驾驶航空器飞行管理暂行条例》
《民用无人驾驶航空器运行安全管理规则》
《中型民用无人驾驶航空器系统适航标准及符合性指导材料(试行)》
《电推进系统专用条件编制指南》
《亿航EH216-S型无人驾驶航空器系统专用条件》
《限用类无人驾驶航空器系统适航标准(征求意见稿)》
《动力提升航空器适航标准》
《通用航空经营许可管理规定》运营商
《无人驾驶航空器飞行管理暂行条例》
), ArticleFig(id=1278659634458243227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1278659626812026990, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

中国低空装备行业管理政策

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管理机构政策文件管理对象
CAAC《民用航空产品和零部件合格审定规定正常类飞机适航标准》低空装备
《正常类旋翼航空器适航标准》
《民用无人驾驶航空器系统适航审定管理程序》
《无人驾驶航空器飞行管理暂行条例》
《民用无人驾驶航空器运行安全管理规则》
《中型民用无人驾驶航空器系统适航标准及符合性指导材料(试行)》
《电推进系统专用条件编制指南》
《亿航EH216-S型无人驾驶航空器系统专用条件》
《限用类无人驾驶航空器系统适航标准(征求意见稿)》
《动力提升航空器适航标准》
《通用航空经营许可管理规定》运营商
《无人驾驶航空器飞行管理暂行条例》
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飞行汽车管理政策现状、问题及建议
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丁振森 1 , 朱一方 1 , 姚占辉 1 , 方海峰 1, *
前瞻科技 | 专题 2026,5(2): 66-72
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前瞻科技 | 专题 2026, 5(2): 66-72
飞行汽车管理政策现状、问题及建议
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丁振森1 , 朱一方1, 姚占辉1, 方海峰1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司, 天津 300300
  • 丁振森,高级工程师。主要研究方向为新能源汽车技术政策及生命周期评价。电子信箱:

通信作者:

方海峰,博士,正高级工程师。主要研究方向为新能源汽车技术政策。电子信箱:
方海峰,博士,正高级工程师。主要研究方向为新能源汽车技术政策。电子信箱:
Current Situation, Problems, and Suggestions of Flying Car Management Policies
Zhensen DING1 , Yifang ZHU1, Zhanhui YAO1, Haifeng FANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300300, China
出版时间: 2026-06-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260007
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电动垂直起降技术的突破叠加汽车与航空产业的协同创新,推动兼具地面行驶与空中飞行功能的飞行汽车从概念构想走向产业现实,而现行航空与汽车管理体系对这一新生跨界交通业态的监管滞后问题也日益凸显。文章系统梳理美国、欧盟、中国三大航空与汽车产业发达经济体的飞行汽车管理政策,从管理部门、管理方式、政策实践等维度剖析其管理现状与演进趋势,深入探讨了顶层设计薄弱、标准法规滞后、政策协同不足、监管平台缺位等核心问题。在此基础上,针对性提出加强顶层设计、加快标准体系建设、加大制度创新、推进数字化监管平台建设等发展建议。飞行汽车监管需遵循安全第一、柔性监管、包容审慎的核心原则,并避免制约产业规模化发展。

低空经济  /  飞行汽车  /  管理政策  /  电动垂直起降  /  标准法规  /  顶层设计

Combined with collaborative innovation between the automobile and aviation industries, the breakthroughs of electric vertical takeoff and landing technology promote flying cars with the ability to drive on the ground and fly in the air from conceptual vision to industrial reality. The lag problem of existing aviation and automobile management systems behind this emerging cross-industry transportation mode becomes increasingly prominent. This paper systematically sorts out the management policies of flying cars in three major advanced economies of the aviation and automobile industries in the U.S., EU, and China, and analyzes the current management situation and evolutionary trend from the perspectives of management departments, management modes, and policy practices. Additionally, it deeply discusses core problems such as weak top-level design, lagging standards and regulations, insufficient policy coordination, and lack of supervision platforms. On this basis, targeted development suggestions are put forward, including strengthening top-level design, speeding up the construction of standard systems, making greater efforts to promote institutional innovation, and advancing the construction of digital supervision platforms. The supervision of flying cars should follow the core principles of safety first, flexible supervision, inclusiveness and prudence, and avoid hindering large-scale development.

low-altitude economy  /  flying car  /  management policy  /  electric vertical takeoff and landing  /  standards and regulation  /  top-level design
丁振森, 朱一方, 姚占辉, 方海峰. 飞行汽车管理政策现状、问题及建议. 前瞻科技, 2026 , 5 (2) : 66 -72 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260007
Zhensen DING, Yifang ZHU, Zhanhui YAO, Haifeng FANG. Current Situation, Problems, and Suggestions of Flying Car Management Policies[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2026 , 5 (2) : 66 -72 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260007
飞行汽车是指面向低空智能交通和立体智慧交通的运载工具,包括陆空两栖汽车和电动垂直起降飞行器(Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing, eVTOL)两大类型。近年来,飞行汽车技术发展迅速,分体式和eVTOL类型产品相继推出,但尚未出现真正陆空两栖类型产品。当前,地面交通产品的准入管理已较为成熟,低空航空器如何建立与之相适应的准入管理政策体系已经引起了国际社会的广泛关注[1-5]。2025年12月,美国交通部发布《先进空中交通(AAM)国家战略2026—2036》及配套的《先进空中交通综合计划》。欧盟委员会通过单一天空项目(SESAR)推动政策与产业共同发展。中国于2023年10月由工业和信息化部、科学技术部等四部门联合印发《绿色航空制造业发展纲要(2023—2035年)》,明确鼓励开展绿色航空示范运营,推动轻小型固定翼电动飞机、eVTOL实现商业运营,并提出加快推动建立飞行汽车适航审定体系和持续适航体系。2024年3月,工业和信息化部、科学技术部等四部门联合印发《通用航空装备创新应用实施方案(2024—2030年)》,明确支持智慧空中出行(Smart Aerial Mobility, SAM)装备发展,推进飞行汽车等一批新型消费通用航空装备适航取证。
飞行汽车主要通过适航审定进行管理。根据《中华人民共和国民用航空器适航管理条例》及相关民用航空规章,飞行汽车作为一种新兴的航空器,同样需要取得型号合格证、生产许可证、单机适航证。华东政法大学陈远瞩[6]厘清了eVTOL与飞行汽车的概念,从准入规则、运行规则分析了现有管理政策的框架,并分析了法规现状的深层成因。结果表明,现行管理政策在准入规范、运行规则及空域管理等方面均存在明显短板,难以适配飞行汽车陆空双重属性的复合型运行特征。这种法律滞后现象的背后,既有法律体系固有的路径依赖,也反映了技术快速迭代与法规制度修订之间的适配性时差。西北农林科技大学豆书龙等[7]系统梳理了改革开放以来中国低空经济的政策演进与内在逻辑,并剖析了研究脉络与前沿趋势。研究发现,中国低空经济经历空域管制、改革探索、战略升维3个阶段,研究热点和领域趋于多元,低空治理的耦合关联、角色定位、价值转化热度提升,且政策实践面临制度适配度低、资本培育不足、法律规范滞后等多重困境。广东外语外贸大学李晓睿[8]分析总结了中国飞行汽车管理法律规范体系存在规则分散且立法位阶较低、调整对象未作明确区分、飞行空域尚未明确、管理责任主体部门不明确、飞行汽车适航审定与技术标准制度未确立、驾驶员资质管理制度不完善等问题,建议飞行汽车管理立法应充分发挥地方立法“先试先行”作用,且立法应明确调整对象的内涵和法律属性、飞行空域和规则,以及行政管理制度构建。中国民航大学丁水汀等[9]系统梳理了国内外低空装备适航标准的发展现状和未来趋势,认为当前“一事一议”的适航审定方式效率低、技术逻辑严谨性不足,并提出了具备“系统安全统领”“对象类型无关”“基于安全效果的规章”和“多种符合性路径”特征的低空装备适航标准体系新架构。此外,2026年2月,中国民用航空局航空器适航审定司发布《动力提升航空器适航标准》与《限用类无人驾驶航空器系统适航标准》,其中前者适配纯电复合翼、倾转翼飞行器,后者对应现阶段载物类飞行器适航需求[10]
综上所述,飞行汽车是对经济社会具有全局带动和重大引领作用的未来产业,也是低空经济发展的核心交通载具,对全球数字经济科技革命和产业变革具有重要意义。然而,当前飞行汽车管理政策体系的发展和完善仍较为缓慢,对于飞行汽车的适航审定主要采用“一事一议”方式,通过制定专用条件进行审定,尽管有关部门已针对动力提升航空器、限用类无人驾驶航空器适航标准征求意见,但涵盖范围仍较为有限。文章系统梳理美国、欧盟和中国等在通航领域较为领先的发达经济体的飞行汽车管理政策,厘清当前管理政策的主要问题并提出对策建议,以期对我国飞行汽车政府管理、产业发展提供借鉴。
美国低空装备的核心管理部门为交通运输部下属、负责民用航空管理的美国联邦航空局(Federal Aviation Administration,FAA),美国航空航天局、美国国防部、美国国土安全部、美国国家运输安全委员会等与FAA协同负责技术研发、空域管理、安全监管、事故调查等。当前美国低空航空器参照适航管理,并提出基于运行风险管理的概念,由于美国现有航空器适航规章和环保要求并不能完全适用,其前期主要采用联邦航空条例第23部“适航性标准”,以“正常类航空器+专用条件”的框架进行管理,并将低空装备认证的重点转向“航空器结构”“电动推进系统”“飞行控制系统”和“自动化技术”等领域,以确保低空装备的安全性、可靠性和适用性[11]。2025年7月,FAA正式发布了AC 21.17-4 -Type Certification—Powered-lift,用于指导低空航空器的管理。此外,2025年1月,FAA发布的针对动力起降类航空器的规章正式生效,对eVTOL飞行员培训、操作要求和安全提出要求。2026年,FAA已开展对Joby公司、Archer公司等企业产品的适航试验验证,并形成一系列专用准则或草案。未来,FAA计划继续完善低空装备的适航和运营标准,逐步制定城市低空空域管理和城市空中交通支持政策。美国低空装备管理政策见表1
欧洲低空装备的核心管理部门为欧洲航空安全局(European Union Aviation Safety Agency,EASA),地方管理则由欧盟委员会(European Commission,EC)、成员国国家航空局与EASA协同负责,管理政策体系的重点同样围绕适航管理展开。EASA采用“统一的专用条件+符合性方法”的管理框架[12],基于《正常类飞机审定规范(CS-23 修正案5)》及运行场景研究制定低空装备适航审定专用条件,于2024年发布了《小型垂直起降航空器专用条件(第2版)》(SC-VTOL-02),进一步明确了飞行记录器适航的具体要求,细化和更改了水上运行类型的浮筒和应急出口要求,并增加了电气线路互联系统(Electrical Wiring Interconnection System,EWIS)要求[13]。同时,EASA先后发布了4版SC-VTOL符合性方法文件,便于更好地规范并指导申请人表明符合性工作。此外,针对现有适航审定规章中缺乏电动/混合动力推进系统要求的问题,EASA单独发布了《电动/混合推进系统专用条件》(E-19)及符合性方法,对电推进系统开展审定。2024年5月,欧洲联盟委员会批准了EASA提交的《创新空中交通草案》,正式颁布了《关于建立具有垂直起降能力的有人驾驶飞机的操作要求》(EU 2024/1111),对有人驾驶类低空装备涉及的适航、运行、飞行员执照等现有规章进行了补充和修订,并明确定义了运行场景。欧洲低空装备管理政策见表2
中国低空装备行业管理的核心主管部门为交通运输部中国民用航空局(Civil Aviation Administration of China,CAAC),管理政策体系的重点也是围绕适航审定展开。目前主要侧重于对低空装备产品和运营商的管理。对于飞行汽车,2026年2月12日,CAAC正式发布《限用类无人驾驶航空器系统适航标准》和《动力提升航空器适航标准》2项重要咨询通告[10-11],其中《动力提升航空器适航标准》适用于飞行汽车管理,能够破除之前每个产品项目按照“一事一议”方式处理,并参考《正常类飞机适航规定》(CCAR-23)、《正常类旋翼航空器适航规定》(CCAR-27),以及EASA SC-VTOL、FAA Joby、Archer的相关条例和专用条件的低效模式。此外,CAAC也正在对动力电池和电机(包括相关的电池管理系统、电源分配系统、电机控制系统等)等设备制定单独的规范、标准或要求,并会适时发布技术标准规定(CTSO)、咨询通告(AC)或民航行业标准等,以指导相关适航审定工作的开展。对于运营商和人员,CAAC要求企业须具备符合要求的航空器、专业人员、运营资金等一系列严格条件,并按照相关法规申请筹建认可、经营许可等,非经营性使用也需履行登记等手续,确保市场主体的合规性。中国低空装备管理政策见表3
低空经济作为新兴技术产业,尚未有国家层面的战略规划,各地和行业在发展过程中缺乏统一明确的政策引导、发展目标和重点任务,导致产业投资布局呈碎片化状态,存在发展方向不统一、资源利用效率低等问题。此外,各部门尚未明确具体的管理方式或边界,企业和产品管理主要借鉴传统通航的适航认证管理方式,相关职责由中国民用航空局承担,除工业和信息化部对低空装备的生产管理进行了明确规定外,其他相关部门并未结合自身职能建立合理的管理机制。
适航管理的符合性验证方法较多,缺乏明确统一的指引。适航审定中的符合性验证包括符合性声明、设计评审、分析/计算、安全评估、实验室试验、相关产品的地面试验、飞行试验、模拟器试验、工程符合性检查和设备鉴定10种方法,企业可自由选择符合性验证方法,且部分验证方法对适航审定人员的专业能力有较高要求,增加了适航审定工作的难度。同时,飞行汽车管理的标准体系不完善,难以高效支撑适航审定工作。虽然相继发布《动力提升航空器适航标准》《运输类旋翼航空器适航规定》等相关标准,但尚未建立从关键零部件到系统部件再到整机、能够覆盖适航管理所有关键指标的标准体系。
一方面,低空装备行业参与主体多元,政策制定过程协同机制缺失。低空装备行业参与主体包括传统航空业、汽车行业和初创企业等不同类型,政策制定过程中并未充分利用有关行业力量。另一方面,低空装备行业测试需求旺盛,第三方检测认证体系尚未建立。低空装备的质量、性能、安全性等有关标准不断完善,但随着低空装备数量的快速增长,检验检测需求迅速增加,检验检测机构大多处于低空业务的开拓期,技术积累、人员专业素质尚不足以支撑大规模业务发展,难以满足多元化服务需求。
国家层面,由国家发展和改革委员会牵头推动低空经济发展,但省市层面发展低空经济的牵头部门不一,造成省际协同发展难度较大、硬件设施互联互通难、数据不流通等问题。缺乏对飞行汽车飞行状态的实时监控,通信导航设施覆盖能力不足,难以实现飞行器身份透明化、航路实时监控,飞行风险较大。此外,飞行审批涉及军方、民航和地方,协调难度较大,审批流程复杂,审批时间较长。
建立国家级低空经济发展协调机制,统筹规划和推进产业发展。统筹考虑低空经济发展特点和趋势,有效落实《中华人民共和国民用航空法》中“补充完善低空装备、空域管理”等有关内容,针对低空装备管理等关键问题制定专门的法律法规。立足低空装备管理全链条,借鉴汽车产业管理模式,考虑监管的衔接和协同效率,建立跨部门的发展协同机制,充分发挥各部门职能,形成清晰明确的管理机制,避免多头管理和管理空白。各部门结合自身管理职能,制定专门的政策规范或指导性政策文件,明确低空装备和有关企业投资、研发、生产、销售和售后全生命周期管理要求。
一是加快推进低空装备适航审定标准体系建设。制定推出《国家低空装备标准体系建设指南》,重点针对中大型无人机、eVTOL等低空装备,优先聚焦运行使用安全和分布式推进系统、自动驾驶、人机交互等薄弱环节,构建覆盖低空装备设计、生产、试验、试飞等环节的全流程、全生命周期的标准体系。二是针对运行使用风险较低且生产规模较大的低空装备类型,统一符合性验证方法和流程,并针对各验证环节针对性完善技术标准,进一步提高适航认证效率。
强化央地协同,由国家发展和改革委员会或中国民用航空局与各省级有关部门和军方建立协调机制,统筹军地、央地资源,明确管理方式和流程。推动区域试点先行与全国统筹结合,如在广东、海南等示范区探索低空飞行器“负面清单”管理模式;积极推进打通管理数据链条,形成制度闭环、监管协同、数据互通、安全优先的管理新范式。聚焦低空航空器全生命周期,建立健全基于风险的分类分级管理体系,按照飞行器类型(载人/载货)、驾驶模式(有人/无人),联合对应职能部门出台分场景系列监管细则,重点对物流无人机、载人eVTOL等不同风险等级场景实施差异化监管,高风险领域(如城市客运、载人旅游观光等)须严格适航审查,低风险领域(如农业植保)简化流程。优化空域使用管理方式。针对非管制空域简化现行飞行计划申报流程,加强低空通信导航监视,提高非管制空域的通信导航监视水平。同时,在合规框架内允许企业试点创新(如特定区域夜间配送),通过“监管沙盒”积累经验后推广,避免过度限制技术迭代。
加快数字化监管系统建设,建设全国统一的低空智联网。聚焦“低空飞行+文旅、农业、物流、交通”等行业,分类统筹建设全域监控平台,统一跨部门数据接口与通信协议,推动制造端(飞行器)、运营端(物流公司)、服务端(空管平台)协同发展,集成空域动态地图、飞行计划审批、风险预警等功能,实现全国“一张网”管理。重点集成北斗导航、5G通信、人工智能算法,实现飞行器身份识别、航路追踪与风险预警自动化,加强风险防控预警能力建设。利用一站式数字化监管平台简化审批流程,整合军方、民航和地方三方审批权限,推行电子化申报与动态地理围栏技术,缩短审批时间。
电动垂直起降技术领域不断取得突破,推动空地融合的低空飞行汽车逐步由概念落地走向实用化。飞行汽车作为适配空地一体化交通出行的新型交通工具,正推动交通模式由平面向立体转型,催生全新出行形态、提升综合通行效率,成为破解城市交通拥堵问题的重要发展方向。
现行航空与道路交通管理体系针对此类跨界融合产物的管理规范仍存在一定滞后性,具体体现在顶层设计薄弱、标准法规滞后、政策协同不足、监管平台缺位。飞行汽车管理应遵循安全第一、柔性监管、包容审慎的原则,加强顶层设计、政策协同和标准体系建设,建立数字化监管平台,才能在未来的飞行汽车管理中更加安全、高效。
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2026年第5卷第2期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260007
  • 接收时间:2026-04-03
  • 出版时间:2026-06-20
  • 发布时间:2026-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2026-04-03
  • 修回日期:2026-04-24
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    1中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司, 天津 300300

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方海峰,博士,正高级工程师。主要研究方向为新能源汽车技术政策。电子信箱:
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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