Article(id=1241742324821184657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241742235478323426, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1698681600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-31, revisedDate=1699718400000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1704556800000, onlineDateStr=2024-01-07, pubDate=1703001600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1704556800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773984040691, creator=sys-migrate, updateTime=1773984040691, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1241742235478323426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2023', volume='2', issue='4', pageStart='4', pageEnd='116', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1703001600000', pubDateStr='2023-12-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1773984019388, creator='sys-migrate', updateTime=1774001921268, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241817321451357165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241742235478323426, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Special Issue on High-speed Magnetic Levitation Transportation, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null), CN=IssueExt(id=1241817321451357166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241742235478323426, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=高速磁浮交通专刊, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=49, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241742328268911059, articleId=1241742324821184657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Matching Design of Train and Line Dynamics Parameters of Maglev Transportation Oriented Toward Stable and Comfortable Train Running, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The exploration of high-speed (600 km/h) maglev transportation technology in China is stepping forward the deep-water zone, and developing the whole process top-down design systems including matching design of maglev train and line dynamics parameters is thus imperative. Firstly, this paper elucidates the dynamic behavior features of the high-speed electromagnetic suspension (EMS)-type maglev train and the regulation and control requirements. Then, the paper reviews research progress on the dynamics design of the high-speed maglev train, overhead girder, and line in the past 20 years and point out the existing problems. Thirdly, the paper discusses the technological challenges of the multi-field coupling dynamic simulation of maglev transportation, comprehensive suppression of levitation/guidance airgap fluctuation, comprehensive vibration attenuation of maglev train, and matching design of train and line dynamics parameters. Finally, it is advocated that the research on cross-disciplinary integration of maglev transportation should be promoted by the organized scientific research paradigms. In addition, it is necessary to establish matching design theories and technologies of train and line dynamics parameters oriented toward stable and comfortable train running, so as to support the research and development of high-speed (600 km/h) maglev transportation engineering technology and the construction of test lines.

, authors=

†Co-corresponding author

, authorsList=Chunfa ZHAO, Yang FENG, Wanming ZHAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241742328138887634, articleId=1241742324821184657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=CN, title=面向列车稳定舒适运行的磁浮交通车线动力学参数匹配设计, columnId=1148708266483446458, journalTitle=前瞻科技, columnName=综述与述评, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中国600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通技术探索逐渐进入“深水区”,构建包括磁浮车线动力学参数匹配设计的全过程正向设计体系势在必行。文章阐述了高速常导磁浮列车的动态行为特征及调控要求,回顾总结了21世纪以来高速磁浮列车、轨道梁和线路动力学设计研究进展和存在的问题,分析了磁浮交通多场耦合动力学仿真、悬浮导向气隙波动综合抑制、磁浮列车综合减振、车线动力学匹配设计面临的技术挑战,建议以有组织科研范式变革推进磁浮交通多学科交叉融合研究,创建面向行车稳定舒适的车线动力学参数匹配设计理论与技术,为600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通工程技术研发及试验线建设提供支撑。

, authors=

†共同通信作者

赵春发,研究员,博士研究生导师。教育部新世纪优秀人才支持计划入选者,四川省学术和技术带头人。中国振动工程学会副秘书长,中国振动工程学会磁悬浮技术与振动控制专业委员会副主任兼秘书长。主要从事磁浮交通及高速/重载铁路工程动力学理论与应用研究。研究成果应用于中国中低速、高速磁浮车辆研制及多条磁浮交通运营线工程建设。获国家科学技术进步奖一等奖、四川省科学技术进步奖一等奖和中国铁道学会科学技术奖一等奖。电子信箱:。

翟婉明,教授,中国科学院院士,美国国家工程院外籍院士。西南交通大学校学术委员会主任。国务院学位委员会交通运输工程学科评议组召集人。中国振动工程学会理事长,中国力学学会副理事长。国际车辆系统动力学协会(IAVSD)执委。International Journal of Rail Transportation主编,Railway Engineering Science主编。主要从事轨道交通工程动力学研究。开拓了铁路大系统动力学研究新领域,创立了车辆-轨道耦合动力学全新理论体系。获国家科学技术进步奖一等奖、二等奖(均为第一完成人),两项成果入选“中国高校十大科技进展”。获中国青年科学家奖、何梁何利基金科学与技术创新奖、长江学者成就奖一等奖,以及全国创新争先奖状、全国铁路火车头奖章、全国五一劳动奖章。电子信箱:。

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赵春发,研究员,博士研究生导师。教育部新世纪优秀人才支持计划入选者,四川省学术和技术带头人。中国振动工程学会副秘书长,中国振动工程学会磁悬浮技术与振动控制专业委员会副主任兼秘书长。主要从事磁浮交通及高速/重载铁路工程动力学理论与应用研究。研究成果应用于中国中低速、高速磁浮车辆研制及多条磁浮交通运营线工程建设。获国家科学技术进步奖一等奖、四川省科学技术进步奖一等奖和中国铁道学会科学技术奖一等奖。电子信箱:。

"}, bioImg=ybiRtVy4bBsfK0WFbA7AZg==, bioContent=

赵春发,研究员,博士研究生导师。教育部新世纪优秀人才支持计划入选者,四川省学术和技术带头人。中国振动工程学会副秘书长,中国振动工程学会磁悬浮技术与振动控制专业委员会副主任兼秘书长。主要从事磁浮交通及高速/重载铁路工程动力学理论与应用研究。研究成果应用于中国中低速、高速磁浮车辆研制及多条磁浮交通运营线工程建设。获国家科学技术进步奖一等奖、四川省科学技术进步奖一等奖和中国铁道学会科学技术奖一等奖。电子信箱:。

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翟婉明,教授,中国科学院院士,美国国家工程院外籍院士。西南交通大学校学术委员会主任。国务院学位委员会交通运输工程学科评议组召集人。中国振动工程学会理事长,中国力学学会副理事长。国际车辆系统动力学协会(IAVSD)执委。International Journal of Rail Transportation主编,Railway Engineering Science主编。主要从事轨道交通工程动力学研究。开拓了铁路大系统动力学研究新领域,创立了车辆-轨道耦合动力学全新理论体系。获国家科学技术进步奖一等奖、二等奖(均为第一完成人),两项成果入选“中国高校十大科技进展”。获中国青年科学家奖、何梁何利基金科学与技术创新奖、长江学者成就奖一等奖,以及全国创新争先奖状、全国铁路火车头奖章、全国五一劳动奖章。电子信箱:。

"}, bioImg=trUX/Y1ITLAJ5b3j4D2Vag==, bioContent=

翟婉明,教授,中国科学院院士,美国国家工程院外籍院士。西南交通大学校学术委员会主任。国务院学位委员会交通运输工程学科评议组召集人。中国振动工程学会理事长,中国力学学会副理事长。国际车辆系统动力学协会(IAVSD)执委。International Journal of Rail Transportation主编,Railway Engineering Science主编。主要从事轨道交通工程动力学研究。开拓了铁路大系统动力学研究新领域,创立了车辆-轨道耦合动力学全新理论体系。获国家科学技术进步奖一等奖、二等奖(均为第一完成人),两项成果入选“中国高校十大科技进展”。获中国青年科学家奖、何梁何利基金科学与技术创新奖、长江学者成就奖一等奖,以及全国创新争先奖状、全国铁路火车头奖章、全国五一劳动奖章。电子信箱:。

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Maglev vehicle/guideway vertical random response and ride quality[J]. Vehicle System Dynamics, 2002, 38(3): 185-210., articleTitle=Maglev vehicle/guideway vertical random response and ride quality, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241742352147083873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, doi=10.1080/00423110601178441, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=45, issue=12, pageStart=1077, pageEnd=1095, url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00423110601178441, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Shi J, Wei Q, Zhao Y, journalName=Vehicle System Dynamics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shi J, Wei Q, Zhao Y. Analysis of dynamic response of the high-speed EMS maglev vehicle/guideway coupling system with random irregularity[J]. Vehicle System Dynamics, 2007, 45(12): 1077-1095., articleTitle=Analysis of dynamic response of the high-speed EMS maglev vehicle/guideway coupling system with random irregularity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241742352214192739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, doi=10.21595/jve, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=19, issue=8, pageStart=6346, pageEnd=6362, url=https://www.extrica.com/journal/jve, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Xu J Q, Chen C, Gao D G, journalName=Journal of Vibroengineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu J Q, Chen C, Gao D G, et al. Nonlinear dynamic analysis on maglev train system with flexible guideway and double time-delay feedback control[J]. Journal of Vibroengineering, 2017, 19(8): 6346-6362., articleTitle=Nonlinear dynamic analysis on maglev train system with flexible guideway and double time-delay feedback control, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241742352281301605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, doi=10.6052/0459-1879-18-329, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=51, issue=2, pageStart=550, pageEnd=557, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=吴晗, 曾晓辉, 史禾慕, journalName=力学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴晗, 曾晓辉, 史禾慕. 考虑间隙反馈控制时滞的磁浮车辆稳定性研究[J]. 力学学报, 2019, 51(2): 550-557., articleTitle=考虑间隙反馈控制时滞的磁浮车辆稳定性研究, refAbstract=常导磁吸型(EMS)磁悬浮列车在悬浮控制中的每个环节,时滞是不可避免的,当时滞超过一定程度后,系统有可能失稳.本文针对EMS磁浮列车控制环节的临界时滞与车辆参数(如运行速度、反馈控制增益、导轨参数和悬挂参数)的关系开展研究.建立了磁浮车辆/导轨耦合动力学模型,车辆包含1节车辆和4个磁浮架,考虑车辆的10个自由度,每个磁浮架上包含4个悬浮电磁铁.导轨模拟为一系列简支Bernoulli-Euler梁,采用模态叠加法对导轨振动方程进行求解.采用传统线性电磁力模型实现车辆和轨道的耦合.采用比例-微分控制算法对电磁铁电流进行反馈控制,实现车辆稳定悬浮,并假设时滞均发生在控制环节,且只考虑间隙反馈控制环节的时滞.采用四阶龙格库塔法对耦合系统动力学方程进行求解,编写了数值仿真程序,计算得到车辆导轨耦合系统在考虑间隙反馈控制时滞时的响应.将系统运动发散时的时滞大小视为临界时滞,开展了参数规律影响分析.通过分析,给出了提高时滞条件下车辆稳定性的方法,包括增大导轨的弯曲刚度和阻尼比,减小间隙反馈控制增益并增大速度反馈控制增益,以及增大二系悬挂阻尼.), Reference(id=1241742352365187687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, doi=10.1007/s11071-022-08225-5, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=111, issue=null, pageStart=7137, pageEnd=7156, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Feng Y, Zhao C F, Wu D H, journalName=Nonlinear Dynamics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Feng Y, Zhao C F, Wu D H, et al. Effect of levitation gap feedback time delay on the EMS maglev vehicle system dynamic response[J]. Nonlinear Dynamics, 2023, 111: 7137-7156., articleTitle=Effect of levitation gap feedback time delay on the EMS maglev vehicle system dynamic response, refAbstract=EMS maglev train uses the active control system to maintain the levitation stability, time delay is widespread in control system. However, the existing maglev dynamics studies rarely consider the effect of time delay, so these analysis results cannot directly guide the engineering design. This paper starts from a theoretical analysis of the levitation stability of a single electromagnet levitation system to obtain the theoretical critical value for the time delay. Then the model is gradually extended to a complete vehicle model and a vehicle-girder coupling dynamics model to find the time delay engineering critical values for the complex coupling system. In order to seek ways to reduce the influence of time delay on the dynamic responses, this paper analyzes the influence regularities of the running speed and control parameters on the dynamic response under the effect of time delay. The result shows that the theoretical critical value of the time delay is equal to the ratio of the differential coefficient and proportional coefficient of the PID controller. For a complex maglev system, the engineering critical value is less than the theoretical critical value. Higher running speeds lead to time delay having a more obvious effect on the maglev system’s dynamic responses. Selecting the smaller proportional coefficient and appropriate differential coefficient for the levitation control system can expand the stability region and reduce the influence of time delay on the maglev system. This analysis is helpful and meaningful to the understanding of the EMS vehicle system stability, and helpful to explore the reason of violent coupled vibration in actual engineering.), Reference(id=1241742352453268073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=25, issue=1, pageStart=8, pageEnd=12, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=李人宪, 刘应清, 翟婉明, journalName=中国铁道科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李人宪, 刘应清, 翟婉明. 高速磁悬浮列车纵向及垂向气动力数值分析[J]. 中国铁道科学, 2004, 25(1): 8-12., articleTitle=高速磁悬浮列车纵向及垂向气动力数值分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241742352528765547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=26, issue=4, pageStart=51, pageEnd=54, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=毕海权, 雷波, 张卫华, journalName=铁道学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=毕海权, 雷波, 张卫华. TR型磁浮列车气动力特性数值计算研究[J]. 铁道学报, 2004, 26(4): 51-54., articleTitle=TR型磁浮列车气动力特性数值计算研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241742352604263021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=17, issue=4, pageStart=30, pageEnd=41, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=田红旗, journalName=中国工程科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=田红旗. 中国高速轨道交通空气动力学研究进展及发展思考[J]. 中国工程科学, 2015, 17(4): 30-41., articleTitle=中国高速轨道交通空气动力学研究进展及发展思考, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241742352683954799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, doi=10.1016/j.jweia.2019.02.025, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=188, issue=null, pageStart=151, pageEnd=160, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Huang S, Li Z W, Yang M Z, journalName=Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang S, Li Z W, Yang M Z. Aerodynamics of high-speed maglev trains passing each other in open air[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2019, 188: 151-160., articleTitle=Aerodynamics of high-speed maglev trains passing each other in open air, refAbstract=With increasing train speed, aerodynamic effects pose a safety risk for train operations, especially for trains passing each other, the strong transient aerodynamic loads could result in window breakage, sideward shaking, trackside worker injuries, and facility fatigue damage. Unsteady compressible numerical simulation is carried out in this paper to investigate the transient flow field induced by two maglev trains passing each other at a speed of 430 km/h in open air. Good agreement is obtained between the numerical method and full-scale experiment results, with differences smaller than 6%. The transient pressure change on train surfaces and the slipstream distributions on trackside are analysed. It was noted that the peak values of pressure coefficient for two trains passing each other are approximately twice as larger as that of a single train passing because of the blocking effect and interference by the motion of the other train in the opposite direction. The maximum slipstream velocity occurs at a height of 1.4 m from the top of rail (TOR) at the meeting position, and the relationship between the slipstream velocity and the distance from the centre of rail (COR) is obtained, based on which, the safe distance is calculated.), Reference(id=1241742352813978225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, doi=10.3901/JME.2020.08.228, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=56, issue=8, pageStart=228, pageEnd=234, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=丁叁叁, 姚拴宝, 陈大伟, journalName=机械工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=丁叁叁, 姚拴宝, 陈大伟. 高速磁浮列车气动升力特性[J]. 机械工程学报, 2020, 56(8): 228-234., articleTitle=高速磁浮列车气动升力特性, refAbstract=高速磁浮列车的气动升力是列车悬浮和导向控制的关键气动载荷,以五辆编组高速磁浮列车为研究对象,利用数值计算方法分析高速磁浮列车气动升力的分布规律,研究列车气动升力的影响因素,结果表明,头车和尾车的气动升力分布最为恶劣,车体底部结构对气动升力的分布影响很大,车体底部与轨道梁之间的气隙流场特性决定了气动升力的分布规律。根据高速磁浮列车气动升力的分布规律,提出一种通过控制气隙空间的空气流量来控制列车气动升力的方法,数值计算和风洞试验表明,气动升力控制方法能够显著改变列车的气动升力,实现列车气动升力的精确控制,指导高速磁浮列车的气动升力工程设计。), Reference(id=1241742352902058611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=23, issue=5, pageStart=27, pageEnd=33, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=赵春发, 翟婉明, 蔡成标, journalName=铁道学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵春发, 翟婉明, 蔡成标. 磁悬浮车辆/高架桥垂向耦合动力学研究[J]. 铁道学报, 2001, 23(5): 27-33., articleTitle=磁悬浮车辆/高架桥垂向耦合动力学研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241742352973361781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=41, issue=7, pageStart=1, pageEnd=10, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=翟婉明, 赵春发, journalName=机械工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=翟婉明, 赵春发. 磁浮车辆/轨道系统动力学(I)——磁/轨相互作用及稳定性[J]. 机械工程学报, 2005, 41(7): 1-10., articleTitle=磁浮车辆/轨道系统动力学(I)——磁/轨相互作用及稳定性, refAbstract=磁浮车辆/轨道系统动力学问题直接影响磁浮交通的安全性、舒适性和经济性,而这三个性能则是决定其应用前景的重要因素。作为系列文章的第一部分,论述了磁浮系统动力学研究中最基本和最关键的问题——磁/轨相互作用及磁浮系统稳定性。关于磁/轨相互作用研究,目前在电磁铁二维受力理论分析、数值求解及其动态特性研究方面取得了显著的进展,而三维磁/轨作用理论分析与试验研究是其未来的研究方向。磁浮系统稳定性研究由单纯的悬浮稳定性研究、单铁/轨道系统稳定性研究逐步进入磁浮车辆/轨道系统稳定性研究,将来的研究仍需探索新的磁浮系统稳定性分析方法,并结合工程实际开展磁浮列车系统动力稳定性应用研究。), Reference(id=1241742353044664951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=41, issue=8, pageStart=163, pageEnd=175, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=赵春发, 翟婉明, journalName=机械工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵春发, 翟婉明. 磁浮车辆/轨道系统动力学(II)——建模与仿真[J]. 机械工程学报, 2005, 41(8): 163-175., articleTitle=磁浮车辆/轨道系统动力学(II)——建模与仿真, refAbstract=评述了磁浮车辆/轨道系统动力学建模、数值求解及动力响应分析与动力性能评价等方面的研究进展。随着磁浮列车技术逐步成熟,磁浮车辆/轨道系统动力学建模越来越细致,动力学仿真主要开展了车/桥垂向耦合作用研究、车辆曲线通过性能研究和车辆/轨道系统随机振动响应研究。为了更为真实地模拟磁浮列车系统动力响应,今后需要建立考虑磁转向架结构、悬浮导向控制系统、直线电动机和空气动力作用的耦合大系统动力学模型,寻找高效求解磁浮大系统非线性时变微分方程的数值方法,开展磁浮列车系统动力学参数优化研究、磁浮列车纵向动力学研究以及动力学仿真试验验证,并确立一套磁浮列车系统动力学性能评价标准。), Reference(id=1241742353111773817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=51, issue=2, pageStart=209, pageEnd=226, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=翟婉明, 赵春发, journalName=西南交通大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=翟婉明, 赵春发. 现代轨道交通工程科技前沿与挑战[J]. 西南交通大学学报, 2016, 51(2): 209-226., articleTitle=现代轨道交通工程科技前沿与挑战, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241742353183076987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1994, volume=15, issue=2, pageStart=16, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, 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Dynamic interaction analysis of the high-speed maglev vehicle/guideway system based on a field measurement and model updating method[J]. Engineering Structures, 2019, 180: 1-17., articleTitle=Dynamic interaction analysis of the high-speed maglev vehicle/guideway system based on a field measurement and model updating method, refAbstract=Practical simulation technology is of great importance in the design and research of the maglev system. This paper presents a practical vehicle/guideway model based on an in situ vibration test and model updating method. In this model, the guideway is established by the Finite Element method and then updated by the measurement, and the vehicle is simulated as a 10-degree-of-freedom model, which consists of a car-body and eight magnets. The vehicle interacts with the guideway by the magnetic interactive forces, which are tuned by the current feedback controller. The vehicle/guideway interaction problem is solved by the proposed incremental iteration procedure. Two case studies including the Shanghai High-speed Maglev Commercial Operational Line and the High-speed Maglev Test Line at Tongji University were presented for the validation of the proposed model. Finally, the effects of random surface irregularity and distributed magnetic forces were investigated here, and the frequency response of the guideway was analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the proposed model can provide a practical response prediction and analysis because the dynamic characteristics of the guideway and the excitation frequency of the maglev train are reasonably considered in this model.), Reference(id=1241742355934540431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=59, issue=6, pageStart=6, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=任旭东, 黄靖宇, 张梓杨, journalName=铁道车辆, refType=null, unstructuredReference=任旭东, 黄靖宇, 张梓杨, 等. 时速600 km高速磁浮列车车辆-轨道耦合振动现场测试与动力特性研究[J]. 铁道车辆, 2021, 59(6): 6-11., articleTitle=时速600 km高速磁浮列车车辆-轨道耦合振动现场测试与动力特性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241742356022620816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, doi=10.1002/msd2.v3.2, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=3, issue=2, pageStart=97, pageEnd=118, url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/27671402/3/2, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Ding S S, Eberhard P, Schneider G, journalName=International Journal of Mechanical System Dynamics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ding S S, Eberhard P, Schneider G, et al. Development of new electromagnetic suspension-based high-speed maglev vehicles in China: Historical and recent progress in the field of dynamical simulation[J]. 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Transportation vehicle/beam-elevated guideway dynamic interaction: A state-of-the-art review[J]. Journal of Dynamic System, Measurement, and Control, 1974, 96(6): 169-179., articleTitle=Transportation vehicle/beam-elevated guideway dynamic interaction: A state-of-the-art review, refAbstract=The importance of elevated guideway/vehicle dynamics to the design of advanced ground transportation systems is discussed and the general vehicle-suspension-guideway interaction problem is outlined. Simplifying assumptions valid for many practical beam-type elevated guideway systems are described including the Bernoulli-Euler beam assumptions, support conditions, and simplified vehicle models. The theoretical and experimental literature on beam-guideway/vehicle dynamics is reviewed and recent computer-based analytical techniques (lumped mass, finite difference and modal analysis) are discussed. Available simulation programs are described and published results for wheeled, air cushion and magnetically levitated vehicles operating over beam-elevated guideways are reviewed. The influences of critical system parameters on guideway deflection and vehicle vibrational acceleratior (ride comfort) are illustrated through simple limiting case analyses. Low ratios of vehicle-suspension to guideway natural frequency and distribution of vehicle weight over finite pressure pads as in air or magnetic suspensions reduce guideway structural requirements for specified ride comfort. Continuous guideway beams on simple supports provide lower static deflection and greater dynamic range than simply supported single or multiple span beams. Severe resonance problems which may occur in synchronous vehicle systems are illustrated using a point-force vehicle model.), Reference(id=1241742356437856918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=30, issue=5, pageStart=56, pageEnd=62, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=41, authorNames=邓建良, 吴定俊, 李奇, journalName=工程力学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邓建良, 吴定俊, 李奇. 移动均布荷载作用下简支梁桥动力系数分析[J]. 工程力学, 2013, 30(5): 56-62., articleTitle=移动均布荷载作用下简支梁桥动力系数分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241742356509160087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/51.1277.U.20230505.1448.006.html, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=42, authorNames=向活跃, 刘科宏, 李永乐, journalName=西南交通大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=向活跃, 刘科宏, 李永乐. 列车荷载作用下磁浮轨道梁响应极值条件研究[J/OL]. 西南交通大学学报, 2023-05-05. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/51.1277.U.20230505.1448.006.html., articleTitle=列车荷载作用下磁浮轨道梁响应极值条件研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241742356576268952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=43, authorNames=中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部, journalName=北京:中国建筑工业出版社, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部. 高速磁浮交通设计标准: CJJ/T 310—2021[S]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2021., articleTitle=高速磁浮交通设计标准: CJJ/T 310—2021, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241742356647572121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=21, issue=1, pageStart=61, pageEnd=65, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=44, authorNames=郑树彬, 林建辉, 林国斌, journalName=电子测量与仪器学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郑树彬, 林建辉, 林国斌. 基于惯性法的磁浮轨道长波不平顺检测及其实现[J]. 电子测量与仪器学报, 2007, 21(1): 61-65., articleTitle=基于惯性法的磁浮轨道长波不平顺检测及其实现, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241742351660544596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, awardId=52172375, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52172375), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241742351727653462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, awardId=GZB20230612, language=CN, fundingSource=国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZB20230612), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241742351815733848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742324821184657, awardId=2016YFB1200602-15, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2016YFB1200602-15), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241742348099580441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, 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面向列车稳定舒适运行的磁浮交通车线动力学参数匹配设计
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赵春发 , 冯洋 , 翟婉明
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2023,2(4): 49-60
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2023, 2(4): 49-60
面向列车稳定舒适运行的磁浮交通车线动力学参数匹配设计
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赵春发 , 冯洋, 翟婉明
作者信息
  • 西南交通大学轨道交通运载系统全国重点实验室,成都 610031
  • 赵春发,研究员,博士研究生导师。教育部新世纪优秀人才支持计划入选者,四川省学术和技术带头人。中国振动工程学会副秘书长,中国振动工程学会磁悬浮技术与振动控制专业委员会副主任兼秘书长。主要从事磁浮交通及高速/重载铁路工程动力学理论与应用研究。研究成果应用于中国中低速、高速磁浮车辆研制及多条磁浮交通运营线工程建设。获国家科学技术进步奖一等奖、四川省科学技术进步奖一等奖和中国铁道学会科学技术奖一等奖。电子信箱:。

    翟婉明,教授,中国科学院院士,美国国家工程院外籍院士。西南交通大学校学术委员会主任。国务院学位委员会交通运输工程学科评议组召集人。中国振动工程学会理事长,中国力学学会副理事长。国际车辆系统动力学协会(IAVSD)执委。International Journal of Rail Transportation主编,Railway Engineering Science主编。主要从事轨道交通工程动力学研究。开拓了铁路大系统动力学研究新领域,创立了车辆-轨道耦合动力学全新理论体系。获国家科学技术进步奖一等奖、二等奖(均为第一完成人),两项成果入选“中国高校十大科技进展”。获中国青年科学家奖、何梁何利基金科学与技术创新奖、长江学者成就奖一等奖,以及全国创新争先奖状、全国铁路火车头奖章、全国五一劳动奖章。电子信箱:。

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Matching Design of Train and Line Dynamics Parameters of Maglev Transportation Oriented Toward Stable and Comfortable Train Running
Chunfa ZHAO , Yang FENG, Wanming ZHAI
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
出版时间: 2023-12-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.005
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中国600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通技术探索逐渐进入“深水区”,构建包括磁浮车线动力学参数匹配设计的全过程正向设计体系势在必行。文章阐述了高速常导磁浮列车的动态行为特征及调控要求,回顾总结了21世纪以来高速磁浮列车、轨道梁和线路动力学设计研究进展和存在的问题,分析了磁浮交通多场耦合动力学仿真、悬浮导向气隙波动综合抑制、磁浮列车综合减振、车线动力学匹配设计面临的技术挑战,建议以有组织科研范式变革推进磁浮交通多学科交叉融合研究,创建面向行车稳定舒适的车线动力学参数匹配设计理论与技术,为600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通工程技术研发及试验线建设提供支撑。

磁浮列车  /  电磁悬浮  /  轨道梁  /  运行平稳性  /  动力学设计

The exploration of high-speed (600 km/h) maglev transportation technology in China is stepping forward the deep-water zone, and developing the whole process top-down design systems including matching design of maglev train and line dynamics parameters is thus imperative. Firstly, this paper elucidates the dynamic behavior features of the high-speed electromagnetic suspension (EMS)-type maglev train and the regulation and control requirements. Then, the paper reviews research progress on the dynamics design of the high-speed maglev train, overhead girder, and line in the past 20 years and point out the existing problems. Thirdly, the paper discusses the technological challenges of the multi-field coupling dynamic simulation of maglev transportation, comprehensive suppression of levitation/guidance airgap fluctuation, comprehensive vibration attenuation of maglev train, and matching design of train and line dynamics parameters. Finally, it is advocated that the research on cross-disciplinary integration of maglev transportation should be promoted by the organized scientific research paradigms. In addition, it is necessary to establish matching design theories and technologies of train and line dynamics parameters oriented toward stable and comfortable train running, so as to support the research and development of high-speed (600 km/h) maglev transportation engineering technology and the construction of test lines.

maglev train  /  electromagnetic suspension  /  overhead girder  /  stable running  /  dynamics design
赵春发, 冯洋, 翟婉明. 面向列车稳定舒适运行的磁浮交通车线动力学参数匹配设计. 前瞻科技, 2023 , 2 (4) : 49 -60 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.005
Chunfa ZHAO, Yang FENG, Wanming ZHAI. Matching Design of Train and Line Dynamics Parameters of Maglev Transportation Oriented Toward Stable and Comfortable Train Running[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2023 , 2 (4) : 49 -60 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.005
上海磁浮列车示范运营线(简称上海磁浮线)最高设计速度为505 km/h[1],最高试验速度为501 km/h,最高运营速度为430 km/h,迄今已安全运营20年;在线路状态有明显劣化的情况下,目前仍能实现430 km/h安全稳定运行,但车辆运行平稳性(乘坐舒适性)已达不到优秀级别。悬浮气隙的波动幅值有所增大,已逼近悬浮控制回路主动切断的气隙限值。基于上海磁浮线实测结果进行线性外推,当速度从430 km/h提高至600 km/h后,悬浮气隙动态波动量将显著增大,发生悬浮控制回路主动切断、悬浮失效的风险加大[2]。类似地,导向气隙波动也会加剧,可能诱发电磁导向失效。此外,悬浮导向气隙波动随车速提高而持续增大,意味着车辆振动也会加剧,旅客乘坐舒适性变差。悬浮导向气隙波动随行车速度提高而增大的原因十分复杂,包括轨道不平顺的激振作用加剧[3-4];电磁悬浮导向系统的时滞效应更突出[5⇓-7];列车空气动力效应随速度提高呈指数级增长[8⇓⇓⇓-12];悬浮导向气隙干扰因素增多、激扰强度增大等。上述多个因素相互叠加、共同作用,使列车动态运行环境恶化,显著加大列车动态行为和运行品质调控难度。
因此,中国要实现高速常导磁浮交通从500 km/h速度级跃升至600 km/h速度级,必须解决速度提升后悬浮导向气隙波动加剧导致的行车安全风险,以及车辆振动加剧带来的乘坐舒适性较差问题。然而,由于悬浮导向主动控制作用和高速度、高精度、无接触跟踪地面轨道的严苛要求,车轨之间以可控电磁力为纽带相互影响[13⇓-15]。磁浮列车对轨道及其支承结构的振动和变形极为敏感,单纯从车辆系统、电磁系统(含控制)和轨道系统入手,很难有效解决由机-电-磁-土木结构-空气流场耦合作用带来的车辆动力学性能恶化问题[16]。必须打通磁浮交通系统研发中各专业、各学科之间的壁垒,以减小悬浮导向气隙波动和提高列车运行稳定性与舒适性为目标,以车线系统多场多学科动力学仿真和试验研究为手段,从系统工程角度对车辆结构及悬挂参数、电磁悬浮导向参数、轨道平顺性参数、承载结构参数、列车气动参数等进行优化和匹配设计,使整体系统达到600 km/h稳定舒适运行的工程目标。上述科学技术问题在常导磁浮交通技术发源地的德国也研究较少,近年来在中国得到重视和发展。这种技术一旦取得突破式进展,将书写世界高速轨道交通新篇章,打造出中国高速磁浮交通的国家名片。
在各种内外部激扰下,列车能够高安全、高稳定、高舒适运行是现代轨道交通推广应用必须具备的条件。排除台风、高烈度地震、地质灾害、火灾等导致的行车安全性问题,本节主要讨论正常运行条件下常导磁浮列车的动态行为特征及其达到稳定舒适运行的调控要求。这是高速磁浮运载系统动力学设计首先需要关注的问题。
如图1所示,区别于传统轮轨铁路,常导磁浮交通以悬浮和导向电磁铁替代钢轮,以非接触、空间分布的电磁力替代轮轨“点”接触力,避免了车轨之间发生高强度、高频率的机械动力作用。但是,磁浮列车的悬浮和导向刚度远小于轮轨接触刚度,高速条件下悬浮导向气隙波动幅值达到甚至超过8 mm,明显大于动车组轮载作用下约1.5 mm的钢轨弹性变形量,使得磁浮车辆的垂向、横向运动范围较轮轨车辆更大。尽管常导磁浮列车“抱”轨运行,从物理结构上消除了列车脱轨的可能性,但悬浮和导向气隙波动幅值过大意味着车辆振动剧烈,会使旅客乘坐舒适性变差,并存在电磁铁和轨道发生碰撞的风险,从而危及行车安全。
上述常导磁浮列车动态行为特征表明,减小悬浮导向气隙波动是提高磁浮列车运行稳定性和乘坐舒适性的根本要求。然而,悬浮导向气隙波动是车辆振动、轨道变形与振动、轨道不平顺激扰、列车气动荷载激扰等在磁力调控作用下的综合反应,需要从全局的角度综合整治才能有效抑制气隙波动。因此,降低磁浮列车机械系统、可控电磁系统和线路系统的动态相互作用强度是提高磁浮列车运行稳定性和乘坐舒适性的内在要求。有必要进一步优化各单项技术以减小气隙波动,但在运行速度更高、底层技术基本不变、可替代的革新性单项技术尚未出现的情况下,更加需要从集成创新的角度对各子系统进行参数优化适配,达到磁浮列车以600 km/h稳定舒适运行的目标,而加强高速磁浮车线动力学参数匹配设计研究是推进此项工作的关键。
轨道交通需要穿越不同地形地貌区域,必然会采用多种线路结构形式,工程设计中必须对全线线路结构进行列车动力学性能评估,找到列车和线路参数的合理匹配关系。此项工作以列车运行稳定性和舒适性为重要考核指标,称之为车线动力学参数匹配设计,它涉及列车与轨道、桥梁、隧道、曲线线路、列车外部流场等多系统多层次协调设计。在铁路交通领域,翟婉明[17]于1994年提出轮轨系统动力学参数匹配设计思想,创立了车辆-轨道耦合动力学全新理论体系,基于该理论体系提出了机车车辆与线路动力性能最佳匹配设计原理和方法[18],近30年来不断应用于铁路工程实际,解决了铁路提速、高速铁路、重载铁路及城市轨道交通工程中一系列关键动力学难题,有力地支撑了中国轨道交通的跨越式发展[19]。然而,作为一种新型轨道交通工具,在相当长一段时间内,磁浮交通技术研发的重点是电磁悬浮技术(含悬浮导向控制)和车辆走行部设计,磁浮列车与线路参数的匹配研究简约粗放。在磁浮列车技术基本定型以后,大量的研究工作往往以线路适配车辆为主,很少见车线动力学参数双向匹配设计研究,未充分挖掘主动电磁悬浮导向技术的潜力。
磁浮列车走行部结构形式与参数(包括车辆悬挂参数、悬浮导向控制算法及参数等)对列车运行稳定性和舒适性有决定性影响,是磁浮列车动力学设计的主要内容。为提高悬浮稳定性并减小车辆振动,德国常导高速磁浮(Transrapid, TR)列车设计理念出现多次变革。TR02和TR04车辆将电磁铁直接安装在车厢底部,多个电磁铁之间存在很强的机械耦合,难以通过集中控制进行解耦,导致磁浮车辆振动剧烈。在总结反思早期研究经验的基础上,TR05车辆采用分散独立控制策略,首次提出“磁轮”概念[20],设计制造了磁走行装置,使磁浮列车设计理念从“地面飞行器”转变为“轨道交通车辆”。为确保在部分电磁铁悬浮失效后磁浮列车仍能无接触运行,TR06车辆对磁走行装置进行了重大改造,发明如图2所示的电磁铁沿纵向相互搭接而成的“链式”走行部。它以C形悬浮框为载体形成悬浮导向控制平台,悬浮框左、右侧各有1个悬浮控制点(单元)和1个导向控制点。“链式”结构降低了沿纵向分布的悬浮导向控制点之间的机械耦合,提高了磁浮列车支承导向冗余,改善了磁浮列车高速运行稳定性和舒适性,后续TR07~TR09车辆和中国研制的600 km/h速度级磁浮列车均沿用了此种走行部结构[1-2,21]。
走行部结构定型以后,磁浮列车动力学设计的重点转移到电磁悬浮导向(也称为一系悬挂)参数优化和车体悬挂(也称为二系悬挂)参数优化[22]。前者的目的是提高列车运动稳定性,避免出现悬浮失稳、失效和车辆碰轨事故;后者的主要目的是改善车辆乘坐的舒适性。磁浮列车运动稳定性是高维时变非线性动力学问题,目前没有成熟的解析分析方法。一些学者使用简化模型开展磁浮列车悬浮稳定性的影响因素分析,为磁浮列车悬浮导向控制参数选取提供了参考。但是,这些研究采用的悬浮控制模型与工程实际有较大差别,且大多简化或忽略了悬浮架机械约束、列车和线路空间效应、电磁系统时滞效应、列车气动荷载等对列车运动稳定性的影响,相关研究成果不足以精准支撑工程设计。近年来,建立精细的车辆机械系统模型[23⇓-25]、高精度的非线性磁力计算模型[26⇓-28]、更符合工程实际的悬浮控制模型[29⇓-31]、轨道不平顺模型和轨道梁动力学模型[32⇓⇓-35],开展磁浮列车动力学精细化仿真分析以探索列车运动失稳的工程控制边界,已逐渐成为行业内共识[29,36]。近期的研究表明,电磁系统的时滞对磁浮列车悬浮导向气隙波动有显著影响,且时滞效应随列车速度提高而增大[5⇓-7,29],成为600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通系统研发需要特别关注的问题。2021年,中国建成全球唯一的高速磁浮整车走行振动试验台,以实物形式完整真实地反映磁浮车辆系统的各种非线性特性,以半实物半虚拟方式模拟车线相对运动、轨道梁弹性振动、列车气动荷载等,为研究600 km/h速度级磁浮车线耦合振动机制及列车稳定运行调控技术提供了基础试验平台[2,36]。
图2所示高速磁浮列车的二系悬挂独具特色。车体通过吊杆与摇枕相连,摇枕与悬浮框之间安装空气弹簧,紧凑的结构降低了车辆总高度及横截面面积,为减小磁浮列车气动阻力提供了条件。车体和悬浮框的横向和纵向相对运动通过吊杆摆动进行补偿,能有效提高磁浮列车通过弯道的能力。这种二系悬挂结构在上海磁浮线上被证实是成功的,但在线路状态劣化以后,速度为430 km/h时车辆乘坐舒适性已达不到优秀等级。因此,仍有必要对磁浮列车二系悬挂结构及参数进行改进或优化设计。“十三五”期间,针对中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司提出的无摇枕、无吊杆创新型悬浮架[37],作者所在团队开展了新型悬浮架结构及二系悬挂参数的优化研究。结果表明,优化后的新型悬浮架可以更好地满足车辆稳定舒适运行要求[38-39]。西南交通大学罗世辉团队[40]提出了另一种新型悬浮架结构——空簧中置式悬浮架,数值分析和室内试验表明这种悬浮架具有低动力作用特性。然而,一旦悬浮架结构发生较大变化,就需要对新型悬浮架和变更设计的车厢结构进行全面的考核认证,这使得研发周期和研发成本不断增加。因此,为降低研发风险、加快600 km/h速度级磁浮交通系统研发进程,在当前对现有磁走行部结构及参数、悬浮导向控制参数进行优化显得更为迫切。
常导磁浮交通大量采用高架线路,线路建造成本通常占工程总造价的70%以上,需要从适用且经济的角度开展通用桥梁设计研究。其中,适用性原则主要是指在正常条件下能够满足列车高速运行稳定性和舒适性要求,这正是磁浮桥梁动力学设计的目的。如图3所示,由于磁浮导轨单元沿纵向间断布置、锚固在通用桥梁的两侧形成一体化结构,故一般将磁浮桥梁及桥上轨道合称为轨道梁。
为降低线路综合造价,磁浮轨道梁优选中等跨度的混凝土简支梁。由于桥梁跨度必须是导轨单元长度(3.096 m)的整数倍,可选用的中等跨度有18.576、24.768和30.96 m。上海磁浮线轨道梁的标准跨度为24.768 m。轨道梁跨度确定以后,下一步需要研究轨道梁抗弯刚度和一阶自振频率(基频)的合理取值,以确保桥上列车行车稳定舒适。桥梁抗弯刚度影响列车荷载、温度荷载等作用下轨道梁跨中处弹性变形量(静挠度)。这种几何变形对悬浮气隙变化和磁浮列车振动有重要影响,需要加以控制,而控制桥梁抗弯刚度实质上是控制桥梁挠度。此外,移动的连续分布荷载对多跨桥梁形成周期性的动力冲击,存在一个与荷载移动速度和桥梁跨度相关的移动荷载激扰频率。当该频率和桥梁自振频率相同时,轨道梁将发生强烈共振,跨中动态变形(动挠度)显著增大。因此,必须使最高速度条件下的移动荷载激扰频率大于桥梁基频,防止轨道梁出现过大的动态变形。为探索轨道梁基频设计限值,将磁浮列车荷载简化为移动的连续均布力,计算得到轨道梁出现最大动态变形时的荷载移动速度,并以此反推竖向基频限值。研究结果表明,不同荷载长度条件下简支轨道梁出现最大动挠度时的荷载移动速度不小于2f1L(f1为桥梁竖向基频;L为桥梁跨度),该速度下轨道梁的最大动挠度与静挠度之比(挠度动力放大系数)约为2.0[29,41⇓-43]。如此大的动力放大系数在工程上是不被允许的。如果规定挠度动力放大系数最大值为1.2,对应的荷载移动速度约为0.86f1L,由此可得轨道梁竖向基频应大于1.16Vmax/L(Vmax为列车最高运行速度)。上述研究结果与上海磁浮线工程中德方提出的轨道梁竖向基频应大于1.1Vmax/L的要求吻合。中国CJJ/T 310—2021《高速磁浮交通设计标准》[44]也采用了该规定值。
轨道梁基频限值只是控制轨道梁的挠度动力放大系数,要控制轨道梁动态变形绝对值还需要限制轨道梁静挠度,制定桥梁静挠度与跨度比值(挠跨比)的限值。磁浮轨道梁挠跨比限值的研究较为复杂,原因是桥梁动态弹性变形和轨道静态几何不平顺(包括基础不均匀沉降)叠加以后共同影响磁浮列车的动力学行为,且车辆振动响应还受到车辆悬挂参数、悬浮导向控制参数、电磁系统时滞、列车气动荷载等因素的影响。如果基于磁浮车桥耦合振动仿真分析研究轨道梁的挠跨比限值,数值仿真模型必须尽可能符合工程实际,否则将得到不准确的研究结论。因此,此项研究工作需要磁浮列车、轨道、桥梁、悬浮控制等研发人员通力合作,才能获得更具工程指导价值的研究成果。事实上,不少学者已开展了行车速度、桥梁参数、轨道几何不平顺等因素对高速磁浮列车动力学性能的影响研究,并提出一些轨道梁挠度限值建议。但是,这些研究很少考虑电磁系统的时滞效应,且磁浮列车模型不够精准,再加上所使用的轨道不平顺和悬浮控制参数各不相同,给出的定量研究结论差别较大,故目前行业内就磁浮轨道梁挠跨比限值尚未达成共识。例如,上海磁浮线工程建设规定:列车静荷载作用下简支梁的竖向变形不得超过L/4000,中国CJJ/T 310—2021《高速磁浮交通设计标准》也沿用了该规定。然而,上海磁浮线24.768 m跨度轨道梁的实测竖向挠度约1.6 mm,转换成挠跨比为1/15480,远小于上述规定限值。在如此“刚性”的轨道梁上,运营初期上海磁浮列车以430 km/h运行时的平稳性指标值已经逼近优秀等级的上限值。在科技部“十三五”国家重点研发计划高速磁浮交通专项支持下,笔者所在团队将幅值2~4 mm轨道随机不平顺与轨道梁静挠度变形叠加,基于磁浮列车动力学仿真分析探讨了24.768 m跨度轨道梁的挠跨比限值。结果表明,挠跨比为1/15000时磁浮列车能以600 km/h稳定运行,但车辆乘坐舒适性达不到优秀等级。总之,仿真分析和运营线测试结果表明,如果要求上海磁浮列车以430 km/h以上速度运行时的平稳性仍达到优秀等级,那么轨道梁的挠跨比限值将非常严苛,这将增大轨道梁制造安装成本。因此,轨道梁挠跨比限值的确定应以磁浮列车能够维持稳定悬浮为考核指标,而改善车辆乘坐舒适性应主要通过限制轨道不平顺、优化车辆二系悬挂、改进悬浮导向控制来实现。
磁浮线路参数设计主要涉及平面曲线(弯道)、竖曲线线形及参数设计。由于轨道几何不平顺实质上是线路线形偏差,文章将轨道几何不平顺控制与管理作为线路参数设计的一部分。
曲线线路在实现列车平面、纵断面变向运行的基本功能之外,必须满足列车稳定舒适运行要求,后者往往是高速轨道交通曲线线路设计的控制性要求。结合质点动力学和整车动力学分析,以车辆运行稳定性和乘坐舒适性为目标,“十五”期间中国较系统地开展了高速磁浮交通曲线线路设计理论与方法研究,研究成果为上海磁浮线建设提供了指导,形成了较成熟的500 km/h速度级磁浮曲线线路参数设计方法,被CJJ/T 310—2021《高速磁浮交通设计标准》所采纳。“十三五”期间,中国又补充开展了通过速度550 km/h和600 km/h时曲线线路参数取值研究,为600 km/h速度级磁浮交通曲线线路设计提供了依据。高速磁浮交通采用“以直拟曲”方法铺设曲线轨道,导轨结构单元仍保持直线和直面状态。因此,理论上曲线线路就存在线形拟合误差,再加上功能件制造安装误差、基础不均匀沉降等,导致实际曲线线形可能与理想线形有较大误差,对磁浮列车运行稳定性和舒适性造成不利影响。为支撑上海磁浮线工程建设,“十五”期间中国从静态几何学角度制定了曲线轨道施工安装方法和偏差控制要求,但至今很少从整车动力学角度分析评估曲线线形偏差的影响。因此,曲线段轨道功能件定位、排布、安装、维护技术开发尚缺少足够的理论依据。
受轨道功能件制造安装误差、支承结构永久变形、基础不均匀沉降等影响,磁浮轨道的功能面必然会偏离其理想设计位置。这种轨道几何不平顺改变了电磁铁与导轨之间的间隙分布,引起电磁铁磁力变化。轨道几何不平顺还通过电磁铁端部的间隙传感器传入悬浮导向控制系统,促使控制器调节电磁铁电流,改变电磁力大小。因此,轨道几何不平顺既有被动又有主动改变电磁力的效果,是磁浮列车和线路结构振动的主要外部激扰,是影响列车运行稳定性和舒适性的重要因素,需要对其进行科学合理管控,由此提出的轨道不平顺管理要求将是线路养护维修的重要依据。轨道不平顺的成因很复杂,与线路结构形式及制造安装工艺、沿线地质环境和气候条件、线路养护维修方法等相关,具有明显的随机性和动态性。从严格意义上讲,不同线路、同一线路不同时刻的轨道不平顺是不一样的。只有对运营线路进行长期的跟踪检测和统计分析才能较准确掌握轨道不平顺特性[22,29,32,45]。然而,在没有建成工程线路之前,需要使用轨道不平顺模型对磁浮列车动力学性能进行预测评估。因此,轨道不平顺模型是否合理和准确,将直接影响动力学分析结果的可靠性。一种较可靠的方法是借用上海磁浮线的实测轨道不平顺样本,但少量的实测样本并不具备广泛的代表性,且实测样本的最大有效物理波长小于200 m(600 km/h速度条件下轨道不平顺管理波长应达到330 m)。另一种方法是按照线路结构构造特点、轨道功能件及桥梁制造安装精度要求、基础不均匀沉降控制要求等,采用概率分布理论构造轨道不平顺理论模型[33]。在获得较合理的轨道不平顺模型基础上,通过改变轨道不平顺的波长和幅值参数,就可以开展磁浮轨道不平顺管理限值的研究。遗憾的是,上述研究工作在国内外还极少见公开报道。
在上海磁浮线工程建设中,对梁端及同一跨梁内轨道功能件的位置偏差、错位、倾斜度进行了严格控制。这使得工程验收时梁跨内轨道的垂向不平顺幅值不超过1.5 mm[1]。2010年上海磁浮线不平顺实测结果表明,以梁跨长度(24.768 m)、定子件单元长度(1.032 m)、功能件单元长度(3.096 m)为波长的轨道不平顺表现显著;在中长波范围内,磁浮轨道的横向平顺性劣于垂向,与上海磁浮列车以300 km/h以上速度运行时横向平稳性劣于垂向是吻合的。总体来看,上海磁浮线的垂向平顺性接近中国高速铁路,但横向平顺性劣于中国高速铁路,今后很有必要开展磁浮轨道横向平顺性提升技术研究。
基于上海磁浮线建设运营实践和科技部连续4个“五年计划”的国家高速磁浮科技专项研究,中国在500 km/h速度级高速磁浮列车、悬浮控制、轨道、线路等各子系统和各专业层面上形成了较为成熟的设计、制造/建造、运营维护理论与技术,为600 km/h速度级磁浮交通系统研发提供了扎实的基础。但是,长久以来磁浮交通领域各专业技术研究相对独立、相对分离,对列车和线路通过主动控制电磁系统交互作用、相互影响的研究不深入、不全面,也缺少有效的多学科联合仿真技术和试验研究手段,这阻碍了磁浮车线动力学匹配设计理论和技术的发展。面向600 km/h速度级磁浮交通稳定舒适运行的工程需求,如何使各子系统良好协同工作以减小悬浮导向气隙波动和车辆振动,需要打破以往磁浮列车动力学设计、轨道梁动力学设计、线路动力学设计相对分离的局面,突破电磁铁电流-磁力-悬浮(导向)间隙动态调控的数值模拟技术和室内台架试验技术,探明各种内外部激扰对磁浮列车动态行为的影响规律及可控工程边界,找到面向列车稳定舒适运行的车线动力学参数匹配设计方法。
当运行速度从500 km/h提高至600 km/h以后,轨道不平顺、桥梁变形、电磁系统时滞对车辆动力激扰更大,列车气动荷载也显著增大,在更恶劣动态运行环境下要求列车动力学性能达到上海高速磁浮列车以430 km/h运行时的稳定舒适水平,至少面临着以下科学技术挑战。
准确模拟磁浮交通机-电-磁-土木结构-空气流场动力相互作用,是研究运行速度提升以后悬浮气隙波动加剧和列车动力学性能恶化根本原因及关键影响因素的基础。需要基于大量的数值分析和室内测试研究,掌握狭长型电磁铁的电流-磁力-间隙动态关系,建立多维度、强非线性电磁力的高效高精度计算模型;还需要建立能准确体现时滞特性的包含控制器、功率放大器、电磁回路的悬浮导向系统模型。这种多学科领域的动力学建模与高效高精度数值仿真目前仍属于国际性难题。磁浮列车是包含许多电磁铁及悬浮导向控制单元的复杂机电系统,全数值仿真很难真实模拟电磁悬浮导向系统的动态响应,半实物仿真是必然选择,要求数值仿真模型和实物模型尽可能实时同步工作,实时性至少达到毫秒(ms)级,这是极具挑战性的工作。
在运行速度大幅提升的条件下,为防止悬浮导向气隙波动过大,避免出现悬浮导向失效和车轨发生机械碰撞,需要从车辆走行部、电磁悬浮导向系统、线路系统、列车气动外形等方面进行改造;需要梳理打破电磁系统电流-磁力-间隙动态平衡的主导因素和可控工程边界,在综合运用跨学科跨专业知识和技能的基础上,反复匹配各系统动力学参数,找到满足列车600 km/h稳定运行要求的参数匹配设计方案和技术措施。此项工作面临的技术挑战还有:上海磁浮线轨道梁变形和轨道不平顺管控已极为严苛,进一步提高的空间有限,也很不经济;如果对磁走行部结构进行较大改进,车厢下部结构随之需要改造,将导致研发周期增长,研发成本增加;优化悬浮和导向控制系统最为经济,但目前支撑其技术改进的动力学设计理论和评估验证方法还很不成熟。
当前,上海磁浮线以430 km/h速度运行时的乘坐舒适性已达不到优秀等级。如果运行速度提升至600 km/h以后,悬浮导向气隙波动范围将更大,电磁铁及悬浮架振动更加剧烈,必须更高效地减缓或抑制悬浮架振动向车厢的传递,使旅客乘坐舒适性达到优秀等级。改进车厢和走行部之间的二系悬挂系统是提升车辆乘坐舒适性的首选技术路线,但现有走行部结构极为紧凑,几乎没有增设减振部件的物理空间。如果将二系被动悬挂改为主动悬挂,二系主动悬挂和一系主动电磁悬浮导向相互竞争合作,将使磁浮列车动力学性能调控变得更加复杂。
磁浮列车通过路基、常用跨度轨道梁、长大桥梁、隧道等多种线路结构,受到轨道不平顺、桥梁变形、电磁系统时滞、列车风、侧风等内外部激扰作用,诸多因素相互叠加共同影响列车的动态运行行为。因此,为调控磁浮列车的动力学性能,需要“抽丝剥茧”找到不同运行场景下影响电磁系统电流-磁力-间隙动态平衡的关键因素,勾画出多个叠加因素的安全域,从系统工程角度提出车线动力学匹配设计基本原则、基本方法和技术对策。车线动力学参数匹配设计涉及多学科多专业知识与技术的运用,需要通过集体攻关激发群体智慧,方能获得600 km/h速度级磁浮列车高稳定、高舒适运行的动力学综合整治技术。
将常导磁浮交通最高运行速度从500 km/h提升至600 km/h,列车动态运行环境显著恶化,高速行车稳定性和舒适性面临前所未有的挑战。需要组建跨学科研究队伍,发展完善磁浮交通多场耦合动力学仿真技术,研究揭示悬浮导向气隙波动随速度提高而显著增大的内在原因及控制性因素,创建磁浮车线动力学参数匹配设计理论与技术,从而为600 km/h速度级磁浮交通系统研发提供支撑。为快速高效推进磁浮车线动力学参数匹配设计研究,提出以下对策建议。
1)强化动力学匹配设计在磁浮交通系统正向设计、自主创新中的地位和作用
中国600 km/h速度级磁浮交通系统研发亟须建立全系统全过程正向设计体系,为高速磁浮交通自主创新能力建设提供支撑。磁浮交通系统本质上是列车、电磁及控制回路、线路、空气流场等动态相互作用系统,在系统研发阶段就迫切需要从全局角度对各子系统动力学参数进行匹配设计,从而提前防范工程应用中可能出现的恶劣动力学问题。这是全过程正向设计的重要环节,有必要在项目管理、任务设置、团队组建、协同攻关等方面强化动力学参数匹配设计。
2)大力推进多学科交叉融合研究,发展完善磁浮交通多场耦合动力学全数值仿真和半实物仿真技术
建立各子系统动力学模块及其标准化接口,搭建符合实际的多场耦合动力学模型及多学科协同仿真技术平台,是车线动力学参数匹配设计顺利开展的前提条件。需要重点突破电磁系统电流-磁力-间隙动态平衡的准确模拟技术,着力提高基于整车实物-虚拟线路的半实物仿真的实时性和模拟精度,为摸清更高速运行条件下悬浮导向气隙波动规律及可控工程边界提供可靠的技术手段。
3)激发专家学者群体智慧,创建600 km/h速度级磁浮车线动力学参数匹配设计理论与技术
利用开发的磁浮交通多场耦合动力学仿真技术广泛开展关键参数的动力学影响分析,打通车线动力学参数匹配设计的理论脉络,创建系统级动力学性能优化设计新方法,为抑制悬浮导向气隙波动、提高车辆乘坐舒适性提供科学的决策依据和可靠的技术支撑。汇聚磁浮交通领域各专业优势力量,锚定磁浮列车稳定舒适运行目标,探寻列车走行部适应性、线路平顺性、承载结构刚性和电磁悬浮导向韧性提升方法和技术,提出技术可行且成本可控的车线动力学参数匹配设计方案。
4)推进长大桥梁、隧道与磁浮列车动力学参数匹配设计研究
磁浮交通应用于长距离旅客运输,极可能采用长大桥梁和隧道线路结构。长大桥梁上方叠加轨道梁,轨面变形与振动同时受列车动荷载、温度荷载、列车气动荷载、外场风荷载的影响,使磁浮列车运行环境较普通高架线路更恶劣。磁浮列车进出隧道及隧道交会时,气动升力、侧向力及倾覆力矩将出现较大的波动,显著影响列车运行稳定性和舒适性。由于上海磁浮线没有长大桥梁和隧道线路,两者与磁浮列车的动力学参数匹配研究极少,今后有必要快速推进此项研究工作。
中国600 km/h速度级高速常导磁浮交通技术探索已挺进“深水区”。如何在更高速度运行条件下实现磁浮列车稳定舒适运行,面临着无章可循、无法可依的窘境,必须在500 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通理论和技术研究基础上,建成包括磁浮车线动力学参数匹配设计的全过程正向设计体系。磁浮车线动力学参数匹配设计研究的首要任务是发展完善磁浮交通多场耦合动力学仿真技术。需要打破磁浮交通领域各子系统研发相对独立、相对分离的现状,以有组织科研范式变革推进多学科交叉融合研究,创建面向行车稳定舒适的车线动力学匹配设计理论与技术,为600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通工程技术研发及试验线建设提供有力支撑。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52172375)
  • 国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZB20230612)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2016YFB1200602-15)
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2023年第2卷第4期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.005
  • 接收时间:2023-10-31
  • 出版时间:2023-12-20
  • 发布时间:2024-01-07
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-31
  • 修回日期:2023-11-12
基金
国家自然科学基金(52172375)
国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZB20230612)
国家重点研发计划(2016YFB1200602-15)
作者信息
    西南交通大学轨道交通运载系统全国重点实验室,成都 610031

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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