Article(id=1251475907765027403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1251475905764340193, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1768924800000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-21, revisedDate=1772380800000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776304707708, onlineDateStr=2026-04-16, pubDate=1773936000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776304707708, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776304707708, creator=system, updateTime=1776304707708, updator=system, issue=Issue{id=1251475905764340193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2026', volume='5', issue='1', pageStart='4', pageEnd='147', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1776304707232, creator=system, updateTime=1776331829497, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251589664889586471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1251475905764340193, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251589664889586472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1251475905764340193, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=主动健康与智能康复专刊, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=61, endPage=73, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251475908025074253, articleId=1251475907765027403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Current Situation and Prospects of Multimodal Screening Assessment and Physical Factor-Based Synergistic Intervention for Cognitive Impairment, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid aging of the population, the prevention and management of cognitive impairment have emerged as a critical public health issue. This paper provides a systematic review of recent advances in multimodal screening assessment and physical factor-based synergistic interventions for cognitive impairment. It summarizes the current applications of both traditional cognitive scales and digital screening tools, including computerized neuropsychological tests, mobile health applications, and multimodal behavioral sensing technologies. The review also traces the evolution of cognitive impairment assessment from standalone scales to multimodal precision assessment. It focuses on the mechanisms and potential of physical factor technologies, such as transcranial magnetic, electrical, acoustic, and optical stimulation, and their synergistic strategies in modulating neuroplasticity and enhancing cognitive function. Based on this foundation, the paper further projects future trends toward intelligent, precise, and synergistic development in this field. It systematically analyzes the challenges hindering their practical application, including issues related to standardization, mechanistic research, clinical translation, and workforce training. Corresponding recommendations are proposed to inform early identification and precise intervention for cognitive impairment.

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随着人口老龄化进程加快,认知障碍防治已成为一项重要的公共卫生议题。文章系统综述了认知障碍多模态筛查评估与物理因子协同干预的研究进展,梳理了传统认知量表及计算机化神经心理测试、移动健康应用、多模态行为传感技术等数字化筛查工具的应用现状,阐述了认知障碍评估从单一量表向多模态精准化评估的演变,重点探讨了经颅磁、电、声、光等物理因子技术及其协同干预策略在调节神经可塑性、提升认知功能方面的作用机制和潜力。在此基础上,进一步展望了该领域向智能化、精准化、协同化发展的未来趋势,系统剖析了这一趋势在落地过程中面临的标准建立、机制探索、临床转化和人才储备等问题与挑战,并提出相应建议,以期为认知障碍的早期识别和精准干预提供参考。

, correspAuthors=胡昔权, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026 前瞻科技编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=uSatTWtJddV1CWpMKo3cfQ==, magXml=wMyP83s5i4TFJoyLj/6DlA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=10hCCt+BHZWAg77zGutcag==, pdfFileSize=1862879, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Logb3yfEvBCpkSqVsdh9sA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

胡昔权,博士,二级教授,主任医师,博士研究生导师。中山大学附属第三医院康复医学科主任。国家重点研发计划首席科学家,广东特支计划领军人才,广东省医学领军人才。中华医学会物理医学与康复学分会候任主任委员,中国康复医学会康复评定专委会主任委员,中国康复医学会神经康复专委会候任主任委员,广东省医师协会康复科医师分会主任委员等。主要从事脑损伤后认知障碍的康复及其神经可塑性机制研究。主持国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金等项目30余项。获广东省科技进步奖二等奖、广东医学科技奖二等奖、中国康复医学会科学技术奖一等奖。发表论文百余篇,其中SCI论文60余篇;出版教材/专著10余部,牵头执笔《中国脑卒中后认知障碍康复专家共识》。电子信箱:

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胡昔权,博士,二级教授,主任医师,博士研究生导师。中山大学附属第三医院康复医学科主任。国家重点研发计划首席科学家,广东特支计划领军人才,广东省医学领军人才。中华医学会物理医学与康复学分会候任主任委员,中国康复医学会康复评定专委会主任委员,中国康复医学会神经康复专委会候任主任委员,广东省医师协会康复科医师分会主任委员等。主要从事脑损伤后认知障碍的康复及其神经可塑性机制研究。主持国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金等项目30余项。获广东省科技进步奖二等奖、广东医学科技奖二等奖、中国康复医学会科学技术奖一等奖。发表论文百余篇,其中SCI论文60余篇;出版教材/专著10余部,牵头执笔《中国脑卒中后认知障碍康复专家共识》。电子信箱:

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胡昔权,博士,二级教授,主任医师,博士研究生导师。中山大学附属第三医院康复医学科主任。国家重点研发计划首席科学家,广东特支计划领军人才,广东省医学领军人才。中华医学会物理医学与康复学分会候任主任委员,中国康复医学会康复评定专委会主任委员,中国康复医学会神经康复专委会候任主任委员,广东省医师协会康复科医师分会主任委员等。主要从事脑损伤后认知障碍的康复及其神经可塑性机制研究。主持国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金等项目30余项。获广东省科技进步奖二等奖、广东医学科技奖二等奖、中国康复医学会科学技术奖一等奖。发表论文百余篇,其中SCI论文60余篇;出版教材/专著10余部,牵头执笔《中国脑卒中后认知障碍康复专家共识》。电子信箱:

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Specialized assessment scales for different cognitive domains

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认知域专项量表
记忆功能Rivermead行为记忆测试
语言功能波士顿命名测验
注意功能连线测验
执行功能斯特鲁普色词测验
视空间功能雷伊−奥斯特里思复杂图形测验
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不同认知域的专项评估量表

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认知域专项量表
记忆功能Rivermead行为记忆测试
语言功能波士顿命名测验
注意功能连线测验
执行功能斯特鲁普色词测验
视空间功能雷伊−奥斯特里思复杂图形测验
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认知障碍多模态筛查评估与物理因子协同干预现状及展望
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胡昔权 , 刘远文 1 , 张丽颖 1
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2026,5(1): 61-73
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2026, 5(1): 61-73
认知障碍多模态筛查评估与物理因子协同干预现状及展望
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胡昔权 , 刘远文1, 张丽颖1
作者信息
  • 1中山大学附属第三医院康复医学科, 广州 510630
  • 胡昔权,博士,二级教授,主任医师,博士研究生导师。中山大学附属第三医院康复医学科主任。国家重点研发计划首席科学家,广东特支计划领军人才,广东省医学领军人才。中华医学会物理医学与康复学分会候任主任委员,中国康复医学会康复评定专委会主任委员,中国康复医学会神经康复专委会候任主任委员,广东省医师协会康复科医师分会主任委员等。主要从事脑损伤后认知障碍的康复及其神经可塑性机制研究。主持国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金等项目30余项。获广东省科技进步奖二等奖、广东医学科技奖二等奖、中国康复医学会科学技术奖一等奖。发表论文百余篇,其中SCI论文60余篇;出版教材/专著10余部,牵头执笔《中国脑卒中后认知障碍康复专家共识》。电子信箱:

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Current Situation and Prospects of Multimodal Screening Assessment and Physical Factor-Based Synergistic Intervention for Cognitive Impairment
Xiquan HU , Yuanwen LIU1, Liying ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
出版时间: 2026-03-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260002
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随着人口老龄化进程加快,认知障碍防治已成为一项重要的公共卫生议题。文章系统综述了认知障碍多模态筛查评估与物理因子协同干预的研究进展,梳理了传统认知量表及计算机化神经心理测试、移动健康应用、多模态行为传感技术等数字化筛查工具的应用现状,阐述了认知障碍评估从单一量表向多模态精准化评估的演变,重点探讨了经颅磁、电、声、光等物理因子技术及其协同干预策略在调节神经可塑性、提升认知功能方面的作用机制和潜力。在此基础上,进一步展望了该领域向智能化、精准化、协同化发展的未来趋势,系统剖析了这一趋势在落地过程中面临的标准建立、机制探索、临床转化和人才储备等问题与挑战,并提出相应建议,以期为认知障碍的早期识别和精准干预提供参考。

认知障碍  /  多模态筛查  /  物理因子  /  神经调控  /  协同干预

With the rapid aging of the population, the prevention and management of cognitive impairment have emerged as a critical public health issue. This paper provides a systematic review of recent advances in multimodal screening assessment and physical factor-based synergistic interventions for cognitive impairment. It summarizes the current applications of both traditional cognitive scales and digital screening tools, including computerized neuropsychological tests, mobile health applications, and multimodal behavioral sensing technologies. The review also traces the evolution of cognitive impairment assessment from standalone scales to multimodal precision assessment. It focuses on the mechanisms and potential of physical factor technologies, such as transcranial magnetic, electrical, acoustic, and optical stimulation, and their synergistic strategies in modulating neuroplasticity and enhancing cognitive function. Based on this foundation, the paper further projects future trends toward intelligent, precise, and synergistic development in this field. It systematically analyzes the challenges hindering their practical application, including issues related to standardization, mechanistic research, clinical translation, and workforce training. Corresponding recommendations are proposed to inform early identification and precise intervention for cognitive impairment.

cognitive impairment  /  multimodal screening  /  physical factor  /  neuromodulation  /  synergistic intervention
胡昔权, 刘远文, 张丽颖. 认知障碍多模态筛查评估与物理因子协同干预现状及展望. 前瞻科技, 2026 , 5 (1) : 61 -73 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260002
Xiquan HU, Yuanwen LIU, Liying ZHANG. Current Situation and Prospects of Multimodal Screening Assessment and Physical Factor-Based Synergistic Intervention for Cognitive Impairment[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2026 , 5 (1) : 61 -73 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260002
认知(Cognition)是大脑接收、处理外界信息,从而能动地认识世界的过程[1],涉及记忆、注意、语言、执行、推理、计算和定向等多个领域[2]。认知障碍(Cognitive Impairment)是指各种原因导致上述领域中一项或多项功能受损,但尚未达到痴呆的程度[3]。而痴呆是以获得性、进行性认知功能损害为核心,导致日常生活能力、行为和人格改变的综合征[4]。认知障碍病因多样,可分为神经退行性、血管性、创伤性、代谢性等类型[5]。流行病学数据显示,中国60岁及以上人群中痴呆患病率约为6.0%,其中阿尔茨海默病(AD)和血管性痴呆为主要类型,患病人数超过1 500万;轻度认知障碍(MCI)的患病率高达15.5%,涉及约3 877万人[6]。有研究预测,2020—2050年,中国因AD及其他类型痴呆所致的经济负担累计将达约2.96万亿美元[7]
认知障碍的临床分期已从传统的轻、中、重3级划分,发展为覆盖主观认知下降(SCD)、MCI/轻度行为损害、轻度及重度神经认知损害的连续谱系,其中SCD被视为AD的重要早期标志[8]。尽管认知障碍表现具有异质性,且发生机制复杂,但早期识别和有效干预仍是改善预后、延缓认知障碍进展的关键[9]。然而,当前认知障碍的临床实践仍面临诸多瓶颈:传统筛查工具对早期、轻微认知损伤的敏感性不足,易导致识别滞后;现有药物和非药物治疗疗效有限,尤其对中晚期患者难以实现神经功能的实质改善[10]
在此背景下,物理因子神经调控技术因为无创、安全、可协同等优势,逐渐成为认知障碍康复领域的研究热点[11]。该技术以磁、电、声、光等物理能量为载体,以非侵入方式作用于神经系统,通过调节神经元兴奋性、增强突触可塑性、强化脑网络连接,从而改善认知障碍,尤其适用于对药物反应不佳或不宜手术的患者[12]。多物理因子协同调控可通过不同能量模态在时序与空间上的整合,实现多靶点、多层次神经环路的精准干预,有望突破单一手段的局限,为促进神经可塑性、改善认知功能提供新途径。
文章基于前沿进展与临床需求,系统梳理认知障碍多模态筛查评估体系和物理因子协同干预技术的研究现状,探讨当前面临的关键科学问题和技术挑战,展望未来发展趋势和实施路径,旨在为该领域的学术研究、技术转化与临床实践提供理论参考和实践建议。
认知障碍的早期识别是有效干预和管理的前提,其筛查策略正经历从依赖主观经验的量表测评,向基于客观数据驱动的连续风险预警模式转变。这一转变不仅源于临床需求的增长,也得益于评估技术与数据分析方法的深度融合。目前,筛查体系已逐步形成认知量表、数字化工具和智能预警相融合的3层架构。
简易精神状态检查(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)和AD8痴呆筛查问卷等传统认知筛查量表,具有操作简便、耗时短、成本低等优点,至今仍广泛应用于基层医疗与流行病学调查的初筛阶段[13]。其中,MMSE侧重于评估定向、记忆、计算等基础认知域[14];MoCA在MMSE的基础上扩展了对执行功能、抽象思维与视空间能力的评估,对MCI的识别更具敏感性[15];AD8痴呆筛查问卷作为简短的知情者报告问卷,通过评估患者的日常认知变化,为早期痴呆识别提供辅助线索[16]
然而,这些量表存在明显局限。一是敏感性不足,尤其对SCD等极早期状态和非遗忘型障碍(如额颞叶痴呆)识别能力有限,存在“天花板效应”[17];二是易受评估者经验、患者配合程度、教育背景和文化差异等外在因素影响,可能导致测量结果的系统误差和文化偏差[18];三是重复测评易产生学习效应,影响结果的可比性,且难以系统反映认知功能随时间推移的动态演变。因此,仅依赖认知量表难以实现真正意义上的早期精准识别。
为弥补传统量表的不足,基于信息技术的数字化筛查工具逐渐应用于临床实践,主要包括计算机化神经心理测试、移动健康应用和多模态行为传感技术3类。
计算机化神经心理测试,如剑桥神经心理测试自动化成套测验与认知状态计算机化评估系统,通过标准化程序自动呈现刺激,记录反应时间和正确率,实现评估的自动化和客观化,显著减少主试误差,并能识别更细微的认知损伤[19]。移动健康应用程序和在线评估平台进一步将筛查场景延伸至社区和家庭环境,提高了筛查的可及性和受试者的依从性,便于重复测量以建立个体认知基线[20]
目前,集成眼动追踪、语音分析、手写动力学和可穿戴传感器技术,能无创、连续采集与认知功能密切相关的客观行为和生理数据[21]。例如,AD和MCI患者常表现出特征性眼动异常,如眼跳潜伏期延长、反向眼跳错误率增大等,这些指标对区分认知状态具有重要价值[22]。此类被动、生态化的数据采集方式,为在自然生活状态下实现长期、动态的认知监测提供了新路径。
当前筛查策略正逐步由“面向全体老年人的普通筛查”转向“面向高危人群的靶向筛查与连续监测”。这一转变深度依赖于大数据和人工智能(AI)技术的支持。
高危人群的界定不再仅依据年龄,而是整合了遗传风险因素(如ApoE ε4等位基因)、血管风险因素(如高血压、高血脂、糖尿病)、生活方式和纵向行为数据等多维度信息[23-24]。通过建立大规模人群队列,融合多模态数据(如基因组学、影像组学、临床指标和行为数据),利用机器学习算法,可构建个性化认知障碍风险预测模型[25]。该类模型能动态评估个体未来进展为MCI或痴呆的概率,实现从“疾病筛查”到“风险预警”的关口前移。
未来,认知筛查体系将发展为动态、闭环的智能系统:借助可穿戴设备和家庭传感器实现行为和生理信号的持续监测;通过移动平台进行定期数字化认知测试[26];数据实时上传至云端,由AI算法进行分析并与个体风险模型比对;一旦检测到认知功能偏离基线或风险升高,系统将自动预警,提示启动精准评估与早期干预[27]。这标志着认知障碍筛查正迈向以数据驱动、个性化和预防为核心的新阶段。
认知障碍的评估正经历从单一量表评估向多模态精准化评估的范式转变,通过整合行为表现、神经电活动、脑结构与功能等多维度信息,系统揭示认知障碍的神经基础和动态演变规律,为构建个体化“认知功能图谱”和实施精准干预提供依据。
在初筛基础上,专项认知量表可对特定认知域进行深入评估。常用量表包括:Rivermead行为记忆测试(RBMT)[28]、波士顿命名测验(BNT)[29]、连线测验(TMT)[30]、斯特鲁普色词测验(SCWT)[31]及雷伊−奥斯特里思复杂图形测验(ROCFT)[32]表1)。这些量表有助于更精细地描绘不同认知维度的损伤剖面,并辅助鉴别不同病因所致认知障碍。例如,AD早期以情节记忆损害为主,而血管性认知障碍则更常表现为执行功能下降[33]。然而,量表评估仍局限于行为层面,对潜在的神经机制揭示有限。
脑电图(EEG)及其事件相关电位(ERP)技术可在mm级时间尺度上检测神经电活动异常。研究表明,在SCD和MCI阶段即可观察到EEG特征改变,如后部α节律功率下降、慢波(如θ和δ频段)活动增强及脑网络(如默认模式网络)功能连接减弱[34-35]。P300波潜伏期延长、波幅降低(与注意和早期感觉加工相关)和N400波异常(与情节记忆编码和提取程关)等ERP特征性改变,已成为敏感的神经电生理标志物,甚至可用于预测向痴呆的转化风险[36]。电生理评估具有高时间分辨率、无创和成本较低等优势,适用于长期动态监测。
神经功能影像技术从宏观层面揭示脑结构改变和功能重组。结构磁共振成像(MRI)可量化海马和颞顶叶等关键脑区萎缩,其模式和轨迹具有重要诊断与预后价值[37]。功能磁共振成像(fMRI)和正电子发射断层扫描(PET)用于探查脑功能与代谢活动:静息态fMRI可发现默认模式网络、突显网络等大尺度脑网络连接紊乱[38];氟脱氧葡萄糖PET可显示后扣带回和颞顶联合区等脑区葡萄糖代谢减低,此为AD的重要影像特征[39]。此外,功能性近红外光谱成像(fNIRS)作为一种便携式脑功能成像工具,在执行功能任务中评估前额叶皮层血氧动力学反应方面展现出潜力[40]。这些影像标志物不仅助力早期诊断,也为理解神经代偿和失代偿机制提供了直观依据。
认知障碍具有高度异质性,单一评估模态存在一定局限。未来方向在于融合临床量表、电生理、多模态影像、分子标志物和日常行为监测等多源数据,借助机器学习和AI算法,构建个体化“认知功能图谱”[41]。该图谱系统通过描绘个体的认知损伤模式、神经环路异常、生物标志物谱系和代偿能力,从而支持精准诊断与预后判断。例如,整合结构MRI测量的海马体积、基于静息态fMRI的默认模式网络连接强度、基于ERP的P300潜伏期和基因风险信息,可构建多维预测模型,更准确预测MCI向痴呆的转化轨迹[42]。此类整合性、个体化的评估范式,不仅能显著提升诊断与预后判断的可靠性,也将为后续靶向性、个性化神经调控干预提供重要依据。
认知障碍的物理因子干预技术正处于快速发展和范式转型的重要时期。随着神经科学与工程技术的深度交叉融合,以磁、电、声和光为代表的无创性物理因子技术,正从早期的基础研究和初步临床应用,逐步发展为机制日益明晰、具有系统性治疗潜力的重要手段。相比药物干预,物理因子技术以非侵入性、时空靶向性和多模态协同性等特点,为克服当前认知障碍治疗中疗效局限、副作用明显等问题提供了新方向。目前,该领域正从单一物理因子的参数优化,逐步迈向多模态时序与空间协同调控的新阶段。
经颅磁刺激(TMS)是一种基于电磁感应原理的无创神经调控技术,通过在头皮施加电磁线圈产生高强度脉冲磁场,该磁场能穿透颅骨,在目标脑区诱导产生感应电流,从而调节神经元兴奋性和脑网络功能[43]。TMS效应与刺激频率有关,高频刺激(> 1 Hz)通常增强皮层兴奋性,低频刺激(≤ 1 Hz)则降低皮层兴奋性[44]。在认知障碍干预中,重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)和Theta爆发式刺激(TBS)是两类核心范式。
在临床应用中,针对前额叶和楔前叶等关键认知脑区的TMS治疗已显示出改善记忆、注意和执行功能的潜力[45]。2025年,发表在Brain Stimulation的一项随机对照研究[46]表明,基于个体化额顶认知网络靶向的高剂量(3 600脉冲/d)间歇性TBS,相比传统标准剂量(1 200脉冲/d)和假刺激,能更有效地改善脑卒中后认知障碍(PSCI)患者的整体认知功能,且安全性良好。另一项针对AD的双盲随机对照研究显示[47],通过对默认模式网络关键节点楔前叶实施为期2周的20 Hz rTMS干预,可显著延缓患者认知功能日常生活能力的衰退进程,且其疗效在后续22周的随访期内仍得以维持。此外,胡昔权团队研究证实,高频rTMS刺激左前额叶背外侧皮层,可有效促进脑卒中患者的整体认知功能、注意功能和工作记忆恢复[48-49]
TMS改善认知功能的潜在机制主要涉及诱导长时程增强或长时程抑制样突触可塑性变化、调节谷氨酸/γ-氨基丁酸递质平衡和重塑大规模脑网络的连接(如默认模式网络、额顶控制网络)[50]。安全性方面,TMS总体耐受性良好,常见不良反应为短暂头痛或局部不适,严重不良事件少见[51]。然而,TMS长期安全性及在特殊人群(如癫痫患者)中的适用性仍需进一步评估[52]。总体而言,TMS作为一种非药物干预手段,在认知障碍治疗中展现出重要潜力。
经颅电刺激(tES)是通过在头皮表面施加微弱电流以调节皮层活动的无创神经调控技术的统称,主要类型包括经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)、经颅交流电刺激(tACS)和时间干涉刺激(TIS)[53]。tDCS通过阳极或阴极的恒定电流调节皮层神经元的静息膜电位,分别产生兴奋性或抑制性作用;tACS利用特定频率的交流电与内源性脑振荡节律发生“夹带”,以调节认知相关的神经活动节律;而TIS作为一项新兴技术,通过两路高频交流电在深部脑区形成低频包络信号,实现无创的深部精准刺激[54]
在认知障碍的临床研究中,tES的不同技术模式已展现出一定疗效。一项纳入19项随机对照试验的Meta分析显示,tDCS可有效改善AD患者的整体认知功能,疗效与颞区电极放置、电流密度(≤0.06 mA/cm)等参数优化密切相关[55]。Meta分析进一步提示,除特定刺激参数外,tDCS的认知增强效应与刺激的极性(阳极/阴极)、刺激时间(≤15 min/>15 min)、作用人群(临床/健康)和刺激时机(在线/离线)等因素均显著相关,强调tDCS的临床应用需遵循个体化的干预原则[56]。对tACS的研究提示,伽马频段tACS能通过调节皮层异常神经振荡,改善MCI、AD患者的认知和记忆加工过程[57]。此外,一项随机双盲交叉研究发现,通过靶向额顶叶网络的多靶点TIS刺激,可有效调节该网络的激活状态和功能连接,进而提升高负荷工作记忆表现[58]
tES改善认知障碍的作用机制主要基于外源性电场对神经元电活动的持续或节律性调制,其可能通过调节皮层静息膜电位、干预神经振荡同步性和实现深部精准刺激等多种途径,调节神经网络的基础电生理状态和时空节律特性[59]。安全性方面,tES整体耐受性良好,不良反应多为短暂局部刺痛或发热,程度较TMS更轻,且在刺激结束后能自行缓解[60]。tES作为一种安全性好、可及性高的物理因子技术,为认知障碍的非药物干预提供了重要补充。
经颅超声刺激(TUS)是一种基于超声波机械效应的非侵入性神经调控技术。TUS利用低频聚焦超声波穿透颅骨并精准作用于深部脑区,通过声压波动激活神经元膜上的机械敏感性离子通道,进而调节细胞电活动和突触传递[61]。相比电磁刺激,TUS具有更高的空间分辨率和深部靶向能力,适用于海马、丘脑等关键认知核团的干预[62]。目前,TUS在认知障碍领域的研究尚处于初步阶段,临床证据仍在积累中。
在临床探索中,TUS已展现出改善认知功能的潜力。一项针对AD的随机对照试验发现,为期6周的TUS干预安全性良好,且在52周随访期内能有效延缓患者整体认知功能的下降趋势,提示TUS具有长期神经保护潜力[63]。在PSCI治疗中,TUS联合认知训练能显著提升患者的整体认知、日常生活能力和多个特定认知域功能,且疗效较单一认知训练更优,提示这一联合干预方案的增效作用可能与脑源性神经营养因子上调、神经电生理活动(如P300)改善有关[64]。在机制层面,TUS可能通过调节神经元兴奋性和突触可塑性,促进神经营养因子表达,调节神经炎症反应,以及改善脑代谢等多途径发挥认知改善作用[65]。目前,相关证据多基于小样本研究或临床前试验,TUS最佳刺激参数、长期疗效和作用机制尚需进一步验证。
经颅光生物调控(tPBM)是一种利用近红外光这类特定波长光线穿透颅骨作用于皮层的光学调控技术[66]。tPBM作用原理基于光生物调节效应:特定波长的光可被线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶吸收,从而增强电子传递链活性、促进三磷酸腺苷合成,改善细胞能量代谢;同时,减轻氧化应激、调节NO释放以改善微循环,并通过激活细胞保护性信号通路,发挥抗炎和神经保护作用[67]
在认知障碍研究中,tPBM逐渐显示出改善认知功能的潜力。一项单盲随机交叉研究显示, tPBM可显著提升健康老年人的工作记忆表现,其机制可能与增强前额−顶叶网络的功能连接效率有关,且未报告明显不良反应[68]。此外,一项针对17例创伤性脑损伤患者的随机试验进一步证实,tPBM能有效提升患者的认知效率,显著改善其视觉工作记忆与言语学习表现,并观察到前额叶神经活动(如氧合血红蛋白浓度)的增强,为tPBM的认知改善作用提供了初步机制线索[69]。Lee等[70]的研究也提示,在SCD、MCI至痴呆的不同阶段,tPBM多表现出对认知功能的积极改善趋势,其中近红外光(波长810~1 068 nm)在特定能量参数下安全性良好。然而,目前tPBM领域的高级别循证医学证据仍然有限,随机对照试验数量有限,且部分研究因未达到预设疗效终点而提前终止,tPBM疗效及机制有待进一步研究。
单一物理因子干预技术在认知障碍治疗中虽各具特色,但在作用范围、穿透深度、时间动力学和对异质性认知损伤的针对性等方面仍存在一定局限。针对不同病因所致认知障碍的复杂神经环路异常,通过时序或空间上的联合应用,多物理因子协同调控已成为提升干预疗效的重要发展方向[71]。这种协同调控效应的理论基础在于,不同能量模态可针对认知障碍中特定的神经可塑性损伤环节或不同靶细胞群体,产生互补或级联放大效应[72]。例如,在额颞叶痴呆干预中,“磁−电”联合可先采用TMS在前额叶背外侧皮层诱导局部突触可塑性改变,再通过tDCS持续调节皮层兴奋性,共同提升认知灵活性[73]。在AD记忆环路中,“声−电”联合则可利用TUS精准调控海马等深部记忆相关核团,同时结合tACS节律性调节默认模式网络,形成“结构−功能”协同干预[74]。此外,“光−磁”“光−电”等联合策略也在探索中。
这类精准协同干预的实现,离不开神经导航技术的支持。基于个体结构MRI和功能连接的实时神经导航,可确保不同物理因子能量精准聚焦于认知相关靶区,是提升干预有效性和可重复性的关键[75]。目前,多物理因子协同干预尚处于机制探索和临床验证初期。尽管已有研究提示了其在改善认知、延缓进展方面的潜力,但在最佳组合模式、时序参数、剂量效应和长期安全性等方面,仍需通过大规模、设计严谨的临床试验进行系统验证。
随着多物理因子神经调控技术在认知障碍领域的不断深化,未来有望构建覆盖筛查、评估及干预全流程的智能技术体系,从而推动认知障碍诊疗模式从传统的“疾病诊治”向“风险预警”与“神经功能重塑”并重的新型范式转型。
(1)在筛查与评估方面,未来趋势将聚焦于标准化、智能化与前瞻化的深度融合。通过整合AI算法、大数据分析与多模态生物信号(如MRI、EEG、fNIRS和可穿戴设备数据等),可构建动态、连续的认知功能衰退风险预警模型。该模型不仅能基于个体特异性生物标志物实现早期风险识别,还能通过连续监测为干预时机和策略的动态调整提供依据,从而推动筛查模式从静态、普适性评估向动态化、靶向预警演进。
(2)在干预技术层面,协同化、精准化和规范化将是未来发展的核心方向。随着对神经环路与多靶点机制的深入研究,“声−电”“磁−光”等多物理因子时空协同刺激模式将逐步完善。需要指出的是,物理因子干预将不再局限于单一技术手段,而是作为整合性康复体系的核心模块,与认知训练、脑机接口、干细胞疗法和神经调控手术等技术深度协同,共同构建覆盖认知障碍全周期的“多模态康复综合体”。结合TUS的深部聚焦与AI实时导航,可实现针对丘脑、默认模式网络等关键脑区和环路的精准干预。此外,基于个体化评估的精准干预将成为重要趋势[76],即通过整合个体脑网络特征、病理标记和临床表现,制定“一人一策”的调控方案,推动神经功能重塑向闭环化、个体化发展。同时,随着高质量临床证据的积累,各类物理因子技术的参数标准、操作规范和疗效评价体系也将逐步统一,促进临床实践的规范化和可重复性提升。
尽管认知障碍多模态筛查评估与物理因子协同干预技术前景广阔,但智能化、精准化和协同化的发展愿景在落地过程中仍面临诸多问题和挑战,亟待突破。
智能预警体系的构建受限于筛查评估标准不统一。传统量表对SCD、MCI等早期状态识别能力有限,而新兴数字化工具在信效度、诊断阈值和操作流程方面缺乏共识,影响早期精准识别[77]。临床指南对TMS、tES和TUS等技术缺乏高级别证据支持的推荐意见和标准流程,限制了干预方案的规范化推广[78]。此外,物理因子干预技术在刺激靶点、频率、强度、疗程和个体化方案等方面仍存在显著异质性,参数选择缺乏统一标准,直接影响疗效的可重复性和可比性[79]
个体化调控需以明晰的神经机制为支撑,但认知障碍病理机制高度异质,普适性干预靶点难以确立,个体疗效差异显著[80]。更关键的是,多物理因子协同干预在神经环路、突触可塑性等层面的交互机制仍不明确,制约了“声−电”“磁−光”等联合方案的科学设计和优化。
构建“多模态康复综合体”需要神经科学、临床医学、工程学及信息科学等多学科的深度协同,但当前学科间存在知识体系和研究范式的壁垒,产学研医协同创新体系尚未健全[81]。这直接导致技术转化链条不畅,从基础研究到产品研发、从临床试验到临床应用缺乏有效衔接。技术转化链条的阻滞还体现在高质量循证证据的产出困难上,多中心试验面临患者异质性高、盲法实施困难、长期随访依从性低等挑战,高级别证据积累缓慢[82],使得新兴技术难以获得指南推荐和市场准入,进一步加剧了转化生态的困境。
多物理因子协同干预领域的持续发展高度依赖兼具临床知识、工程技术素养与科研创新能力的复合型人才。然而,当前高等院校在神经工程、康复工程等交叉学科方向的设置尚不普及,临床医学与生物医学工程、信息科学的联合培养机制尚未成熟,导致专业人才供给严重不足,制约前沿技术的研发创新,也影响临床推广和跨学科团队建设。
建议由中华医学会物理医学与康复学分会、中国康复医学会等相关专业学会牵头,联合医疗机构、科研院所和产业力量,建立认知障碍筛查评估与物理因子干预的标准化协作机制。通过组织多学科专家团队,制定数字化筛查工具的信效度标准、操作规范和诊断阈值,推动多模态数据采集规范统一。同时,加快制定符合中国人群特征的物理因子干预临床指南,明确TMS、tDCS、TUS等技术的适应症、参数选择及操作流程,为临床规范化应用提供依据。
建议加大对认知障碍神经调控机制研究的支持力度,聚焦神经环路可塑性、多物理因子协同作用机制等关键问题。鼓励采用动物模型、类脑计算、多组学技术和先进成像手段,解析物理因子干预与认知功能改善的因果关联。同时,推动建立开放共享的机制研究数据平台,整合多中心基础和临床数据,为精准干预靶点识别和个体化方案构建提供理论支撑。
建议依托重点医疗机构或科研机构,建设多学科融合的神经调控技术创新平台,集聚神经科学、临床医学、工程学和信息科学等优势力量。重点攻关一体化耦合刺激设备、高精度实时神经导航系统等核心技术,并设立专项支持创新产品的临床验证与转化应用,加速技术从研发走向实践。
建议由临床研究协作网络牵头,统筹开展多中心、大样本随机对照试验,制定统一的临床研究方案与质控标准。探索适应物理因子干预特点的研究设计方法,妥善解决盲法实施、患者异质性控制与长期随访等难题。同时,建立基于真实世界数据的疗效评价和动态监测机制,形成临床证据持续积累的良性循环。
建议在高等院校与医疗机构中推动设立神经工程、康复工程等交叉学科方向,鼓励开展临床医学与生物医学工程、信息科学人才联合培养。通过建设人才培养示范基地,系统培育兼具临床思维、工程技术素养与科研创新能力的复合型人才。同时,设立跨学科青年人才支持计划,为领域可持续发展储备核心力量。
认知障碍的防治正经历从传统筛查与药物干预,向多模态动态评估与物理因子协同干预的范式转变。未来,通过整合AI算法和多模态生物信号,构建动态、连续的认知功能衰退风险预警模型,可实现筛查模式从静态评估向个体化主动预警的演进;多物理因子时空协同与“多模态康复综合体”的构建,将推动治疗策略向智能化、精准化和协同化发展。这一愿景的实现需要突破标准化体系滞后、机制研究不足、跨学科协同缺失和人才储备短缺等问题和挑战。对此,建议建立标准化协作机制、深化机制研究布局、构建跨学科创新平台、优化临床研究体系和加强交叉学科人才培养等,推动相关技术向临床有效转化,最终实现认知障碍防治从“疾病诊治”向“风险预警”与“神经功能重塑”并重的跨越,提升患者生活质量和社会健康水平。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3601200)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.20260002
  • 接收时间:2026-01-21
  • 出版时间:2026-03-20
  • 发布时间:2026-04-16
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-21
  • 修回日期:2026-03-02
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3601200)
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    1中山大学附属第三医院康复医学科, 广州 510630

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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