Article(id=1241742324926042258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241742235478323426, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1697385600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-16, revisedDate=1699286400000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1704556800000, onlineDateStr=2024-01-07, pubDate=1703001600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1704556800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773984040716, creator=sys-migrate, updateTime=1773984040716, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1241742235478323426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2023', volume='2', issue='4', pageStart='4', pageEnd='116', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1703001600000', pubDateStr='2023-12-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1773984019388, creator='sys-migrate', updateTime=1774001921268, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241817321451357165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241742235478323426, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Special Issue on High-speed Magnetic Levitation Transportation, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null), CN=IssueExt(id=1241817321451357166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241742235478323426, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=高速磁浮交通专刊, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=40, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241742329141317787, articleId=1241742324926042258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Engineering Practice and Prospect of High-speed Maglev Transportation in China, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In 2002, China carried out the construction and operation of the Shanghai Maglev Train Demonstration Operation Line and gained much experience in operation and maintenance. From “the 10th Five-Year Plan” to “the 13th Five-Year Plan” period, China continued to carry out independent innovation through four “Five-Year Plan” national high-speed maglev technology special projects, completed the development of a high-speed maglev engineering prototype of 600 km/h, and conducted the ground functional test of the subsystem, high-speed simulation evaluation of test platform, and low-speed function verification of line conditions. This paper systematically introduces the research progress of high-speed maglev transportation in China from “the 10th Five-Year Plan” to “the 13th Five-Year Plan” period, elaborates on the engineering practices of key technology innovation and system verification of high-speed maglev transportation of 600 km/h, and analyzes the development needs and technical challenges of high-speed maglev transportation in China. Based on the experience of maglev transportation in China and abroad and the development of China’s high-speed railways, it is suggested to clarify the subject playing a leading role, form a consortium to jointly promote the development of maglev transportation, carry out high-speed test and verification in an orderly manner, and speed up the progress of test line planning and construction. It is also necessary to strengthen basic theoretical research and continuously build a high-speed maglev basic research and continuous engineering innovation capability system.

, authors=null, authorsList=Sansan DING, Shanqiang FU, Xin LIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Sansan DING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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中国在2002年开展上海磁浮列车示范运营线的建设运营,积累了丰富的运营维护经验。在“十五”至“十三五”期间,中国通过国家高速磁浮科技专项(4个“五年计划”),持续开展自主创新,完成600 km/h速度级高速磁浮成套工程样机研制,开展了子系统地面功能性试验、试验台高速模拟评估及线路条件低速功能验证。文章系统介绍了“十五”至“十三五”期间中国高速磁浮交通的研究成果,阐述了600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通系统关键技术创新和系统验证等工程实践,分析了中国高速磁浮交通发展需求及面临的关键挑战。结合国内外磁浮交通及中国高铁发展经验,建议明确政府作为牵头主体,组建联合体统筹谋划磁浮交通发展;有序开展高速试验验证,加快试验线建设规划进度;加强基础理论研究,完善工程创新能力体系。

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丁叁叁,正高级工程师。高速磁浮运载技术全国重点实验室主任,中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司副总工程师。享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家。中国轨道交通复合材料专业委员会主任、国际磁浮协会委员。主持10余项国家、省部级重大科研项目。主要从事高速动车组、高速磁浮交通系统集成研究。电子信箱:。

, authorsList=丁叁叁, 付善强, 梁鑫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=丁叁叁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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丁叁叁,正高级工程师。高速磁浮运载技术全国重点实验室主任,中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司副总工程师。享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家。中国轨道交通复合材料专业委员会主任、国际磁浮协会委员。主持10余项国家、省部级重大科研项目。主要从事高速动车组、高速磁浮交通系统集成研究。电子信箱:。

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丁叁叁,正高级工程师。高速磁浮运载技术全国重点实验室主任,中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司副总工程师。享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家。中国轨道交通复合材料专业委员会主任、国际磁浮协会委员。主持10余项国家、省部级重大科研项目。主要从事高速动车组、高速磁浮交通系统集成研究。电子信箱:。

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中国高速磁浮交通工程实践与展望
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丁叁叁 1, 2, † , 付善强 1, 2, 3 , 梁鑫 1, 2
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2023,2(4): 40-48
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2023, 2(4): 40-48
中国高速磁浮交通工程实践与展望
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丁叁叁1, 2, † , 付善强1, 2, 3, 梁鑫1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司,青岛 266111
  • 2.高速磁浮运载技术全国重点实验室,青岛 266111
  • 3.西南交通大学轨道交通运载系统全国重点实验室,成都 610031
  • 丁叁叁,正高级工程师。高速磁浮运载技术全国重点实验室主任,中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司副总工程师。享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家。中国轨道交通复合材料专业委员会主任、国际磁浮协会委员。主持10余项国家、省部级重大科研项目。主要从事高速动车组、高速磁浮交通系统集成研究。电子信箱:。

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†
†
Engineering Practice and Prospect of High-speed Maglev Transportation in China
Sansan DING1, 2, † , Shanqiang FU1, 2, 3, Xin LIANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. CRRC Qingdao Sifang Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266111, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of High-speed Maglev Transportation Technology, Qingdao 266111, China
  • 3. State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
出版时间: 2023-12-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.004
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中国在2002年开展上海磁浮列车示范运营线的建设运营,积累了丰富的运营维护经验。在“十五”至“十三五”期间,中国通过国家高速磁浮科技专项(4个“五年计划”),持续开展自主创新,完成600 km/h速度级高速磁浮成套工程样机研制,开展了子系统地面功能性试验、试验台高速模拟评估及线路条件低速功能验证。文章系统介绍了“十五”至“十三五”期间中国高速磁浮交通的研究成果,阐述了600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通系统关键技术创新和系统验证等工程实践,分析了中国高速磁浮交通发展需求及面临的关键挑战。结合国内外磁浮交通及中国高铁发展经验,建议明确政府作为牵头主体,组建联合体统筹谋划磁浮交通发展;有序开展高速试验验证,加快试验线建设规划进度;加强基础理论研究,完善工程创新能力体系。

磁浮交通  /  高速磁浮  /  工程实践  /  发展建议

In 2002, China carried out the construction and operation of the Shanghai Maglev Train Demonstration Operation Line and gained much experience in operation and maintenance. From “the 10th Five-Year Plan” to “the 13th Five-Year Plan” period, China continued to carry out independent innovation through four “Five-Year Plan” national high-speed maglev technology special projects, completed the development of a high-speed maglev engineering prototype of 600 km/h, and conducted the ground functional test of the subsystem, high-speed simulation evaluation of test platform, and low-speed function verification of line conditions. This paper systematically introduces the research progress of high-speed maglev transportation in China from “the 10th Five-Year Plan” to “the 13th Five-Year Plan” period, elaborates on the engineering practices of key technology innovation and system verification of high-speed maglev transportation of 600 km/h, and analyzes the development needs and technical challenges of high-speed maglev transportation in China. Based on the experience of maglev transportation in China and abroad and the development of China’s high-speed railways, it is suggested to clarify the subject playing a leading role, form a consortium to jointly promote the development of maglev transportation, carry out high-speed test and verification in an orderly manner, and speed up the progress of test line planning and construction. It is also necessary to strengthen basic theoretical research and continuously build a high-speed maglev basic research and continuous engineering innovation capability system.

maglev transportation  /  high-speed maglev  /  engineering practice  /  development suggestions
丁叁叁, 付善强, 梁鑫. 中国高速磁浮交通工程实践与展望. 前瞻科技, 2023 , 2 (4) : 40 -48 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.004
Sansan DING, Shanqiang FU, Xin LIANG. Engineering Practice and Prospect of High-speed Maglev Transportation in China[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2023 , 2 (4) : 40 -48 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.004
中国自“十五”期间,持续开展高速磁浮交通技术研究,推进磁浮交通系统由理论验证到工程技术迭代。2002年,中国通过引进德国常导磁浮交通技术,在上海建成世界上第一条最高运营速度430 km/h、最高试验速度501 km/h的磁浮列车示范运营线,迄今已安全运营近20年。常导高速磁浮交通技术适用性、安全性、可靠性得到了充分验证,并积累了丰富的工程建设和运营管理经验[1]。
“十三五”期间,在国家重点研发计划的支持下,中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司(简称中车四方股份公司)牵头,聚集国内高铁、磁浮优势资源,组建了中国高速磁浮产学研用协同攻关团队,研发具有完全自主知识产权的600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通系统成套装备,开展了低速功能验证。600 km/h速度级高速磁浮试验样车作为“高端产业取得新突破”的典型代表,对实现科技自立自强、持续保持中国轨道交通的国际领先优势具有重大意义[2]。深入领会习近平总书记关于科技创新的重要论述,发挥新型举国体制优势,打好高速磁浮交通技术产业攻坚战,责任重大。
依托上海磁浮列车示范运营线(简称上海磁浮线)建设,中国从德国进口了车辆、牵引供电、运行控制通信系统的整机装备,线路轨道系统进行转让,由上海建工集团股份有限公司承建了线路轨道的基础设施[3]。为了掌握高速磁浮交通核心技术,结合上海磁浮线建设运营,中国从“十五”到“十二五”期间,持续开展技术研究及国产化替代,基本掌握高速磁浮交通基础理论和关键技术,具备了进一步提速和工程应用的基础。
“十五”至“十一五”期间,中国通过“三个一”工程(研制1套7.5 MV⋅A牵引变流与运行控制系统、1列2编组车辆功能样车、1条1.5 km试验线)开展自主化车辆、牵引供电、运行控制、线路轨道样机开发,开展高速磁浮国产化创新尝试[4];自主研制4节国产化车体,核心设备采用进口集成1列4编组工程化样车,并在上海磁浮线实现最高速度430 km/h运行。“十二五”期间,通过高速磁浮交通工程化集成系统研究,制定高速磁浮交通国产化零部件工程化验证管理标准及试验检测规范,系统研发替代进口的关键零部件和维护检测设备。
“十三五”期间,600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通系统继承上海磁浮线技术原理和技术路线,在持续创新和上海磁浮线经验基础上,针对进一步速度提升和工程化应用,开展高速磁浮交通技术攻关,旨在攻克600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通系统集成、车辆、悬浮导向、牵引供电及运行控制通信核心技术,自主掌握设计—制造—试验评估方法,研制面向工程应用的成套工程化装备。
600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通系统研发,借鉴中国成熟的高铁研发经验,采用“数值计算—地面试验—线路试验”循环迭代优化的研发验证方法,如图1[5]所示。在前期多轮创新成果的基础上,以工程化应用为导向,开展600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通系统顶层指标制定,基于上海磁浮线试验积累和运行数据制定系统技术指标逐级向下分解,并结合系统综合验证需求,搭建系统集成、车辆、牵引供电、运行控制通信及线路轨道的地面试验台和调试试验线,开展高速磁浮核心部件及系统的研发与验证,完成系统计算评估、地面台架验证及低速线路试验,以此验证600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通系统集成、车辆系统、牵引供电系统、运行控制通信系统、线路轨道系统的核心技术及工程化方案。
通过600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通系统研究,初步构建高速磁浮交通自主化产业链,建立了开放的研发、试验、制造平台,掌握系统集成、车辆、牵引供电、运行控制通信及线路轨道设计、制造和试验方法,研制了全系统成套工程化装备,形成可持续的自主创新能力。
1)技术发展驱动完善磁浮交通产业链
600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通系统研发悬浮控制、大功率器件、功率级芯片等关键部件,推动产业结构优化升级[6]。依托国内大型央企,在规划设计、装备制造、施工建设、运营维护等方面完成产业链布局,形成自主可控的磁浮产业链。以中国铁路设计集团有限公司、中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司为代表的勘察设计单位,按照600 km/h运行要求完成海南、大湾区等高速磁浮线路规划设计,形成具备开展长大干线高速磁浮交通系统集成设计能力;以中国中车股份有限公司核心企业、中国宝武钢铁集团有限公司、中国科学院电工研究所、中铁宝桥集团有限公司等单位为研究主体,依托高铁成熟产业链,初步形成从特种钢、电线电缆等材料级,到集成门极换流晶闸管(Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristor, IGCT)芯片、集成电路板等元器件级,到大功率变流器、安全计算机等部件级,到车辆、牵引供电、运行控制、无线通信等装备级的产业链和供应链,形成高速磁浮全系统工程化研发、设计、生产、制造能力;以上海建工集团股份有限公司、中铁二十三局集团有限公司等单位为施工主体,完成线路轨道系统样机研制,掌握了线路轨道全系统设计、建设、调试、测量等应用技术。借助上海磁浮线近20年安全运营与管理经验,面向600 km/h速度级高速磁浮长大干线运营维护场景,中国初步形成自主化运维体系,建立了系统运维平台。
2)构建协同数值分析、试验及试制平台
中车四方股份公司牵头搭建涵盖车辆振动、噪声、电磁、牵引、直线电机、悬浮导向控制等全系统协同数值分析平台,为技术方案论证、数值分析-低速试验的迭代优化,提供协同数值分析预测与评估[7]。试验平台方面,中车四方股份公司搭建电磁铁、测速定位、悬浮导向控制、辅助供电等磁浮交通技术专用试验台,面向系统级搭建首套高速磁浮线路运行模拟试验平台及全系统半实物综合运行模拟与电子仿真试验平台,可满足悬浮导向控制部件级、车轨系统级及牵引运行控制大系统级的地面台架模拟试验验证需求。在试制平台方面,中车四方股份公司及参研企业结合自身技术优势,新建高速磁浮试制中心和各系统试制平台,突破生产制造过程中大批工艺技术,形成车辆、牵引供电、运行控制通信、线路轨道全系统工程化小批量可扩展制造能力。
3)完成全系统成套工程样机研制
截至2020年12月,中车四方股份公司牵头的高速磁浮成套工程样机完成研制:完成5编组600 km/h速度级高速磁浮工程样车总成;完成自主化牵引变压变流、直线电机等部件的工程化样机研制;完成全套牵引系统安装调试,实现低功率、高功率、双分区闭环控制低速牵引;完成中央子系统、分区控制、车载安全计算机及车地通信等工程化设备研制;完成库内钢梁,以及框架式、叠合式、梁上板式、道岔等不同应用场景的轨道梁制造,并在中车四方股份公司的665 m调试线完成牵引供电、运行控制系统集成[8]。2021年7月20日,高速磁浮交通系统和配套试验设施正式亮相(图2)。
4)开展自主系统低速功能验证,核心部件高速考核
为验证高速磁浮车辆系统方案可行性,提前研制一节试验样车,于2020年3月依托同济大学1.5 km试验线,开展系统功能调试、接口校验和国产化部件验证(图3),完成库内钢梁、小曲线、道岔等线路条件下的静态/准静态、低速运行功能验证。在此基础上,开展600 km/h速度级高速磁浮成套工程样机研制。
2020年12月,600 km/h速度级高速磁浮成套工程样机在665 m调试试验线完成全系统功能调试、低速试验,并进行故障注入、进出站、多时刻表运行等多工况、多场景工程测试和低速动态联调,实现高速磁浮5编组样车低速系统功能联调。
2022年6月,依托整车线路运行模拟试验平台,等效复现线路路谱、桥梁振动、气动载荷、车钩作用等边界条件,完成车辆0~600 km/h速度等级的运行模拟试验;完成横风、车辆交会等气动专项试验,依托整车级地面试验平台,模拟验证了高速运行时车辆振动特性和悬浮导向控制能力。
2021年10月—2023年11月,核心部件板卡、自主悬浮架、电磁铁依托上海磁浮线开展装车上线考核,最长考核时间超过两年,最长运行里程超过57万km,最高运行速度达430 km/h,并于2023年7月6日通过专家评审,自主核心部件考核验证符合示范线备品备件使用要求。自主核心部件搭载示范线车辆开展运用考核,为600 km/h速度级高速磁浮列车达速试验提供技术支撑。
针对运行速度由430 km/h提升至600 km/h带来气动、线路等外部激励激增,高速磁浮无接触平稳运行难度加大,同时需要克服点对点短途运行、系统环境工况单一,悬浮导向、牵引运行控制等核心技术依赖外方等问题,600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通系统需满足长途多分区、多车追踪运行、救援逃生等需要,制定涵盖运用环境、综合性能、安全可靠、舒适环保等顶层指标体系,并逐级分解到各系统、子系统和零部件。
1)系统集成方面明确接口关系和设计边界条件,制定工程化成套方案
系统集成方面,600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通系统针对速度提升带来的技术挑战[9],重新梳理各系统接口及边界条件,建立涵盖车辆、控制、复杂磁场、轨道等系统耦合模型,研究600 km/h运行条件下气动设计,优化走行系统结构和悬挂参数,升级悬浮导向控制算法与参数。发展高速同步牵引控制技术和高精度测试定位装置,尝试解决高速条件下的车地同步控制及协同问题。依照高铁噪声设计经验,开展噪声-振动-轻量化-强度-刚度等协同设计,开展电磁兼容优化设计,研究隧道内600 km/h运行引起的阻力、噪声等性能,预测车辆隧道持续运行的适应性;提出新型桥上板/梁式轨道梁和悬浮架救援轮方案,提供多种应急救援方案。在系统设计技术条件下,对车辆、牵引供电、运行控制通信、线路轨道等系统进行合理选择设计和优化,确定各系统间的接口关系,形成满足长途/通勤需求工程化成套方案。
2)车辆方面形成车辆工程化研发、设计、生产、制造能力
车辆方面,600 km/h速度级高速磁浮车辆系统开展车辆强度刚度、振动噪声、悬浮导向控制,以及核心部件国产化、高精度制造等技术设计,在高速动车组成熟制造工艺基础上,开展高速常导磁浮车辆总成和结构承载安全的悬浮架系统设计;完成悬浮导向系统集成、安全冗余功能、高可靠性的悬浮导向控制技术;开展低阻抗、大载流、高导电性、低功耗新型磁极绕组的电磁铁设计,基本掌握基于涡流制动电磁特性安全制动技术。完成车体、悬浮架、控制器、传感器、电磁铁等关键部件研制,完成自主部件装车、接口匹配和制造工艺验证,完成5编组工程化列车总成编组。中国已具备了高速磁浮车辆系统工程化研发、设计、生产、制造能力。
3)牵引供电系统完成全系统实施应用工程化方案、工程化装备研制和试验验证
基于大功率变流-控制平台,制定磁浮变压-变流-牵引-制动方案,分析牵引-悬浮力耦合关系,开展同步牵引技术设计,利用调试线实现低速动态运行验证,满足50 km/h运行的牵引功能需求。完成牵引变压、变流、控制、开关站、长定子直线同步电机等牵引供电产品研制。依托调试线按双分区设置1座牵引变电所、1座轨旁变电所,2套高功率变流设备、1套低功率变流设备和4个定子开关站,形成具有自主知识产权的牵引供电全系统全流程实施应用工程化方案和工程化装备,完成地面试验验证及结合调试线,完成高、低功率的低速试验验证。
4)运行控制通信系统提出系统工程化方案,完成工程化装备研制和试验验证
运行控制通信系统升级系统架构,优化调度防护策略[10],形成国产化SIL4(Safety Integrity Levels 4)运行控制系统方案,研究车地信道、组网方式、冗余策略,开展车地无线面临的高速频移、高实时、可靠性及综合承载难题技术研究,形成调度中心、区域控制、分区控制、车载运行控制、车地无线通信系统的关键技术方案,完成关键部件包括列车自动运行系统、安全计算机、无线电控制单元、无线基站的研发制造;在半实物测试平台完成单车、多车的测试验证,在试验线完成实车静动态测试验证。已形成具有完全自主知识产权的运行控制通信系统全流程实施应用工程化方案和工程化装备,完成了地面试验台和665 m调试线的低速试验验证。
5)线路轨道技术已经成熟,具备试验示范线建设及工程应用能力
借鉴高铁高架桥、隧道、维修疏散等线路技术经验,研发新型轨道梁、道岔、线路轨道安装、检测、调整装置,开展隧道、检修库、站场配置方案设计,掌握线路、桥梁、道岔等线路轨道关键技术,开展包括软磁钢和搭载式轨道检测装置研制、磁浮道岔、定子电缆绕制机等关键部件研发[11];研制并静态/低速验证了库内钢梁,以及框架式、迭合式、梁上板式等多跨距混凝土轨道结构形式,建设1条设有2个牵引分区、2个运行控制分区的665 m调试线,满足开展系统场景、分区控制等多工况大系统功能性联调联试。依托高铁线路轨道建造能力和产业基础,中国常导高速磁浮线路轨道技术已经成熟,具备试验示范线建设及工程应用能力。
高速磁浮作为继高铁之后,一种未来可组织实施的近地、高速、大容量陆地交通系统,是未来对高速铁路和航空的有益补充。高速磁浮是复杂大型系统工程[12-13],应遵循“基础理论研究—原理样机研制—系统工程技术研究—工程样机研制—线路工程试验验证—示范应用系统考核—商业运营推广”的研发流程(图4)。600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通系统通过地面台架验证、系统联合调试,以及低速试验,验证了国产化部件低速运行下的系统功能设计。纵观全球现代轨道交通发展,无论是德国、日本等国家高速磁浮交通发展的经验,还是中国和谐号、复兴号动车组轮轨列车实现从追赶到领跑,建设高速试验线进行线路验证和设计优化都是至关重要的关键一步[14]。高速磁浮试验线不仅是验证高速运行条件下各系统技术性能、系统间匹配性的必要手段,也是技术迭代优化升级不可或缺的技术平台,更是验证高速磁浮运营可靠性的必经阶段。
高速磁浮试验线具有高速试验验证与产业技术引擎的重要作用[15]。一方面,开展600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通系统的达速试验与运用考核,将支撑其在复杂应用条件下的系统可靠性和稳定性验证;另一方面,高速磁浮交通对高铁应用共性技术具有引领与支撑作用,可快速推进高铁现代技术的发展与升级。
当前中国高速磁浮交通技术取得重大进展、初步搭建了国内产业链,但600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通系统尚未开展真实线路环境下的高速性能试验和达速试验[16];尚未开展高速运行条件下基础理论验证与高速试验评估等,缺少实际线路条件下高速运行动态性能评估和运行考核、高速运行条件下耦合机理、高速系统模型的验证。反观日本正在开展载人高速运行考核,并全力推进线路建设和高速磁浮交通商业应用,以此谋求全球轨道交通领先地位[17]。高速磁浮交通已列入国家战略规划,事关中国综合立体交通体系和高端装备产业发展,600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通系统发展仍旧面临着严峻挑战。
1)缺少高速磁浮高速试验环境,亟需一条高速磁浮达速试验线路
在各国新型轨道交通的研发历程中,均建设了高速试验线进行线路验证和设计优化。中国和谐号、复兴号系列动车组也是依托京沪先导段、大西综合试验工程等运营线路开展科学试验和试验验证后,迈出从追赶到领跑的关键一步[18]。当前,中国中车股份有限公司与地方协同利用既有示范线开展最高430 km/h速度下的自主化核心系统部件的试验验证,但受线路长度限制,最高试验速度难以超过501 km/h。当前,中国缺少高速磁浮达速试验环境,来全面验证高速运行条件下自主系统性能。
2)缺少高速运行条件下耦合机理和模型验证,需开展相关交叉学科基础理论研究
基于系统耦合关系与技术特点,涉及电磁、控制、机械、土木等专业学科,亟须进一步开展高速磁浮交叉学科基础理论研究,探明车-轨、机-电-磁、牵引-悬浮磁场等多体、多场耦合作用机理,优化系统集成与匹配技术,探索高速运行面临线路沉降、不平顺及侧风等复杂条件下耦合机理,进一步研究抑振、减阻、节能、降噪、轻量化等共性理论;研究多场电磁控制模型、振荡机理与动态响应下的车辆无接触平稳运行理论基础与技术保证。
3)缺少高速磁浮全系统自主验证与评估,需构建高速磁浮协同评估方法
中国从未开展高速磁浮全系统自主验证与评估,缺少高速磁浮的系统验证与评估理论体系,应研究复杂耦合系统协同测试与评价方法,策划高速条件下车-轨、牵引-运行控制-通信同步测试等,制定高速磁浮协同评估方法。针对控制技术特点,制定科学合理的评估方法,关注系统鲁棒性、冗余性,以及单点瞬时故障可恢复性,构建多指标综合评价方法。对于通用共性技术,如噪声、阻力、振动等测试,参照高铁或航空试验测试方法,制定科学合理面向高速移动工况的高速磁浮试验方法与评估体系。
中国高速磁浮全系统集成技术和成套工业化能力处于世界领先水平,有望成为高端装备制造升级和战略性新兴产业发展的制高点[19]。综观世界各国轨道交通发展,结合当前中国600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通发展及推广实际情况,提出以下发展建议。
1)明确政府作为牵头主体,组建联合体统筹谋划磁浮交通发展
当前企业作为创新主体已完成600 km/h速度级高速磁浮工程装备研制和系统功能验证,下一步建议国家确定政府作为牵头主体,继续发展政产学研用协同攻关机制,组建企业、研究机构、建设单位、运营用户共同形成的联合体,明确职能主体分工,统筹谋划中国高速磁浮交通发展。
2)有序开展高速试验验证,加快试验线建设规划进度
充分利用既有资源,在保证安全运营基础上,有组织、有步骤、有计划地推进自主车辆、牵引供电、运行控制通信的高速试验验证。同步开展600 km/h速度级达速试验线规划建设,一方面可结合新建示范线统筹规划、分步实施,先行建设试验段,完成高速试验后再延伸示范,新建线路可纳入国家轨道交通路网规划;另一方面,可按照大科学装置模式,推进试验线建设,开展集高速或超高速条件下流固、电磁、噪声、牵引、通信等学科的基础研究、理论创新,推动面向工程共性技术、应用技术的验证与发展。
3)加强基础理论研究,完善工程创新能力体系
面向工程化完善高速磁浮交通基础理论创新、技术迭代优化、验收评估验证的能力体系建设,充分利用试验数据,探索系统级试验过程复现方法;面向运营需求开展基于地面试验台多工况、多场景的模拟性能验证与评估;针对高速试验验证,建立完整、自主基础理论模型和系统仿真模型,开展基于磁浮交通基础理论创新、技术拓扑与应用,构建高速磁浮交通基础研究及工程化持续创新能力体系。
高速磁浮交通能够填补航空与轮轨高铁之间的速度空白,符合中国社会经济的高质量发展需求,对完善交通运输速度谱系和构建现代化综合交通体系具有不可或缺的支撑作用。发展高速磁浮能够提升自主创新能力、引领带动轨道交通技术创新和产业发展,夯实磁浮交通技术国内外的竞争优势并实现持续发展,对于建设交通强国,持续保持中国轨道交通的国际领先优势具有重大作用。
  • 资助项目:国家自然科学基金(52232013)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.004
  • 接收时间:2023-10-16
  • 出版时间:2023-12-20
  • 发布时间:2024-01-07
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-16
  • 修回日期:2023-11-07
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资助项目:国家自然科学基金(52232013)
作者信息
    1.中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司,青岛 266111
    2.高速磁浮运载技术全国重点实验室,青岛 266111
    3.西南交通大学轨道交通运载系统全国重点实验室,成都 610031

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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