Article(id=1251475908683579987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1251475905764340193, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20250053, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766419200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-23, revisedDate=1772380800000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776304707927, onlineDateStr=2026-04-16, pubDate=1773936000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776304707927, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776304707927, creator=system, updateTime=1776304707927, updator=system, issue=Issue{id=1251475905764340193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2026', volume='5', issue='1', pageStart='4', pageEnd='147', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1776304707232, creator=system, updateTime=1776331829497, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251589664889586471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1251475905764340193, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251589664889586472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1251475905764340193, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=主动健康与智能康复专刊, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=109, endPage=120, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251475911292437113, articleId=1251475908683579987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Research Advances and Future Directions in Diagnosis and Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant clinical and biological heterogeneity. Its global prevalence has been rising annually, posing it as a critical public health challenge in China. In recent years, the integration of multimodal technologies has substantially improved the accuracy of early screening and objective diagnosis for ASD. However, clinically universal biomarkers remain lacking, and diagnosis continues to rely on behavioral phenotype assessments, leading to delayed identification in some cases. Regarding interventions, behavioral therapies remain the primary approach, though their efficacy varies considerably among individuals. Emerging technologies, such as neuromodulation, novel pharmacotherapies, and digital therapeutics, have demonstrated potential advantages but require further clinical validation. In summary, current ASD management faces multiple challenges in objective diagnosis, core symptom intervention, and personalized strategies. Future research should focus on enhancing innovation and dissemination of early screening technologies, advancing the development of precision diagnostic systems, optimizing intervention approaches and developing personalized treatments, improving the diagnostic and therapeutic service system and enhancing resource accessibility, and establishing a comprehensive life-course support system. These efforts aim to comprehensively elevate diagnostic and treatment standards and improve the social functioning and quality of life for individuals with ASD.

, correspAuthors=Hao ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology Foresight. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Junzi LONG, Xingxing LIAO, Jiarou CHEN, Xianna WANG, Jianjun LIU, Yan ZHANG, Hao ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1251475912877884093, articleId=1251475908683579987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=CN, title=孤独症谱系障碍诊断与干预研究进展及发展建议, columnId=1148708266483446458, journalTitle=前瞻科技, columnName=综述与述评, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

孤独症谱系障碍(Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD)是一种具有高度临床和生物学异质性的神经发育障碍,其全球患病率逐年攀升,已成为中国公共卫生领域的重要挑战。近年来,随着多模态技术的融合应用,ASD的早期筛查与客观诊断精度显著提高,但仍缺乏具有临床普适性的生物标志物,诊断依赖行为表型评估,导致部分病例识别延迟。在干预方面,行为干预仍是主要手段,但疗效个体差异显著;新兴技术,如神经调控、新型药物治疗、数字疗法等,展现出潜在优势,但仍需更多临床验证。综上,当前ASD诊疗在客观诊断、核心干预和个体化策略等方面仍面临诸多挑战。未来研究应加强早期筛查技术创新与推广、推进精准诊断体系建设、优化干预手段、发展个性化治疗、完善诊疗服务体系、提升资源可及性,同时构建覆盖全生命周期的支持体系,以全面提升诊疗水平,改善ASD群体的社会功能和生活质量。

, correspAuthors=张皓, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026 前瞻科技编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=+EqsAGY66gA/XNK7AuHGVw==, magXml=L1P5gpF5h+eMym1csjtLQA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=vkzQ/eDenkke23IyNn34GA==, pdfFileSize=3230818, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=gzeLQtFJblB9l9VQesQIbw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=eTCZqoqgXpZ6CqHw+S9FgQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

龙俊字,博士研究生。主要从事孤独症早期诊断与防治、神经保护机制与干预研究。发表SCI论文12篇。电子信箱:

张皓,主任医师,教授,博士研究生导师。中国康复研究中心副主任。主要从事神经系统疾病的康复研究。国务院政府特殊津贴专家。主持国家自然科学基金、中国残疾人联合会基金等多项国家级和省部级课题。发表SC论文50余篇。电子信箱:

, authorsList=龙俊字, 廖星星, 陈佳柔, 王献娜, 刘建军, 张雁, 张皓)}, authors=[Author(id=1251475914748543704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=longjunzi1006@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1251475914853401316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, authorId=1251475914748543704, language=EN, stringName=Junzi LONG, firstName=Junzi, middleName=null, lastName=LONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, National Autism Rehabilitation Research Center, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1251475914958258920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, authorId=1251475914748543704, language=CN, stringName=龙俊字, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1中国康复研究中心儿童康复科,国家孤独症康复研究中心, 北京 100068, bio={"img":"8vDFnwrh4QBwxMvnemKNLA==","content":"

龙俊字,博士研究生。主要从事孤独症早期诊断与防治、神经保护机制与干预研究。发表SCI论文12篇。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=8vDFnwrh4QBwxMvnemKNLA==, bioContent=

龙俊字,博士研究生。主要从事孤独症早期诊断与防治、神经保护机制与干预研究。发表SCI论文12篇。电子信箱:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=null), Author(id=1251475915071505138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1251475915180557049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, authorId=1251475915071505138, language=EN, stringName=Xingxing LIAO, firstName=Xingxing, middleName=null, lastName=LIAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, National Autism Rehabilitation Research Center, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1251475915289608958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, authorId=1251475915071505138, language=CN, stringName=廖星星, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国康复研究中心儿童康复科,国家孤独症康复研究中心, 北京 100068, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1251475913079210700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251475913083405005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, companyId=1251475913079210700, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, National Autism Rehabilitation Research Center, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251475913091793614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, companyId=1251475913079210700, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国康复研究中心儿童康复科,国家孤独症康复研究中心, 北京 100068)])]), Author(id=1251475915369300738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1251475915440603915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, authorId=1251475915369300738, language=EN, stringName=Jiarou CHEN, firstName=Jiarou, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, National Autism Rehabilitation Research Center, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1251475915566433039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, authorId=1251475915369300738, language=CN, stringName=陈佳柔, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国康复研究中心儿童康复科,国家孤独症康复研究中心, 北京 100068, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1251475913079210700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251475913083405005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, companyId=1251475913079210700, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, National Autism Rehabilitation Research Center, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251475913091793614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, companyId=1251475913079210700, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国康复研究中心儿童康复科,国家孤独症康复研究中心, 北京 100068)])]), Author(id=1251475915654513427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1251475915759371033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, authorId=1251475915654513427, language=EN, stringName=Xianna WANG, firstName=Xianna, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, National Autism Rehabilitation Research Center, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1251475915851645727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, authorId=1251475915654513427, language=CN, stringName=王献娜, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国康复研究中心儿童康复科,国家孤独症康复研究中心, 北京 100068, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1251475913079210700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251475913083405005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, companyId=1251475913079210700, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, National Autism Rehabilitation Research Center, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251475913091793614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, companyId=1251475913079210700, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国康复研究中心儿童康复科,国家孤独症康复研究中心, 北京 100068)])]), Author(id=1251475915973280549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1251475916078138156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, authorId=1251475915973280549, language=EN, stringName=Jianjun LIU, firstName=Jianjun, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, National Autism Rehabilitation Research Center, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1251475916149441326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, authorId=1251475915973280549, language=CN, stringName=刘建军, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国康复研究中心儿童康复科,国家孤独症康复研究中心, 北京 100068, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1251475913079210700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251475913083405005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, companyId=1251475913079210700, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, National Autism Rehabilitation Research Center, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251475913091793614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, companyId=1251475913079210700, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国康复研究中心儿童康复科,国家孤独症康复研究中心, 北京 100068)])]), Author(id=1251475916262687541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1251475916438848315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, authorId=1251475916262687541, language=EN, stringName=Yan ZHANG, firstName=Yan, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, National Autism Rehabilitation Research Center, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1251475916552094529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, authorId=1251475916262687541, language=CN, stringName=张雁, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国康复研究中心儿童康复科,国家孤独症康复研究中心, 北京 100068, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1251475913079210700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251475913083405005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, companyId=1251475913079210700, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, National Autism Rehabilitation Research Center, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251475913091793614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, companyId=1251475913079210700, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国康复研究中心儿童康复科,国家孤独症康复研究中心, 北京 100068)])]), Author(id=1251475916627592005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, orderNo=6, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=crrczh2020@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1251475916711478090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, authorId=1251475916627592005, language=EN, stringName=Hao ZHANG, firstName=Hao, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, National Autism Rehabilitation Research Center, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1251475916812141392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, authorId=1251475916627592005, language=CN, stringName=张皓, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1中国康复研究中心儿童康复科,国家孤独症康复研究中心, 北京 100068, bio={"img":"riKyTgb+9asIFbq74B9+rw==","content":"

张皓,主任医师,教授,博士研究生导师。中国康复研究中心副主任。主要从事神经系统疾病的康复研究。国务院政府特殊津贴专家。主持国家自然科学基金、中国残疾人联合会基金等多项国家级和省部级课题。发表SC论文50余篇。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=riKyTgb+9asIFbq74B9+rw==, bioContent=

张皓,主任医师,教授,博士研究生导师。中国康复研究中心副主任。主要从事神经系统疾病的康复研究。国务院政府特殊津贴专家。主持国家自然科学基金、中国残疾人联合会基金等多项国家级和省部级课题。发表SC论文50余篇。电子信箱:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=null)], keywords=[Keyword(id=1251475916946359125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=autism spectrum disorder), Keyword(id=1251475917038633819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=screening), Keyword(id=1251475917126714209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=diagnosis), Keyword(id=1251475917239960421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=intervention), Keyword(id=1251475917369983846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=孤独症谱系障碍), Keyword(id=1251475917483230063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=筛查), Keyword(id=1251475917567116146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=诊断), Keyword(id=1251475919173534580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=干预)], refs=[Reference(id=1251475920079504275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Autism Spectrum Collaborators. The global epidemiology and health burden of the autism spectrum: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021[J]. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2025, 12(2): 111-121., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475920163390357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jiang X H, Chen X R, Su J Y, et al. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in mainland China over the past 6 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. BMC Psychiatry, 2024, 24(1): 404., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475920264053656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao Y N, Lu F, Wang X Y, et al. The economic burden of autism spectrum disorder with and without intellectual disability in China: A nationwide cost-of-illness study[J]. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 2024, 92: 103877., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475920394077086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wieckowski A T, Williams L N, Rando J, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of the modified checklist for autism in toddlers (original and revised): A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. JAMA Pediatrics, 2023, 177(4): 373-383., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475920503128991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jones W, Klaiman C, Richardson S, et al. Eye-tracking-based measurement of social visual engagement compared with expert clinical diagnosis of autism[J]. JAMA, 2023, 330(9): 854-865., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475920654123940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rajagopalan S S, Zhang Y L, Yahia A, et al. Machine learning prediction of autism spectrum disorder from a minimal set of medical and background information[J]. JAMA Network Open, 2024, 7(8): e2429229., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475920775758759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lai M, Lee J, Chiu S, et al. A machine learning approach for retinal images analysis as an objective screening method for children with autism spectrum disorder[J]. EClinicalMedicine, 2020, 28: 100588., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475920935142314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yin S J, Li Z J, Guan L Y, et al. Machine learning-based early prediction model for autism spectrum disorder in infants using acoustic feature[J]. Autism Research, 2026, doi: 10.1002/aur.70179., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475921023222701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Y J, Chien W T, Chan J Y, et al. Optical genome mapping reveals novel structural variations in an autism spectrum disorder cohort[J]. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 2025, 27: 2233-2242., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475921128080304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Litman A, Sauerwald N, Green Snyder L, et al. Decomposition of phenotypic heterogeneity in autism reveals underlying genetic programs[J]. Nature Genetics, 2025, 57(7): 1611-1619., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475921220354996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang J C, Yu J H, Wang M D, et al. Discovery and validation of novel genes in a large Chinese autism spectrum disorder cohort[J]. Biological Psychiatry, 2023, 94(10): 792-803., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475921346184117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Balasubramanian R, Saha D, Arun A, et al. Hypometabolism in autism spectrum disorder: Insights from brain and blood transcriptomics[J]. Molecular Neurobiology, 2025, 62(8): 10765-10778., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475921455236026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Binan L, Jiang A P, Danquah S A, et al. Simultaneous CRISPR screening and spatial transcriptomics reveal intracellular, intercellular, and functional transcriptional circuits[J]. Cell, 2025, 188(8): 2141-2158., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475921564287934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Osama A, Anwar A M, Ezzeldin S, et al. Integrative multi-omics analysis of autism spectrum disorder reveals unique microbial macromolecules interactions[J]. Journal of Advanced Research, 2025, 77: 265-279., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475921690117058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Q, Lai H, Le J, et al. Identifying brain functional subtypes and corresponding task performance profiles in autism spectrum disorder[J]. Molecular Psychiatry, 2025, 30(11): 5034-5044., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475921828529093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=He C C, Cortes J M, Ding Y, et al. Combining functional, structural, and morphological networks for multimodal classification of developing autistic brains[J]. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2025, 19(5): 978-990., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475921929192394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gao X Y, Xu Y C. Vision transformer and complex network analysis for autism spectrum disorder classification in T1 structural MRI[J]. Japanese Journal of Radiology, 2025, 43(11): 1788-1802., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475923523027918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Du Y, Chen L, Yan M C, et al. Neurometabolite levels in the brains of patients with autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies (N = 1501)[J]. Molecular Psychiatry, 2023, 28(7): 3092-3103., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475923644662736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kato Y, Yokokura M, Iwabuchi T, et al. Lower availability of mitochondrial complex I in anterior cingulate cortex in autism: A positron emission tomography study[J]. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 2023, 180(4): 277-284., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475923829212118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang X, Noah J A, Singh R, et al. Support vector machine prediction of individual Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) scores based on neural responses during live eye-to-eye contact[J]. Scientific Reports, 2024, 14: 3232., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475923959235543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wan L, Li Y H, Zhu G, et al. Multimodal investigation of dynamic brain network alterations in autism spectrum disorder: Linking connectivity dynamics to symptoms and developmental trajectories[J]. NeuroImage, 2024, 302: 120895., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475924114424795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kim J H, Hong J, Choi H, et al. Development of deep ensembles to screen for autism and symptom severity using retinal photographs[J]. JAMA Network Open, 2023, 6(12): e2347692., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475924198310880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhan Y F, Wei J Z, Liang J, et al. Diagnostic classification for human autism and obsessive-compulsive disorder based on machine learning from a primate genetic model[J]. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 2021, 178(1): 65-76., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475924336722916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Stanley J, Rabot E, Reddy S, et al. Large language models deconstruct the clinical intuition behind diagnosing autism[J]. Cell, 2025, 188(8): 2235-2248., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475924408026087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rajkumar S C, Cirillo S, Yuvasini D, et al. A hybrid approach combining images and questionnaires for early detection and severity assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorder[J]. Image and Vision Computing, 2025, 160: 105547., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475924517077997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Eni M, Zigel Y, Ilan M, et al. Reliably quantifying the severity of social symptoms in children with autism using ASDSpeech[J]. Translational Psychiatry, 2025, 15: 14., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475924596769776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bao B K, Zahiri J, Gazestani V H, et al. A predictive ensemble classifier for the gene expression diagnosis of ASD at ages 1 to 4 years[J]. Molecular Psychiatry, 2023, 28(2): 822-833., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475924680655859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kohli M, Juneja M, Gupta M, et al. Precision applied behavior analysis intervention for autism spectrum disorder using natural language processing and graph centrality[J]. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 2025, 110: 108034., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475924760347638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zurita Díaz A J, Calleja Reina M. The impact of EC+ as a multimodal support in intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder: A technological alternative[J]. Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology, 2025, 20(8): 3027-3043., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475924852622330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang Y Y, Wang H A, Xu H P, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of a mixed early start Denver model for toddlers and preschoolers with autism[J]. Autism Research, 2023, 16(8): 1640-1649., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475924957479932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=de Korte M W P, van Dongen-Boomsma M, Oosterling I J, et al. Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) parent group training for young children with autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study[J]. Scientific Reports, 2022, 12: 7691., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475925058143233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kim H W, Kim J H, Chung U S, et al. AST-001 versus placebo for social communication in children with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized clinical trial[J]. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2025, 79(1): 21-28., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475925230108676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yamasue H, Kojima M, Kuwabara H, et al. Effect of a novel nasal oxytocin spray with enhanced bioavailability on autism: A randomized trial[J]. Brain, 2022, 145(2): 490-499., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475925313994758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bolognani F, Del Valle Rubido M, Squassante L, et al. A phase 2 clinical trial of a vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist shows improved adaptive behaviors in men with autism spectrum disorder[J]. Science Translational Medicine, 2019, 11(491): eaat7838., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475925397880840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hill Z, McCarty P J, Boles R G, et al. A mitochondrial supplement improves function and mitochondrial activity in autism: A double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2025, 26(6): 2479., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475925519515660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ni H C, Chen Y L, Hsieh M Y, et al. Improving social cognition following theta burst stimulation over the right inferior frontal gyrus in autism spectrum: An 8-week double-blind sham-controlled trial[J]. Psychological Medicine, 2024, 54(12): 3261-3272., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475925620178961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xiao J M, Ming Y T, Li L, et al. Personalized theta burst stimulation enhances social skills in young minimally verbal children with autism: A double-blind randomized controlled trial[J]. Biological Psychiatry, 2025, 97(12): 1139-1149., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475925729230869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Y L, Li Z J, Ye Y P, et al. HD-tDCS effects on social impairment in autism spectrum disorder with sensory processing abnormalities: A randomized controlled trial[J]. Scientific Reports, 2025, 15: 9772., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475925871837209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ratsapbhayakul T, Keeratitanont K, Chonprai C, et al. Anodal transcranial direct-current stimulation and non-verbal intelligence in autism spectrum disorder: A randomized controlled trial[J]. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 2024, 66(9): 1244-1254., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475925964111899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Z H, Zhong S, Ho R C M, et al. Transcranial pulsed current stimulation and social functioning in children with autism: A randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA Network Open, 2025, 8(4): e255776., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475926056386589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Graat I, Balke S, Prinssen J, et al. Effectiveness and safety of deep brain stimulation for patients with refractory obsessive compulsive disorder and comorbid autism spectrum disorder; A case series[J]. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2022, 299: 492-497., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475926148661282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lin C H, Zeng T, Lu C W, et al. Efficacy and safety of Bacteroides fragilis BF839 for pediatric autism spectrum disorder: A randomized clinical trial[J]. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2024, 11: 1447059., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475926219964455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dossaji Z, Khattak A, Tun K M, et al. Efficacy of fecal microbiota transplant on behavioral and gastrointestinal symptoms in pediatric autism: A systematic review[J]. Microorganisms, 2023, 11(3): 806., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475926337404970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Matthews J S, Adams J B. Ratings of the effectiveness of 13 therapeutic diets for autism spectrum disorder: Results of a national survey[J]. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 2023, 13(10): 1448., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475926438068269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Villarreal-Martínez L, González-Martínez G, Sáenz-Flores M, et al. Stem cell therapy in the treatment of patients with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, 2022, 18(1): 155-164., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475928006737968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang X P, Wu J L, Ma Y D, et al. Effectiveness of virtual reality technology interventions in improving the social skills of children and adolescents with autism: Systematic review[J]. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 2025, 27: e60845., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475928136761396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dubois-Sage M, Jacquet B, Jamet F, et al. People with autism spectrum disorder could interact more easily with a robot than with a human: Reasons and limits[J]. Behavioral Sciences, 2024, 14(2): 131., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251475928233230389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Micai M, Caruso A, Gila L, et al. Effectiveness, implementation settings, and research priorities of telemedicine-delivered interventions for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review[J]. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2024, 166: 105875., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1251475919953675149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, awardId=CDPF2023KF00001, language=CN, fundingSource=中国残疾人联合会基金(CDPF2023KF00001), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1251475913079210700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251475913083405005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, companyId=1251475913079210700, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, National Autism Rehabilitation Research Center, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251475913091793614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, companyId=1251475913079210700, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国康复研究中心儿童康复科,国家孤独症康复研究中心, 北京 100068)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1251475919307752313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, language=EN, label=fig.1, caption=Therapeutic interventions for ASD, figureFileSmall=+/L6s2gXjJF9ry/KY7SC3Q==, figureFileBig=gzeLQtFJblB9l9VQesQIbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251475919718794116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1251475908683579987, language=CN, label=图1, caption=ASD干预技术, figureFileSmall=+/L6s2gXjJF9ry/KY7SC3Q==, figureFileBig=gzeLQtFJblB9l9VQesQIbw==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1129340393107079197, delFlag=0, nameCn=前瞻科技, nameEn=Science and Technology Foresight, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=2097-0781, eissn=, cn=10-1786/N, coden=null, periodic=2, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=ti95jJIJzXaf02YNe1UF2A==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Sci Technol Fore, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=null, updatedTime=1757931223825, createdBy=null, updatedBy=15831073675, firstLetterCn=S, firstLetterEn=S, subjectCode=Natural Sciences, subjectName=自然科学, subjectCodeEn=Natural Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=ti95jJIJzXaf02YNe1UF2A==, picEn=cuGsq8KPhoqtfsQROuZvoQ==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1174411930946125939, language=CN, name=前瞻科技, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.qianzhankeji.cn/CN/2097-0781/home.shtml, createdTime=1757931223856, updatedTime=1757931223856, createdBy=15831073675, updatedBy=15831073675, submissionGuidelinesUrl=http://www.qianzhankeji.cn/CN/column/column7.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://qzkjauthor.cast.org.cn/webm/, submissionEditorUrl=https://qzkjeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, submissionReviewUrl=https://qzkjauthor.cast.org.cn/webm/, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://qzkjeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://qzkjeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1174411931076149364, language=EN, name=Science and Technology Foresight, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.qianzhankeji.cn/EN/2097-0781/home.shtml, createdTime=1757931223887, updatedTime=1757931223887, createdBy=15831073675, updatedBy=15831073675, submissionGuidelinesUrl=http://www.qianzhankeji.cn/EN/column/column7.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://qzkjauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://qzkjeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionReviewUrl=https://qzkjauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://qzkjeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://qzkjeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1146032081894723586, websiteList=[Website(id=1148243202353652128, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146032081894723586, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qzkj/CN, language=CN, createTime=1751692112768, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753516254852, updateBy=18614031015, name=《前瞻科技》中文站点, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=前瞻科技, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1148618977242275853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202353652128, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1751781704483, updateTime=1751781704483, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618977217110026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202353652128, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1751781704477, updateTime=1751781704477, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618977204527113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202353652128, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=skpCN5mVIzgEJbdUXu8/8A==, createTime=1751781704474, updateTime=1751781704474, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618977233887244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202353652128, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1751781704481, updateTime=1751781704481, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618977225498635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202353652128, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1751781704479, updateTime=1751781704479, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1155894377965830154, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146032081894723586, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qzkj/EN, language=EN, createTime=1753516295187, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753516295187, updateBy=18614031015, name=《前瞻科技》英文站点, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Science and Technology Foresight, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1155894740970233959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155894377965830154, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1753516381733, updateTime=1753516381733, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155894740953456740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155894377965830154, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1753516381729, updateTime=1753516381729, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155894740945068131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155894377965830154, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=skpCN5mVIzgEJbdUXu8/8A==, createTime=1753516381727, updateTime=1753516381727, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155894740966039654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155894377965830154, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1753516381732, updateTime=1753516381732, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155894740961845349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155894377965830154, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1753516381731, updateTime=1753516381731, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=前瞻科技, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=null, iacademicId=null, status=0, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Science and Technology Foresight, journalPhotoCn=ti95jJIJzXaf02YNe1UF2A==, journalPhotoEn=cuGsq8KPhoqtfsQROuZvoQ==, journalFirstLetter=S, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qzkj/CN/10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20250053, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qzkj/EN/10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20250053, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qzkj/CN/PDF/10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20250053, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qzkj/EN/PDF/10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20250053, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
孤独症谱系障碍诊断与干预研究进展及发展建议
收藏切换
PDF下载
龙俊字 , 廖星星 1 , 陈佳柔 1 , 王献娜 1 , 刘建军 1 , 张雁 1 , 张皓
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2026,5(1): 109-120
收起
收藏切换
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2026, 5(1): 109-120
孤独症谱系障碍诊断与干预研究进展及发展建议
全屏
龙俊字 , 廖星星1, 陈佳柔1, 王献娜1, 刘建军1, 张雁1, 张皓
作者信息
  • 1中国康复研究中心儿童康复科,国家孤独症康复研究中心, 北京 100068
  • 龙俊字,博士研究生。主要从事孤独症早期诊断与防治、神经保护机制与干预研究。发表SCI论文12篇。电子信箱:

    张皓,主任医师,教授,博士研究生导师。中国康复研究中心副主任。主要从事神经系统疾病的康复研究。国务院政府特殊津贴专家。主持国家自然科学基金、中国残疾人联合会基金等多项国家级和省部级课题。发表SC论文50余篇。电子信箱:

通信作者:

Research Advances and Future Directions in Diagnosis and Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Junzi LONG , Xingxing LIAO1, Jiarou CHEN1, Xianna WANG1, Jianjun LIU1, Yan ZHANG1, Hao ZHANG
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, National Autism Rehabilitation Research Center, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
出版时间: 2026-03-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20250053
文章导航
收藏切换

孤独症谱系障碍(Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD)是一种具有高度临床和生物学异质性的神经发育障碍,其全球患病率逐年攀升,已成为中国公共卫生领域的重要挑战。近年来,随着多模态技术的融合应用,ASD的早期筛查与客观诊断精度显著提高,但仍缺乏具有临床普适性的生物标志物,诊断依赖行为表型评估,导致部分病例识别延迟。在干预方面,行为干预仍是主要手段,但疗效个体差异显著;新兴技术,如神经调控、新型药物治疗、数字疗法等,展现出潜在优势,但仍需更多临床验证。综上,当前ASD诊疗在客观诊断、核心干预和个体化策略等方面仍面临诸多挑战。未来研究应加强早期筛查技术创新与推广、推进精准诊断体系建设、优化干预手段、发展个性化治疗、完善诊疗服务体系、提升资源可及性,同时构建覆盖全生命周期的支持体系,以全面提升诊疗水平,改善ASD群体的社会功能和生活质量。

孤独症谱系障碍  /  筛查  /  诊断  /  干预

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant clinical and biological heterogeneity. Its global prevalence has been rising annually, posing it as a critical public health challenge in China. In recent years, the integration of multimodal technologies has substantially improved the accuracy of early screening and objective diagnosis for ASD. However, clinically universal biomarkers remain lacking, and diagnosis continues to rely on behavioral phenotype assessments, leading to delayed identification in some cases. Regarding interventions, behavioral therapies remain the primary approach, though their efficacy varies considerably among individuals. Emerging technologies, such as neuromodulation, novel pharmacotherapies, and digital therapeutics, have demonstrated potential advantages but require further clinical validation. In summary, current ASD management faces multiple challenges in objective diagnosis, core symptom intervention, and personalized strategies. Future research should focus on enhancing innovation and dissemination of early screening technologies, advancing the development of precision diagnostic systems, optimizing intervention approaches and developing personalized treatments, improving the diagnostic and therapeutic service system and enhancing resource accessibility, and establishing a comprehensive life-course support system. These efforts aim to comprehensively elevate diagnostic and treatment standards and improve the social functioning and quality of life for individuals with ASD.

autism spectrum disorder  /  screening  /  diagnosis  /  intervention
龙俊字, 廖星星, 陈佳柔, 王献娜, 刘建军, 张雁, 张皓. 孤独症谱系障碍诊断与干预研究进展及发展建议. 前瞻科技, 2026 , 5 (1) : 109 -120 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20250053
Junzi LONG, Xingxing LIAO, Jiarou CHEN, Xianna WANG, Jianjun LIU, Yan ZHANG, Hao ZHANG. Research Advances and Future Directions in Diagnosis and Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2026 , 5 (1) : 109 -120 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20250053
孤独症谱系障碍(Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD)是一种神经发育性障碍,其主要特征包括社会交往障碍、语言沟通障碍和重复刻板行为,同时可能伴有认知、运动、注意力和情绪调节等方面的功能障碍。2021年,全球疾病负担研究数据库数据显示,当年全球ASD确诊患者总数达6 180万例,患病率为0.79%[1]。2017—2023年,中国ASD的总体患病率为0.7%,该数值虽低于全球平均水平,但相比2017年之前流行病学调查结果(0.265%),呈现显著的上升趋势[2]。基于第七次全国人口普查数据测算,中国现存ASD患者已超过1 000万例。由于ASD患者需要终身性的专业康复支持和医疗照护,按2020年价格水平计算,每位ASD患者一生的直接医疗成本和间接社会成本可高达265万美元[3]。ASD的发展现状,不仅对中国医疗卫生服务体系形成严峻考验,也已成为公共卫生领域亟待解决的重要议题。在此背景下,系统梳理ASD诊断与治疗领域的研究进展,分析当前瓶颈问题,研判未来发展方向,对于推动中国ASD诊疗水平提升,实现“主动健康”战略在神经发育障碍领域的落地具有重要意义。文章从早期筛查、诊断技术、治疗干预、面临挑战和发展建议5个维度开展深入探讨,以期为科研规划、临床实践和政策制定提供科学参考。
ASD早期筛查作为诊断流程的关键前置环节,依据筛查目标和实施场景的不同,可系统划分为一级筛查(普遍性筛查)和二级筛查(精准性筛查)。一级筛查主要面向社区婴幼儿健康监测体系,采用快速简便的量表工具实现大规模人群的初步风险识别。改良婴幼儿孤独症量表(Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, M-CHAT)及其后续修订版是目前国内外ASD一级筛查中最常用的工具之一,其优势在于操作简便,易于基层推广,筛查准确性相对较高(灵敏度83%、特异度94%),但仅适用于16~30月龄,对极早期筛查灵敏度不足。此外,由于文化适应性不足,M-CHAT直接翻译后假阳性率升高[4]。二级筛查则针对初筛阳性个体及高危人群,为后续诊断评估提供精准的转诊依据。以2岁儿童孤独症筛查量表为例,该工具通过20 min结构化游戏观察评估儿童社交沟通能力,虽然较问卷式筛查具有更高的准确性,但其应用需经专业培训人员操作,评估耗时较长,因此基层医疗机构配备率较低,应用具有一定限制。孤独症行为量表(Autism Behavior Checklist, ABC)适用于多个年龄段,具备良好的特异度和阳性预测价值,是当前中国应用较为广泛且普及的二级筛查量表之一,但其灵敏度偏低,易出现漏诊情况。综上所述,中国ASD分级筛查体系尽管存在不足,但目前仍是国际指南推荐的标准路径,其价值在于通过“宽筛−精筛”的递进模式,在公共卫生资源有限的前提下实现筛查效率与准确性的平衡。
近年来,人工智能领域研究的突破为ASD早期筛查带来了革命性进展。在技术应用方面,基于计算机视觉的行为分析系统和眼动追踪设备已实现临床转化,如美国食品药品监督管理局批准的EarliPoint™系统通过量化16~30月龄幼儿的社交视觉关注模式,展现出良好的筛查效能(灵敏度71.0%、特异度80.7%)[5]。在算法模型开发方面,基于大规模队列研究的预测模型取得了显著突破。以SPARK数据库(n=30 660)为基础构建的XGBoost模型(AutMedAI)表现出优异的预测性能,曲线下面积(Area Under the Curve, AUC)为0.895,灵敏度为0.805,特异度为0.829。其中,发育里程碑和饮食行为被证实为最具预测价值的特征指标,且该模型在独立验证队列中仍保持较高预测性能(AUC=0.790)[6]。中国科学院杭州医学研究所牵头研发的全球首个人工智能系统“StellarCare AI”展现了ASD多模态筛查技术的创新突破,该系统借助人工智能的强大算力和算法优势,通过整合眼动追踪、行为量表、基因检测和脑电波分析等多维度数据,构建了较为全面的筛查模型,已在福建等地开展试点应用。香港中文大学徐仲鍈教授团队[7]开创性地将机器学习算法与视网膜图像分析技术相结合应用于ASD筛查,在包含46例ASD儿童和24例正常对照儿童的研究中,该技术展现出优异的筛查性能,灵敏度达95.7%,特异度为91.3%,AUC为0.974。此外,南京医科大学柯晓燕教授团队[8]基于88名9~18月龄婴儿的前瞻性队列研究,从特定范式采集的发声数据中提取声学特征,并构建支持向量机预测模型,结果显示该模型识别ASD的灵敏度为92.86%、特异度为93.33%,这表明声学特征可作为ASD早期筛查的非侵入性生物标志物。
自1943年Kanner首次描述“早期婴儿孤独症”以来,ASD的概念经历了数次重大演变。2013年,发布的《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第五版)》(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, DSM-5)将原先分开的孤独症、阿斯伯格综合征、儿童期瓦解性障碍和未特定的广泛性发育障碍合并为“孤独症谱系障碍”这一统一的诊断类别,反映了科学界对这类疾病连续谱系本质的认识深化。行为学诊断是ASD诊断的基石,当前ASD临床诊断体系主要基于DSM-5或《国际疾病分类第十一次修订本》标准,依赖两类核心行为表现(社会沟通和社会互动缺陷),以及局限、重复的行为、兴趣或活动模式。孤独症诊断观察量表第2版(Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2, ADOS-2)和孤独症诊断访谈修订版作为国际公认的“金标准”诊断工具,分别通过专业行为观察和结构化家长访谈进行评估,均具有高灵敏度和高特异度的诊断效能,但存在不同评估者间的一致性有限、对低功能或年幼儿童实施困难等局限性。此外,ASD诊断面临的核心科学难题还在于其高度异质性,使得传统“一刀切”的诊断框架既难以准确识别个体特征,也无法为精准化干预提供可靠依据。近年来,随着遗传学与多组学技术、神经影像学技术和人工智能技术的进步,ASD诊断研究正朝着客观化、定量化和精准化的方向快速发展。
目前已知ASD可由遗传因素致病,包括单基因突变、拷贝数变异和染色体结构异常等。近10年来,通过全基因组关联分析、拷贝数变异检测及高通量测序等技术的综合应用,已鉴定出大量ASD致病基因,如SHANK3、NLGN4XCNTNAP2等,涉及突触功能、神经发育和信号转导通路,显著推动了ASD的遗传学诊断发展。2025年,香港中文大学的多学科研究团队采用创新的光学基因组图谱技术,在26名ASD个体中发现了1 593个新型结构变异,其中114个在非亲缘个体中重复出现,并首次证实了MAU2和ZFHX3等基因变异具有性别特异性分布特征[9]。由美国普林斯顿大学牵头的国际研究团队通过分析5 392名ASD儿童的遗传学和行为数据,系统解析了ASD表型异质性的遗传基础,首次鉴定出4种具有显著分子差异的亚型:社交主导型(SHANK3等突触基因突变)、混合发育迟缓型(DYRK1A等转录调控基因异常)、中度症状型(多基因微效变异累积)和广泛受损型(PTEN等早期发育基因缺陷)[10]。2023年,一项针对中国ASD核心家系全外显子组测序研究,首次发现9个未在欧美ASD研究中报道的新候选基因(如SLC35G1),填补了东亚人群ASD遗传数据的空白,为开发适用于中国人群的精准诊断技术提供了分子基础[11]
此外,转录组学、代谢组学和蛋白质组学等技术同样为ASD提供了辅助诊断生物标志物。基于外周血单核细胞的转录组分析发现,ASD个体存在糖酵解、三羧酸循环和氧化磷酸化通路的显著下调,呈现“低代谢”特征。其中,星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞的代谢重编程尤为明显。代谢组学研究进一步鉴定出丙氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸代谢及肌醇磷酸代谢等通路的活性评分具有较高的诊断价值(AUC>0.8)[12]。在分子机制层面,Binan等[13]利用空间转录组学研究结合原位扩增引导RNA技术,在单细胞分辨率下揭示了ASD风险基因(如CHD8、SHANK3)对钙信号和突触可塑性的影响,为理解ASD的神经发育异常及转录组学辅助诊断提供了新视角。Osama等[14]利用多组学方法鉴定出ASD儿童肠道菌群特异性表达的细菌元蛋白,包括木糖异构酶和NADH过氧化物酶等,可能通过影响神经递质水平参与ASD发病。宿主蛋白质组分析还显示,激肽释放酶和转甲状腺素蛋白等蛋白异常与ASD神经炎症和免疫调节密切相关,有助用于ASD的早期识别。这些发现不仅深化了对ASD病理机制的理解,也为开发多组学整合诊断模型奠定了基础。通过整合遗传、转录、蛋白质和代谢等多组学数据,研究人员不仅能更准确识别ASD风险,还能预测疾病进展,为真正实现ASD精准诊断奠定基础。
结构磁共振成像(sMRI)、功能磁共振成像(fMRI)和弥散张量成像(DTI)等磁共振成像(MRI)影像技术使研究者能够从脑结构、功能连接和白质完整性等多维度解析ASD的神经生物学基础。近年来,随着多模态MRI影像数据分析及与人工智能算法深度融合技术的快速发展,ASD神经影像辅助诊断的准确性和早期预测能力得到显著提升。例如,电子科技大学neuSCAN团队通过对479例ASD个体的多模态功能连接分析,首次鉴定出两种具有镜像对称脑网络异常模式的ASD神经亚型;此外,通过整合静态/动态功能连接强度和动态功能连接变异,该研究发现97.5%的ASD个体至少存在1个脑区的功能连接异常,显著优于仅用静态功能连接的诊断效能(57%)[15]。一项融合sMRI、fMRI和DTI数据的研究发现,ASD个体的颞叶皮层厚度和表面积出现了特异性变化。这些结构异常与功能连接的组合特征,使得区分ASD个体与典型发育儿童的分类准确率达到82.69%[16]。Gao和Xu[17]将视觉Transformer与复杂网络分析相结合,建立了基于常规T1结构磁共振影像的ASD智能诊断新范式,分类准确率达95.1%,AUC=0.98。此外,磁共振波谱(MRS)与正电子发射断层扫描(PET)在辅助ASD诊断的研究中也逐渐得到应用。基于MRS的荟萃分析表明,相比健康对照群体,ASD个体脑灰质中的N-乙酰天冬氨酸化合物和含胆碱化合物水平偏低,脑白质中的N-乙酰天冬氨酸化合物、谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺水平偏低,显示出特定大脑区域的神经代谢物变化与ASD密切相关,可作为辅助诊断孤独症谱系障碍的潜在生物标志物[18]。2023年的一项PET研究发现,ASD个体前扣带回皮层的线粒体复合物I可用性显著降低,与社交障碍和重复行为严重程度负相关,首次证明线粒体复合物IPET成像可作为ASD的潜在生物标志物,尤其适用于代谢异常亚型的识别[19]
功能近红外光谱(fNIRS)是一种通过测量大脑皮层血流动力学变化来研究神经活动的光学成像技术,具有便携性好、抗运动干扰和允许自然交互等独特优势,适合婴幼儿ASD筛查和社交行为研究。近年来,随着硬件改进和算法创新,fNIRS在ASD诊断领域取得了系列重要进展。最新研究发现,ASD个体在社交互动中涉及前额叶−颞叶网络的功能连接异常,该特征与ADOS评分中的社交障碍和刻板行为子量表显著相关。支持向量机模型基于fNIRS记录的神经信号,能够以较高的准确率(85%~90%)预测个体的ADOS总分[20]。Wan等[21]同步采用脑电图和fNIRS技术发现,ASD儿童在β和γ波段呈现异常动态功能连接状态,同时表现出右颞上区−左Broca区功能协方差抑制和右背外侧前额叶−左Broca区功能协方差增强的神经血管特征。这些早期神经血管特征能够预测ASD适应性功能的发育轨迹,展现了多模态神经影像技术在ASD精准诊断中的重要价值。除fNIRS之外,一系列新兴神经影像研究在ASD辅助诊断领域亦实现了显著突破。例如,韩国延世大学团队利用深度学习分析ASD个体视网膜图像,在958名参与者中实现了对ASD的精准筛查(AUC=1.00),且能评估ASD症状严重程度[22],该技术具有操作简便、成本低廉的优势,有望用于基层医疗机构的早期筛查。在跨物种神经影像学研究方面,中国学者Zhan等[23]基于MECP2转基因猕猴模型的静息态fMRI研究,成功鉴定出前额叶−颞叶9个核心脑区的功能连接异常特征,通过跨物种映射构建的影像学生物标志物在人类多中心数据集中实现82.14%的ASD诊断准确率,实现了跨物种脑功能建模在ASD诊断中的突破。视网膜图像分析与跨物种影像建模等新兴神经影像技术路径,为突破传统fMRI和fNIRS研究的局限提供了新思路。
除神经影像学方法外,人工智能技术在分析ASD行为特征方面也展现出强大潜力。ASD的行为表现涵盖运动协调、面部表情、眼动模式和语音特征等多个维度,传统评估方法往往只能捕捉这些特征的片段且带有主观性。通过整合计算机视觉、语音识别和自然语言处理等人工智能技术,能够客观量化ASD相关行为标记,提高诊断的准确性和效率。依据大型语言模型对4 000份临床报告开展的分析表明,重复性行为特征(如拍手、特殊兴趣等)在ASD的鉴别方面,相比社交缺陷更具鉴别价值,诊断准确率达79.4%[24]。Rajkumar等[25]开发的多模态融合诊断系统整合了眼动追踪图像分析与标准化行为量表数据,其综合诊断准确率达93%,较单一模态诊断的准确率(80%)有显著提升。Eni等[26]运用一种全新的开源人工智能算法ASDSpeech,以197名ASD儿童的99 193个语音片段为基础,同时结合ADOS-2评估数据展开分析,结果表明,该算法能够精准估算儿童的社交沟通症状(ADOS-2社交情感评分),其预测结果与实际评估分数呈现出高度相关性。除行为表现相关数据外,机器学习算法还能够整合基因数据,提高诊断准确性。研究通过分析240名1~4岁ASD幼儿的白细胞RNA数据,开发出基于3 570个基因特征的集成分类器模型,实现了85%~89%的ASD诊断准确率,显著优于传统风险基因突变检测方法(准确率49%),且具有跨年龄、种族的适用性[27]。综上所述,人工智能技术在ASD行为特征分析和早期诊断领域展现出革命性突破,通过整合多模态数据(包括语音特征、眼动模式、面部表情和基因表达等),显著提高了诊断准确率,为ASD的客观化、精准化和早期化诊断开辟了新途径。
随着对ASD神经生物学机制认识的深入和治疗技术的快速发展,ASD干预正经历从传统行为干预向多模态精准治疗的范式转变。近年来,ASD新兴治疗技术与方法涵盖行为干预创新、新型药物开发、神经调控技术、肠道菌群调节、细胞治疗和数字疗法等关键领域,发展为整合神经科学、发育生物学与人工智能的跨学科体系,为改善社会功能和生活质量开辟了新途径(图1)。
行为干预是ASD治疗的核心手段,涵盖应用行为分析(ABA)、辅助沟通系统( AAC)、丹佛早期干预模式(ESDM)和关键反应训练(PRT)等多种训练模式。近年来,该领域最显著的进展在于其与人工智能算法的深度融合和干预方式的创新性拓展。例如,Kohli等[28]基于自然语言处理和图中心性分析的新型ABA系统,构建了ASD个体相似性和治疗目标关联性的双重网络模型,并通过计算度中心性和接近中心性,量化不同治疗目标的优先级,使推荐方案与临床实际决策的一致性达82%。这种数据驱动的方法有助于解决ASD异质性带来的治疗选择困难,在资源有限地区可提高ABA干预的性价比和可及性。马拉加大学开发的增强沟通(EC+)系统作为一种创新的AAC工具,在为期16周的干预过程中,有效提升了ASD儿童的沟通能力和社交互动,并显著减少了破坏性行为[29]。2023年的一项大样本随机对照试验显示,由治疗师和主要照顾者共同实施的混合ESDM,在提升ASD幼儿的粗大运动能力、个人社交技能,以及改善轻中度儿童的语言能力方面,显著优于传统的离散试验教学法,且对重度ASD幼儿的核心症状缓解效果更为显著[30]。2022年的一项研究表明,针对2~6岁ASD儿童实施的PRT家长小组培训模式,通过14周家长集体培训结合个体亲子互动及教师参与的多元环境干预,能显著提升儿童的自发社交发起行为,支持了整合家庭、学校和社区的多系统干预模式对ASD的可行性[31]
在药物治疗方面,美国食品药品监督管理局仅批准了利培酮和阿立哌唑用于治疗ASD相关的易怒等非核心症状。近年来,随着对ASD神经生物学机制认识的深入,针对其核心症状的新型药物开发取得了突破性进展。这些药物通过调节特定的神经递质系统、突触可塑性等途径,直接干预ASD的病理生理过程,为改善核心症状提供了新的可能性。最新二期临床试验显示,高剂量AST-001糖浆(L-丝氨酸异构体)可显著改善2~11岁ASD儿童的适应行为综合评分和临床整体印象评分,并在沟通和运动技能方面表现出优势,同时降低父母压力评分[32]。日本一项多中心临床试验评估了新型高生物利用度催产素鼻喷雾剂对103例高功能ASD成年男性的疗效。结果显示,6 IU/d剂量组在方案集分析中显著改善ADOS-RSI评分,呈现出倒U形剂量反应曲线,表明催产素制剂可能改善ASD核心症状[33]。血管加压素受体拮抗剂balovaptan获得了美国食品药品监督管理局“突破性疗法”认定,在一项针对成人ASD受试者的12周临床2期研究中,Balovaptan显著改善了vineland-II适应性行为量表的评分[34]。此外,个性化用药也是ASD药物治疗的未来方向之一。一项针对16名伴有线粒体酶异常的ASD儿童的随机双盲交叉试验表明,12周的线粒体靶向膳食补充剂干预显著改善了神经发育、社交退缩和多动症状的标准化父母评分,为ASD的线粒体靶向治疗提供了新的循证依据[35]
神经调控技术按介入程度可分为非侵入性和侵入性两大类,各自展现出独特的治疗优势和临床应用前景。经颅磁刺激(TMS)作为ASD治疗领域研究最深入的非侵入性神经调控技术,其改良方案——间歇性theta爆发式刺激(iTBS)和连续性theta爆发式刺激(cTBS)通过优化刺激模式(个体化精准导航等)显著提升了ASD干预效果。例如,右额下回神经导航下的iTBS刺激可特异性增强社会认知能力,对ASD社会信息处理具有选择性调节作用[36]。针对语言能力低下ASD儿童的随机对照试验证实,基于杏仁核功能连接优化的个性化cTBS刺激可显著改善其社交技能和沟通能力,并调节杏仁核结构和功能连接[37]。经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)作为另一种非侵入性技术,其优势在于设备便携、成本较低,且疗效可能具有感觉特征和认知功能特异性。研究发现,高清tDCS干预能显著改善具有典型感觉统合和低触觉反应ASD儿童的社交能力,但对感觉过敏者效果有限[38];而阳极tDCS靶向左背外侧前额叶皮层可提升高功能ASD个体非语言智力[39]。经颅脉冲电流刺激(tPCS)是一种新兴无创神经刺激技术,通过向皮层提供低强度脉冲电流以增强皮质可塑性。最新的多中心大样本随机对照试验显示,4周的前额叶−小脑tPCS干预显著改善ASD儿童的社会功能和睡眠质量,且耐受性良好[40]。深部脑刺激(DBS)作为一种侵入性神经调控技术,借助植入脑内的电极释放电脉冲,以调节异常神经活动。一项针对难治性强迫症合并ASD患者的研究首次显示,对内囊腹前肢或内侧前脑束实施DBS,可显著缓解强迫和抑郁症状[41]
大量研究表明,ASD患者普遍存在肠道菌群失调,而通过益生菌、粪菌移植、饮食干预等调节肠道微生态的方法可改善ASD的核心症状。最新临床试验发现,连续16周口服脆弱拟杆菌BF839可显著改善2~10岁ASD儿童的核心症状和胃肠道功能且安全性良好,其机制可能与提高双歧杆菌丰度、调节神经活性代谢功能相关[42]。有关粪菌移植对ASD儿童行为及胃肠道症状治疗效果的系统评价显示,粪菌移植能够显著降低异常行为检查表和儿童孤独症评定量表的评分,并改善受试者胃肠道症状[43]。生酮饮食、无麸质无酪蛋白饮食、Feingold 饮食和低糖饮食等饮食策略可改善孤独症相关行为,与其影响肠道微生物群的组成和功能密切相关[44]。与此同时,细胞治疗凭借免疫调节、神经营养和突触重塑等多重作用机制,在ASD早期临床试验中显示出改善核心症状的潜力。大量证据表明,细胞疗法尤其是自体脐带血细胞输注和骨髓干细胞移植可显著降低ASD患者的孤独症行为检查表和儿童孤独症评定量表评分,无严重不良事件报告[45]
数字技术的迅猛发展为ASD干预带来了革命性变化,虚拟现实、人工智能、机器人辅助治疗和远程干预等创新工具正逐步融入ASD治疗体系。这些技术通过沉浸式体验、精准量化分析和个性化适配,有效弥补了传统干预方法的局限性,为不同年龄段和功能水平的个体提供了多样化选择。2025年,一项系统评价发现虚拟现实干预能够帮助高功能ASD个体在复杂社交技能(如情绪识别、非语言沟通)方面取得显著进步,而对于低功能ASD个体,则主要改善其购物、乘车等基础生活技能[46]。社交机器人作为ASD干预的物理媒介,因其可预测性、重复性和无社交压力特点,特别适合ASD儿童的基础社交技能培养。最新一代机器人(如NAO和Kaspar)已具备面部表情识别、简单对话和模仿能力,可通过结构化游戏教授眼神接触、轮流等待等核心技能。临床研究表明,机器人辅助干预可显著提高ASD儿童的社交互动能力、模仿能力和语言沟通技能,其结构化、可预测的交互模式适用于改善ASD核心症状[47]。此外,远程干预技术在新冠疫情期间加速发展,现已形成较为成熟的ASD家庭干预模式。实时视频指导结合数字平台监测的方案,有利于医疗、教育人员和家长实施早期干预。观察性和实验性研究的综合结果表明,远程医疗提供的干预措施在效果上与传统的“面对面”治疗相当且成本较低[48]
目前,临床诊断仍主要依靠专业人员的主观行为观察和量表评估,缺乏客观、可靠的生物标志物。这种诊断方式存在局限性,不仅会造成一定程度的误诊和漏诊现象,还会导致诊断延误,使患儿错过最佳干预时机。尽管遗传学、多组学和神经影像学等领域已发现诸多潜在的ASD相关生物标志物,但要将这些科学发现从研究层面转化为临床实践,仍需克服数据整合和模型验证等挑战。多源数据的异质性、缺乏统一的整合与分析标准,是制约新型诊断技术临床转化的主要障碍。相比国际先进水平,中国在ASD早期筛查领域仍存在一定差距。目前,中国的人工智能辅助诊断系统研究仍处于试点应用阶段,且相关研究仍以单中心、小样本探索为主。神经影像设备的购置和维护成本高昂,限制了其在基层医疗机构辅助诊断ASD儿童中的应用;MRI、PET等设备对婴幼儿的适用性欠佳,检查时需镇静、噪声大等问题使其难以在年幼儿童中常规开展。此外,ASD群体本身存在高度异质性,也导致这些影像学生物标志物的稳定性与可重复性面临挑战。
当前ASD干预领域面临的核心挑战是缺乏针对核心症状的特效方法。虽然ABA、ESDM等行为干预被广泛使用,但疗效存在显著个体差异。药物治疗方面,仅有少数药物(如阿立哌唑和利培酮)被批准用于治疗ASD相关的易激惹和攻击行为,且其无法改善社交沟通等核心症状。神经调控技术、细胞治疗和肠道菌群调节等为ASD干预提供了新思路,但其临床应用仍面临诸多挑战。以DBS为例,考虑到手术风险和伦理因素,其对ASD个体的长期安全性和疗效仍需更大样本研究验证。同样,尽管肠道菌群调节和细胞治疗为ASD提供了新思路,但仍需克服机制不明、标准化不足和个体差异等挑战,其临床疗效尚缺乏充分的循证医学证据支持。从全国范围来看,ASD诊断服务的可及性仍存在显著差距。专业诊断团队需开展跨学科协作,成员涵盖儿童精神科医生、心理医师、语言治疗师等,而这类资源在经济欠发达地区存在短缺。中国专业ASD康复服务也存在资源短缺和分布不均问题,包括专业治疗师数量不足,康复机构集中在城市地区等。现有的ASD诊断标准主要基于西方人群建立,其文化适应性在中国不同地区和人群中存在差异。
ASD是一种终身性疾病,在不同生命阶段需要不同的支持和服务。然而,目前针对大龄ASD患者的支持体系尚不完善,特别是在职业培训和独立生活能力培养方面,因此ASD个体经常面临社会参与和融合的挑战。在经济层面,ASD干预带来的经济压力极为沉重,在缺乏完善医疗保障体系的地区,这种经济负担往往使家庭陷入贫困。在心理压力层面,ASD儿童的父母普遍存在高水平的压力、焦虑和抑郁症状,而社会支持不足和公众误解进一步加剧了家庭的心理负担。
进一步推动人工智能技术在ASD早期筛查中的创新应用,特别是开发适合中国人群的多模态筛查工具。加强跨学科合作,整合眼动追踪、行为量表、基因检测和脑电波分析等多维度数据,构建全面、精准的筛查模型。针对当前研究样本有限、缺乏多中心验证的瓶颈,亟需构建全国性的数据共享平台,整合多中心临床数据,通过大规模队列研究验证现有筛查模型的普适性和稳定性。同时,应加强基层医疗机构的培训,提高筛查工具的可及性和应用率,实现ASD的早期发现和干预。
加大对ASD遗传学、多组学和神经影像学研究的投入,重点挖掘具有高特异度和灵敏度的生物标志物。通过整合基因组、转录组、蛋白质组和代谢组等多组学数据,结合人工智能算法,开发能够准确识别ASD风险并预测疾病进展的综合性诊断模型。针对当前多模态数据整合困难、临床转化率低的问题,应建立标准化的数据整合框架,推动多中心、前瞻性队列研究,加速新型诊断技术的临床验证和应用转化。此外,开展跨种族、跨文化的大规模队列研究,验证生物标志物的普适性,为临床诊断提供科学依据。
建立以患者为中心的个性化干预体系,结合行为干预、药物治疗、神经调控技术和数字疗法等多种手段,针对不同患者的核心症状和功能水平制定精准治疗方案。加强行为干预与人工智能技术的融合,开发数据驱动的干预推荐系统,提高治疗的针对性和效率。推动新型药物和神经调控技术的研发,探索针对ASD核心症状的有效治疗方法。加强肠道菌群调节和细胞治疗等新兴领域的研究,评估其长期安全性和疗效。
加强ASD诊疗服务的体系建设,特别是在经济欠发达地区扩大专业诊断团队和康复机构的覆盖。推动跨学科协作,整合儿童精神科医生、心理医师和语言治疗师等专业资源,提高诊断和干预的质量。完善医疗保障体系,减轻ASD家庭的经济负担,确保患者能够获得持续、可负担的专业康复支持。
建立覆盖全生命周期的ASD支持体系,重点关注大龄患者的职业培训、独立生活能力培养和社会参与。开发适合成年ASD患者的干预方案,帮助他们提升社会功能和就业能力。同时,推动政策制定,为ASD患者提供更多的教育、培训和就业支持,促进其社会融合。此外,加强社区支持网络建设,为ASD患者家庭提供心理辅导和社会资源链接,减轻其长期照护压力。加强公众教育,提高社会对ASD的认知和理解,减少对ASD儿童及其家庭的歧视和偏见。
ASD的诊断和干预研究在过去数十年取得了显著进展,但仍面临诸多挑战。未来的研究应聚焦于多模态诊断技术的开发、个体化治疗的实现和全生命周期支持体系的构建,这不仅需要科研人员和临床工作者的共同努力,更需要政府、社会和家庭的共同参与,构建全方位的支持网络,为ASD患者创造更加包容和友好的生活环境,最终实现ASD患者生活质量的改善,以及与社会融合水平的提高。
  • 中国残疾人联合会基金(CDPF2023KF00001)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Autism Spectrum Collaborators. The global epidemiology and health burden of the autism spectrum: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021[J]. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2025, 12(2): 111-121.
[2]
Jiang X H, Chen X R, Su J Y, et al. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in mainland China over the past 6 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. BMC Psychiatry, 2024, 24(1): 404.
[3]
Zhao Y N, Lu F, Wang X Y, et al. The economic burden of autism spectrum disorder with and without intellectual disability in China: A nationwide cost-of-illness study[J]. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 2024, 92: 103877.
[4]
Wieckowski A T, Williams L N, Rando J, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of the modified checklist for autism in toddlers (original and revised): A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. JAMA Pediatrics, 2023, 177(4): 373-383.
[5]
Jones W, Klaiman C, Richardson S, et al. Eye-tracking-based measurement of social visual engagement compared with expert clinical diagnosis of autism[J]. JAMA, 2023, 330(9): 854-865.
[6]
Rajagopalan S S, Zhang Y L, Yahia A, et al. Machine learning prediction of autism spectrum disorder from a minimal set of medical and background information[J]. JAMA Network Open, 2024, 7(8): e2429229.
[7]
Lai M, Lee J, Chiu S, et al. A machine learning approach for retinal images analysis as an objective screening method for children with autism spectrum disorder[J]. EClinicalMedicine, 2020, 28: 100588.
[8]
Yin S J, Li Z J, Guan L Y, et al. Machine learning-based early prediction model for autism spectrum disorder in infants using acoustic feature[J]. Autism Research, 2026, doi: 10.1002/aur.70179.
[9]
Zhang Y J, Chien W T, Chan J Y, et al. Optical genome mapping reveals novel structural variations in an autism spectrum disorder cohort[J]. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 2025, 27: 2233-2242.
[10]
Litman A, Sauerwald N, Green Snyder L, et al. Decomposition of phenotypic heterogeneity in autism reveals underlying genetic programs[J]. Nature Genetics, 2025, 57(7): 1611-1619.
[11]
Wang J C, Yu J H, Wang M D, et al. Discovery and validation of novel genes in a large Chinese autism spectrum disorder cohort[J]. Biological Psychiatry, 2023, 94(10): 792-803.
[12]
Balasubramanian R, Saha D, Arun A, et al. Hypometabolism in autism spectrum disorder: Insights from brain and blood transcriptomics[J]. Molecular Neurobiology, 2025, 62(8): 10765-10778.
[13]
Binan L, Jiang A P, Danquah S A, et al. Simultaneous CRISPR screening and spatial transcriptomics reveal intracellular, intercellular, and functional transcriptional circuits[J]. Cell, 2025, 188(8): 2141-2158.
[14]
Osama A, Anwar A M, Ezzeldin S, et al. Integrative multi-omics analysis of autism spectrum disorder reveals unique microbial macromolecules interactions[J]. Journal of Advanced Research, 2025, 77: 265-279.
[15]
Liu Q, Lai H, Le J, et al. Identifying brain functional subtypes and corresponding task performance profiles in autism spectrum disorder[J]. Molecular Psychiatry, 2025, 30(11): 5034-5044.
[16]
He C C, Cortes J M, Ding Y, et al. Combining functional, structural, and morphological networks for multimodal classification of developing autistic brains[J]. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2025, 19(5): 978-990.
[17]
Gao X Y, Xu Y C. Vision transformer and complex network analysis for autism spectrum disorder classification in T1 structural MRI[J]. Japanese Journal of Radiology, 2025, 43(11): 1788-1802.
[18]
Du Y, Chen L, Yan M C, et al. Neurometabolite levels in the brains of patients with autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies (N = 1501)[J]. Molecular Psychiatry, 2023, 28(7): 3092-3103.
[19]
Kato Y, Yokokura M, Iwabuchi T, et al. Lower availability of mitochondrial complex I in anterior cingulate cortex in autism: A positron emission tomography study[J]. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 2023, 180(4): 277-284.
[20]
Zhang X, Noah J A, Singh R, et al. Support vector machine prediction of individual Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) scores based on neural responses during live eye-to-eye contact[J]. Scientific Reports, 2024, 14: 3232.
[21]
Wan L, Li Y H, Zhu G, et al. Multimodal investigation of dynamic brain network alterations in autism spectrum disorder: Linking connectivity dynamics to symptoms and developmental trajectories[J]. NeuroImage, 2024, 302: 120895.
[22]
Kim J H, Hong J, Choi H, et al. Development of deep ensembles to screen for autism and symptom severity using retinal photographs[J]. JAMA Network Open, 2023, 6(12): e2347692.
[23]
Zhan Y F, Wei J Z, Liang J, et al. Diagnostic classification for human autism and obsessive-compulsive disorder based on machine learning from a primate genetic model[J]. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 2021, 178(1): 65-76.
[24]
Stanley J, Rabot E, Reddy S, et al. Large language models deconstruct the clinical intuition behind diagnosing autism[J]. Cell, 2025, 188(8): 2235-2248.
[25]
Rajkumar S C, Cirillo S, Yuvasini D, et al. A hybrid approach combining images and questionnaires for early detection and severity assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorder[J]. Image and Vision Computing, 2025, 160: 105547.
[26]
Eni M, Zigel Y, Ilan M, et al. Reliably quantifying the severity of social symptoms in children with autism using ASDSpeech[J]. Translational Psychiatry, 2025, 15: 14.
[27]
Bao B K, Zahiri J, Gazestani V H, et al. A predictive ensemble classifier for the gene expression diagnosis of ASD at ages 1 to 4 years[J]. Molecular Psychiatry, 2023, 28(2): 822-833.
[28]
Kohli M, Juneja M, Gupta M, et al. Precision applied behavior analysis intervention for autism spectrum disorder using natural language processing and graph centrality[J]. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 2025, 110: 108034.
[29]
Zurita Díaz A J, Calleja Reina M. The impact of EC+ as a multimodal support in intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder: A technological alternative[J]. Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology, 2025, 20(8): 3027-3043.
[30]
Yang Y Y, Wang H A, Xu H P, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of a mixed early start Denver model for toddlers and preschoolers with autism[J]. Autism Research, 2023, 16(8): 1640-1649.
[31]
de Korte M W P, van Dongen-Boomsma M, Oosterling I J, et al. Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) parent group training for young children with autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study[J]. Scientific Reports, 2022, 12: 7691.
[32]
Kim H W, Kim J H, Chung U S, et al. AST-001 versus placebo for social communication in children with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized clinical trial[J]. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2025, 79(1): 21-28.
[33]
Yamasue H, Kojima M, Kuwabara H, et al. Effect of a novel nasal oxytocin spray with enhanced bioavailability on autism: A randomized trial[J]. Brain, 2022, 145(2): 490-499.
[34]
Bolognani F, Del Valle Rubido M, Squassante L, et al. A phase 2 clinical trial of a vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist shows improved adaptive behaviors in men with autism spectrum disorder[J]. Science Translational Medicine, 2019, 11(491): eaat7838.
[35]
Hill Z, McCarty P J, Boles R G, et al. A mitochondrial supplement improves function and mitochondrial activity in autism: A double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2025, 26(6): 2479.
[36]
Ni H C, Chen Y L, Hsieh M Y, et al. Improving social cognition following theta burst stimulation over the right inferior frontal gyrus in autism spectrum: An 8-week double-blind sham-controlled trial[J]. Psychological Medicine, 2024, 54(12): 3261-3272.
[37]
Xiao J M, Ming Y T, Li L, et al. Personalized theta burst stimulation enhances social skills in young minimally verbal children with autism: A double-blind randomized controlled trial[J]. Biological Psychiatry, 2025, 97(12): 1139-1149.
[38]
Wang Y L, Li Z J, Ye Y P, et al. HD-tDCS effects on social impairment in autism spectrum disorder with sensory processing abnormalities: A randomized controlled trial[J]. Scientific Reports, 2025, 15: 9772.
[39]
Ratsapbhayakul T, Keeratitanont K, Chonprai C, et al. Anodal transcranial direct-current stimulation and non-verbal intelligence in autism spectrum disorder: A randomized controlled trial[J]. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 2024, 66(9): 1244-1254.
[40]
Liu Z H, Zhong S, Ho R C M, et al. Transcranial pulsed current stimulation and social functioning in children with autism: A randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA Network Open, 2025, 8(4): e255776.
[41]
Graat I, Balke S, Prinssen J, et al. Effectiveness and safety of deep brain stimulation for patients with refractory obsessive compulsive disorder and comorbid autism spectrum disorder; A case series[J]. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2022, 299: 492-497.
[42]
Lin C H, Zeng T, Lu C W, et al. Efficacy and safety of Bacteroides fragilis BF839 for pediatric autism spectrum disorder: A randomized clinical trial[J]. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2024, 11: 1447059.
[43]
Dossaji Z, Khattak A, Tun K M, et al. Efficacy of fecal microbiota transplant on behavioral and gastrointestinal symptoms in pediatric autism: A systematic review[J]. Microorganisms, 2023, 11(3): 806.
[44]
Matthews J S, Adams J B. Ratings of the effectiveness of 13 therapeutic diets for autism spectrum disorder: Results of a national survey[J]. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 2023, 13(10): 1448.
[45]
Villarreal-Martínez L, González-Martínez G, Sáenz-Flores M, et al. Stem cell therapy in the treatment of patients with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, 2022, 18(1): 155-164.
[46]
Yang X P, Wu J L, Ma Y D, et al. Effectiveness of virtual reality technology interventions in improving the social skills of children and adolescents with autism: Systematic review[J]. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 2025, 27: e60845.
[47]
Dubois-Sage M, Jacquet B, Jamet F, et al. People with autism spectrum disorder could interact more easily with a robot than with a human: Reasons and limits[J]. Behavioral Sciences, 2024, 14(2): 131.
[48]
Micai M, Caruso A, Gila L, et al. Effectiveness, implementation settings, and research priorities of telemedicine-delivered interventions for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review[J]. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2024, 166: 105875.
2026年第5卷第1期
PDF下载
5080
2547
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20250053
  • 接收时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-20
  • 发布时间:2026-04-16
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-12-23
  • 修回日期:2026-03-02
基金
中国残疾人联合会基金(CDPF2023KF00001)
作者信息
    1中国康复研究中心儿童康复科,国家孤独症康复研究中心, 北京 100068

通讯作者:

参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qzkj/CN/10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20250053
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏