Article(id=1241742371621237470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241742235478323426, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1699718400000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-12, revisedDate=1701360000000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1704556800000, onlineDateStr=2024-01-07, pubDate=1703001600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1704556800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773984051847, creator=sys-migrate, updateTime=1773984051847, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1241742235478323426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2023', volume='2', issue='4', pageStart='4', pageEnd='116', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1703001600000', pubDateStr='2023-12-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1773984019388, creator='sys-migrate', updateTime=1774001921268, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241817321451357165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241742235478323426, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Special Issue on High-speed Magnetic Levitation Transportation, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null), CN=IssueExt(id=1241817321451357166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241742235478323426, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=高速磁浮交通专刊, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=61, endPage=69, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241742374473355528, articleId=1241742371621237470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=High-precision Prediction and Control Strategy for the Settlement of High-speed Maglev Track Structure, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Precise control of track structure settlement is essential to guarantee the steady and secure functioning of high-speed maglev trains. An overview of the features and progress of maglev track structure settlement is provided. In order to address the need for settlement control of maglev track structures at 600 km/h, an analysis is conducted on the technical challenges and difficulties, leading to the proposal of development prospects and suggestions for settlement control of high-speed maglev track structures. These suggestions include the creation of a high-precision analysis and calculation theory for settlement of structure-foundation-soil composite system, the development of an innovative high-speed maglev track structure and foundation system, and the implementation of autonomous control technology for settlement of high-speed maglev track structures. The results can provide technical support for the design and construction of 600 km/h maglev track structure.

, authors=null, authorsList=Hehua ZHU, Feng ZHANG, Zhiguo YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hehua ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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轨道结构沉降高精度控制是保证高速磁浮列车安全稳定运行和乘坐舒适性的关键。文章阐述了磁浮轨道结构沉降的特点及研究现状。针对600 km/h速度级高速磁浮对轨道结构沉降控制的需求,分析了其面临的技术挑战和难题,提出了高速磁浮轨道结构沉降控制的发展展望与建议:创建结构-基础-土体复合体系沉降高精度计算理论,创新高速磁浮轨道结构与基础新体系,突破高速磁浮轨道结构沉降自主控制技术,为600 km/h速度级高速磁浮轨道结构的设计与施工提供技术支撑。

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朱合华,同济大学特聘教授,中国工程院院士。土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室主任,教育部土木信息技术工程研究中心主任。英国剑桥大学智慧基础设施中心(CSIC)国际顾问,国际岩土工程联盟数据标准委员会主席,国际岩石力学学会中国国家小组副主席,中国土木工程学会隧道及地下工程分会副理事长等。合作创建并发展了岩体三维GZZ强度准则,被国际岩石力学协会所推荐;研发出基础设施智慧服务系统(iS3),数字地下空间与工程的领军人物,被国际同行认为是“城市基础设施规划、设计、施工和维护信息集成方法的国际开拓者之一”。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖2项,省部级和全国学会科技成果特等奖3项、一等奖10项。创办中国地下空间领域第一本国际学术期刊Underground Space(SCIE收录)。获科技部“十一五”科技计划执行突出贡献奖、卞学鐄国际学术贡献奖、德国洪堡研究奖、全国优秀科技工作者、上海市教学名师等荣誉。电子信箱:。

, authorsList=朱合华, 张锋, 闫治国, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱合华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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朱合华,同济大学特聘教授,中国工程院院士。土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室主任,教育部土木信息技术工程研究中心主任。英国剑桥大学智慧基础设施中心(CSIC)国际顾问,国际岩土工程联盟数据标准委员会主席,国际岩石力学学会中国国家小组副主席,中国土木工程学会隧道及地下工程分会副理事长等。合作创建并发展了岩体三维GZZ强度准则,被国际岩石力学协会所推荐;研发出基础设施智慧服务系统(iS3),数字地下空间与工程的领军人物,被国际同行认为是“城市基础设施规划、设计、施工和维护信息集成方法的国际开拓者之一”。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖2项,省部级和全国学会科技成果特等奖3项、一等奖10项。创办中国地下空间领域第一本国际学术期刊Underground Space(SCIE收录)。获科技部“十一五”科技计划执行突出贡献奖、卞学鐄国际学术贡献奖、德国洪堡研究奖、全国优秀科技工作者、上海市教学名师等荣誉。电子信箱:。

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朱合华,同济大学特聘教授,中国工程院院士。土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室主任,教育部土木信息技术工程研究中心主任。英国剑桥大学智慧基础设施中心(CSIC)国际顾问,国际岩土工程联盟数据标准委员会主席,国际岩石力学学会中国国家小组副主席,中国土木工程学会隧道及地下工程分会副理事长等。合作创建并发展了岩体三维GZZ强度准则,被国际岩石力学协会所推荐;研发出基础设施智慧服务系统(iS3),数字地下空间与工程的领军人物,被国际同行认为是“城市基础设施规划、设计、施工和维护信息集成方法的国际开拓者之一”。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖2项,省部级和全国学会科技成果特等奖3项、一等奖10项。创办中国地下空间领域第一本国际学术期刊Underground Space(SCIE收录)。获科技部“十一五”科技计划执行突出贡献奖、卞学鐄国际学术贡献奖、德国洪堡研究奖、全国优秀科技工作者、上海市教学名师等荣誉。电子信箱:。

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GEOMOS自动监测系统在城际铁路隧道下穿既有广深铁路施工中的应用[J]. 铁道标准设计, 2015, 59(4): 94-98., articleTitle=GEOMOS自动监测系统在城际铁路隧道下穿既有广深铁路施工中的应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241742389006627632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742371621237470, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=null, issue=6, pageStart=18, pageEnd=19, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=李俊岭, journalName=交通与运输, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李俊岭. 磁浮轨道梁支座特性及其维护[J]. 交通与运输, 2004(6): 18-19., articleTitle=磁浮轨道梁支座特性及其维护, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241742389069542193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742371621237470, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=39, issue=10, pageStart=37, pageEnd=41, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=王玉昆, 徐凌雁, 徐鹏, journalName=铁道工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王玉昆, 徐凌雁, 徐鹏, 等. 时速600 km高速磁浮新型轨道精调系统研究[J]. 铁道工程学报, 2022, 39(10): 37-41, 64., articleTitle=时速600 km高速磁浮新型轨道精调系统研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241742389140845362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742371621237470, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=7, pageStart=50, pageEnd=54, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=韩家山, 曾敏, 宋建平, journalName=现代城市轨道交通, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩家山, 曾敏, 宋建平, 等. 基于TRIZ理论的磁悬浮桥梁支座创新设计[J]. 现代城市轨道交通, 2022(7): 50-54., articleTitle=基于TRIZ理论的磁悬浮桥梁支座创新设计, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241742389195371315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742371621237470, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=48, issue=4, pageStart=99, pageEnd=110, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=朱合华, 李晓军, 陈雪琴, journalName=土木工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱合华, 李晓军, 陈雪琴. 基础设施建养一体数字化技术(1)——理论与方法[J]. 土木工程学报, 2015, 48(4): 99-110, 123., articleTitle=基础设施建养一体数字化技术(1)——理论与方法, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241742383679861485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742371621237470, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241742383688250094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742371621237470, companyId=1241742383679861485, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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BIM:Building Information Modeling,建筑信息模型;GIS:Geographic Information System,地理信息系统;CAD:Computer-Aided Design,计算机辅助设计。

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高速磁浮轨道结构沉降的高精度预测及控制策略
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朱合华 1, 2, † , 张锋 2 , 闫治国 1, 2
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2023,2(4): 61-69
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2023, 2(4): 61-69
高速磁浮轨道结构沉降的高精度预测及控制策略
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朱合华1, 2, † , 张锋2, 闫治国1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.同济大学土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室,上海 200092
  • 2.同济大学土木工程学院,上海 200092
  • 朱合华,同济大学特聘教授,中国工程院院士。土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室主任,教育部土木信息技术工程研究中心主任。英国剑桥大学智慧基础设施中心(CSIC)国际顾问,国际岩土工程联盟数据标准委员会主席,国际岩石力学学会中国国家小组副主席,中国土木工程学会隧道及地下工程分会副理事长等。合作创建并发展了岩体三维GZZ强度准则,被国际岩石力学协会所推荐;研发出基础设施智慧服务系统(iS3),数字地下空间与工程的领军人物,被国际同行认为是“城市基础设施规划、设计、施工和维护信息集成方法的国际开拓者之一”。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖2项,省部级和全国学会科技成果特等奖3项、一等奖10项。创办中国地下空间领域第一本国际学术期刊Underground Space(SCIE收录)。获科技部“十一五”科技计划执行突出贡献奖、卞学鐄国际学术贡献奖、德国洪堡研究奖、全国优秀科技工作者、上海市教学名师等荣誉。电子信箱:。

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High-precision Prediction and Control Strategy for the Settlement of High-speed Maglev Track Structure
Hehua ZHU1, 2, † , Feng ZHANG2, Zhiguo YAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 2. College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
出版时间: 2023-12-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.006
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轨道结构沉降高精度控制是保证高速磁浮列车安全稳定运行和乘坐舒适性的关键。文章阐述了磁浮轨道结构沉降的特点及研究现状。针对600 km/h速度级高速磁浮对轨道结构沉降控制的需求,分析了其面临的技术挑战和难题,提出了高速磁浮轨道结构沉降控制的发展展望与建议:创建结构-基础-土体复合体系沉降高精度计算理论,创新高速磁浮轨道结构与基础新体系,突破高速磁浮轨道结构沉降自主控制技术,为600 km/h速度级高速磁浮轨道结构的设计与施工提供技术支撑。

高速磁浮  /  轨道结构  /  沉降  /  高精度预测  /  自主控制

Precise control of track structure settlement is essential to guarantee the steady and secure functioning of high-speed maglev trains. An overview of the features and progress of maglev track structure settlement is provided. In order to address the need for settlement control of maglev track structures at 600 km/h, an analysis is conducted on the technical challenges and difficulties, leading to the proposal of development prospects and suggestions for settlement control of high-speed maglev track structures. These suggestions include the creation of a high-precision analysis and calculation theory for settlement of structure-foundation-soil composite system, the development of an innovative high-speed maglev track structure and foundation system, and the implementation of autonomous control technology for settlement of high-speed maglev track structures. The results can provide technical support for the design and construction of 600 km/h maglev track structure.

high-speed maglev  /  track structure  /  settlement  /  high-precision prediction  /  autonomous control
朱合华, 张锋, 闫治国. 高速磁浮轨道结构沉降的高精度预测及控制策略. 前瞻科技, 2023 , 2 (4) : 61 -69 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.006
Hehua ZHU, Feng ZHANG, Zhiguo YAN. High-precision Prediction and Control Strategy for the Settlement of High-speed Maglev Track Structure[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2023 , 2 (4) : 61 -69 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.006
高速磁浮轨道结构一般由上部磁浮轨道结构、支墩、下部桩基础等组成。轨道结构沉降高精度控制是保证高速磁浮列车安全稳定运行和乘坐舒适性的关键。软土地层中通常采用增加桩基础长度来控制轨道结构沉降,但上部磁浮轨道结构重量仅为相同长度高速公路重量的几分之一,甚至相差一个数量级。为了支撑一个轨道系统,难以想象在软土地层中需要施作50~80 m长的桩基。这种控制方式不仅大大增加工程造价,而且大量的工程数据表明,仅依靠桩-土摩擦作用解决不了变形控制问题,当承受列车长期振动荷载时,这一问题更为严重。当列车运行速度提升到600 km/h速度级时,高速磁浮交通系统对轨道结构的平顺性提出了更高的要求。如何高精度预测和控制轨道结构的沉降面临重大的技术挑战。
磁浮轨道通常采用高架线路的形式。在车辆运行时,线路轨道承受着持续的动力荷载作用和外部环境因素影响,尤其是铺设在软土地基上的磁浮线路(如上海磁浮列车示范运营线,简称上海磁浮线),不可避免地受到基础沉降的影响。相邻支墩和支墩两侧的差异沉降既造成长波不平顺,也引起轨道局部偏差。高架桥台垂向位移是导致轨道不平顺的因素之一。悬浮间隙、车体垂向加速度及梁跨中垂向加速度随不平顺幅值的增加而增长,呈正相关关系。这些因素都会影响车辆的运行状态,使之出现横向摇摆、垂向起伏等晃动问题,从而明显降低乘坐舒适度。
造成磁浮轨道结构沉降有3方面的因素:自身因素、自然因素和人为因素。从自身因素来看,路基在重力作用下会产生固结沉降,地基在上部结构荷载作用下也会发生固结沉降。此外,路基和路基基床在列车动力荷载作用下均会累积变形。从自然因素来看,降水引起地下水位变化,季节更替导致温度荷载的变化等都会引起区域性沉降现象。除自身因素和自然因素外,人为因素的影响也较为突出。磁浮线路保护区范围内日益频繁的施工活动,邻近高速磁浮线路的基坑开挖引起的水土流失、地基滑移和沉陷,以及周边线路下穿带来的施工扰动,都是引起高速磁浮墩柱沉降的重要因素。根据磁浮线路邻近的工程案例来看,磁浮保护区外深基坑降水[1],以及由于城市不同阶段规划进程的改变,盾构隧道和大直径顶管下穿成为影响磁浮轨道结构沉降的重要影响因素。尽管可以采用微扰动技术将施工期的影响降到可控范围内,但在长期运营下地层损失对磁浮轨道墩柱的沉降及位移仍会产生难以预测的影响[2-3]。
国内外学者针对轨道结构的沉降问题已经开展了系列研究。在轨道结构沉降的计算方法方面,Zhang等[4]建立了基于列车-轨道-桥梁耦合动力学理论的模型,研究了高速铁路桥墩差异沉降如何影响各种铁路性能相关准则。Chen等[5]综合考虑影响桥墩沉降极限值的完整因素,考虑自重、预应力、蠕变、收缩、温度和钢轨随机不规则等影响因素,给出轨道沉降极限值计算方法。Gong等[6]以高速磁浮轨道——简支桥为研究对象,分析了桥墩沉降引起的磁浮轨道变形特征,建立了磁浮轨道变形的解析模型。为了解不同密度砂土受不同频率的列车振动载荷产生沉降的机理,Zhang等[7-8]进行了1 g模型振动试验。试验对象地基为干松砂、干密砂和饱和密砂。对比干松砂的模型试验与数值模拟的结果,4种振动载荷频率的计算基本再现了试验结果,尤其是加速度几乎完全一样;沉降计算数量级也基本相当,只是在时间变化序列中,两者的趋势存在差异。并基于高精度土体统一本构模型(Cyclic Mobility Model,CM模型),计算分析某高铁沉降的实际案例,对比分析现场测试和数值计算结果,数据的吻合趋势表明基于CM模型的数值计算再现了轨道沉降的实测结果。
在轨道结构的沉降控制措施方面,目前主要有以下几种控制方式。一是基于线路的地质条件,根据区间路基所分布线路的股数及路基断面型式选取不同路基结构,如适用于中低速磁浮交通的悬臂式挡土墙、U形槽、U形槽组合顶板等路基结构[9]。二是采用地基处理技术,根据不同的地层情况,对磁浮线路的地基采用注浆加固、旋喷桩、素混凝土桩等方法进行处理[10-11]。三是邻近工程施工的变形控制微扰动技术,根据工程经验,对于基坑变形一般通过加强基坑围护体系刚度,使用安全可靠的基坑止水帷幕,以及必要时进行坑内加固等方法来控制邻近基坑对磁浮线路沉降的影响。对于路基填筑施工,一般采用特殊性能的混凝土,如气泡混凝土,来解决其对紧邻磁浮桥墩的影响,以保证工程质量、施工安全和节约成本[12-13]。对于地铁隧道下穿工程,采取沉降动态反馈和实时预测的微扰动技术[14]。四是强化磁浮安全保护区的安全监护。一方面,加强邻近工程施工时磁浮安全保护区的沉降监测,根据施工扰动区与磁浮保护区划定主要风险区,对关键位置进行布点、观测、数据采集和分析,并对施工现场进行监护[15-16];另一方面,对磁浮轨道结构进行运营期实时变形监控和预测,并对沉降风险点进行局部加固注浆等位移控制措施[17-18]。
为提高陆地交通速度和满足快速增长的社会经济需求,世界各国都在加紧推进高速轨道交通技术研发。高速磁浮交通在常压环境下的最高运行速度可达400~600 km/h,填补了高速铁路(运行速度350 km/h)与航空运输(运行速度800~1000 km/h)之间的速度空白,增加了不同运距和旅行速度的交通方式选择,进一步完善了现代综合交通运输体系[19]。目前,中国正在600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通领域开展深入研究。“十三五”国家重点研发计划高速磁浮交通专项正式启动并实施了600 km/h速度级国产高速磁浮列车的研发工作。2019年5月23日,600 km/h速度级国产高速磁浮试验样车正式在中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司下线。2019年9月,中共中央、国务院印发《交通强国建设纲要》,将磁浮交通技术列为交通强国战略的重要组成部分。国家发改委在《增强制造业核心竞争力三年行动计划(2018—2020年)》中将“新一代600 km/h高速磁浮列车”作为首项任务[20]。
目前,中国商业运营的最高速度磁浮列车是430 km/h速度级的上海磁浮线,它采用了带主动控制的常导型磁浮制式。然而,由于列车轨道结构沉降会对车体和悬浮模块的动力响应产生显著的放大效应,引起运行平稳性劣化,导致车辆悬浮稳定性裕量也有所下降[21-22]。此外,车辆运行在一定程度上会加剧轨道结构的沉降不均匀性,产生差异沉降量,进一步降低车辆的悬浮稳定性[23]。对于未来600 km/h速度级高速磁浮列车,悬浮稳定性和车辆运行平稳性的劣化现象(如车辆振动、悬浮失稳、车轨触碰等)将更为显著,对磁浮列车的可靠运行提出了严峻挑战。更高速度下磁浮列车悬浮稳定性下降的问题,实质上是由磁浮列车速度、磁浮轨道的短波/长波不平顺、空气动力学干扰等复杂因素综合影响导致的。由于轨道功能件制造安装的误差、支承结构的持续变形及基础不均匀沉降等因素的影响,磁浮轨道的功能面必然会偏离其理想设计位置。这种轨道几何不平顺将改变电磁铁与轨道之间的间隙波动和车辆磁力走行部的垂向与横向加速度,加大悬浮导向系统实现无接触控制的难度。因此,轨道几何不平顺直接影响电磁力的控制效果,是磁浮车辆和轨道结构振动的主要外部激扰来源,是影响车辆运行稳定性和乘坐舒适性的重要因素[24]。
由轨道沉降引起的轨道几何不平顺与沿线的地质环境、气候条件和线路养护维修方法等因素相关,具有明显的随机性和动态性。然而,在建成工程线路之前,需要使用轨道不平顺模型对磁浮列车的动力学性能进行预测和评估。因此,磁浮轨道结构沉降的预测和控制的合理性和准确性将直接影响动力学分析结果的可靠性。一种较可靠的方法是借用上海磁浮线的实测轨道沉降和不平顺样本,但由于实测样本有限,无法具备代表性,且实测样本的最大有效物理波长小于200 m,难以满足600 km/h速度级下轨道不平顺的管理波长(应达到330 m)的要求。另一种方法是按照线路结构构造特点、基础不均匀沉降预测计算结果等,采用概率分布理论构建轨道不平顺理论模型。因此,磁浮交通轨道沉降高精度预测和控制技术将是未来600 km/h速度级线路设计评估和养护维修的重要技术挑战。
针对600 km/h速度级高速磁浮对轨道结构沉降控制的需求和面临的技术挑战,建议重点从沉降高精度分析计算理论、轨道结构与基础新体系及沉降自主控制技术3方面进行技术攻关,为未来600 km/h速度级高速磁浮轨道结构的设计、施工和维护提供技术支撑。
为揭示600 km/h速度级高速磁浮轨道结构-基础-地层复合体系发生沉降的机理和规律,需要创建磁浮轨道结构-基础-土体复合体系沉降的高精度分析计算理论,旨在建立能够准确有效地预测沉降的土体本构模型和计算方法,为高速磁浮交通工程技术研发及工程建设提供支撑。建议聚焦以下主要内容开展研究。
首先,探究高速磁浮轨道结构的沉降机理,包括开展磁浮列车振动特性分析,研究磁浮列车在高速运行时的振动频率、振幅等动力学特性,考虑不同速度、曲线半径、坡度等条件下,磁浮列车振动特性的变化。探究磁浮轨道结构的荷载传递机制,分析动态荷载和静态荷载对地基土体的影响,特别是荷载的频率和振幅对土体响应的影响。
其次,采用精细化的数值计算模型,开展上部轨道结构-下部桩基础结构-地基土体系的高精度振动预测分析,以便系统、合理、精确地描述由磁浮列车振动引起的地基沉降这一极其复杂的边值问题。同时,设计并实施磁浮轨道结构-基础-地层复合体系的模型试验,验证精细化数值模型的准确性。结合既有磁浮轨道的沉降情况进行监测,为理论研究提供实际数据支持。在精细化数值模拟过程中,需充分考虑桩-土共同作用体系的影响,尤其是土体非线性行为的影响,高精度地预测桩基的沉降,实现有效控制。
最后,开展高速磁浮轨道结构沉降风险评估工作。尽管施工期轨道沉降控制技术已有较好的技术储备,但长期运营下轨道结构仍不可避免会出现系列不均匀沉降情况。例如,Zhang等[7-8]研究中所涉及案例高铁试运行期间沉降了5 cm,虽然使用了注浆等地基处理技术,但沉降问题仍未得到解决。因此,在高精度沉降分析理论的基础上,仍需要深入研究高速磁浮轨道结构沉降风险,探究600 km/h速度级不均匀沉降工况下的磁浮列车动力性能及安全储备。根据全寿命期沉降变化趋势及轨道性能劣化情况,综合考虑车辆运行平稳性标准,给出施工期及运营期不同阶段的不均匀沉降安全阈值。
为确保600 km/h速度级高速磁浮列车行驶在长大干线时具有良好的悬浮运行安全性、稳定性及乘坐舒适性,创新高速磁浮轨道结构与基础体系是重要的研究方向。
在上海磁浮线中,轨道结构采用与承重梁一体的复合结构。梁轨一体轨道梁的平顺性控制难度大,为确保轨道面的平顺性和结构构件的安装精度,需要采用高精度加工技术来制造整孔轨道梁,其精度需要达到亚毫米级或毫米级。由于轨道梁作为承重结构,体积和重量大、加工难度大,并且需要对整孔梁进行高精度安装,存在吊装困难、施工难度大和工程成本高等问题[25]。因此,在叠合梁或箱形梁上铺设轨道板的高速磁浮新型轨道结构是未来的发展方向。这种构造型式将轨道结构的功能部件从承重梁中分离出来单独设置,只需要对轨道板进行高精度加工制造及精调,轨道板以下的工程均可按常规精度控制施工,可有效降低施工难度,大幅降低工程成本。其中,轨道板作为滑行板、导向板及定子固定件的直接承载体,其制造精度与铺设精度是保证高速磁浮工程修建质量的关键因素。
针对这一新兴结构型式与施工方法,重点需要关注以下核心问题探讨:① 在现有的结构基础上进行优化设计,通过对叠合梁或箱形梁的材料、几何形状等进行深入研究,保证叠合梁或箱形梁在高速磁浮交通系统中具有卓越的强度和刚度,同时尽可能减轻结构自重,以提高运行效率;② 聚焦于轨道板的设计,通过优化轨道板的几何形状和采用先进材料,实现列车减小气动阻力、摩擦损失,从而提高系统的稳定性和能效;③ 关注结构的安全性和可靠性,通过评估系统在不同条件下的运行情况,制定有效的应急措施,确保高速磁浮新型轨道在实际应用中能够安全可靠地运行。
沉降在高速磁浮全寿命期中是不可忽视的问题。因此,如何控制沉降显得尤为重要,放眼长远发展,高速磁浮轨道结构沉降自主控制技术是关键。发展自主控制技术可以提高生产效率、优化工作流程、降低人为错误和事故风险,同时适应多种工作条件和需求。为突破高速磁浮轨道结构沉降的自主控制技术,可以从沉降自动监测、轨道支座调整及整合数据和智慧化技术决策系统等方面考虑。
1)600 km/h速度级磁浮交通系统沉降自动监测系统
由于高速磁浮交通系统仍在初步发展期,可以借鉴高铁与地铁的轨道结构沉降自动监测实践经验,研究发展高速磁浮轨道结构沉降的自主监测技术。对于路基面沉降,可研发基于液力测量原理的传感器、自动全向传感水平位移计和相应的沉降自动监测系统,长期监测高速铁路路基面沉降变形和水平位移,并实现数据的存储、汇总、检索和分析[26-27];或采用基于精密全自动全站仪开发的无人值守的自动监测系统,实现快捷、高效、无人值守、全天候的监控量测[28]。
尽管理论上可供借鉴参考的结构沉降自动监测经验丰富,但面向具体应用层面仍需要开展若干技术研究。首先,600 km/h速度级磁浮交通系统的变形要求更为严格,使用在高铁和地铁上的监测设备无法直接应用在磁浮交通系统,需要设计具有高灵敏度、高精度,并适应磁浮环境的传感器,以确保对微小变形的准确检测。其次,由于运行速度相较于高铁和地铁有显著提升,选择合适的无线传输模块确保数据能够及时传输到监测中心同样是一大难点。最后,考虑磁浮结构轨道的特殊性,列车运行时的振动频率、特性等与低速列车运行时有所差异,监测设备的选择与研发需要与其相适应。因此,需要综合考虑600 km/h速度级磁浮交通系统的独有特性,研发适用于磁浮列车轨道的自动监测系统,为磁浮列车的安全、稳定运行提供有效的技术支持。
2)轨道支座调整技术
磁浮轨道梁支座的定位、调整功能可以保证线路的线形:在直线上保证线路的长平长直,曲线上保证曲线圆顺,在轨道梁的相互关系上保证符合列车行车安全规范[29]。但现有磁浮轨道梁支座在使用过程中已出现调整困难、调整精度低等诸多问题。另外,随着磁浮交通技术的发展,磁浮列车速度越来越快,对磁浮轨道梁支座也提出了更高的要求。因此,高速磁浮轨道沉降变形后,需要采用精准可控的支座调整技术使之归位到正常使用状态。目前,已有一些高速磁浮新型轨道结构精调系统[30],但系统的实用性和适用性并未在工程化领域内进行验证和评价。此外,一些研究还提出运用新理论创新设计新型磁浮桥梁支座,使之具有传力可靠、结构紧凑、高度无级可调、横向位置无级可调等特点[31]。围绕上述问题及已有的一些解决思路,建议深入研究支座结构的优化设计,以适应高速列车的运行环境,提高支座的调整精度和可控性;开发先进的支座调整技术与装备,包括精密机械结构和电动调整系统,确保在沉降发生后能够迅速、准确地使轨道恢复到正常状态。
3)基于数字孪生的智慧化自主调控系统
在高速磁浮轨道结构沉降控制过程中,大量的监测数据、复杂的外在环境及严格的技术要求需要极高的系统稳定性。为解决这些问题,提升轨道结构的自主控制水平,有必要开展多源数据融合及智慧化技术决策系统的研究。① 围绕数据采集与处理系统研究,通过物联网技术整合不同传感器的数据,借助云计算和大数据分析技术,实现对轨道结构状态的全面监测与分析,在此基础上构建轨道结构沉降的动态模型。② 通过智慧化技术的研究,采用机器学习、人工智能等手段,建立轨道结构沉降的预测模型。通过对历史数据的分析,学习轨道沉降的规律,实现对未来沉降变形的预测,为系统自主调整提供提前预警。③ 提升智能化的决策水平,研究智能决策系统,将各类监测数据与轨道结构的工程特性结合,实现对调整策略的自主决策。④ 为确保系统的安全性和稳定性,研究建立智能化的故障检测与诊断系统,通过实时监测异常情况并自动识别潜在问题,实现对系统状态的及时调整和修复。针对上述问题,如图1所示,可依托基础设施智慧服务系统iS3(infrastructure Smart Service System)[32],在高速磁浮交通运维阶段中,统一数据模型,获取工程区域的磁浮列车运行数据、轨道结构变形数据、地基基础沉降数据等信息,为高速磁浮轨道结构沉降高精度控制提供决策指导服务,最终达到自动感知轨道结构沉降及环境状态变化程度,构建轨道结构自主控制模型,实现物理模型的精确映射与变化状态预测,以智能调控磁浮交通轨道结构的变形状态。相信通过这一系列技术研究将有效推动高速磁浮轨道结构沉降的自主控制技术发展,提高系统的适应性、灵活性和智能化水平。
目前,磁浮线路大多以高架形式建设在地基之上,地基沉降不可避免地会对磁浮轨道结构变形造成影响,600 km/h速度级高速磁浮列车对轨道的平顺性提出更高要求,需重点关注磁浮轨道结构沉降及其控制问题。高速磁浮轨道沉降控制的首要任务是创建磁浮轨道结构-基础-土体复合体系沉降高精度分析计算理论,为600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通工程技术研发及试验线建设提供支撑。同时,创新发展高速磁浮的轨道结构和基础新体系,为长期服役下磁浮轨道沉降引起的轨道不平顺提供有效的控制途径。最后,应从沉降自动监测、轨道支座调整及智慧化自主调控系统等方面切入,突破高速磁浮轨道结构沉降自主控制技术。
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.006
  • 接收时间:2023-11-12
  • 出版时间:2023-12-20
  • 发布时间:2024-01-07
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-12
  • 修回日期:2023-12-01
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    1.同济大学土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室,上海 200092
    2.同济大学土木工程学院,上海 200092

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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